SEED PRODUCTION IN Broccoli (CSK HPKV) by: ajay chauhan

Production TechnologyOf

Broccoli Submitted to: Dr. Sanjay Chadda

Submitted by: Ajay Chauhan (A-2015-30-071)

Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica)

Introduction:• Family: Crucifereae or Brassicaceae• 2n=2X=18

• Broccoli (Italian word) derived from Latin word brachium meaning an arm or branch.

• In Italy, used as vegetable from early times• In USA large part of the produce goes to freezing industry• Edible part comprises unopened green flower bud clusters along with part of

fleshy stem• All the species of Brassica contains glucosinolates (goitrogenic substance)• Broccoli is very rich in:

• Vitamin-A:2500 IU• Vitamin-C: 113mg• Calcium(Ca): 103 mg• Phosphorus(P): 78 mg• Potassium(K): 382 mg

• Also rich in Sulphoraphane (having anticancer property)

Per 100 g edible portion

Origin and taxanomy:• All cole crops originated from a common parent, the wild

cabbage or ‘Colewart’, Brassica oleracea var. sylvestris somewhere along the coasts of Mediterranean sea.

• Present day varieties developed in Italy in the past 2000 years.• Till 1660 it was referred to as ‘Colliflower’ or ‘Italian asparagus’

Climate and soil:• Broccoli is a cool season crop & sensitive to high temperatures • Grown during winters in plains and in summers in high hills• Temperature requirement:

• For seed germination: 25-30°C• For growth and development: 10-20°C• Optimum for its cultivation: 15-20°C

• Sandy loam soils, rich in organic matter having good drainage with pH 5.5-6.8 are well suited.

Varieties:i) On the basis of maturity:

Early season (58-65 days) Mid season (65-75 days) Late season (>75 days)Gypsy (F1, 58 days) Marathon (F1, 68 days) Green Sprouting Late

Blue Wind (F1, 49-55 days) Belstar (F1, 65-75 days) Palam Haritika

De Cicco (OP, 48 days) Diplomat (F1, 68 days) Resistant to downy mildew

Amadeus (F1, 56 days) Express (F1, 75 days)

Arcadia (F1, 63-68 days) Waltham 29 (OP, 63-74 days)

ii) On the basis of head type: Sprouting & heading typeSprouting type Yield Remarks

Palam Samridhi 150-200 q/ha CSKHPKV, recommended for HP & RajasthanPalam Haritika 175-225 q/ha CSKHPKV, for HP, Delayed maturityPusa Broccoli (KTS-1) IARI Regional Research Station, Katrain for HP

Apollo F1, 60-90 days

Santee F1, 80-115 days- Purple sprouting broccoli

Sprouting broccoli

Heading broccoli

Heading broccoli Yield Released by Palam Kanchan 250-275 q/ha CSKHPKV, Large yellowish green heads

Palam Vichitra 200-225 q/ha CSKHPKV, Compact purple colour heas

On the basis of head type (contd..)

iii) Heat tolerant varieties:• Flash: ready to harvest in 60 days of planting• Green Magic: green blue heads, good for freezing

iv) Side shoot producers:• Green Goliath• Bonanza• De Cicco• Waltham

v) Speciality broccoli varieties:• Romanesco broccoli: it has a distinct fractal appearance of its heads and is yellow

green in colour. It is technically a Botrytis group cultivar.• Broccoflower: cross between Broccoli × Cauliflower eg. Veronica• Broccolini: natural hybrid between Broccoli × Chinese kale

Romaneso broccoli

Broccoflower Broccolini

Sowing and transplanting: Sowing time:

• Plains / low hills: August to September• Hills & dry temperate areas: from March-April

Seed rate: 500g/ha Spacing:

• Transplanting should be done in evening hours• 60X60 cm or 60X45 cm• At higher spacing, main and lateral head size is improved

Irrigation: The amount and frequency of irrigation depends upon soil

type, environmental conditions and stage of crop growth. However, irrigation is must immediately after transplanting

of seedlings. Cole crops are shallow rooted crops, therefore they requires

frequent and light irrigations.

Manures and fertilizers: FYM: 200 q/ha P2O5: 50-60 kg/ha K2O: 50-60 kg/ha N: 80-100 kg/ha

Full doses at the time of land preparation as basal dose

½ N as basal doseRemaining ½ in 2-3 splits

Weed control: Weeds create a serious problem in the cultivation of the cole

crops due to wide spacing, higher fertility and frequent irrigations

1-2 shallow hoeings in early stages should be done to remove weeds and facilitate aeration

Pre-plant soil incorporation of herbicides like Fluchloralin (0.75-1.0 kg/ha) or pre-transplant surface application of Pendimethalin (1.0 kg/ha) controls the weeds effectively

Harvesting and yield: Broccoli may take 45-90 days after transplanting depending

upon cultivar and environment The head is harvested along with about 6-8 inch long stem Removal of primary head can extend the harvest period

because of the proliferation of lateral inflorescences Yield varies from 150-250 q/ha

Post harvest handling and storage

• At temperature 0°C and >95% RH, broccoli can be stored for 21-28 days

• Broccoli should be cooled rapidly by liquid icing in the field packed cartons

• Refrigerated transport is must for long distance transportation

Insect-pestsInsect-pests Control measures

Cabbage white butterfly (Pieris brassicae) Sprays of 0.05% Chlopyriphos and 0.4 % Thuricide

Diamond back moth (Plutella xylostella) Foliar spray of Permethrin (0.2 kg a.i.),Use of mustard as trap crop.

Mustard sawfly (Althalia lugens proxima) Dusting with sevin @ 20-25 kg/ha or spraying the same @ 5 g per litre of water.

Mustard aphids (Lipaphis erysimi) andPainted bug (Bagrada cruciferarum)

Spraying with dimethoate @ 1 ml/litre of water,Soil application of phorate 10 G @ 15 kg/ha

DiseasesDiseases Control measures

Damping off (Pythium spp., Phytophthora spp., Fusarium spp.)

•Provide good drainage•Treat the soil with Formalin (5%)•Seed teatment with Captan (2.5 g/kg seed)

Downy mildew (Peronospora parasitica) Spray Ridomil MZ @ 3g/L of water

Black Spot (Alternaria brassicicola and A.brassicae)

Follow phytosanitary practices and spray mancozeb/iprodione @ 0.25%

Black Rot (Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris)

Use healthy seed or give a hot water treatment to seeds at 50 C for 20 minutes. Disinfecting of seed beds with formaldehyde solution (1:7) is important.

Black leg (Phoma lingum) Spray the seedling with copper oxychloride (0.3 per cent)

Thanks