Sedimentäre Ablagerungsräume x Alluviale Systeme x Seen x Seen x Wüsten x Glaziale Systeme x Deltas/ Ästuare D lt dÄ t x Deltas undÄstuare x Küsten x karb evap Systeme Skinner & Porter 1989 x karb.-evap. Systeme x Schelf / Schelfmeere x Ozeane / Tiefsee HvE / Fazies- und Beckenanalyse Skinner & Porter 1989 x Ozeane / Tiefsee Different delta types o controlled by wave and tidal energy Fig. 3.31. b Different types of large marine deltas controlled by waves and tidal currents (LE ME HE: low medium and high energy conditions respectively) as HvE / Fazies- und Beckenanalyse Einsele 2000 currents (LE, ME, HE: low, medium, and high energy conditions, respectively) as well as sediment input (Hi, MI: high or medium input).
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Sedimentäre AblagerungsräumeAlluviale Systeme
SeenSeen
Wüsten
Glaziale Systemey
Deltas/Ästuare
D lt d Ä tDeltas und Ästuare
Küsten
karb evap Systeme
Skinner & Porter 1989
karb.-evap. Systeme
Schelf / Schelfmeere
Ozeane / Tiefsee
HvE / Fazies- und Beckenanalyse
Skinner & Porter 1989 Ozeane / Tiefsee
Different delta types controlled by wave and tidal energy
Fig. 3.31. b Different types of large marine deltas controlled by waves and tidal currents (LE ME HE: low medium and high energy conditions respectively) as
HvE / Fazies- und Beckenanalyse
Einsele 2000currents (LE, ME, HE: low, medium, and high energy conditions, respectively) aswell as sediment input (Hi, MI: high or medium input).
fluvial-dominated bird-foot delta
the example of theMississippi – Delta/New OrleansNew Orleans
Press & Siever 2001
HvE / Fazies- und Beckenanalyse
Press & Siever 2001
Coarsening Upwardg p
Leeder 1999
HvE / Fazies- und Beckenanalyse
Reading 1996
HvE / Fazies- und Beckenanalyse
HvE / Fazies- und Beckenanalyse Leeder 1999
1996
Rea
ding
R
HvE / Fazies- und Beckenanalyse Classification of modern deltas by Orton & Reading (1993)
Typ A: well-stratifiedsalt wedge estuaries river dominated
Typ B: partially stratifiedtidal turbulence has destroyed upper saltsalt wedge estuaries river dominated,
tidal and wave mixing processes are perma-nently or temporarily at a minimum
tidal turbulence has destroyed upper saltwedge interface gradual salinity gradient from bed to surface water
Leeder 1999
Typ D: theoretical endmemberlateral and vertical homogeneity
Typ C: well-mixedstrong tidal currents completely destroy the salt wedge to fresh-water interface no more vertical salinity gra-
HvE / Fazies- und Beckenanalyse
g yof salinity
to fresh-water interface no more vertical salinity gra-dients („vertically mixed“-type of Einsele, 2000)
Ästuare
Ästuare zeigen prinzipiell eine Teilung in drei Zonen mit unterschiedlichen Fazies-Abfolgen (Korngrößen, Sedimentstrukturen, Biofazies, Ichnofazies ...).
- äußere Zone: domininiert von marinen Prozessen (Wellen u./o. Tide), Sediment vom Meer netto Transport landwärtsvom Meer - netto-Transport landwärts
- zentrale Zone: relativ geringe Energie, relativ feinkörnige Sedimenterelativ feinkörnige Sedimente
Topographisches Profil des Ozeanbodens im Atlantik von Neu-England bis Gibraltar
HvE / Fazies- und Beckenanalyse Press & Siever 2001
Tiefenbereiche
HvE / Fazies- und BeckenanalyseJacobshagen et al. 2000
CCD
Carbonate shells dissolve in deep water below CCD (low T, high P), whereas silica shells and/or reddish-( g )brown clay minerals are (relatively) concentrated. Silica shells may accumulate in purely siliceous oozes which are later transformed to cherts (diagenesis).
al. 2
000+ variations in time!
hage
n et
a
HvE / Fazies- und Beckenanalyse Jaco
bsh
Einsele2000
pycnocline: transitional layer between shallow upper water py y pplayer and ‘deep water‘; it may frequently also act as a thermo-cline and/or chemocline/halocline ( salinity)
HvE / Fazies- und Beckenanalyse
Einsele2000
Bahlburg &Breitkreuz 1998
HvE / Fazies- und Beckenanalyse
Strömungen / Wasserzirkulation
HvE / Fazies- und Beckenanalyse Degens 1989
HvE / Fazies- und Beckenanalyse
Material-/Nährstoff-Nährstoff-zufuhr
HvE / Fazies- und Beckenanalyse Leeder 19Sediment distribution and deposition in deep sea environments
Einsele20002000
HvE / Fazies- und Beckenanalyse
989
ens
19D
ege„roter Tiefseeton“
HvE / Fazies- und Beckenanalyse
TenerifeTenerife
Gran Canaria
HvE / Fazies- und Beckenanalyse Leeder 19
Submarine Canyons
max. Tiefe (NN):
~3000
Relief im Canyon:Relief im Canyon:
>2500
Canyon-Breite am
~ 10 k
Echo-sounding profile of the
~ 10 k
vertical exaggeration ~8 Press & Siever 2001
Congo submarine canyon off Zaire, African west coast