Section 7 Elections This section relates primarily to presiden- tial, congressional, and gubernatorial elections. Also presented are summary tables on congressional legislation; state legislatures; Black, Hispanic, and female officeholders; population of voting age; voter participation; and campaign finances. Official statistics on federal elections, col- lected by the Clerk of the House, are pub- lished biennially in Statistics of the Presi- dential and Congressional Election and Statistics of the Congressional Election. Federal and state elections data appear also in America Votes, a biennial volume published by Congressional Quarterly, Inc., Washington, DC. Federal elections data also appear in the U.S. Congress, Congressional Directory, and in official state documents. Data on reported regis- tration and voting for social and eco- nomic groups are obtained by the U.S. Census Bureau as part of the Current Population Survey (CPS) and are published in Current Population Reports, Series P20 (see text, Section 1). Almost all federal, state, and local govern- mental units in the United States conduct elections for political offices and other purposes. The conduct of elections is regulated by state laws or, in some cities and counties, by local charter. An excep- tion is that the U.S. Constitution pre- scribes the basis of representation in Con- gress and the manner of electing the President and grants to Congress the right to regulate the times, places, and manner of electing federal officers. Amendments to the Constitution have prescribed national criteria for voting eli- gibility. The 15th Amendment, adopted in 1870, gave all citizens the right to vote regardless of race, color, or previous con- dition of servitude. The 19th Amendment, adopted in 1919, further extended the right to vote to all citizens regardless of sex. The payment of poll taxes as a pre- requisite to voting in federal elections was banned by the 24th Amendment in 1964. In 1971, as a result of the 26th Amendment, eligibility to vote in national elections was extended to all citizens, 18 years old and over. Presidential election—The Constitution specifies how the President and Vice President are selected. Each state elects, by popular vote, a group of electors equal in number to its total of members of Con- gress. The 23d Amendment, adopted in 1961, grants the District of Columbia three presidential electors, a number equal to that of the least populous state. Subsequent to the election, the electors meet in their respective states to vote for President and Vice President. Usually, each elector votes for the candidate receiving the most popular votes in his or her state. A majority vote of all electors is necessary to elect the President and Vice President. If no candidate receives a majority, the House of Representatives, with each state having one vote, is empowered to elect the President and Vice President, again, with a majority of votes required. The 22d Amendment to the Constitution, adopted in 1951, limits presidential ten- ure to two elective terms of 4 years each or to one elective term for any person who, upon succession to the Presidency, has held the office or acted as President for more than 2 years. Congressional election—The Constitu- tion provides that Representatives be apportioned among the states according to their population, that a census of popu- lation be taken every 10 years as a basis for apportionment, and that each state have at least one Representative. At the time of each apportionment, Congress decides what the total number of Repre- sentatives will be. Since 1912, the total has been 435, except during 1960 to 1962 when it increased to 437, adding one Representative each for Alaska and Hawaii. The total reverted to 435 after Elections 233 U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2002
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Section 7. Elections · necessary to elect the President and Vice President. If no candidate receives a majority, the House of Representatives, with each state having one vote, is
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Section 7
Elections
This section relates primarily to presiden-tial, congressional, and gubernatorialelections. Also presented are summarytables on congressional legislation; statelegislatures; Black, Hispanic, and femaleofficeholders; population of voting age;voter participation; and campaignfinances.
Official statistics on federal elections, col-lected by the Clerk of the House, are pub-lished biennially in Statistics of the Presi-dential and Congressional Election andStatistics of the Congressional Election.Federal and state elections data appearalso in America Votes, a biennial volumepublished by Congressional Quarterly,Inc., Washington, DC. Federal electionsdata also appear in the U.S. Congress,Congressional Directory, and in officialstate documents. Data on reported regis-tration and voting for social and eco-nomic groups are obtained by the U.S.Census Bureau as part of the CurrentPopulation Survey (CPS) and are publishedin Current Population Reports, Series P20(see text, Section 1).
Almost all federal, state, and local govern-mental units in the United States conductelections for political offices and otherpurposes. The conduct of elections isregulated by state laws or, in some citiesand counties, by local charter. An excep-tion is that the U.S. Constitution pre-scribes the basis of representation in Con-gress and the manner of electing thePresident and grants to Congress theright to regulate the times, places, andmanner of electing federal officers.Amendments to the Constitution haveprescribed national criteria for voting eli-gibility. The 15th Amendment, adopted in1870, gave all citizens the right to voteregardless of race, color, or previous con-dition of servitude. The 19th Amendment,adopted in 1919, further extended theright to vote to all citizens regardless ofsex. The payment of poll taxes as a pre-requisite to voting in federal electionswas banned by the 24th Amendment in
1964. In 1971, as a result of the 26thAmendment, eligibility to vote in nationalelections was extended to all citizens,18 years old and over.
Presidential election—The Constitutionspecifies how the President and VicePresident are selected. Each state elects,by popular vote, a group of electors equalin number to its total of members of Con-gress. The 23d Amendment, adopted in1961, grants the District of Columbiathree presidential electors, a numberequal to that of the least populous state.Subsequent to the election, the electorsmeet in their respective states to vote forPresident and Vice President. Usually,each elector votes for the candidatereceiving the most popular votes in his orher state. A majority vote of all electors isnecessary to elect the President and VicePresident. If no candidate receives amajority, the House of Representatives,with each state having one vote, isempowered to elect the President andVice President, again, with a majority ofvotes required.
The 22d Amendment to the Constitution,adopted in 1951, limits presidential ten-ure to two elective terms of 4 years eachor to one elective term for any personwho, upon succession to the Presidency,has held the office or acted as Presidentfor more than 2 years.
Congressional election—The Constitu-tion provides that Representatives beapportioned among the states accordingto their population, that a census of popu-lation be taken every 10 years as a basisfor apportionment, and that each statehave at least one Representative. At thetime of each apportionment, Congressdecides what the total number of Repre-sentatives will be. Since 1912, the totalhas been 435, except during 1960 to1962 when it increased to 437, addingone Representative each for Alaska andHawaii. The total reverted to 435 after
Elections 233
U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2002
reapportionment following the 1960 cen-sus. Members are elected for 2-yearterms, all terms covering the sameperiod. The District of Columbia, Ameri-can Samoa, Guam, and the Virgin Islandseach elect one nonvoting Delegate, andPuerto Rico elects a nonvoting ResidentCommissioner.
The Senate is composed of 100 members,2 from each state, who are elected toserve for a term of 6 years. One-third ofthe Senate is elected every 2 years. Sena-tors were originally chosen by the statelegislatures. The 17th Amendment to theConstitution, adopted in 1913, prescribedthat Senators be elected by popular vote.
Voter eligibility and participation—The Census Bureau publishes estimatesof the population of voting age and the
percent casting votes in each state forPresidential and congressional electionyears. These voting-age estimates includea number of persons who meet the agerequirement but are not eligible to vote,(e.g. aliens and some institutionalizedpersons). In addition, since 1964, voterparticipation and voter characteristicsdata have been collected during Novem-ber of election years as part of the CPS.These survey data include noncitizens inthe voting age population estimates butexclude members of the Armed Forcesand the institutional population.
Statistical reliability—For a discussionof statistical collection and estimation,sampling procedures, and measures ofstatistical reliability applicable to CensusBureau data, see Appendix III.
Millions of votes
1 1972—American, John Schmitz; 1980—Independent, John Anderson; 1992—Independent; Ross Perot, 1996 Reform, Ross Perot. 2000—Green, Ralph Nader. Source: Chart prepared by U.S. Census Bureau. For data, see Tables 370 and 371.
Figure 7.1Vote Cast for President by Major Political Party: 1972 to 2000 Democratic
RepublicanOther major candidates
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
20001996199219881984198019761972
234 Elections
U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2002
No. 370. Vote Cast for President by Major Political Party: 1940 to 2000[49,900 represents 49,900,000. Prior to 1960, excludes Alaska and Hawaii; prior to 1964, excludes DC. Vote cast for major partycandidates include the votes of minor parties cast for those candidates]
1 Include votes for minor party candidates, independents, unpledged electors, and scattered write-in votes.Source: Congressional Quarterly, Inc., Washington, DC., America at the Polls 2, 1965, and America Votes, biennial,
(copyright).
No. 371. Vote Cast for Leading Minority Party Candidates for President:1940 to 2000
Source: Congressional Quarterly, Inc. Washington, DC, America at the Polls 1920-1996, 1997; and America Votes, biennial(copyright).
No. 372. Democratic and Republican Percentages of Two-Party PresidentialVote by Selected Characteristics of Voters: 1996 and 2000
[In percent. Covers citizens of voting age living in private housing units in the contiguous United States. Percentages forDemocratic presidential vote are computed by subtracting the percentage Republican vote from 100 percent; third-party orindependent votes are not included as valid data. Data are from the National Election Studies and are based on a sample andsubject to sampling variability; for details, see source]
Characteristic1996 2000
Demo-cratic
Repub-lican
Demo-cratic
Repub-lican
Total 1 . . . . . . . . 58 42 52 48Year of birth:
1975 or later . . . . . . 61 39 63 371959 to 1974 . . . . . 58 42 46 541943 to 1958 . . . . . 58 42 53 471927 to 1942 . . . . . 56 44 48 521911 to 1926. . . . . . 64 36 64 361895 to 1910 . . . . . 57 43 - 100
- Represents zero. 1 Includes other characteristics, not shown separately.Source: Center for Political Studies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, National Election Studies (NES); ‘‘The NES Guide
to Public Opinion and Electoral Behavior’’; accessed 24 April 2002; <http://www.umich.edu/nes/nesguide/gd-index.htm#9>(copyright).
Elections 235
U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2002
No. 373. Electoral Vote Cast for President by Major Political Party—States:1960 to 2000
[D=Democratic, R=Republican. For composition of regions, see map, inside front cover]
- Represents zero. 1 Excludes 15 electoral votes cast for Harry F. Byrd as follows: AL 6, MS 8, and OK 1. 2 Excludes 46electoral votes cast for American Independent George C. Wallace as follows: AL 10, AR 6, GA 12, LA 10, MS 7, and NC 1.3 Excludes one electoral vote cast for Libertarian John Hospers in Virginia. 4 Excludes one electoral vote cast for Ronald Reaganin Washington. 5Excludes one electoral vote cast for Lloyd Bentsen for President in West Virginia. 6 Excludes one electoralvote left blank by a Democratic elector in the District of Columbia.
Source: 1960-72, U.S. Congress, Clerk of the House, Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election, quadrennial;1976-2000, Congressional Quarterly, Inc., Washington DC. America Votes, biennial (copyright).
236 Elections
U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2002
WA
OR
FL
ID
NV
AZ
CO
UT
TX
GA
NM
NC
AK
MT
CA
WY
ND
SD
NE
KS
OK
HI
MN
IA
MO
AR
LA
IL
MI
INOH
KY
TN
MS AL
ME
NY
PA
WVVA
NH
RI CT
NJ
DE
DC* MD
VT
SC
*Excludes one electoral vote left blank by a Democratic elector in the District of Columbia.Source: Chart prepared by U.S. Census Bureau, for data see Table 373.
3
11
7
3
54
4
3
8
5
3
3
5
6
8
32
10
7
11
6
22
9
12
18
11
9
8
7
21
13
23
14
8
13
33
4
5
25
2
10
3
15
8
4MA 12
43
4
4
8
5
Democrat (total = 266)Republican (total = 271)
Figure 7.2Presidential Electoral Vote by State: 2000
WI11
Elections
23
7
U.S
.C
ensusB
ureau,S
tatisticalAbstract
ofthe
United
States:
2002
No. 374. Popular Vote Cast for President by Political Party—States:1996 and 2000
Source: Congressional Quarterly, Inc., Washington, DC, America Votes, biennial (copyright).
238 Elections
U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2002
No. 375. Vote Cast for United States Senators, 1998 and 2000, and IncumbentSenators, 2000—States
[D=Democrat; R=Republican]
State
1998 2000 Incumbent Senators and year term expires
Total(1,000) 1
Percentfor
leadingparty
Total(1,000) 1
Percentfor
leadingparty Name, party, and year Name, party, and year
Alabama . . . . 1,293 R-63.2 (X) (X) Jeff Sessions (R) 2003 Richard C. Shelby (R) 2005Alaska . . . . . . 222 R-74.5 (X) (X) Frank H. Murkowski (R) 2005 Ted Stevens (R) 2003Arizona . . . . . 1,013 R-68.7 1,397 R-79.3 John McCain (R) 2005 Jon Kyl (R) 2007Arkansas . . . . 701 D-55.1 (X) (X) Blanche Lincoln (D) 2005 Tim Hutchinson (R) 2003California . . . . 8,315 D-53.1 10,624 D-55.8 Barbara Boxer (D) 2005 Dianne Feinstein (D) 2007Colorado . . . . 1,327 R-62.5 (X) (X) Ben N. Campbell (R) 2005 Wayne Allard (R) 2003Connecticut . . 964 D-65.1 1,311 D-63.2 Christopher J. Dodd (D) 2005 Joseph I. Lieberman (D) 2007Delaware . . . . (X) (X) 327 D-55.5 Joseph R. Biden Jr. (D) 2003 Thomas R. Carper (D) 2007Florida . . . . . . 3,900 D-62.5 5,857 D-51.0 Bob Graham (D) 2005 Bill Nelson (D) 2007Georgia . . . . . 1,754 R-52.4 2,429 D-58.2 Max Cleland (D) 2003 Zell Miller (D) 2005Hawaii . . . . . . 398 D-79.2 346 D-72.7 Daniel K. Akaka (D) 2007 Daniel K. Inouye (D) 2005Idaho. . . . . . . 378 R-69.5 (X) (X) Larry E. Craig (R) 2003 Michael D. Crapo (R) 2005Illinois . . . . . . 3,395 R-50.3 (X) (X) Peter Fitzgerald (R) 2005 Richard J. Durbin (D) 2003Indiana . . . . . 1,589 D-63.7 2,145 R-66.6 Evan Bayh (D) 2005 Richard G. Lugar (R) 2007Iowa . . . . . . . 948 R-68.4 (X) (X) Tom Harkin (D) 2003 Charles E. Grassley (R) 2005Kansas . . . . . 727 R-65.3 (X) (X) Sam Brownback (R) 2005 Pat Roberts (R) 2003Kentucky . . . . 1,145 R-49.7 (X) (X) Jim Bunning (R) 2005 Mitch McConnell (R) 2003Louisiana 2 . . . 969 D-64.0 (X) (X) John B. Breaux (D) 2005 Mary Landrieu (D) 2003Maine . . . . . . (X) (X) 635 R-68.9 Susan Collins (R) 2003 Olympia J. Snowe (R) 2007Maryland . . . . 1,507 D-70.5 1,947 D-63.2 Barbara A. Mikulski (D) 2005 Paul S. Sarbanes (D) 2007Massachu-setts . . . . . . . (X) (X) 2,599 D-72.7 Edward M. Kennedy (D) 2007 John F. Kerry (D) 2003Michigan . . . . (X) (X) 4,168 D-49.5 Carl Levin (D) 2003 Debbie Stabenow (D) 2007Minnesota . . . (X) (X) 2,420 D-48.8 Paul David Wellstone (D) 2003 Mark Dayton (D) 2007Mississippi . . . (X) (X) 994 R-65.9 Thad Cochran (R) 2003 Trent Lott (R) 2007Missouri . . . . . 1,577 R-52.7 2,362 D-50.5 Christopher S. Bond (R) 2005 Jean Carnahan (D) 2003Montana . . . . (X) (X) 412 R-50.6 Max Baucus (D) 2003 Conrad Burns (R) 2007Nebraska . . . . (X) (X) 692 D-51.0 Chuck Hagel (R) 2003 Ben Nelson (D) 2007Nevada . . . . . 436 D-47.9 600 R-55.1 Harry Reid (D) 2005 John Ensign (R) 2007NewHampshire . . . 315 R-67.8 (X) (X) Judd Gregg (R) 2005 Robert C. Smith (R) 2003New Jersey . . (X) (X) 3,016 D-50.1 Robert G. Torricelli (D) 2003 Jon Corzine (D) 2007New Mexico . . (X) (X) 590 D-61.7 Jeff Bingaman (D) 2007 Pete V. Domenici (R) 2003New York . . . . 4,671 D-54.6 6,780 D-55.3 Hillary Rodham Clinton (D) 2007 Charles E. Schumer (D) 2005North Carolina. 2,012 D-51.2 (X) (X) John Edwards (D) 2005 Jesse Helms (R) 2003North Dakota . 213 D-63.2 288 D-61.4 Byron L. Dorgan (D) 2005 Kent Conrad (D) 2007Ohio . . . . . . . 3,404 R-56.5 4,449 R-59.9 George V. Voinovich (R) 2005 Mike DeWine (R) 2007Oklahoma . . . 860 R-66.4 (X) (X) James Inhofe (R) 2003 Don Nickles (R) 2005Oregon . . . . . 1,118 D-61.1 (X) (X) Gordon Smith (R) 2003 Ron Wyden (D) 2005Pennsylvania . 2,958 R-61.3 4,736 R-52.4 Rick Santorum (R) 2007 Arlen Specter (R) 2005Rhode Island . (X) (X) 392 R-56.8 Jack Reed (D) 2003 Lincoln Chafee (R) 2007SouthCarolina . . . . . 1,068 D-52.7 (X) (X) Ernest F. Hollings (D) 2005 Strom Thurmond (R) 2003South Dakota . 262 D-62.1 (X) (X) Thomas A. Daschle (D) 2005 Tim Johnson (D) 2003Tennessee . . . (X) (X) 1,929 R-65.1 Fred Thompson (R) 2003 Bill Frist (R) 2007Texas . . . . . . (X) (X) 6,277 R-65.0 Kay Bailey Hutchison (R) 2007 Phil Gramm (R) 2003Utah . . . . . . . 495 R-64.0 770 R-65.6 Robert F. Bennett (R) 2005 Orrin G. Hatch (R) 2007Vermont 3. . . . 214 D-72.2 289 R-65.6 Patrick J. Leahy (D) 2005 3James M. Jeffords (I) 2007Virginia . . . . . (X) (X) 2,718 R-52.3 George F. Allen (R) 2007 John W. Warner (R) 2003Washington . . 1,889 D-58.4 2,461 D-48.7 Patty Murray (D) 2005 Maria Cantwell (D) 2007West Virginia . (X) (X) 603 D-77.8 Robert C. Byrd (D) 2007 John D. Rockefeller IV (D) 2003Wisconsin. . . . 1,761 D-50.5 2,540 D-61.5 Herb Kohl (D) 2007 Russell Feingold (D) 2005Wyoming . . . . (X) (X) 214 R-73.8 Mike Enzi (R) 2003 Craig Thomas (R) 2007
X Not applicable. 1 Includes vote cast for minor parties. 2 Louisiana holds an open-primary election with candidates fromall parties running on the same ballot. Any candidate who receives a majority is elected. 3 Jeffords was reelected in Vermont in2000 as a Republican, but subsequently switched to Independent status in June 2001.
Source: Congressional Quarterly, Inc., Washington, D.C. America Votes, biennial (copyright).
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U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2002
No. 376. Apportionment of Membership in House of Representatives by State:1790 to 2000
[Total membership includes Representatives assigned to newly admitted states after the apportionment acts. Population figures usedfor apportionment purposes are those determined for states by each decennial census. No reapportionment based on 1920 popu-lation census. For method of calculating apportionment and a short history of apportionment , see House Report 91-1314, 91st Con-gress, 2d session, The Decennial Population Census and Congressional Apportionment]
X Not applicable. 1 Assigned after apportionment. 2 Included in apportionment in anticipation of statehood.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Congressional Apportionment, Census 2000 Brief, Series C2KBR/01-7, issued July 2001; andsee also <http://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/apportionment.html>.
240 Elections
U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2002
No. 377. Vote Cast for United States Representatives by Major PoliticalParty—States: 1996 to 2000
[In thousands (89,863 represents 89,863,000), except percent. R=Republican, D=Democratic, and I=Independent. In each state,totals represent the sum of votes cast in each Congressional District or votes cast for Representative at Large in states where onlyone member is elected. In all years there are numerous districts within the state where either the Republican or Democratic partyhad no candidate. In some states the Republican and Democratic vote includes votes cast for the party candidate by endorsingparties]
X Not applicable. 1 Includes vote cast for minor parties. 2 Includes vote cast for nonvoting Delegate at Large in Districtof Columbia in 1990. 3 State law does not require tabulation of votes for unopposed candidates.
Source: Congressional Quarterly, Inc., Washington, DC, America Votes, biennial (copyright).
Elections 241
U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2002
No. 378. Vote Cast for United States Representatives by Major PoliticalParty—Congressional Districts: 2000
[In some states the Democratic and Republican vote includes votes cast for the party candidate by endorsing parties]
X Not applicable. 1 No candidate. 2 According to state law, it is not required to tabulate votes for unopposed candidates.3 Louisiana holds an open-primary election with candidates from all parties running on the same ballot. Any candidate who receivesa majority is elected; if no candidate receives 50 percent, there is a run off election in November between the top two finishers.4 Sanders, an Independent, was elected with 69.2 percent of the vote. 5 Goode, an Independent, was elected in the Virginia 5thwith 67.4 percent of the vote.
No. 379. Composition of Congress by Political Party: 1973 to 2002
[D=Democratic, R=Republican. Data for beginning of first session of each Congress (as of January 3), except as noted. Excludesvacancies at beginning of session]
- Represents zero. 1 Senate had one Independent and one Conservative-Republican. 2 House had one Independent-Democrat. 3 Senate had one Independent, one Conservative-Republican, and one undecided (New Hampshire). 4 Senate hadone Independent. 5 House had one Independent-Socialist. 6House had one Independent-Socialist and one Independent.7As of beginning of second session.
Source: U.S. Congress, Joint Committee on Printing, Congressional Directory, annual; beginning 1977, biennial.
Elections 245
U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2002
No. 380. Composition of Congress by Political Party Affiliation—States:1993 to 2002
[Figures are for the beginning of the first session (as of January 3), except as noted. Dem.=Democratic; Rep.=Republican]
- Represents zero. 1 Vermont had one Independent-Socialist Representative. 2 Missouri had one Independent. 3 As ofbeginning of second session. 4 Virginia had one Independent Representative. 5 Vermont had one Independent Senator.
Source: U.S. Congress, Joint Committee on Printing, Congressional Directory, biennial; and unpublished data.
246 Elections
U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2002
No. 381. Members of Congress—Incumbents Reelected: 1964 to 2000
- Represents zero. 1 Does not include persons who died or resigned before the election. 2 Number of incumbentsdefeated in primaries by other incumbents due to redistricting: six in 1982 and four in 1992. 3 Five incumbents defeated ingeneral election by other incumbents due to redistricting.
Source: Ornstein, Norman J., Thomas E. Mann, and Michael J. Malbin, Vital Statistics on Congress, 1993-1994, Beginning1995, Congressional Quarterly, Inc., Washington, DC, America Votes, biennial (copyright).
No. 382. Members of Congress—Selected Characteristics: 1983 to 2002
[As of beginning of first session of each Congress, (January 3). Figures for Representatives exclude vacancies]
- Represents zero. NA Not available. 1 Source: Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies, Washington, DC, BlackElected Officials: Statistical Summary, annual (copyright). 2 Asians and Pacific Islanders. Source: Library of Congress,Congressional Research Service, ‘‘Asian Pacific Americans in the United States Congress,’’ Report 94-767 GOV.3 Source: National Association of Latino Elected and Appointed Officials, Washington, DC, National Roster of Hispanic ElectedOfficials, annual. 4 Some members do not provide date of birth. 5 Represents consecutive years of service. 6 Somemembers do not provide years of service. 7Includes District of Columbia delegate but not Virgin Islands Delegate. 8 Includesmembers elected to fill vacant seats through June 14, 1993. 9Includes District of Columbia and Virgin Islands delegate.
Source: Except as noted, compiled by U.S. Census Bureau from data published in Congressional Directory, biennial.
Elections 247
U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2002
No. 383. U.S. Congress—Measures Introduced and Enacted and Time inSession: 1985 to 2001
Source: U.S. Congress, Senate Library, Presidential Vetoes ... 1789-1968; U.S. Congress, Calendars of the U.S. House ofRepresentatives and History of Legislation, annual. <http://clerkweb.house.gov/histrecs/househis/lists/vetoes>.
No. 385. Number of Governors by Political Party Affiliation: 1970 to 2002
[Reflects figures after inaugurations for each year]
- Represents zero. 1 Reflects result of runoff election in Arizona in February 1991.
Source: National Governors Association, Washington, DC, 1970-87 and 1991-2002, Directory of Governors of the AmericanStates, Commonwealths & Territories, annual; and 1988-90, Directory of Governors, annual. (copyright).
248 Elections
U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2002
No. 386. Vote Cast for and Governor Elected by State: 1990 to 2001
X Not applicable. 1 Includes minor party and scattered votes. 2 Voting years 1995 and 1999. 3Voting years 1993, 1997,and 2001.
Source: Congressional Quarterly Inc., Washington, DC, America Votes, biennial; and unpublished data (copyright).
Elections 249
U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2002
No. 387. Composition of State Legislatures by Political Party Affiliation:1996 to 2001
[Data reflect election results in year shown for most states; and except as noted, results in previous year for other states. Figuresreflect immediate results of elections, including holdover members in state houses which do not have all of their members runningfor reelection. Dem.=Democratic, Rep.=Republican. In general, Lower House refers to body consisting of state Representatives;Upper House, of state Senators]
1 Excludes one Independent each for AK, CA, LA, and VA; two Independents each for MS and VT; four Independents for SC;members of political parties other than Democratic, Republican, or Independent (one in MA and VT, and two in NH) one undecidedin GA; and one vacancy each in LA, MI, and WV; two vacancies each for CT and MA; and three vacancies for NV. 2 Excludesone Independent each for NH and VA; two for GA; three each for ME and MS; five for VT; one vacancy each for CA, MI, NH, SCand two vacancies in AL. 3 Excludes Lower House representatives from the following parties: ME - one Independent, onePenobscot Nation, and one Passamaquoddy Tribe; MS - three Independents; NH - one Libertarian; VT - one Independent, fourProgressives; VA - two Independents. 4 Excludes one Independent in ME, two independents in CA, one vacancy in GA, twovacancies in MS, and three vacancies in MN. 5 Excludes one Independent for CA and one vacancy each for AL and NJ.
6 Excludes one Independent each for ME and MN; one vacancy each in CA and OH; two vacancies for MI and PA; three vacanciesfor MO. 7 Excludes two vacancies in MA, MN, and MO; one vacancy in ID, ME, OH, TX, and VT; and Upper Houserepresentatives from the following parties: MN - one Independent; and MN - one Independent. 8 Members of both houses serve4-year terms. 9 Upper House members serve 4-year terms and Lower House members serve 2-year terms. 10 Members ofboth houses serve 2-year terms. 11 Illinois—4- and 2-year term depending on district. 12 Nebraska—4-year term. 13 NorthDakota—By the 2001 session all Senators and Representatives will be serving 4-year terms.
Source: The Council of State Governments, Lexington, KY, State Elective Officials and the Legislatures, biennial (copyright);thereafter, National Conference of State Legislatures, Denver, CO, unpublished data.
250 Elections
U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2002
No. 388. Political Party Control of State Legislatures by Party: 1975 to 2000
[As of beginning of year. Until 1972, there were two nonpartisan legislatures in Minnesota and Nebraska. Since then onlyNebraska has had a nonpartisan legislature]
1 Two 1984 midterm recall elections resulted in a change in control of the Michigan State Senate. At the time of the 1984election, therefore, Democrats controlled 33 legislatures. 2 A party change during the year by a Democratic representative brokethe tie in the Indiana House of Representatives, giving the Republicans control of both chambers.
Source: National Conference of State Legislatures, Denver, CO, State Legislatures, periodic.
No. 389. Women Holding State Public Offices by Office and State: 2001
[As of January. For data on women in U.S. Congress, see Table 382]
- Represents zero. 1 Excludes women elected to the judiciary, women appointed to state cabinet-level positions, womenelected to executive posts by the legislature, and elected members of university Board of Trustees or board of education.
Source: Center for the American Woman and Politics, Eagleton Institute of Politics, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ,information releases, copyright.
No. 390. Public Confidence Levels in Selected Public and Private Institutions:2001
[Based on a sample survey of 4,216 persons 21 years old and over conducted during the spring and subject to samplingvariability; see source]
Source: Toppe, Chris, Arthur Kirsch, and Westat, Inc., Giving and Volunteering in the United States: 2001 Edition. (Copyrightand published by INDEPENDENT SECTOR, Washington, 2002.)
Elections 251
U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2002
No. 391. Black Elected Officials by Office, 1970 to 2000, and State, 2000
[As of January 2000, no Black elected officials had been identified in Hawaii, Idaho, Maine, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota,or Wyoming
- Represents zero. 1 Includes elected state administrators. 2 County commissioners and councilmen, mayors, vicemayors, aldermen, regional officials, and other. 3 Judges, magistrates, constables, marshals, sheriffs, justices of the peace, andother. 4 Members of state education agencies, college boards, school boards, and other. 5 Includes one shadowrepresentative.
Source: Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies, Washington, DC, Black Elected Officials: A Statistical Summary,annual (copyright) and <http://www.jointcenter.org/databank/graphs/99beo.pdf> (accessed 17 April 2002).
No. 392. Hispanic Public Elected Officials by Office, 1985 to 2001, andState, 2001
[As of September, For states not shown, no Hispanic public officials had been identified]
- Represents zero. 1 Includes U.S. Representatives, not shown separately.
Source: National Association of Latino Elected and Appointed Officials, Washington, DC, National Roster of Hispanic ElectedOfficials, annual.
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U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2002
No. 393. Voting-Age Population, Percent Reporting Registered, and Voted: 1980 to 2000[As of November. Covers civilian noninstitutional population 18 years old and over. Includes aliens. Figures are based on Current Population Survey (see text, Section 1, Population, and Appendix III) and differ fromthose in Table 395 based on population estimates and official vote counts]
Characteristic
Voting-age population (mil.) Percent reporting they registered Percent reporting they voted
1980 1988 1990 1994 1996 1998 2000
Presidential election years Congressional election years Presidential election years Congressional election years
1 Includes other races not shown separately. 2 Hispanic persons may be of any race. 3 For composition of regions, see map, inside cover. 4 Beginning 1992, represents those who completed 9th to 12th grade,but have no high school diploma. 5 Beginning 1992, high school graduate. 6 Beginning 1992, some college or associate degree. 7 Beginning 1992, bachelor’s or advanced degree.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, P20-542 and earlier reports.
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No. 394. Persons Reported Registered and Voted by State: 2000
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, P20-466.
No. 395. Participation in Elections for President and U.S. Representatives:1932 to 2000
[As of November. Estimated resident population 21 years old and over, 1932-70, except as noted, and 18 years old and overthereafter; includes Armed Forces. Prior to 1960, excludes Alaska and Hawaii. District of Columbia is included in votes cast forPresident beginning 1964 and in votes cast for Representative from 1972 to 1994]
X Not applicable. 1 Population 18 and over in Georgia, 1944-70, and in Kentucky, 1956-70; 19 and over in Alaska and 20and over in Hawaii, 1960-70. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, P25-1085; also see <http://www.census.gov/population/socdemo/voting/proj00/tab03.txt>. 2 Source: 1932-58, U.S. Congress, Clerk of the House, Statistics of thePresidential and Congressional Election, biennial. 3 Projection.
Source: Except as noted, Congressional Quarterly Inc., Washington, DC, America Votes, biennial (copyright).
254 Elections
U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2002
No. 396. Resident Population of Voting Age and Percent CastingVotes—States: 1994 to 2000
[As of November. Estimated population, 18 years old and over. Includes Armed Forces stationed in each state, aliens, and insti-tutional population]
State
Voting-age population Percent casting votes for—
1994(1,000)
1996(1,000)
1998(1,000)
2000 (1,000) Presidentialelectors U.S. Representatives
NA Not available. 1 Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.
Source: Compiled by U.S. Census Bureau. Population data from U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, P25-1132,<http://www.census.gov/population/socdemo/voting/proj00/>; votes cast from Elections Research Center, Chevy Chase, MD,America Votes, annual, (copyright); and Congressional Quarterly Inc., Washington, DC (copyright).
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U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2002
No. 397. Political Party Financial Activity by Major Political Party:1981 to 2000
[In millions of dollars ($39.3 represents $39,300,000). Covers financial activity during 2-year calendar period indicated. Somepolitical party financial activities, such as building funds and State and local election spending, are not reported to the source. Alsoexcludes contributions earmarked to Federal candidates through the party organizations, since some of those funds never passedthrough the committees’ accounts]
- Represents zero. 1 Total receipts and disbursements do not include monies transferred among the listed committees.2 Monies spent in the general election. Minus sign (-) indicates refunds for expenditures. 3 Excludes ‘‘Other national’’ activity.
Source: U.S. Federal Election Commission, FEC Reports on Financial Activity, Final Report, Party and Non-Party PoliticalCommittees, biennial; also see <http://fecweb1.fec.gov/press/051501partyfund/tables/>.
No. 398. National Party Nonfederal Activity: 1996 to 2000
[In dollars. During the 2000 election cycle, both major parties raised record amounts of nonfederal or ‘‘soft money.’’ Soft moneyis used to pay a portion of the overhead expenses of party organizations, as well as other shared expenses that benefit both federaland nonfederal elections. In addition, it is used for issue advocacy, as well as generic party advertising. It may also be transferredfrom national committees to state and local party committees as well as being used to support construction and maintenance ofparty headquarters]
1 Comprises contributions to candidates, independent expenditures, and other disbursements.
Source: U.S. Federal Election Commission, FEC Reports on Financial Activity, Final Report, Party and Nonparty PoliticalCommittees, biennial. See also <http://www.fec.gov/press/053101pacfund/tables/pachis00.htm> (accessed July 2002).
No. 401. Presidential Campaign Finances—Federal Funds for GeneralElection: 1980 to 1996
[In millions of dollars (62.7 represents $62,700,000). Based on FEC certifications, audit reports, and Dept. of Treasury reports]
- Represents zero. 1 John Anderson, as the candidate of a new party, was permitted to raise funds privately. Total receiptsfor the Anderson campaign, including federal funds, were $17.6 million, and total expenditures were $15.6 million.
Source: U.S. Federal Election Commission, periodic press releases.
[In millions of dollars (213.8 represents $213,800,000). Covers campaign finance activity during 2-year calendar periodindicated. Covers candidates who received federal matching funds or who had significant financial activity]
NA Not available. 1 Includes a minor party candidate who sought several party nominations and a Democratic candidatewho did not receive federal matching funds, but who had significant financial activity. 2 Includes other parties, not shownseparately. 3 Includes other types of receipts, not shown separately.
Source: U.S. Federal Election Commission, FEC Reports on Financial Activity, Final Report, Presidential PrenominationCampaigns, quadrennial.
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U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2002
No. 403. Congressional Campaign Finances—Receipts and Disbursements:1995 to 2000
[Covers all campaign finance activity during 2-year calendar period indicated for primary, general, run-off, and special elections,for 1999-2000 relates to 2,083 House of Representatives candidates and 333 Senate candidates. Data have been adjusted to elimi-nate transfers between all committees within a campaign. For further information on legal limits of contributions, see Federal Elec-tion campaign act of 1971, as amended
Item
House of Representatives Senate
Amount (mil. dol.) Percent distribution Amount (mil. dol.) Percent distribution
Z Less than $50,000 or 0.5 percent. 1 Includes other types of receipts, not shown separately. 2 Elections in which anincumbent did not seek reelection.
Source: U.S. Federal Election Commission, FEC Reports on Financial Activity, Final Report, U.S. Senate and HouseCampaigns, biennial.
No. 404. Contributions to Congressional Campaigns by Political ActionCommittees (PAC) by Type of Committee: 1983 to 2000
[In millions of dollars. Covers amounts given to candidates in primary, general, run-off, and special elections during the 2-yearcalendar period indicated. For number of political action committees, see Table 399]
Type of committee Total 1 Democrats Republicans Incumbents Challengers Open seats 2
1 Includes other parties, not shown separately. 2 Elections in which an incumbent did not seek reelection. 3 Includes othertypes of political action committees not shown separately. 4 Includes membership organizations and health organizations.5 Represents ‘‘ideological’’ groups as well as other issue groups not necessarily ideological in nature.
Source: U.S. Federal Election Commission, FEC Reports on Financial Activity, Party and Nonparty Political Committees, FinalReport, biennial.
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U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2002