Scientists Time Line

Scientists Time Line

By:Ashley Morgan

&Kendra Mclhenny

Andreas Vesalius

* December 31st,1514- October 15th,1564

* was an Anatomist and a physician.

* wrote one of the most influential books on human anatomy called De Humani corporis fabrica in 1543.

* is also referred to as the founder of modern human anatomy.

Jan van Helmont 1577-1644 born in Belgium Flemish chemist, physiologist

and physician. performed a famous

experiment in which he grew a willow tree in a carefully weighed amount of soil in 1621.

was considered the first chemical theorist.

was the first to understand that there are gases distinct in kind from atmospheric air.

William Harvey 1578-1657 Born in England He published An Anatomical

Study of the Motion of the Heart and of the Blood in Animals in 1628, which explained how blood was pumped from the heart throughout the body, then returned to the heart and recirculated.

He published Essays on the Generation of Animals in 1651.

He developed the first complete theory of circulation of blood.

Giovanni Borelli January 28th, 1608-

December 31st, 1679 He was a Renaissance

Italian physiologist, physicist, and mathematician.

He continued Galileo’s customs of testing hypotheses against observation.

He published De motu animalium in 1681.

Thomas Wharton

1614-1673 born in Durham

He was credited with the first description of the sub maxillary salivary duct

In 1656 he wrote Adenographia. Named the thyroid

gland in it

Marcello Malpighi 1628-1694 born in Italy 17th century physiologist the first publication in 1661

announced his observations on the anatomy of the frog lungdissected lung tissue, Malpighi

discovered a network of tiny thin-walled microtubules, which he named capillaries

made major contributions to the science of embryology

first to attempt a thorough study of the fine anatomical details of the brain

published as a book entitled Anatomia Plantarum

Richard Lower 1631-1691 born in England traced the circulation of blood as

it passes through the lungs and learned that it changes when exposed to air

first to observe the difference in arterial and venous blood

showed it was possible for blood to be transfused from animal to man in 1667

investigated to see how cerebrospinal fluid was formed and how it circulated

wrote Diatribae T. Willisii de Febribus Vindicatio and Tractatus de Corde

Anton Van Leewehoek October 24th, 1632- August

26th, 1723 Interested in the making of

microscopes Observed the structure of

the skin, hair, teeth, and the eye and observed minute creatures in pond water and discovered their eggs and pupae of ants.

In 1698 he demonstrated circulation in the capillaries of an eel

Jean Baptiste Denis

1640-1704 born in France

performed a blood transfusion experiment on two dogs

experiments involving transfusion from three calves to three dogs were made

made 4 blood transfusions from animals to people in 1667

Giovanni Morgagni

February 25th, 1682- December 6th, 1771

Was an Italian anatomist Celebrated as the Father of

modern anatomical pathology.

He described the post mortem findings of air in cerebral circulation

Published ‘De Sedibus et Causis Morburum Per Anatomen Indagatis’ in 1761

Albrecht von Haller 1708-1777 born in Switzerland revolutionized our knowledge of

blood flow and heart action. clarified the relation between

respiration and blood flow. explained nerve action in

muscles. gave us new insights into

human reproduction and birth defects

In 1736, he was appointed professor of anatomy, surgery and botany at the university of Göttingen

John Hunter 1728-1793 born in Scotland considered one of the greatest

anatomists of all time and the founder of experimental pathology

put the practice of surgery on a scientific foundation and laid the framework for the twentieth century developments

discovered that eels need salt water for the development of their reproductive organs and the deep sea is their spawning place

most famous experiment, he infected himself with syphilis, then he traced the course of the disease and its treatment with mercury and cauterization. Wrote a book on syphilis,

Magic Bullet, in 1776

Lazzaro Spallanzani January 10th, 1729- February

12th, 1799 He was an Italian Catholic

Priest, an anatomist, and a physiologist. He study bodily functions, animal reproduction, and essentially discovered echolocation.

In 1773 he investigated the circulation of the blood through the lungs and other organs and did an important series of experiments on digestion

He died of bladder cancer.

Edward Jenner* 1749-1823* Father of immunology * Discovered the smallpox vaccine

by using cowpox infested milkmaids and took pus from their blisters and injected it into his own son

* 1840 the British government had banned alternative preventive treatments against smallpox.

* "Vaccination," the word Jenner invented for his treatment

* Thankfully his idea for an immunization worked and now we cannot contract the smallpox.

Charles Bell 1774-1842 Scottish surgeon-anatomist published "Essays on the Anatomy

of Expression in Painting“ in 1806 established that the nerves of the

special senses could be traced from specific areas of the brain to their end organs

clearly demonstrated that spinal nerves carry both sensory and motor functions and that sensory fibers traverse the posterior roots whereas the motor fibers run through the anterior

Francois Magendie October 6th, 1783- October

7th, 1855 Founder of the science of

toxicology A pioneer experimental

physiologist in France Described the effects and

uses of morphine, emetine, quinine, strychnine, and other alkaloids

In 1817 he published Précis élémentaire de physiologie, the first modern physiology textbook which was translated into English and published in America in 1822

Ernst Heinrich Weber 1795-1878 born in Germany German physician who is

considered a founder of experimental

psychology discovered the logarithmic

relation between physical and psychological magnitudes

discovered the existence of a rudimentary uterus in male mammals

appointed professor of comparative anatomy at. Leipzig in 1818, professor of human anatomy in 1821, and, in addition. professor of physiology in 1840

Johannes Muller 1801-1858 born in Germany professor at the University of

Berlin in anatomy, physiology, and pathology

Matched the selective nature of perception of different sensations through the electrical impulses transmitted by the nervous system

Came to the conclusion that electrical impulses occurred in different nerve pathways, which he called channels

The first volume of Müller's most famous treatise, The Handbook of Human Physiology, appeared in 1834 and was translated into English in 1837

Claude Bernard* July 12th, 1813-Feb 10th, 1878* A very important French

physiologist* Considered the father of

modern experimental physiology

* In 1835 he stared with the physiology of digestion specifically the roles of the pancreas, exocrine gland, the gastric juices, and the intestines

* He also studied neurosciences such as sensory nerves

Henry Gray 1827- 1861 Was an English anatomist

and surgeon. He is most notable for

publishing the book Grey’s Anatomy.

He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society at the age of only 25.

In 1848, Gray won a coveted prize from the Royal College of Surgeons for his anatomical work on the eye and optic nerves.

Reinier De Graaf July 30th, 1841- August 17th,

1873 Was a Dutch Physician and

anatomist and he also made key discoveries in reproductive biology.

He also studied parts of the human genitalia.

He described testicular tubes, the efferent ducts, the corpora lutea, and described the function of the fallopian tubes.

His monograph on the male reproductive system was published in 1668: ‘tractus de virorum organis generationi inservenientibus’

Paul Ehrlich

March 14th, 1854- August 20th, 1915

Was a German scientist in the fields of hematology, immunology, and chemotherapy.

He actually coined the term chemotherapy and popularized the concept of “Magic Bullets”.

In 1908 he shared with Metchnikoff the highest scientific distinction, the Nobel Prize.

Walter Bradford Cannon October 19th, 1871-

October 1st, 1945 Was an American

physiologist, who expanded Claude Bernard’s concept of being in a constant state of equilibrium by giving it the term Homeostasis.

He also wrote a book called the Wisdom Of The Body that was published in 1932.

Bradford Cannon  (December 2, 1907 –

December 20, 2005)• was a pioneer in the field of

reconstructive surgery, specializing in burn victims.

• He was the first chief of plastic and reconstructive surgery at Massachusetts General Hospital and is credited with saving the lives of thousands of soldiers maimed during World War II.