Nanoscale, Science & Engineering & Our Place in the World Sandip Tiwari [email protected]Science -> Engineering -> Society Science Engineering Society 16 1 00’ … 16-1700’ s Gottfried Leibnitz Isaac Newton Thomas Savery James Watt … 17-1800’s Charles Darwin Dmitri Mandeleev F it Hb Fritz Haber 18-1900’s Albert Einstein Alexander Claude Keck_Howard – Nov 6, 2007 19-2000’s ?? Albert Einstein Alexander Fleming Claude Shannon Our Life Expectancy + Information Society
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p , p g g ,liquid crystal displaysCommunicationsInformation superhighway, cellular phones, satellite communications, high capacity fib ti blIntegrated Circuit 1950 s
Transistor – 1947Vacuum Tubes – 1910’s
Telephony - 1876Science
fiber optic cablesSecurityAdvances in communications, command and control, sensors, weapon systems, mobile electronics
Correlated Electron States – 1980sScanning Tunneling Microscopy – 1980s
Fe2O3 (ironstone) and Fe3O4 (magnetite)Found in cells and believed responsible for navigationMinimum units – domains stable – large sensitivity
La2/3Ca1/3MnO3, manganites, have large magnetoresistance
La1-xSrxCuO4, YBa2Cu3O7 or Bi2Sr2SaCu2O8 are high Tc
d
Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum
(Frankel)
superconductors
Some the strongest magnets are not metallic, but ceramic oxide insulators
NiO, CoO, MnO – antiferromagnetic oxides - insulators (naively expected to be conducting)
Va2O3 or Ti2O3 show a metal-insulator transition below characteristic temperature TMI
Even after multiple Nobel prizes in areas related to phase transitions, we can not predict these connections of scale well – how do single entities interact with ensembles.
Keck_Howard – Nov 6, 2007
Delocalized d-electrons of transition metals (e.g. Cu, Ni, Fe, Ru etc.) strongly coupling to oxygen p-orbitals. The enormous diversity of complex oxides arises from a delicate balance between de-localized electrons and effects of Coulomb interaction which localize electrons
Mott Hubbard transitions
Connections of Scale
Traveling particles: 2001 NASA satellite image of dust arriving in California from Asian deserts. SeaWiFS Project, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center and
Traveling particles from recent (Oct-Nov , 2007) California fires leaving for China.
Keck_Howard – Nov 6, 2007
NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center and ORBIMAGE
2007) California fires leaving for China.
So, What is New in Nano?
We now have the ability to construct by synthesizing from atoms up (bottom-up) and pattern down from larger assemblies (top-down) We have sophisticated tools to characterize the nanoscaledown). We have sophisticated tools to characterize the nanoscale.
We can explore, characterize, and utilize phenomena across a breadth of the disciplines.
Nanoscale has brought together approaches of different disciplines - physical and life sciences, and engineering - at the length scale of the building blocks of the physical and living worldlength scale of the building blocks of the physical and living world.
POWERFUL INTERSECTION OF NATURE, SCIENCE & ENGINEERINGBut, So are the Difficulties with Complexities of Scale
The opportunities of understanding and in turn benefiting humanity by harnessing these capabilities is enormous
The scientific and engineering potential is vast
Keck_Howard – Nov 6, 2007
The scientific and engineering potential is vast.
The interdisciplinary research and applications are exciting.
Electronics
PhysicalBehavioral
Structural
ContinuumHi h Ab t ti (HDL)
100
Chip Floor Planning
PlacementTiming
C
High Abstraction (HDL)
10-3
Compartmentalization
DeviceBoltzmann
CompactASX, Spice, …
Lumped
CongestionRouting
VerificationTemperature
P
10-6
Sca
le (
s) A good way to lower cost and efficient and robust designs when within parameter band
Future challenge: Reliable Systems from Unreliable ComponentsVariations and reliability
Resiliency
CostNew technologies that are efficient at hardware-software co-designg g
Non-compartmentalized education and practice
Keck_Howard – Nov 6, 2007
Major Problems of Society
Efficient low cost sustainable photovoltaicsNumerous “nano” ideas – Gretzel cell, new organics, inexpensive silicon approaches multi bandgapssilicon approaches, multi-bandgaps, …
Efficient low energy sustainable technologiesNumerous “nano” ideas – Efficient catalysis, self-assembly techniques in fabrication, novel material synthesis, low power electronics, low power displays, …
HealthcareNumerous “nano” ideas – health diagnostics and repair, local treatments neural probes new characterization methods smallertreatments, neural probes, new characterization methods, smaller portable instruments, …
Keck_Howard – Nov 6, 2007
Hydrogen Use: Fuel Cells
H2 Electricity
Elimination of combustion and heat from energy conversion
Hydrogen provides up to 60% efficiency
Storage for 300 mile driving(capacity higher than liq. H2!
-
Pt
metal
better catalystshigher activity
Hydrogen provides up to 60% efficiency
++
+
e
H2
O2
metal
core-shell nanoparticle medium
high surface area+
+
++ +
H2O
O
shell : dissociation H2 ⇔ 2 H
H2 gas
OOSO3
-H+
SO3-
H+
OOSO3
-
H+SO3
-
H+ core: high density storage
nanoscale ⇒ fast transit time
~ 10 nm
Keck_Howard – Nov 6, 2007
better membraneshigher temperature
higher ion conductivity
designed nanoscale materials
World Map (Normalized to Population)
Keck_Howard – Nov 6, 2007
R. Webb, Nature 439, 800(2006)
A Narrow View
The Russians play Chess, plotting their moves with a strategy that looks decades into the future.strategy that looks decades into the future.
The Japanese play Go, systematically surrounding each technological territory with their pieces until they make ittechnological territory with their pieces until they make it their own.
The Europeans play Bridge, kicking a lot under the table while presenting a smooth performance above its surface.
USA: We play Monopoly.
The world does not know how China and India play
Keck_Howard – Nov 6, 2007
The world does not know how China and India play.
From Prof. Les Eastman’s Bulletin Board
From the 1980’s
This is more true now than everPursuit of science, engineering and technology
is more central to our world’s well being now gmore than ever.
We all need to do our part and contribute to collective
Keck_Howard – Nov 6, 2007
pprogress
NanoExpress
Mobile Nanotechnology Demonstration Laboratory
Developed at Howard UniversityDeveloped at Howard University
Small has large effects; there are connections of scaleWe are all individually an important contributor and cause of successes and failure of our society
Education
Research and Technological Innovation working together