-
University of Washington
School of Aquatic & Fishery Sciences Seattle, Washington
To: Alaska Sea Grant College Program University of Alaska -
Fairbanks Title of Project: Acoustic Behavior of Salmon Principal
Investigators: John K. Horne Research Associate Professor School of
Aquatic & Fishery Sciences Box 355020 University of Washington
Seattle, WA 98195-5020 (206) 221-6890 – phone (206) 221-6939 - fax
[email protected] Institutional Official: Carol Zuiches
Assistant Vice Provost - Research Office of Sponsored Programs
University of Washington 1100 NE 45th Street, Suite 300 Seattle, WA
98105 206-543-4043 [email protected] Amount Requested: $60,236
Desired Period: February 1, 2006 – January 31, 2009
Date:______________ ___________________________________ John K.
Horne, Research Associate Professor Date:_______________
__________________________________ David A. Armstrong, Director
School of Aquatic & Fishery Sciences Date:______________
___________________________________ Carol Zuiches
Assistant Vice Provost – Research Executive Director, Office of
Sponsored Programs
University of Washington
School of Aquatic & Fishery Sciences
Seattle, Washington
To:Alaska Sea Grant College Program
University of Alaska - Fairbanks
Title of Project:Acoustic Behavior of Salmon
Principal Investigators:John K. Horne
Research Associate Professor
School of Aquatic & Fishery Sciences
Box 355020
University of Washington
Seattle, WA 98195-5020
(206) 221-6890 – phone
(206) 221-6939 - fax
[email protected]
Institutional Official:Carol Zuiches
Assistant Vice Provost - Research
Office of Sponsored Programs
University of Washington
1100 NE 45th Street, Suite 300
Seattle, WA 98105
206-543-4043
[email protected]
Amount Requested:$60,236
Desired Period:February 1, 2006 – January 31, 2009
Date:_________________________________________________
John K. Horne, Research Associate Professor
Date:_________________________________________________
David A. Armstrong, Director
School of Aquatic & Fishery Sciences
Date:_________________________________________________
Carol Zuiches
Assistant Vice Provost – Research
Executive Director, Office of Sponsored Programs
SEA GRANT PROJECT SUMMARY
INSTITUTION:
Alaska Sea Grant College Program
ICODE:
TITLE:
ACOUSTIC BEHAVIOR OF SALMON
PROJECT NUMBER:
2005
-
33
REVISION DATE:
May 13, 2005
PROJECT STATUS:
INITIATION DATE:
Feb. 2006
COMPLETION DATE:
Dec. 2008
SUB PROGRAM:
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
John K. Horne
EFFORT:
AFFILIATION:
University of Washington
School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences
AFFILIATION CODE:
SG FUNDS:
$
60,236
STATE MATCHING FUNDS:
$
40,634
LAST YEARS SG FUNDS:
$
0
LAST YEARS MATCHING FUNDS:
$
0
PASS
-
THROUGH FUNDS:
$
0
LAST YEARS PASS THROUGH FUNDS:
$
0
RELATED PROJECTS:
PARENT PROJECTS:
SEA GRANT STRATEGIC PLAN CLASSIFICATION#:
3 Fisheries
KEYWORDS:
salmon, acoustic assessment, species discrimination, student
training
OBJECTIVES:
This program will combine the use of two acoustic technologies
to examine the influence of fish behavior on the
amplitude and shape of reflected sound from s
almon in rivers. Primary research objectives include:
1. Characterizing variability in backscattered echo amplitude
and shape
2. Determining the influence of behavior on echo amplitude and
shape
3. Quantifying echo width to fish morphometric relationshi
p (e.g. length, width)
4. Examining the potential of using differences in echo
characteristics to discriminate Chinook from Sockeye
Salmon in acoustic data.
METHODOLOGY:
A splitbeam echosounder will be synchronized with an imaging
sonar to c
ollect acoustic data on tethered and free
-
swimming fish. Metrics will be used to characterize echo shapes
and compared to fish orientation.
RATIONALE:
Understanding how fish scatter sound improves discrimination of
species and the accuracy
of acoustic
-
based
assessment.
BENEFITS:
Results of this project will increase methods to discriminate
chinook from sockeye salmon, the understanding of
how fish in rivers scatter sound, and the accuracy of
acoustic
-
based escapement assessmen
t on the Kenai River.
Proposal Objectives
This program will combine the use of two acoustic technologies
to examine the influence of fish behavior on the intensity and
shape of reflected sound from salmon in rivers. Primary research
objectives include:
1. Characterizing variability in backscattered echo amplitude
and shape
2. Determining the influence of behavior on echo amplitude and
shape
3. Quantifying echo width to fish morphometric relationship
(e.g. length, width)
4. Examining the potential of using differences in echo
characteristics to discriminate Chinook from Sockeye Salmon in
acoustic data.
This program is also explicitly designed to include training of
an Alaskan resident in fisheries acoustics research techniques.
Salmon abundance on at least two rivers in Alaska (e.g. Kuskokwim
River, Noatak River) is not being assessed using acoustic
technologies due to a lack of trained personnel. Alaska’s need for
trained fisheries acousticians is great. If an Alaskan student
(native or non-native) is trained during this program, it is
believed that there is a greater likelihood that the student will
return to Alaska and will be an attractive employee for the Alaska
Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G), NOAA fisheries, or the
fisheries acoustic industry.
Milestones have been identified for the project. By the end of
the first year, the graduate student will have completed two
quarters of course work and participated in the first set of
acoustic backscatter measurements in conjunction with ADF&G
researchers and staff at the Kenai River sampling site. Data
analysis will commence directly after field measurements and
continue throughout the duration of the project. Outreach
activities will be coordinated in part with the summer field season
and extend to the end of the year. By the end of the second year,
graduate student coursework will be completed, a second field
season will have collected additional data, data from the first
field season will be analyzed, and the second round of outreach
activities will be well underway. By the end of the third year, the
student will complete the Master’s program and outreach
activities.
Justification and Need
Fixed-location, side-looking acoustic techniques are often the
only way to obtain in-season abundance estimates for anadromous
fish stocks in rivers that are too wide for weir structures and too
occluded for visual observations (Daum and Osborne 1998; Osborne
and Melegari 2002; Westerman and Willette 2003). Acoustic
assessment sites currently exist on 15 rivers in Alaska. One of the
primary barriers to wider use of sonar assessment has been the
inability to acoustically discriminate among fish sizes and species
(cf. Horne 2000).
Acoustic techniques used to discriminate and classify fish
species traditionally rely on the intensity of reflected sound
(i.e. target strength, TS) to determine the size and then species
of an insonified target. Using this approach in shallow water,
riverine environments include additional challenges (Trevorrow et
al. 2000). Boundary effects (i.e. water surface and river bottom)
may distort echoes and impede detection of individual animals
(Mulligan 2000; Gerlotto et al. 2000). Distances to targets are
generally short and when combined with narrow beam angles, violate
the point source assumption of reflected energy (i.e. backscatter)
from targets because fish are large relative to the beam swath
(Dawson et al. 2000). Under these conditions, fish become complex
backscatter targets and the intensity and phase of echoes can be
corrupted. Variability in fish orientation relative to the
transducer when the beam is directed across the river also
influences intensity and phase of TS measurements (Love 1969; Dahl
and Matthisen 1983; Kubecka 1993; Horne 2003). Acoustic signal to
noise ratios are generally low in riverine environments which may
bias estimates of fish position within the beam (Kieser et al.
2000) and resulting TS (Fleischman and Burwen 2000). The
combination of these factors potentially result in variable TS
measurements that makes it difficult, if not impossible, to
identify fish species using only target strength as the
discriminating metric.
On the Kenai River in southcentral Alaska, chinook salmon
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha migrate concurrently with more numerous
sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka. The two species differ in size
and migratory behavior: sockeye salmon average less than 60 cm in
length and migrate primarily in shallow water close to the river
bank; chinook salmon often exceed 100 cm and migrate in deeper
water near mid-channel. These differences were used as
justification to initiate a chinook salmon sonar assessment program
in the late 1980s (Eggers et al. 1995). Currently, the Kenai River
chinook sonar program is the only assessment in Alaska that
apportions sonar counts by species using only acoustic data (cf.
Fleischman and Burwen 2003). Target strength and range criteria are
used to separate the more abundant sockeye from chinook salmon
(Miller et al. 2003). Recent studies indicate that a fraction of
sockeye salmon are being erroneously classified as chinook salmon,
which results in an inflated chinook abundance estimate (Burwen et
al. 1998, 2003).
In the mid-1990’s, results from experiments on the Kenai River
using tethered and free-swimming fish identified echo envelope
length as a potential species discriminating metric. An echo
envelope is the time-dependent intensity of the reflected sound.
Echo envelope metrics characterize a target primarily using time
delay rather than the amplitude of the returned echo. Burwen and
Fleischman (1998) found that the accuracy of distinguishing chinook
from sockeye salmon increased when using echo envelope length
relative to target strength. This result is promising for species
classification but the mechanism influencing echo length is not
understood and uncertainty remains why this metric performs better
than target strength in riverine applications.
Experiments conducted in 2002 included a recently developed
sonar technology that enables acoustic imaging of fish targets. The
DIDSON (Dual frequency IDentification SONar) imaging sonar can be
used to examine how echoes are influenced by the size and behavior
of fish as they swim through a side-looking acoustic beam. The
DIDSON provides near video-quality images for identifying objects
underwater (Belcher et al. 2001). During the 2002 field
measurements, a splitbeam echosounder was paired with a DIDSON to
record echo intensity and fish orientation from 12 tethered chinook
and 9 sockeye salmon. A few sockeye salmon serendipitously swam
through the beam during tethered fish measurements. Repeated series
of measurements were collected from these fish at various ranges
(4-17 meters) to assess potential range effects on echo intensities
and the measurements used to characterize echo shapes. Ongoing
analyses of the data indicate that as fish swim through the beam
and are oriented at oblique angles relative to the transducer face
echoes are recorded that have complex envelope shapes including
multiple peaks. This is the first indication why target strength
measurements are highly variable. The duration of an echo from a
large target such as a chinook salmon was also observed to be
sensitive to the length of the target, potentially due to near
simultaneous reflections from several body parts (e.g. head and
tail).
The next logical step in this research is to examine the
influence of fish orientation and position in the beam on the
number, shape, and intensity of echoes recorded by the splitbeam
echosounder. For riverine applications, time-based metrics appear
to be superior predictors of fish length and therefore species
because they exploit or are robust to factors that compromise
amplitude-based metrics such as target strength. It is imperative
to understand how sound interacts with and forms echoes from large
target that simultaneously reflects sound from multiple body parts.
This knowledge will improve precision and accuracy of
acoustic-based fish length, species, and abundance estimates in
freshwater and marine environments.
This proposal addresses the Fisheries Theme in Alaska Sea
Grant’s (ASG) strategic plan. An investigation into the
relationship between fish size and swimming behavior on echo
returns directly applies to the goal of “Developing management
strategies that balance optimum sustainable yield with conservation
of Alaska’s living resources from a coastal watershed ecosystem.”
It also meets both objectives under this goal because it seeks
to:
1) conduct biological research on new methodologies to optimize
fishery harvests that are sustainable, and
2) develop collaborative partnerships with NOAA Fisheries and
the Alaska Department of Fish and Game to fund relative
research.
To assist in managing its salmon stocks for optimal sustainable
yields, ADF&G establishes escapement goals for many of its
economically important fish stocks. These escapement goals attempt
to produce optimal yields for each stock by ensuring that a
sufficient number of fish are guaranteed access to their spawning
grounds. To ensure that escapement goals are met, fisheries
managers rely heavily on timely and accurate inseason estimates of
inriver stock abundance to regulate both commercial and sport
interception fisheries. Acoustic technologies will continue as the
primary assessment tool used in the management and conservation of
some of Alaska’s most economically important salmon resources (e.g.
Kenai River chinook salmon). This proposal seeks to improve the
information provided by these assessment programs. Improving our
ability to apportion acoustic estimates to species, this research
will directly aid the ADF&G with its task of optimizing fishery
harvests. Because fisheries acoustic research is technically
challenging and requires expertise that is limited within the
ADF&G, collaborating with University and Industry personnel is
an effective way to further the research efforts and needs of
department staff.
Research results will be communicated through: a Master’s
student thesis; peer-reviewed publications; presentations at
national or international scientific conferences; regional seminars
at the ADF&G sportfish and marine divisions; and be integrated
within the ADF&G Information and Education and ASG Extension
and Education Services Programs.
Methods
An important first step in this research program is to identify
a suitable candidate for a graduate program for training in
Fisheries Acoustics. A previous attempt in 2001 to identify an
Alaskan resident with a quantitative background and interest in
fisheries research was unsuccessful. It is envisioned that this
student will be supported as a National Sea Grant Scholar and
enroll at the University of Washington, School of Aquatic and
Fishery Sciences under the supervision of Dr. John Horne. ADF&G
and Dr. Horne are currently completing a salmon research
collaborative project that includes the training of a Masters
student (who is also a Hydroacoustic Technology Incorporated (HTI)
employee). The student’s thesis is entitled, “Acoustic
characterization of chinook and sockeye salmon on the Kenai River.”
Features of the echo envelope, the time-dependent intensity of the
reflected sound, are being quantified and examined on their ability
to distinguish between the two species.
The addition of a DIDSON imaging sonar extended the breadth of
the current project and is will be used during field measurements
in the proposal. A 200 kHz splitbeam echosounder was paired with a
multibeam, imaging sonar to simultaneously record echo intensity
and orientation of tethered fish. The DIDSON unit operates at 1.0
and 1.8 MHz to provide near video quality images. Synchronizing
data acquisition between the DIDSON sonar and the splitbeam
echosounder showed that data from the two technologies improves
species identification, provides additional data on fish behavior,
and can be used to increase understanding of fish as acoustic
targets. For each split-beam echo, the exact position and
orientation of the fish can be determined from the DIDSON image
(Fig. 1).
Figure 1. Schematic diagram showing how a fish (upper left) is
perceived by the DIDSON imaging sonar (lower) and the splitbeam
echosounder (upper right).
In the current project, 16 echo metrics were tabulated from
individual echoes returned from tethered and free-swimming salmon.
Echo metrics, grouped by attribute, include: range (i.e. distance)
from the transducer, envelope shape, phase stability (i.e.
consistency of position in space), roughness (i.e. geometry and
self-similarity), and amplitude (Table 1).
Table 1. Echo attribute type and metrics used to characterize
echoes from chinook and sockeye salmon on the Kenai River.
If smaller sockeye act as point source scattering targets,
echoes are predicted to have constant range and position, envelope
widths/shapes similar to the original pulse, and low variability in
echo intensity. Larger chinook (relative to the acoustic
wavelength), are predicted to exhibit higher variability in all
echo metrics. Pairwise comparisons from data collected at 0.2
milliseconds resulted in 12 of the 16 metrics differing between the
two species. All range, echo width/shape, and position metrics were
significantly different (p
-
SEA GRANT PROJECT SUMMARY
INSTITUTION: Alaska Sea Grant College Program ICODE: TITLE:
ACOUSTIC BEHAVIOR OF SALMON
PROJECT NUMBER: 2005-33 REVISION DATE: May 13, 2005 PROJECT
STATUS: INITIATION DATE: Feb. 2006 COMPLETION DATE: Dec. 2008 SUB
PROGRAM: PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: John K. Horne EFFORT: AFFILIATION:
University of Washington School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences
AFFILIATION CODE:
SG FUNDS: $60,236 STATE MATCHING FUNDS: $40,634 LAST YEARS SG
FUNDS: $0 LAST YEARS MATCHING FUNDS: $0 PASS-THROUGH FUNDS: $0 LAST
YEARS PASS THROUGH FUNDS: $0 RELATED PROJECTS: PARENT PROJECTS: SEA
GRANT STRATEGIC PLAN CLASSIFICATION#: 3 Fisheries KEYWORDS: salmon,
acoustic assessment, species discrimination, student training
OBJECTIVES: This program will combine the use of two acoustic
technologies to examine the influence of fish behavior on the
amplitude and shape of reflected sound from salmon in rivers.
Primary research objectives include: 1. Characterizing variability
in backscattered echo amplitude and shape 2. Determining the
influence of behavior on echo amplitude and shape 3. Quantifying
echo width to fish morphometric relationship (e.g. length, width)
4. Examining the potential of using differences in echo
characteristics to discriminate Chinook from Sockeye Salmon in
acoustic data. METHODOLOGY: A splitbeam echosounder will be
synchronized with an imaging sonar to collect acoustic data on
tethered and free-swimming fish. Metrics will be used to
characterize echo shapes and compared to fish orientation.
RATIONALE: Understanding how fish scatter sound improves
discrimination of species and the accuracy of acoustic-based
assessment. BENEFITS: Results of this project will increase methods
to discriminate chinook from sockeye salmon, the understanding of
how fish in rivers scatter sound, and the accuracy of
acoustic-based escapement assessment on the Kenai River.
-
Proposal Objectives This program will combine the use of two
acoustic technologies to examine the influence of
fish behavior on the intensity and shape of reflected sound from
salmon in rivers. Primary research objectives include:
1. Characterizing variability in backscattered echo amplitude
and shape
2. Determining the influence of behavior on echo amplitude and
shape
3. Quantifying echo width to fish morphometric relationship
(e.g. length, width)
4. Examining the potential of using differences in echo
characteristics to discriminate Chinook from Sockeye Salmon in
acoustic data.
This program is also explicitly designed to include training of
an Alaskan resident in fisheries acoustics research techniques.
Salmon abundance on at least two rivers in Alaska (e.g. Kuskokwim
River, Noatak River) is not being assessed using acoustic
technologies due to a lack of trained personnel. Alaska’s need for
trained fisheries acousticians is great. If an Alaskan student
(native or non-native) is trained during this program, it is
believed that there is a greater likelihood that the student will
return to Alaska and will be an attractive employee for the Alaska
Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G), NOAA fisheries, or the
fisheries acoustic industry.
Milestones have been identified for the project. By the end of
the first year, the graduate student will have completed two
quarters of course work and participated in the first set of
acoustic backscatter measurements in conjunction with ADF&G
researchers and staff at the Kenai River sampling site. Data
analysis will commence directly after field measurements and
continue throughout the duration of the project. Outreach
activities will be coordinated in part with the summer field season
and extend to the end of the year. By the end of the second year,
graduate student coursework will be completed, a second field
season will have collected additional data, data from the first
field season will be analyzed, and the second round of outreach
activities will be well underway. By the end of the third year, the
student will complete the Master’s program and outreach
activities.
Justification and Need Fixed-location, side-looking acoustic
techniques are often the only way to obtain in-season
abundance estimates for anadromous fish stocks in rivers that
are too wide for weir structures and too occluded for visual
observations (Daum and Osborne 1998; Osborne and Melegari 2002;
Westerman and Willette 2003). Acoustic assessment sites currently
exist on 15 rivers in Alaska. One of the primary barriers to wider
use of sonar assessment has been the inability to acoustically
discriminate among fish sizes and species (cf. Horne 2000).
Acoustic techniques used to discriminate and classify fish
species traditionally rely on the intensity of reflected sound
(i.e. target strength, TS) to determine the size and then species
of an insonified target. Using this approach in shallow water,
riverine environments include additional challenges (Trevorrow et
al. 2000). Boundary effects (i.e. water surface and river bottom)
may distort echoes and impede detection of individual animals
(Mulligan 2000; Gerlotto et al. 2000). Distances to targets are
generally short and when combined with narrow beam angles, violate
the point source assumption of reflected energy (i.e. backscatter)
from targets because fish are large relative to the beam swath
(Dawson et al. 2000). Under these conditions, fish become complex
backscatter targets and the intensity and phase of echoes can be
corrupted. Variability in fish
-
orientation relative to the transducer when the beam is directed
across the river also influences intensity and phase of TS
measurements (Love 1969; Dahl and Matthisen 1983; Kubecka 1993;
Horne 2003). Acoustic signal to noise ratios are generally low in
riverine environments which may bias estimates of fish position
within the beam (Kieser et al. 2000) and resulting TS (Fleischman
and Burwen 2000). The combination of these factors potentially
result in variable TS measurements that makes it difficult, if not
impossible, to identify fish species using only target strength as
the discriminating metric.
On the Kenai River in southcentral Alaska, chinook salmon
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha migrate concurrently with more numerous
sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka. The two species differ in size
and migratory behavior: sockeye salmon average less than 60 cm in
length and migrate primarily in shallow water close to the river
bank; chinook salmon often exceed 100 cm and migrate in deeper
water near mid-channel. These differences were used as
justification to initiate a chinook salmon sonar assessment program
in the late 1980s (Eggers et al. 1995). Currently, the Kenai River
chinook sonar program is the only assessment in Alaska that
apportions sonar counts by species using only acoustic data (cf.
Fleischman and Burwen 2003). Target strength and range criteria are
used to separate the more abundant sockeye from chinook salmon
(Miller et al. 2003). Recent studies indicate that a fraction of
sockeye salmon are being erroneously classified as chinook salmon,
which results in an inflated chinook abundance estimate (Burwen et
al. 1998, 2003).
In the mid-1990’s, results from experiments on the Kenai River
using tethered and free-swimming fish identified echo envelope
length as a potential species discriminating metric. An echo
envelope is the time-dependent intensity of the reflected sound.
Echo envelope metrics characterize a target primarily using time
delay rather than the amplitude of the returned echo. Burwen and
Fleischman (1998) found that the accuracy of distinguishing chinook
from sockeye salmon increased when using echo envelope length
relative to target strength. This result is promising for species
classification but the mechanism influencing echo length is not
understood and uncertainty remains why this metric performs better
than target strength in riverine applications.
Experiments conducted in 2002 included a recently developed
sonar technology that enables acoustic imaging of fish targets. The
DIDSON (Dual frequency IDentification SONar) imaging sonar can be
used to examine how echoes are influenced by the size and behavior
of fish as they swim through a side-looking acoustic beam. The
DIDSON provides near video-quality images for identifying objects
underwater (Belcher et al. 2001). During the 2002 field
measurements, a splitbeam echosounder was paired with a DIDSON to
record echo intensity and fish orientation from 12 tethered chinook
and 9 sockeye salmon. A few sockeye salmon serendipitously swam
through the beam during tethered fish measurements. Repeated series
of measurements were collected from these fish at various ranges
(4-17 meters) to assess potential range effects on echo intensities
and the measurements used to characterize echo shapes. Ongoing
analyses of the data indicate that as fish swim through the beam
and are oriented at oblique angles relative to the transducer face
echoes are recorded that have complex envelope shapes including
multiple peaks. This is the first indication why target strength
measurements are highly variable. The duration of an echo from a
large target such as a chinook salmon was also observed to be
sensitive to the length of the target, potentially due to near
simultaneous reflections from several body parts (e.g. head and
tail).
-
The next logical step in this research is to examine the
influence of fish orientation and position in the beam on the
number, shape, and intensity of echoes recorded by the splitbeam
echosounder. For riverine applications, time-based metrics appear
to be superior predictors of fish length and therefore species
because they exploit or are robust to factors that compromise
amplitude-based metrics such as target strength. It is imperative
to understand how sound interacts with and forms echoes from large
target that simultaneously reflects sound from multiple body parts.
This knowledge will improve precision and accuracy of
acoustic-based fish length, species, and abundance estimates in
freshwater and marine environments.
This proposal addresses the Fisheries Theme in Alaska Sea
Grant’s (ASG) strategic plan. An investigation into the
relationship between fish size and swimming behavior on echo
returns directly applies to the goal of “Developing management
strategies that balance optimum sustainable yield with conservation
of Alaska’s living resources from a coastal watershed ecosystem.”
It also meets both objectives under this goal because it seeks
to:
1) conduct biological research on new methodologies to optimize
fishery harvests that are
sustainable, and 2) develop collaborative partnerships with NOAA
Fisheries and the Alaska Department of Fish
and Game to fund relative research.
To assist in managing its salmon stocks for optimal sustainable
yields, ADF&G establishes escapement goals for many of its
economically important fish stocks. These escapement goals attempt
to produce optimal yields for each stock by ensuring that a
sufficient number of fish are guaranteed access to their spawning
grounds. To ensure that escapement goals are met, fisheries
managers rely heavily on timely and accurate inseason estimates of
inriver stock abundance to regulate both commercial and sport
interception fisheries. Acoustic technologies will continue as the
primary assessment tool used in the management and conservation of
some of Alaska’s most economically important salmon resources (e.g.
Kenai River chinook salmon). This proposal seeks to improve the
information provided by these assessment programs. Improving our
ability to apportion acoustic estimates to species, this research
will directly aid the ADF&G with its task of optimizing fishery
harvests. Because fisheries acoustic research is technically
challenging and requires expertise that is limited within the
ADF&G, collaborating with University and Industry personnel is
an effective way to further the research efforts and needs of
department staff.
Research results will be communicated through: a Master’s
student thesis; peer-reviewed publications; presentations at
national or international scientific conferences; regional seminars
at the ADF&G sportfish and marine divisions; and be integrated
within the ADF&G Information and Education and ASG Extension
and Education Services Programs.
Methods
An important first step in this research program is to identify
a suitable candidate for a graduate program for training in
Fisheries Acoustics. A previous attempt in 2001 to identify an
Alaskan resident with a quantitative background and interest in
fisheries research was unsuccessful. It is envisioned that this
student will be supported as a National Sea Grant Scholar and
enroll at the University of Washington, School of Aquatic and
Fishery Sciences under the supervision of Dr. John Horne. ADF&G
and Dr. Horne are currently completing a salmon
-
research collaborative project that includes the training of a
Masters student (who is also a Hydroacoustic Technology
Incorporated (HTI) employee). The student’s thesis is entitled,
“Acoustic characterization of chinook and sockeye salmon on the
Kenai River.” Features of the echo envelope, the time-dependent
intensity of the reflected sound, are being quantified and examined
on their ability to distinguish between the two species.
The addition of a DIDSON imaging sonar extended the breadth of
the current project and is will be used during field measurements
in the proposal. A 200 kHz splitbeam echosounder was paired with a
multibeam, imaging sonar to simultaneously record echo intensity
and orientation of tethered fish. The DIDSON unit operates at 1.0
and 1.8 MHz to provide near video quality images. Synchronizing
data acquisition between the DIDSON sonar and the splitbeam
echosounder showed that data from the two technologies improves
species identification, provides additional data on fish behavior,
and can be used to increase understanding of fish as acoustic
targets. For each split-beam echo, the exact position and
orientation of the fish can be determined from the DIDSON image
(Fig. 1).
Figure 1. Schematic diagram showing how a fish (upper left) is
perceived by the DIDSON imaging sonar (lower) and the splitbeam
echosounder (upper right).
In the current project, 16 echo metrics were tabulated from
individual echoes returned from tethered and free-swimming salmon.
Echo metrics, grouped by attribute, include: range (i.e. distance)
from the transducer, envelope shape, phase stability (i.e.
consistency of position in space), roughness (i.e. geometry and
self-similarity), and amplitude (Table 1).
-
Table 1. Echo attribute type and metrics used to characterize
echoes from chinook and sockeye salmon on the Kenai River.
If smaller sockeye act as point source scattering targets,
echoes are predicted to have
constant range and position, envelope widths/shapes similar to
the original pulse, and low variability in echo intensity. Larger
chinook (relative to the acoustic wavelength), are predicted to
exhibit higher variability in all echo metrics. Pairwise
comparisons from data collected at 0.2 milliseconds resulted in 12
of the 16 metrics differing between the two species. All range,
echo width/shape, and position metrics were significantly different
(p
-
range) echo intensities from known tethered and free-swimming
fish. Digitized echo intensity data from the echosounder will be
quantified using echo shape metrics and compared to echo
intensities and fish orientations from sonar data images.
Echosounder and sonar comparisons will be used to quantify the
number, magnitude, and variability of echoes as a function of fish
width, length, and orientation relative to the transducer face.
Outreach Component From the onset, student, scientific, and
public outreach will form integral parts of this
research program. We are interested in initiating a recruitment
program with Alaska Sea Grant (ASG) to identify interested,
qualified Alaskan residents as candidates for graduate student
programs in aquatic science. We believe that the probability of a
student returning to Alaska is higher if that student is an Alaskan
resident. We feel that ASG is the best administrative body to
identify and recruit interested students who could apply to
graduate school. This joint initiative is potentially the first
step in increasing participation of Alaskans, including natives and
women, in advanced technical and academic training. Successful
completion of this program will result in fisheries acoustics
expertise to be transferred directly to the State of Alaska through
student training and collaboration with ADF&G scientists.
Assuming that the student returns to Alaska, he or she will then be
available to ADF&G, NOAA fisheries, or the acoustics industry
as a potential employee for a growing applied science field.
A comprehensive outreach program has been developed to translate
and disseminate findings of this project to scientific and public
audiences (Table 2). The student will work directly with extension
and education specialists in ADF&G and ASG. The ADF&G
outreach plan consists of two goals: to communicate research
efforts to stakeholders in the community, and to communicate
research efforts to scientists and practitioners involved in
fisheries acoustics.
-
Tabl
e 2.
Sum
mar
y of
obj
ectiv
es, t
arge
t aud
ienc
e, m
essa
ge, p
acka
ges,
dist
ribut
ion
chan
nels
, out
com
es, a
nd e
valu
atio
ns o
f joi
nt
UW
/AD
F&G
out
reac
h pr
ogra
m.
GO
AL
1: C
omm
unic
ate
rese
arch
eff
orts
to st
akeh
olde
rs in
the
com
mun
ity
Obj
ectiv
e T
arge
t aud
ienc
eM
essa
ge
Pack
ages
D
istr
ibut
ion
Cha
nnel
s O
utco
me/
Eva
luat
ion
#1: B
ette
r co
mpl
ianc
e at
so
nar s
ite w
ith
resp
ect t
o av
oidi
ng so
nar
gear
and
m
inim
izin
g bo
at a
ctiv
ity a
t si
te
Spor
t fis
hing
gu
ides
, spo
rt fis
hers
, ne
ighb
orin
g co
mm
unity
(n
earb
y ho
use
owne
rs)
Mor
e ac
cura
te
esca
pem
ent d
ata
from
th
e so
nar t
rans
late
s to
bette
r man
aged
fis
herie
s and
max
imum
op
portu
nity
for u
ser
grou
ps
Web
pag
es; s
igns
; br
ochu
res;
pre
sent
atio
n at
loca
l sta
keho
lder
m
eetin
gs: K
enai
Riv
er
Gui
de A
ssoc
iatio
n,
Ken
ai R
iver
Spo
rtfis
hing
A
ssoc
iatio
n, to
urs a
t so
nar s
ite
links
on
exis
ting
agen
cy w
eb si
tes;
Lo
cal A
DF&
G
offic
e (b
roch
ures
) K
enai
Riv
er G
uide
A
ssn.
, Ken
ai R
iver
Sp
ortfi
shin
g A
ssoc
iatio
n
Few
er n
egat
ive
inte
ract
ions
at s
onar
si
te (w
here
spor
t fis
hing
act
ivity
is
rest
ricte
d by
rese
arch
ef
forts
and
som
etim
es
rese
nted
)
#2:
Enco
urag
e hi
gh sc
hool
st
uden
ts a
nd
com
mun
ity
colle
ge st
uden
ts
to c
onsi
der
wor
king
for
AD
F&G
in
hom
e to
wn
Hig
h sc
hool
and
co
mm
unity
co
llege
stud
ents
an
d ed
ucat
ors
If y
ou e
njoy
wor
king
w
ith c
ompu
ters
, and
m
ath,
fish
, and
wor
king
ou
tdoo
rs, c
onsi
der a
jo
b at
AD
F&G
in o
ne
of th
e so
nar p
rogr
ams –
w
e ne
ed e
mpl
oyee
s th
at a
re b
oth
tech
nica
l an
d en
joy
outd
oor
wor
k
Pres
enta
tions
in
clas
sroo
ms,
orga
nize
d to
urs a
t son
ar si
tes,
post
er o
r vid
eos a
t es
tabl
ishe
d di
visi
onal
ed
ucat
ion
even
ts su
ch a
s sa
lmon
cel
ebra
tions
Salm
onid
s in
the
Cla
ssro
om
prog
ram
, sci
ence
fa
irs, M
obile
A
quat
ic E
duca
tion
Cla
ssro
om, c
aree
r fa
irs; K
ache
mak
B
ay R
esea
rch
Res
erve
Incr
ease
d ap
plic
ant
pool
for p
ositi
ons o
n lo
cal A
DF&
G so
nar
asse
ssm
ent p
roje
cts,
num
ber o
f ret
urn
post
card
s ask
ing
for
mor
e in
form
atio
n
-
Obj
ectiv
e T
arge
t aud
ienc
eM
essa
ge
Pack
ages
D
istr
ibut
ion
Cha
nnel
s O
utco
me/
Eva
luat
ion
#3: I
ntro
duce
re
sear
ch
fund
ing
oppo
rtuni
ties t
o ot
her a
genc
ies
that
are
in
tere
sted
or
have
bee
n re
cept
ive
in th
e pa
st
Ken
ai R
iver
Sp
orts
fishi
ng
Ass
ocia
tion
Opp
ortu
nity
to fu
nd
rese
arch
that
impr
oves
pu
blic
per
cept
ion
of
agen
cy
Pres
enta
tion
of re
sear
ch
effo
rts a
t app
ropr
iate
m
eetin
gs
Ken
ai R
iver
Sp
orts
fishi
ng
Ass
ocia
tion
mon
thly
mee
tings
, pr
esen
tatio
n to
B
oard
of D
irect
ors
Incr
ease
d pa
rtner
ship
w
ith c
omm
unity
th
roug
h co
llabo
rativ
e ef
forts
and
fund
ing.
Th
is o
rgan
izat
ion
fund
ed th
e fir
st
DID
SON
stud
y
-
GO
AL
2: C
omm
unic
ate
rese
arch
eff
orts
to sc
ient
ists
and
pra
ctiti
oner
s inv
olve
d in
fish
erie
s aco
ustic
s O
bjec
tive
Tar
get a
udie
nce
Mes
sage
Pa
ckag
es
Dis
trib
utio
n C
hann
els
Out
com
e\E
valu
atio
n
#1: I
ntro
duce
ne
w te
chni
ques
fo
r ana
lyzi
ng
and
inte
rpre
ting
fishe
ries
acou
stic
dat
a (c
lass
ifyin
g ac
oust
ic ta
rget
s to
spec
ies)
Scie
ntis
ts, p
eers
at
AD
F&G
, ot
her f
ishe
ries
sona
r pr
actit
ione
rs
Mor
e ac
cura
te e
scap
emen
t da
ta fr
om fi
sher
ies a
cous
tic
asse
ssm
ent p
rogr
ams
Pres
enta
tion
of
rese
arch
eff
orts
at
app
ropr
iate
sc
ient
ific
mee
tings
Aco
ustic
al S
ocie
ty
of A
mer
ica
mee
tings
, Am
eric
an
Fish
erie
s Soc
iety
m
eetin
gs (l
ocal
and
na
tiona
l), IC
ES
Aco
ustic
s in
Fish
erie
s and
A
quat
ic
Com
mun
ities
m
eetin
g, IC
ES
WG
FAST
mee
tings
Peer
revi
ew o
f res
earc
h re
sults
, acc
epta
nce
of n
ew
tech
niqu
es fo
r cla
ssify
ing
fish
spec
ies b
y br
oade
r sc
ient
ific
com
mun
ity a
nd
thos
e in
volv
ed w
ith
asse
ssm
ent p
rogr
ams,
impr
oved
stan
dard
izat
ion
of m
etho
dolo
gy fo
r co
llect
ing,
pro
cess
ing,
an
alyz
ing
acou
stic
dat
a
#2: I
ntro
duce
re
sear
ch
fund
ing
oppo
rtuni
ties t
o ot
her a
genc
ies
that
are
in
tere
sted
or
have
bee
n re
cept
ive
in th
e pa
st
Ken
ai R
iver
Sp
orts
fishi
ng
Ass
ocia
tion
Opp
ortu
nity
to fu
nd
prog
ress
ive
rese
arch
that
im
prov
es p
ublic
per
cept
ion
of a
genc
y
Pres
enta
tion
of
rese
arch
eff
orts
at
app
ropr
iate
m
eetin
gs
Ken
ai R
iver
Sp
orts
fishi
ng
Ass
ocia
tion
mon
thly
m
eetin
gs,
pres
enta
tion
to
Boa
rd o
f Dire
ctor
s
Pote
ntia
l for
add
ition
al
fund
ing
from
the
Ken
ai
Riv
er S
portf
ishi
ng
Ass
ocia
tion.
Thi
s or
gani
zatio
n fu
nded
the
first
DID
SON
stud
y
-
Ava
ilabl
e R
esou
rces
D
r. Jo
hn H
orne
has
bee
n us
ing
acou
stic
s as a
rese
arch
tool
and
exa
min
ing
how
aqu
atic
or
gani
sms r
efle
ct so
und
sinc
e 19
85.
He
has t
augh
t fis
herie
s aco
ustic
cou
rses
at t
he
unde
rgra
duat
e an
d gr
adua
te le
vels
, pub
lishe
d 24
pee
r-re
view
ed sc
ient
ific
pape
rs a
nd
pres
ente
d 70
ora
l pap
ers t
hat u
se o
r inv
estig
ate
acou
stic
tech
nolo
gies
in a
quat
ic e
cosy
stem
s.
Dr.
Hor
ne c
urre
ntly
hea
ds th
e Fi
sher
ies A
cous
tics R
esea
rch
Labo
rato
ry a
t the
Uni
vers
ity o
f W
ashi
ngto
n an
d is
aff
iliat
ed w
ith th
e ac
oust
ic a
sses
smen
t gro
up a
t the
NO
AA
Ala
ska
Fish
erie
s Sci
ence
Cen
ter.
Dr.
Hor
ne w
ill h
elp
desi
gn a
nd c
oord
inat
e fie
ld m
easu
rem
ents
, su
perv
ise
the
grad
uate
stud
ent,
anal
yze
data
, and
co-
auth
or a
man
usc
help
coo
rdin
ate
Deb
by B
urw
en is
a re
sear
ch B
iolo
gist
with
the
Ala
ska
Dep
artm
ent o
f Fis
h an
d G
ame
and
has s
peci
aliz
ed in
impl
emen
ting
and
supe
rvis
ing
fishe
ries a
cous
tic a
sses
smen
t pro
gram
s si
nce
1986
. Si
nce
1995
, her
rese
arch
has
prim
arily
focu
sed
on sp
ecie
s cla
ssifi
catio
n us
ing
acou
stic
info
rmat
ion.
She
has
pub
lishe
d se
vera
l pee
r-re
view
ed sc
ient
ific
pape
rs a
nd
pres
ente
d or
al p
aper
s at a
num
ber o
f nat
iona
l mee
tings
rela
ted
to th
is re
sear
ch.
Reg
iona
l In
form
atio
n Se
rvic
es w
ithin
AD
F&G
Spo
rtfis
h di
visi
on w
ill w
ork
dire
ctly
with
the
grad
uate
st
uden
t on
all o
utre
ach
com
pone
nts o
f the
pro
ject
.
Patri
ck N
eals
on h
as b
een
wor
king
in th
e fis
herie
s aco
ustic
s ind
ustry
sinc
e 19
82 a
nd
curr
ently
dire
cts t
he c
onsu
lting
rese
arch
div
isio
n at
Hyd
roac
oust
ic T
echn
olog
y, In
corp
orat
ed
(HTI
). H
is fi
eld
expe
rienc
e in
clud
es o
ver 2
00 st
udie
s qua
ntify
ing
fish
dist
ribut
ions
at d
ams,
lake
s, riv
ers,
and
the
mar
ine
envi
ronm
ent i
n N
orth
Am
eric
a, S
outh
Am
eric
a, E
urop
e, a
nd
Scan
dina
via.
His
cur
rent
rese
arch
exa
min
es ta
rget
iden
tific
atio
n ba
sed
on a
cous
tic e
cho
enve
lope
info
rmat
ion.
He
has t
augh
t fis
herie
s aco
ustic
cou
rses
in th
e in
dust
ry si
nce
1985
an
d as
sist
ed in
gra
duat
e-le
vel c
ours
es a
t the
Uni
vers
ity o
f Was
hing
ton.
HTI
will
pro
vide
st
aff t
ime
from
Pat
rick
Nea
slon
and
a sp
litbe
am e
chos
ound
er to
supp
ort t
his p
roje
ct.
Dr.
Ed B
elch
er, f
ound
er o
f Sou
nd M
etric
s Cor
pora
tion,
will
supp
ly a
nd su
ppor
t a D
ual
Freq
uenc
y Id
entif
icat
ion
Sona
r (D
IDSO
N) t
o be
use
d at
the
Ken
ai R
iver
fiel
d si
te.
The
field
site
at K
enai
Riv
er, s
taff
supp
ort t
o su
pply
and
man
age
fish,
aco
ustic
eq
uipm
ent,
and
proc
essi
ng so
ftwar
e ha
s bee
n id
entif
ied
for t
his p
roje
ct.
The
AD
F&G
, HTI
, an
d th
e U
W w
ill jo
intly
par
ticip
ate
in th
is p
roje
ct.
The
Nat
iona
l Sea
Gra
nt S
chol
ar w
ill b
e en
rolle
d in
a M
aste
rs p
rogr
am a
t the
Uni
vers
ity o
f Was
hing
ton,
Sch
ool o
f Aqu
atic
and
Fi
sher
y Sc
ienc
es.
-
Seve
ral k
ey p
artn
ersh
ips w
ithin
the
Ken
ai R
iver
use
r com
mun
ity w
ill a
lso
parti
cipa
te a
nd
cont
ribut
e to
the
prog
ram
. A
s out
lined
in th
e ou
treac
h pr
ogra
m ta
bles
, the
Ken
ai R
iver
Sp
orts
fishi
ng A
ssoc
iatio
n an
d th
e K
enai
Riv
er G
uide
Ass
ocia
tion
will
rece
ive
regu
lar
upda
tes o
n pr
ogre
ss fr
om th
e pr
ojec
t. H
igh
scho
ol a
nd c
omm
unity
col
lege
edu
cato
r and
st
uden
t pre
sent
atio
ns a
re a
lso
plan
ned
for t
he S
alm
onid
s in
the
Cla
ssro
om p
rogr
am, s
cien
ce
fairs
, Mob
ile A
quat
ic E
duca
tion
Cla
ssro
om, c
aree
r fai
rs, a
nd th
e K
ache
mak
Bay
Res
earc
h R
eser
ve
Res
ults
from
Pre
viou
s Sea
Gra
nt S
uppo
rt
Co-
PI’s
in th
is p
ropo
sal h
ave
not r
ecei
ved
prev
ious
fund
ing
from
Ala
ska
Sea
Gra
nt.
-
Bud
get J
ustif
icat
ion
Per
sonn
el
Fund
s are
requ
este
d to
supp
ort J
ohn
Hor
ne fo
r one
mon
th p
er y
ear.
Dr.
Hor
ne w
ill h
elp
desi
gn fi
eld
sam
plin
g m
easu
rem
ents
, sup
ervi
se th
e gr
adua
te st
uden
t, an
d co
-aut
hor a
sc
ient
ific
man
uscr
ipt.
Sup
port
for a
Mas
ters
stud
ent i
s es
sent
ial t
o th
e pr
ojec
t but
fund
s to
supp
ort t
he st
uden
t are
not
incl
uded
in th
is b
udge
t req
uest
.. W
e an
ticip
ate
that
fund
s to
supp
ort t
he st
uden
t will
be
prov
ided
by
the
Nat
iona
l Sea
Gra
nt S
chol
ars P
rogr
am.
Sala
ry
cost
s for
the
stud
ent a
re p
roje
cted
to b
e: Y
rI 1
7,40
0; Y
rII 1
7,74
8; Y
rIII
18,
103.
Sal
arie
s re
flect
a 4
% c
ost-o
f-liv
ing
incr
ease
in y
ears
II a
nd II
I. F
ringe
ben
efit
rate
s are
thos
e cu
rren
t at
the
Uni
vers
ity o
f Was
hing
ton:
facu
lty 2
2.6%
; stu
dent
11.
7%.
Stud
ent f
ringe
cos
ts a
re n
ot
incl
uded
in th
e bu
dget
but
are
pro
ject
ed to
be:
YrI
2,0
36; Y
rII 2
,077
; YrI
II 2
,118
. Tu
ition
co
sts a
re p
roje
cted
at:
YrI
$8,
339;
YrI
I $8,
673;
YrI
II $
9,01
9. M
atch
ing
sala
ry fu
nds a
re
prov
ided
by
AD
F&G
($8,
000)
. Le
tters
of s
uppo
rt fr
om 3
rd p
arty
con
tribu
tors
are
app
ende
d to
the
prop
osal
.
Perm
anen
t Equ
ipm
ent
A la
ptop
com
pute
r to
be u
sed
by th
e st
uden
t is r
eque
sted
for u
se in
the
field
and
for
outre
ach
activ
ities
.
Expe
ndab
le S
uppl
ies a
nd E
quip
men
t
Fund
s are
requ
este
d fo
r com
pute
r sof
twar
e, re
cord
able
med
ia, a
nd a
por
tabl
e ha
rd d
isk
to
be u
sed
durin
g fie
ld m
easu
rem
ents
. A
lum
p su
m o
f $2,
500
is in
clud
ed to
pur
chas
e su
pplie
s or
serv
ices
to su
ppor
t all
outre
ach
activ
ities
.
Trav
el
We
are
requ
estin
g tra
vel s
uppo
rt at
$70
0/tri
p/pe
rson
to se
nd 2
peo
ple
durin
g Y
rI a
nd o
ne
pers
on d
urin
g Y
rII t
o th
e K
enai
Riv
er fi
eld
site
. A
n ad
ditio
nal $
3,00
0 is
allo
cate
d to
supp
ort
acco
mm
odat
ion
and
field
exp
ense
s dur
ing
thos
e tri
ps.
Fund
s are
incl
uded
to p
rese
nt re
sults
at
one
nat
iona
l sci
entif
ic c
onfe
renc
e in
yea
r III
of t
he p
roje
ct ($
1,20
0).
Publ
icat
ion
and
Doc
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cos
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eem
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Oct
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27,
200
4. A
cop
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this
ag
reem
ent i
s app
ende
d.
Ref
eren
ces
Bel
cher
, E.O
., B
. Mat
suya
ma,
G.R
. Trim
ble.
200
1. O
bjec
t Ide
ntifi
catio
n w
ith A
cous
tic
Lens
es.
Proc
eedi
ngs o
f MTS
/IEEE
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ans 2
001,
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olul
u, H
awai
i. V
olum
e 1,
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6-1
1.
Bur
wen
, D.L
., an
d S.
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hman
. 199
8. E
valu
atio
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side
-asp
ect t
arge
t stre
ngth
and
pul
se
wid
th a
s hyd
roac
oust
ic d
iscr
imin
ator
s of f
ish
spec
ies i
n riv
ers.
Can
adia
n Jo
urna
l of
Fish
erie
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atic
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Cor
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elat
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ias i
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oust
ic b
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catte
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quat
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ivin
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nd D
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urw
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003.
Mix
ture
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els f
or th
e sp
ecie
s app
ortio
nmen
t of
hydr
oaco
ustic
dat
a, w
ith e
cho-
enve
lope
leng
th a
s the
dis
crim
inat
ory
varia
ble.
IC
ES
Jour
nal o
f Mar
ine
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60: 5
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S. G
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ates
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o re
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e sp
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The
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ntog
eny,
phy
siol
ogy,
and
beh
avio
ur o
n th
e ta
rget
st
reng
th o
f wal
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pol
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(The
ragr
a ch
alco
gram
ma)
. IC
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bser
vatio
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d ex
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noi
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indu
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split
-bea
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mea
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Kub
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latio
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n fis
h ac
oust
ical
targ
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reng
th
and
aspe
ct fo
r hig
h-fr
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J. A
pplie
d Ic
hthy
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axim
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de-a
spec
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get s
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cous
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eric
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Mill
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D.L
. Bur
wen
, and
S.J.
Fle
isch
man
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3. E
stim
ates
of c
hino
ok sa
lmon
ab
unda
nce
in th
e K
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Riv
er u
sing
split
-bea
m so
nar,
2001
. Ala
ska
Dep
artm
ent o
f Fis
h an
d G
ame,
Fis
hery
Dat
a Se
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3-03
, Anc
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ge, A
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Mul
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, T.J.
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hallo
w w
ater
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, M. a
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r to
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hand
alar
Riv
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fall
chum
salm
on, 2
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U.S
. Fis
h an
d W
ildlif
e Se
rvic
e. A
lask
a Fi
sher
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echn
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R
epor
t No.
61.
Fis
hery
Res
ourc
e O
ffic
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airb
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, Ala
ska.
Wes
term
an, D
.L. a
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.M. W
illet
te. 2
003.
Upp
er C
ook
Inle
t Sal
mon
Esc
apem
ent S
tudi
es,
2002
. A
lask
a D
epar
tmen
t of F
ish
and
Gam
e, C
omm
erci
al F
ishe
ries D
ivis
ion,
Reg
iona
l In
form
atio
n R
epor
t No.
2A
03-2
4.
-
A
LASK
A S
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PR
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AC
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Pr
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Ye
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Year
2
Ye
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Year
4
Stu
dent
Gra
duat
e P
rogr
am
Fiel
d W
ork
Dat
a A
naly
sis
Out
reac
h ac
tiviti
es
Pap
er p
repa
ratio
n
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John K. Horne School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences University
of Washington Box 355020 Seattle, WA 98115-0070
Phone: (206) 221-6890 Fax: (206) 221-6939 E-mail:
[email protected]
Education 1995 Ph.D. Memorial University of Newfoundland,
Fisheries Ecology 1988 M.Sc. Dalhousie University, Fisheries
Ecology 1985 B.Sc. (Honours) Dalhousie University, Marine
Biology
Professional Appointments 2004- Research Associate Professor –
School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University
of Washington. Affiliated with the Quantitative Ecology and
Resource Management Program, University of Washington.
2001-2004 Research Assistant Professor – University of
Washington, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences. Affiliated with
the Quantitative Ecology and Resource Management Program.
1999-2000 Research Scientist – Joint Institute for the Study of
the Atmosphere and Ocean, University of Washington.
1997-1999 Research Scientist - NOAA Great Lakes Environmental
Research Laboratory. Adjunct Assistant Professor - School of
Natural Resources and Environment and College of Engineering,
University of Michigan.
1995-1997 Postdoctoral Fellow - Great Lakes Center. Adjunct
Assistant Professor - Department of Biology. State University of
New York College at Buffalo State.
Relevant Publications Horne, J.K. and J.M. Jech. 2005. Models,
measures, and visualizations of fish backscatter. In H.
Medwin [ed.]. Sounds in the Seas: Introduction to Acoustical
Oceanography. Academic, New York (in press).
Gauthier, S. and J.K. Horne. 2004. Potential acoustic
discrimination of boreal fish assemblages. ICES Journal of Marine
Science 61: 836-845.
Hazen, E.L. and J.K. Horne. 2004. Comparing modeled and measured
target strength variability of walleye pollock, Theragra
chalcogramma. ICES Journal of Marine Science 61: 363-377.
Horne, J.K. 2003. Influence of ontogeny, physiology, and
behaviour on target strength of Walleye pollock (Theragra
chalcogramma). ICES Journal of Marine Science 60: 1063-1074.
Towler, R.L., J.M. Jech, and J.K. Horne. 2003. Visualizing fish
movement, behaviour, and acoustic backscatter. Aquatic Living
Resources 16: 277-282.
Other Related Publications
Clay, C.S. and J.K. Horne. 1994. Acoustic models of fish: the
Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). The Journal of the Acoustical Society
of America 96: 1661-1668.
Horne, J.K. 2000. Acoustic approaches to remote species
identification: a review. Fisheries Oceanography 9: 356-371.
-
Horne, J.K. and C.S. Clay. 1998. Sonar systems and aquatic
organisms: matching equipment and model parameters. Canadian
Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 55: 1296-1306.
Jech, J.M. and J.K. Horne. 2001. Effects of in situ target
spatial distributions on acoustic density estimates. ICES Journal
of marine Science 58: 123-136.
Gauthier, S. and J.K. Horne. 2004. Potential acoustic
discrimination of boreal fish assemblages. ICES Journal of Marine
Science 61: 836-845.
Synergistic Activities Coordinator of the NOAA Alaska Fisheries
Science Center and University of Washington,
School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences Undergraduate Summer
Intern Program. Developer of web-based simulcast of Fisheries
Acoustics course lecture content. University of Washington’s
research committee member to the North Pacific Universities
Marine Mammal Consortium. Co-coordinator of University of
Washington and University of Alaska multicast of Acoustics
Seminar course using Internet II.
Collaborators & Affiliations Whitlow L. Au University of
Hawaii John K.B. Ford Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Canada
Stephane Gauthier University de Montreal Sarah Hinckley NOAA Alaska
Fisheries Science Center J. Michael Jech NOAA Northeast Fisheries
Science Center Rudy J. Kloser CSIRO, Australia Richard Towler
University of Washington Paul D. Walline NOAA Alaska Fisheries
Science Center
Graduate and Postdoc Advisors Stephen B. Brandt NOAA Great Lakes
Environmental Research Laboratory David C. Schneider Memorial
University of Newfoundland Steven E. Campana Department of
Fisheries and Oceans, Canada
Thesis Advisor (total: 11) and Postgraduate-Scholar Sponsor
(total: 3) Current Students/PostDocs Carlos Alvarez Alaska
Fisheries Science Center Steve Barbeaux University of Washington
Julian Burgos University of Washington Mark Henderson University of
Washington Patrick Nealson University of Washington Carolina Parada
Alaska Fisheries Science Center Sandra Parker-Stetter University of
Washington
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