School Led Total Sanitation (SLTS): Approach & Key Learnings WUSC SSC SSC SSC SSC SSC SC Anu Paudyal Gautam UNICEF Nepal
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School Led Total Sanitation (SLTS):
Approach & Key Learnings
WUSC
SSC
SSC
SSC
SSC
SSC
SC
Anu Paudyal Gautam
UNICEF Nepal
WHY1 Country Context on WASH
WHY2 SLTS Concept & Approach
WHYgn3 New Dimensions
WHY4 Key Learnings
2
In this presentation ….
Nepal – Historical Background
1. 1980s –WATSAN decade – Sanitation as a
weak add on to Water Supply projects
2. 1990s –Sanitation Policy 1994, Child to Child
Approach 1997, Steering committee for
National Sanitation action formed in 1998
3. 2000s - Initiated School Sanitation and
Hygiene Education program and National
sanitation Action week in 2000, School Led
Total Sanitation program 2006, International
Year of Sanitation and Global Hand Washing
Day in 2008 followed by the ongoing
Sanitation Social Movement in Nepal
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Sanitation Coverage (%)
More
Efforts
Essential
2022
MDG target
53%
Universal
access target
2017
CENSUS - 62%
5
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Functional coverage
Additional efforts & Resourcesrequired
MDG
Reported coverage
CENSUS
Sanitation Coverage (%)Universal Water Supply Coverage (%)
%
Quantity
Accessible
Reliable
Safe
Nepal-we are still left with a major challenge!
Poorest 2nd 3rd 4th Richest
Source: Nepal DHS 1996, 2001, 2006, 2011
13
13
100
74
0
20
40
60
80
100
1995 2012
Improved facilities
Unimproved facilities
Open defecation
28
16
100
56
0
20
40
60
80
100
1995 2012
Improved facilities
Unimproved facilities
Open defecation
47
7
14100
39
0
20
40
60
80
100
1995 2012
Improved facilities
Unimproved facilities
Open defecation
3
81
24
6
73
13
0
20
40
60
80
100
1995 2012
Improved facilities
Unimproved facilities
Open defecation
68
11
21
100
0
20
40
60
80
100
1995 2012
Improved facilities
Unimproved facilities
Open defecation
Sanitation trend analysis by wealth quintiles
Countries with the largest numbers of people practising
open defecation (millions)
The Essential Elements of Community Approaches to Total Sanitation (CATS)
1 CATS aim to achieve 100 per cent open defecation free (ODF) communities through
affordable, appropriate technology and behaviour change. The emphasis of CATS is the sustainable use of sanitation facilities rather than the construction of infrastructure. The safe disposal of infant and young children’s faeces in toilets is
essential to achieving ODF status.
2 CATS depend on broad engagement with diverse members of the community, including
households, schools, health centres and traditional leadership structures.
3 Communities lead the change process and use their own capacities to attain their
objectives. Their role is central in planning and implementing improved sanitation, taking into account the needs of diverse community members, including
vulnerable groups, people with disabilities, and women and girls.
4 Subsidies – whether funds, hardware or other forms – should not be given directly to
households. Community rewards, subsidies and incentives are acceptable only where they
encourage collective action in support of total sanitation and where they facilitate the
sustainable use of sanitation facilities.
5 CATS support communities to determine for themselves what design and
materials work best for sanitation infrastructure rather than imposing
standards. External agencies provide guidance rather than regulation.
Thus, households build toilets based on locally available materials using the
skills of local technicians and artisans.
6 CATS focus on building local capacities to enable sustainability. This
includes the training of community facilitators and local artisans, and the
encouragement of local champions for community-led programmes.
7 Government participation from the outset – at the local and national levels –
ensures the effectiveness of CATS and the potential for scaling up.
8 CATS have the greatest impact when they integrate hygiene promotion into
programme design. The definition, scope and sequencing of hygiene
components should always be based on the local context.
9 CATS are an entry point for social change and a potential catalyst for wider
community mobilization.
The Essential Elements of
Community Approaches to Total Sanitation (CATS)
Definition of SLTS
• An approach to eliminate open defecation practices
followed by proper use of toilet and hand washing
with soap promotion
with an initiation
from school
within its
catchment area
• To reach 100 % coverage of latrines in the programme
intervention areas and eliminate open defecation.
• To enhance personal hygiene (focusing on hand washing with
soap), household and environmental hygiene and sanitation
facilities and behaviour.
• To increase ownership of schools and communities in hygiene and
sanitation activities.
• To empower children in development activities, thereby enhancing
their personality and leadership skills.
• To maintain sustainability of hygiene and sanitation facilities and
behaviour through school-community partnerships.
Objectives
Five Key Elements of SLTS (PRIDE)
P- SLTS recognizes the school as a permanent entry
point and children as change agents
R- SLTS adopts right-based approach including
participatory, cost -sharing and local resource
mobilization
I- SLTS is an integrated package of school and
community sanitation and hygiene
D- SLTS develops local capacity for creating
enabling environment
E- SLTS aims to eliminate open defecation crafting
hygienic, user’s friendly, cost effective and
sustainable toilets
Components of
School Led Total Sanitation - BEST
• Behavioral transformation -
h/s education/promotion in
schools and communities. • Environmental sanitation
promotion/improvement in
schools and communities.
• Sanitation and hygiene
facilities in schools and
communities. Total elimination of open defecation in school catchment areas.
Triple P CAR Strategies
Participation of Stakeholders and Positive Management (in Schools and Communities),
Participatory Approaches (tools and techniques)
Partnership/Integration with other Development Programmes
Triple P CAR Strategies……Cont’d
Capacity Building (School/VDC, District and Central);
Advocacy and Social
Mobilization at all levels
Resource Mobilization (Money, Materials, HR and
Management)
Modalities and Approaches
• School as an
entry point.
• Step by step
approaches in School
and Community
Self influence
Peer influence
House influence
Community influence
VDC Influence& ODF
Modality and Approach
First PHASE:
School Selection and Preparatory Phase
Second PHASE:
Ignition/Action Phase
Third PHASE:
Follow Up/build up Phase
What is Unique about SLTS?
• Children as change agents and focus on collaborative
efforts at school and community, led by school
• Targets not only households, but also institutions for ODF
achievement incorporating software, hardware, mind ware
and org-ware
• SLTS program has been effective and efficient in terms of
cost, time and quality to declare ODF in settlement, SCA
and VDC
• Initiation on child, gender and
differently-abled WASH facilities
in school with cost-sharing
mechanism
What is Unique about SLTS?
• SLTS is right based approach which focused on
identity, dignity and pride including health and
development as a social movement
• Enhancing innovative/creative, positive approaches and
activities with adequate flexibility at community level
optimally using community resources
• Promotional activities in school and community
continue-setting local level norms
and follow up mechanism for
sustainable result in Basic
Behavior Build up
Prioritizing Interventions in Schools: High
Impact ResultsDaily Handwashing Daily Tooth brushing Biannual Deworming
• Handwashing with soap
• Group and joyful
activity
• Part of a daily school
routine
• availability of soap,
water and HW/tooth
brushing facilities
• Supervised by teachers
and children
Reduction of infections by
30- 50%
• Tooth brushing
• Group and joyful
activity
• Part of a daily school
routine
• water availability
• Supervised by teachers
and children
Reduction in tooth decay
by 40- 56%
• Supervised ingestion of
albendazole
• Supervised by teachers
and parents consent
Reduction in worm load
by 50%
Reduction of absenteeism by 25% and underweight
by 20%
Menstruation Hygiene; Sanitary Pad….
1
Highlights of Key Results
Total Elimination of Open Defecation:
* 13 districts, 12 municipalities and more than 1,000 VDCs and more
than 1000, School Catchment Areas have been declared open
defecation free
Health and Social Changes:
• Created a social movement in terms of ODF declaration that
enhanced a sense of identity, dignity and pride including health
and development
• Reported decreased incidences of
diarrhea/communicable diseases
• Created new social norms and diminished
caste barriers
Key Results ….cont’d
# Policy changes and Budget Allocation:• Nepal Government’s policy and guideline on sanitation prioritized SLTS
approach to promote hygiene and sanitation nationally
• Launching of National Hygiene and Sanitation Master Plan with special
prioritization to CATS through SLTS
# Program Replication:• Government of Nepal has already scaled up the SLTS program throughout
Nepal (75 districts) to promote total sanitation and increasing budget annually.
* SLTS program has been also implemented by UN Habitat, EU, WHO, NEWAH, NRCS, ENPHO, Practical Action, Eco=Himaland other relevant partners
* SLTS approach attracts attention and support from multi-disciplinary social development sectors including Health, Education, Environment, Social Development and Tourism
Lesson Learned• ODF should ensure proper hygiene behaviour and use of sanitary
toilet which is affordable acceptable and user friendly
• Long term monitoring mechanism with the support of implementing
organization/education office, further integration of the program
activities and reward/recognition system at national level necessary
• All institutions (schools, health centers, public
buildings, VDCs/Municipalities) must have child , gender and
differently-abled friendly WASH facilities (including menstrual
hygiene ) for ODF status
• School as an entry point for total sanitation and role of child club as
change agents - effective and likely to sustain the results in school and
community
• Joint collaborative effort from stakeholders for local level resource
mobilization, their ownership over the program support community
level decision making, planning and implementation
Thank You
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