RTN 910 Product Description(V100R001C02_03)

OptiX RTN 910 Radio Transmission SystemV100R001C02

Product Description

Issue 03

Date 2010-06-10

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. 2010. All rights reserved.No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior writtenconsent of Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. Trademarks and Permissions

and other Huawei trademarks are trademarks of Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.All other trademarks and trade names mentioned in this document are the property of their respective holders. NoticeThe purchased products, services and features are stipulated by the contract made between Huawei and thecustomer. All or part of the products, services and features described in this document may not be within thepurchase scope or the usage scope. Unless otherwise specified in the contract, all statements, information,and recommendations in this document are provided "AS IS" without warranties, guarantees or representationsof any kind, either express or implied.

The information in this document is subject to change without notice. Every effort has been made in thepreparation of this document to ensure accuracy of the contents, but all statements, information, andrecommendations in this document do not constitute the warranty of any kind, express or implied.

Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.Address: Huawei Industrial Base

Bantian, LonggangShenzhen 518129People's Republic of China

Website: http://www.huawei.com

Email: [email protected]

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i

http://www.huawei.com

mailto:[email protected]

About This Document

Related VersionsThe following table lists the product versions related to this document.

Product Name Version

OptiX RTN 910 V100R001C02

iManager U2000 V100R001C00

Intended AudienceThis document is intended for network planning engineers.

Before you read this document, ensure that you have acquired the basic knowledge of digitalmicrowave communication.

Symbol ConventionsThe symbols that may be found in this document are defined as follows.

Symbol Description

Indicates a hazard with a high level of risk,which if not avoided, will result in death orserious injury.

Indicates a hazard with a medium or low levelof risk, which if not avoided, could result inminor or moderate injury.

OptiX RTN 910Product Description About This Document


iii

Symbol Description

Indicates a potentially hazardous situation,which if not avoided, could result inequipment damage, data loss, performancedegradation, or unexpected results.

Indicates a tip that may help you solve aproblem or save time.

Provides additional information to emphasizeor supplement important points of the maintext.

Change HistoryUpdates between document issues are cumulative. Therefore, the latest document issue containsall updates made in previous issues.

Updates in Issue 03 (2010-06-10) Based on Product Version V100R001C02This document is the third release for the V100R001C02 version.

The updated contents are as follows:

Update Description

1.2 Components l The descriptions of the 28 GHz frequencyband HP ODU are added.

l The descriptions of the 7/8/13/18 GHzfrequency band XMC-2 ODU are added.

6.1 RF Performance

Updates in Issue 02 (2010-01-30) Based on Product Version V100R001C02This document is the second release for the V100R001C02 version.

The updated contents are as follows:

Update Description

Overall the document Deletes descriptions of dynamic tunnels.

6 Performance The specifications of the product are updated.

Updates in Issue 01 (2009-09-30) Based on Product Version V100R001C02This document is the first release of the V100R001C02 version.

About This DocumentOptiX RTN 910

Product Description

iv Huawei Proprietary and ConfidentialCopyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

Issue 03 (2010-06-10)

Contents

About This Document...................................................................................................................iii

1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................1-11.1 Network Application.......................................................................................................................................1-21.2 Components.....................................................................................................................................................1-2

2 Functions and Features..............................................................................................................2-12.1 Packet Microwave...........................................................................................................................................2-32.2 Modulation Strategy........................................................................................................................................2-3

2.2.1 Fixed Modulation...................................................................................................................................2-32.2.2 Adaptive Modulation..............................................................................................................................2-3

2.3 RF Configuration Modes.................................................................................................................................2-52.4 Capacity...........................................................................................................................................................2-5

2.4.1 Air Interface Capacity............................................................................................................................2-52.4.2 Switching Capacity................................................................................................................................2-5

2.5 Interfaces.........................................................................................................................................................2-62.5.1 Microwave Interfaces.............................................................................................................................2-62.5.2 Service Interfaces...................................................................................................................................2-62.5.3 Management and Auxiliary Interfaces...................................................................................................2-8

2.6 Cross-Polarization Interference Cancellation..................................................................................................2-92.7 Automatic Transmit Power Control................................................................................................................2-92.8 MPLS/PWE3 Support Capability..................................................................................................................2-102.9 Ethernet Service Processing Capability........................................................................................................2-112.10 QoS..............................................................................................................................................................2-122.11 Clock Features.............................................................................................................................................2-122.12 Protection Scheme.......................................................................................................................................2-132.13 Network Management.................................................................................................................................2-132.14 Easy Installation..........................................................................................................................................2-142.15 Easy Maintenance.......................................................................................................................................2-14

3 Product Structure........................................................................................................................3-13.1 System Architecture........................................................................................................................................3-23.2 Hardware Structure.........................................................................................................................................3-3

3.2.1 IDU.........................................................................................................................................................3-33.2.2 ODU.......................................................................................................................................................3-6

OptiX RTN 910Product Description Contents


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3.3 Software Structure...........................................................................................................................................3-73.3.1 NMS Software........................................................................................................................................3-73.3.2 IDU Software......................................................................................................................................... 3-83.3.3 ODU Software........................................................................................................................................3-8

3.4 Service Signal Processing Flow......................................................................................................................3-8

4 Services.........................................................................................................................................4-14.1 Ethernet Services.............................................................................................................................................4-24.2 IMA/ATM Services.........................................................................................................................................4-44.3 CES Services...................................................................................................................................................4-5

5 Network Management System................................................................................................5-15.1 Network Management Solution...................................................................................................................... 5-25.2 LCT................................................................................................................................................................. 5-25.3 U2000..............................................................................................................................................................5-3

6 Performance.................................................................................................................................6-16.1 RF Performance...............................................................................................................................................6-2

6.1.1 Microwave Work Modes........................................................................................................................6-26.1.2 Frequency Band......................................................................................................................................6-36.1.3 Receiver Sensitivity................................................................................................................................6-56.1.4 Transceiver Performance........................................................................................................................6-86.1.5 IF Performance.....................................................................................................................................6-126.1.6 Baseband Signal Processing Performance of the Modem....................................................................6-12

6.2 Packet Service Capability..............................................................................................................................6-136.3 Equipment Reliability...................................................................................................................................6-13

6.3.1 Component Reliability.........................................................................................................................6-136.3.2 Link Reliability....................................................................................................................................6-14

6.4 Interface Performance...................................................................................................................................6-146.4.1 SDH Optical Interface Performance.....................................................................................................6-146.4.2 E1 Interface Performance.....................................................................................................................6-156.4.3 Ethernet Interface Performance............................................................................................................6-156.4.4 Auxiliary Interface Performance..........................................................................................................6-18

6.5 Clock Timing and Synchronization Performance.........................................................................................6-196.6 Integrated System Performance....................................................................................................................6-19

A Glossary..................................................................................................................................... A-1A.1 0-9..................................................................................................................................................................A-2A.2 A-E................................................................................................................................................................A-2A.3 F-J................................................................................................................................................................A-11A.4 K-O..............................................................................................................................................................A-16A.5 P-T...............................................................................................................................................................A-22A.6 U-Z..............................................................................................................................................................A-30

ContentsOptiX RTN 910

Product Description

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Figures

Figure 1-1 Packet microwave transmission solution provided by the OptiX RTN 910.......................................1-2Figure 1-2 IDU 910..............................................................................................................................................1-3Figure 1-3 Direct mounting..................................................................................................................................1-5Figure 1-4 Separate mounting..............................................................................................................................1-5Figure 2-1 Packet microwave...............................................................................................................................2-3Figure 2-2 AM......................................................................................................................................................2-4Figure 3-1 Block diagram.....................................................................................................................................3-2Figure 3-2 IDU slot layout...................................................................................................................................3-3Figure 3-3 Block diagram of the ODU.................................................................................................................3-6Figure 3-4 Software structure...............................................................................................................................3-7Figure 3-5 Service signal processing flow...........................................................................................................3-8Figure 4-1 E-Line service illustration..................................................................................................................4-3Figure 4-2 E-Aggr service illustration..................................................................................................................4-4Figure 4-3 Application model of the CES service...............................................................................................4-5Figure 4-4 Compression function for the idle 64 kbit/s timeslots in the E1 signals............................................4-6Figure 4-5 Retiming synchronization mode of the CES service clock................................................................4-7Figure 5-1 Network management solution to the transmission network..............................................................5-2

OptiX RTN 910Product Description Figures


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Tables

Table 1-1 Introduction of the IDU 910.................................................................................................................1-3Table 1-2 RTN 600 ODUs supported by the OptiX RTN 910.............................................................................1-4Table 1-3 RTN XMC ODUs supported by the OptiX RTN 910..........................................................................1-4Table 2-1 RF configuration modes.......................................................................................................................2-5Table 2-2 Auxiliary services or paths provided by each microwave interface.....................................................2-6Table 2-3 Type and number of the service interfaces provided by the system control, switching, and timing board...............................................................................................................................................................................2-6Table 2-4 Type and number of the service interfaces supported by adding service interface boards .................2-7Table 2-5 Type and number of management and auxiliary interfaces ................................................................ 2-9Table 2-6 MPLS features supported by the OptiX RTN 910.............................................................................2-10Table 2-7 Capabilities of the OptiX RTN 910 of supporting PWE3..................................................................2-10Table 2-8 Table 4-7 Ethernet service processing capability...............................................................................2-11Table 2-9 QoS features.......................................................................................................................................2-12Table 2-10 Protection schemes...........................................................................................................................2-13Table 3-1 Functional unit..................................................................................................................................... 3-2Table 3-2 List of IDUs..........................................................................................................................................3-4Table 3-3 Service signal processing flow in the transmit direction......................................................................3-9Table 3-4 Service signal processing flow in the receive direction.....................................................................3-10Table 4-1 Comparison among L2 Ethernet services stipulated by the standardization organizations.................4-2Table 6-1 Microwave work modes (IFE2/IFU2 board)........................................................................................6-2Table 6-2 Microwave work modes (IFX2 board).................................................................................................6-3Table 6-3 Frequency Band (SP ODU)..................................................................................................................6-4Table 6-4 Frequency band (SPA ODU)............................................................................................................... 6-4Table 6-5 Frequency band (HP ODU)..................................................................................................................6-5Table 6-6 Frequency band (XMC-2 ODU).......................................................................................................... 6-5Table 6-7 Typical receiver sensitivity values (i).................................................................................................. 6-6Table 6-8 Typical receiver sensitivity values (ii).................................................................................................6-6Table 6-9 Typical receiver sensitivity values (iii)................................................................................................6-7Table 6-10 Typical receiver sensitivity values (iv).............................................................................................. 6-7Table 6-11 Transceiver Performance (SP ODU)..................................................................................................6-8Table 6-12 Transceiver performance (SPA ODU)...............................................................................................6-9Table 6-13 Transceiver performance (HP ODU)...............................................................................................6-10Table 6-14 Transceiver performance (XMC-2 ODU)........................................................................................6-11Table 6-15 IF performance.................................................................................................................................6-12

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Table 6-16 Baseband signal processing performance of the modem.................................................................6-13Table 6-17 Packet service capability..................................................................................................................6-13Table 6-18 Component reliability ......................................................................................................................6-13Table 6-19 Link reliability per hop.....................................................................................................................6-14Table 6-20 C-STM-1 Optical Interface Performance.........................................................................................6-14Table 6-21 E1 interface performance.................................................................................................................6-15Table 6-22 GE optical interface performance....................................................................................................6-15Table 6-23 Allocation of central wavelengths of 1000BASE-CWDM interfaces.............................................6-16Table 6-24 Performance of the FE optical interface ..........................................................................................6-16Table 6-25 GE electric interface performance....................................................................................................6-17Table 6-26 FE electric interface performance....................................................................................................6-18Table 6-27 Orderwire interface performance.....................................................................................................6-18Table 6-28 Synchronous data interface performance.........................................................................................6-18Table 6-29 Clock timing and synchronization performance..............................................................................6-19Table 6-30 Dimensions.......................................................................................................................................6-19Table 6-31 Typical weight..................................................................................................................................6-20Table 6-32 Typical power consumption.............................................................................................................6-20Table 6-33 Power Supply...................................................................................................................................6-20Table 6-34 Environment performance................................................................................................................6-21

TablesOptiX RTN 910

Product Description

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1 Introduction

About This Chapter

The OptiX RTN 910 is one of the series products of the OptiX RTN 900 radio transmissionsystem.

1.1 Network ApplicationThe OptiX RTN 900 is a new generation split microwave transmission system developed byHuawei. It can provide a seamless Packet microwave transmission solution for a mobilecommunication network or private network.

1.2 ComponentsThe OptiX RTN 910 adopts a split structure. The system consists of the IDU 910, the ODU, andthe antenna system. An ODU is connected to an IDU through an IF cable.

OptiX RTN 910Product Description 1 Introduction


1-1

1.1 Network ApplicationThe OptiX RTN 900 is a new generation split microwave transmission system developed byHuawei. It can provide a seamless Packet microwave transmission solution for a mobilecommunication network or private network.

The OptiX RTN 900 products are available in two types: OptiX RTN 910 and OptiX RTN 950.The IDU of the OptiX RTN 910 is 1U high and supports one or two IF boards. The IDU of theOptiX RTN 950 is 2U high and supports one to six IF boards. The users can choose an appropriatetype based on the actual requirements.

The OptiX RTN 910 provides several types of service interfaces and facilitates installation andflexible configuration. The solution can evolve based on the service changes that occur due toradio mobile network evolution. Thus, this solution can meet the transmission requirements ofnot only 2G and 3G networks, but also future LTE and 4G networks.

Figure 1-1 shows the Packet microwave transmission solution that is provided by the OptiXRTN 910 for the mobile communication network.

Figure 1-1 Packet microwave transmission solution provided by the OptiX RTN 910

Regional backhaulnetwork

OptiX RTN 910 BTSNodeB BSCRNC

FEE1

IMA E1

IMA E1FEE1

E1

IMA E1 E1FE

FE/GE

E1

GE

NOTE

l In the solutions, the local backhaul network is optional. The OptiX RTN 910 can be connected to the RNCor the BSC directly.

l When the OptiX RTN 910 supports the microwaves in three directions or more, you can adopt the NEcascading mode or use the OptiX RTN 950, which is more powerful.

1.2 ComponentsThe OptiX RTN 910 adopts a split structure. The system consists of the IDU 910, the ODU, andthe antenna system. An ODU is connected to an IDU through an IF cable.

1 IntroductionOptiX RTN 910

Product Description

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IDU 910

The IDU 910 is the indoor unit of an OptiX RTN 910 system. It accesses services, performsmultiplexing/demultiplexing and IF processing of the services, and provides system control andcommunication function.

Table 1-1 lists the basic features of the IDU 910.

Table 1-1 Introduction of the IDU 910

Item Performance

Chassis height 1U

Pluggable Supported

Number of microwavedirections

1-2

RF configuration mode 1+0 non-protection configuration2+0 non-protection configuration1+1 protection configurationXPIC configuration

Figure 1-2 IDU 910

ODU

The ODU is the outdoor unit of the OptiX RTN 900. It performs frequency conversion andamplification of signals.

The OptiX RTN 900 series products can use the RTN 600 ODU and RTN XMC ODU, covering6 GHz to 38 GHz entire frequency band.

NOTE

Unlike the other frequency bands that use 14 MHz, 28 MHz, or 56 MHz channel spacing, the 18 GHzfrequency band uses 13.75 MHz, 27.5 MHz, or 55 MHz channel spacing correspondingly.



1-3

Table 1-2 RTN 600 ODUs supported by the OptiX RTN 910

Item Description

Standard Power ODU High Power ODU

ODU type SP and SPA HP

Frequency band 7/8/11/13/15/18/23/26/38GHz (SP ODU)6/7/8/11/13/15/18/23 GHz(SPA ODU)

7/8/11/13/15/18/23/26/28/32/38 GHz

Microwave modulationmode

QPSK/16QAM/32QAM/64QAM/128QAM/256QAM(SP ODU)QPSK/16QAM/32QAM/64QAM/128QAM (SPAODU)

QPSK/16QAM/32QAM/64QAM/128QAM/256QAM

Channel spacing 7/14/28 MHz 7/14/28/56 MHz

Table 1-3 RTN XMC ODUs supported by the OptiX RTN 910

Item Description

High Power ODU

ODU type XMC-2

Frequency band 7/8/13/15/18/23 GHz

Microwave modulation mode QPSK/16QAM/32QAM/64QAM/128QAM/256QAM

Channel spacing 7/14/28/56 MHz

Antenna

The OptiX RTN 910 provides an entire frequency band antenna solution, and supports the single-polarized antenna and dual-polarized antenna with a diameter of 0.3 m to 3.7 m and thecorresponding feeder system.

There are two methods of mounting the ODU and the antenna: direct mounting and separatemounting.

l The direct mounting method is normally adopted when a small-diameter and single-polarized antenna is used. In this situation, if one ODU is configured for one antenna, theODU is directly mounted at the back of the antenna. If two ODUs are configured for oneantenna, an RF signal combiner/splitter (hereinafter referred to as a hybrid coupler) mustbe mounted to connect the ODUs to the antenna. Figure 1-3 shows the direct mountingmethod.

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Figure 1-3 Direct mounting

l The separate mounting method is adopted when a double-polarized antenna or big-diameterand single-polarized antenna is used. Figure 1-4 shows the separate method. In thissituation, a hybrid coupler can be mounted. That is, two ODUs share one feed boom.

Figure 1-4 Separate mounting



1-5

2 Functions and Features

About This Chapter

The OptiX RTN 910 provides plentiful functions and features to ensure the quality and efficiencyof service transmission.

2.1 Packet MicrowaveThe Packet microwave refers to the Packet microwave transmission solution wherein variousservices can be encapsulated through the PWE3 technology and then transmitted in packet mode.The Packet microwave supports the AM function. By using Packet microwave, the utilizationof the microwave bandwidth is improved and the statistical multiplexing advantage of the packetnetwork is extended to the access layer.

2.2 Modulation StrategyThe Packet microwave supports fixed modulation and adaptive modulation.

2.3 RF Configuration ModesThe OptiX RTN 910 supports the 1+0 non-protection configuration, the 2+0 non-protectionconfiguration, the 1+1 protection configuration, and XPIC configuration.

2.4 CapacityThe OptiX RTN 910 has a high capacity.

2.5 InterfacesThe OptiX RTN 910 features multiple interface types.

2.6 Cross-Polarization Interference CancellationCross-polarization interference cancellation (XPIC) is a technology used together with co-channel dual-polarization (CCDP). The application of the two technologies doubles the wirelesslink capacity over the same channel.

2.7 Automatic Transmit Power ControlAutomatic transmit power control (ATPC) enables the output power of the transmitter toautomatically trace the level fluctuation at the receive end within the ATPC control range. Thisreduces the interference with neighboring systems and residual BER.

2.8 MPLS/PWE3 Support CapabilityThe OptiX RTN 910 adopts the MPLS that is optimized for the telecom bearer network as thepacket forwarding mechanism to implement the packet transmission of carrier services. The

OptiX RTN 910Product Description 2 Functions and Features


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OptiX RTN 910 adopts the PWE3 technology as the service bearer technology to implement theMPLS network access of various types of services.

2.9 Ethernet Service Processing CapabilityThe OptiX RTN 910 provides the powerful Ethernet service processing capability.

2.10 QoSThe OptiX RTN 910 provides improved quality of service (QoS) capabilities and support thefollowing eight per-hop behaviors (PHBs): BE, AF1, AF2, AF3, AF4, EF, CS6, and CS7. Thus,the OptiX RTN 910 can offer various QoS levels of service guarantees and build an integratednetwork to carry data, voice, and video services.

2.11 Clock FeaturesThe OptiX RTN 910 supports the physical layer clock synchronization, IEEE 1588v2 time/clocksynchronization, and clock synchronization for CES services.

2.12 Protection SchemeThe OptiX RTN 910 provides complete protection schemes.

2.13 Network ManagementThe OptiX RTN 910 supports multiple network management (NM) modes, and providescomplete NM information exchange schemes.

2.14 Easy InstallationThe OptiX RTN 910 supports several installation modes. Thus, the installation of the equipmentis flexible and convenient.

2.15 Easy MaintenanceThe OptiX RTN 910 provides several maintenance features. Thus, the cost of equipmentmaintenance is effectively reduced.

2 Functions and FeaturesOptiX RTN 910

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2.1 Packet MicrowaveThe Packet microwave refers to the Packet microwave transmission solution wherein variousservices can be encapsulated through the PWE3 technology and then transmitted in packet mode.The Packet microwave supports the AM function. By using Packet microwave, the utilizationof the microwave bandwidth is improved and the statistical multiplexing advantage of the packetnetwork is extended to the access layer.

The Packet microwave solution supports the MPLS and PWE3 technologies. When the TDME1 service is accessed, the Packet microwave solution implements the CES by using the PWE3technology to encapsulate the TDM E1 service into PW packets. When the IMA E1 service orEthernet service is accessed, the Packet microwave solution encapsulates the IMA E1 serviceinto PW packets directly by using the PWE3 technology. The PW packets generated after theencapsulation of various services are transmitted to the microwave port after they are processeduniformly by the packet processing platform, and then mapped into microwave frames. Thus,various services are transmitted uniformly by using the Packet microwave solution.

Figure 2-1 Packet microwave

Everything over packet

ODU

Ethernet

TDM E1

CES

PacketProcessing

IDU

IMA E1Statistical-mux oremulation

2.2 Modulation StrategyThe Packet microwave supports fixed modulation and adaptive modulation.

2.2.1 Fixed ModulationFixed modulation refers to a modulation strategy wherein a modulation mode is adoptedinvariably on a running radio link.

When the OptiX RTN 910 uses the fixed modulation strategy, you can set the modulation modethrough the software.

2.2.2 Adaptive ModulationAdaptive modulation (AM) is a technology wherein the modulation mode can be adjustedautomatically based on channel quality.



2-3

In the case of the same channel spacing, the microwave service bandwidth varies with themodulation mode. The higher the modulation efficiency, the higher the bandwidth of thetransmitted services is. When the channel quality is favorable (such as on days when the weatheris favorable), the equipment adopts a higher modulation mode to transmit more user services.In this manner, the transmission efficiency and the spectrum utilization of the system areimproved. When the channel quality is degraded (such as on days when the weather is stormyand foggy), the equipment adopts a lower modulation mode to transmit only the services witha higher priority within the available bandwidth and to discard the services with a lower priority.In this manner, the anti-interference capability of the radio link is improved and the linkavailability of the services with a higher priority is ensured.

When the Packet microwave equipment adopts the AM technology, it controls servicetransmission based on the service bandwidth and QoS policy corresponding to the currentmodulation mode. Service packets are groomed into the queues with different priorities basedon the service type identifiers. The services in the queues with different priorities are transmittedto the microwave port through the SP or WFQ algorithm. When the queues with certain prioritiesare congested due to insufficient microwave bandwidth, the queues with these priorities discardcertain or all services through tail discarding or the WRED algorithm.

Figure 2-2 shows the service change caused by the AM. The blue part indicates the packetservices. The closer to the edge of the blue part, the lower the priority of the packet services is.The bandwidth for the packet services varies with the channel conditions. When the channelquality is poor, the packet services with a lower priority are discarded.

Figure 2-2 AM

256QAM32QAM

QPSK

256QAM

Channelcapability

Packetservices

128QAM

32QAM

128QAM

64QAM

64QAM

16QAM16QAM

The AM technology adopted by the OptiX RTN 910 has the following features:

l The AM technology can use the QPSK, 16QAM, 32QAM, 64QAM, 128QAM, and256QAM modulation mode.

l The lowest modulation mode (also called "reference mode") and the highest modulationmode (also called "nominal mode") actually used by the AM can be configured.


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l When the modulation modes of AM are switched, the transmit frequency, receivefrequency, and channel spacing do not change.

l When the modulation modes of AM are switched, the step-by-step switching mode mustbe adopted.

l When the AM switches the modulation modes to a lower one, the services with the lowpriority are discarded but no bit errors or slips occur in the services with the high priority.The speed of switching the modulation modes meets the requirement for no bit error in thecase of 100 dB/s fast fading.

2.3 RF Configuration ModesThe OptiX RTN 910 supports the 1+0 non-protection configuration, the 2+0 non-protectionconfiguration, the 1+1 protection configuration, and XPIC configuration.

Table 2-1 lists the RF link configuration modes that are supported.

Table 2-1 RF configuration modes

Configuration Mode Maximum Number of Configurations

1+0 non-protection configuration 2

1+1 protection configuration (1+1 HSB/FD/SD)

1

2+0 non-protection configuration 1

XPIC configuration 1

2.4 CapacityThe OptiX RTN 910 has a high capacity.

2.4.1 Air Interface CapacityThe microwave air interface capacity is related to the specific microwave working mode.

The maximum Ethernet throughput of each channel of Packet microwave is 420 Mbit/s whenthe high power ODU is used or 210 Mbit/s when the standard power ODU is used. If the XPICtechnology is used, the service capacity of the microwave channel can be doubled with the samespectrum bandwidth.

Related Concepts6.1.1 Microwave Work Modes

2.4.2 Switching CapacityThe OptiX RTN 910 has a built-in packet processing platform with the switching capacity of6.5 Gbit/s.



2-5

2.5 InterfacesThe OptiX RTN 910 features multiple interface types.

2.5.1 Microwave InterfacesThe OptiX RTN 910 provides microwave interfaces on the IF board and the ODU that isconnected to the IF board. Each microwave interface transmits one channel of microwaveservice. In addition, it transmits various auxiliary services or paths through the microwaveoverheads.

Table 2-2 lists the auxiliary services or paths provided by each microwave interface.

Table 2-2 Auxiliary services or paths provided by each microwave interface

Service/Path Type Quantity Rate

Synchronous data service 1 64 kbit/s

Orderwire phone service 1 64 kbit/s

PTP patha 1 64 kbit/s

NOTE

The PTP path is used to transmit PTP (namely, IEEE 1588 V2 protocol) packets to transport the high-precisiontime/clock on radio links.

2.5.2 Service InterfacesThe system control, switching, and timing board of the OptiX RTN 910 provides several serviceinterfaces. In addition, the type and number of service interfaces supported by the equipmentcan be extended by configuring service interface boards.

Table 2-3 lists the type and number of the service interfaces provided by the system control,switching, and timing board of the OptiX RTN 910.

Table 2-3 Type and number of the service interfaces provided by the system control, switching,and timing board

Type of System Control,Switching, and TimingBoard

Provided ServiceInterface

Quantity

CXPAR 75-ohm E1 interface(supporting the TDM E1,IMA E1, ML-PPP E1, andFractional E1)

16

FE electrical interface 4


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Type of System Control,Switching, and TimingBoard


Quantity

CXPBR 120-ohm E1 interface(supporting the TDM E1,IMA E1, ML-PPP E1, andFractional E1)

16


CXPGR 75-ohm E1 interface(supporting the TDM E1,IMA E1, ML-PPP E1, andFractional E1)

16


GE optical interface or GEelectrical interface

2

CXPHR 120-ohm E1 interface(supporting the TDM E1,IMA E1, ML-PPP E1, andFractional E1)

16


GE optical interface or GEelectrical interface

2

NOTE

The Fractional E1 refers to that in the same E1 channel, several 64 kbit/s channels can form one independentCES channel or IMA channel. In this manner, several channels carrying the same type or different typesof services can be transmitted over the same E1 channel.

Table 2-4 lists the type and number of the service interfaces supported by adding serviceinterface boards to the OptiX RTN 910.

Table 2-4 Type and number of the service interfaces supported by adding service interfaceboards

Type of ServiceInterface Board

MaximumNumber of Boards


Number ofInterfacesProvided by OneBoard

EF8T 1 FE electricalinterface

8

EF8F 1 FE optical interface 8

EG2 1 GE optical interface 2



2-7

Type of ServiceInterface Board

MaximumNumber of Boards


Number ofInterfacesProvided by OneBoard

ML1 1 75-ohm E1 interface(supporting the TDME1, IMA E1, ML-PPP E1, andFractional E1)

16

ML1A 1 120-ohm E1interface (supportingthe TDM E1, IMAE1, ML-PPP E1, andFractional E1)

16

CD1 1 c-STM-1 interfaces(supporting ATM,IMA, TDM, PPP,ML-PPP andFractional E1)

2

EM6T 1 FE electricalinterface

4

GE electricalinterface

2

EM6F 1 FE electricalinterface

4

GE optical interfaceor GE electricalinterface

2

NOTE

"Maximum Number of Boards" in the Table 2-4 is the maximum number calculated when at least one IFboard is configured.

The Fractional E1 refers to that in the same E1 channel, several 64 kbit/s channels can form one independentCES channel or IMA channel. In this manner, several channels carrying the same type or different typesof services can be transmitted over the same E1 channel.

The two c-STM-1 interfaces on the CD1 board can be used at the same time only when the two interfacesare configured into one LMSP.

2.5.3 Management and Auxiliary InterfacesThe OptiX RTN 910 provides the management and auxiliary interfaces through the systemcontrol, switching, and timing board.


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Table 2-5 Type and number of management and auxiliary interfaces

Interface Specifications ConnectorQuantity andType

Clock/Timinginterface

Common interface for 120-ohm clock or time 2 (RJ-45)

Managementinterface

10/100BASE-T(X) Ethernet NM interface 1 (RJ-45)

NM serial interface

10/100BASE-T(X) NE cascading interface 1 (RJ-45)

Auxiliaryinterface

Orderwire interface 1 (RJ-45)

Synchronous data interface 1 (RJ-45)

Alarm interface Three external alarm input interfaces 1 (RJ-45)

One external alarm output interface

NOTE

The clock/time interfaces can be used as the clock interfaces or the time interfaces. When used as the clockinterfaces, the interfaces support 2048 kbit/s mode or 2048 kHz mode. When used as the time interfaces,the interfaces support 1PPS + Time Information mode or DCLS mode.

The CXPGR or CXPHR does not support the NE cascading interface, synchronous data interface, or alarminterface.

2.6 Cross-Polarization Interference CancellationCross-polarization interference cancellation (XPIC) is a technology used together with co-channel dual-polarization (CCDP). The application of the two technologies doubles the wirelesslink capacity over the same channel.

CCDP transmission adopts both the horizontally polarized wave and the vertically polarizedwave on one channel to transmit two channels of signals. The ideal situation of CCDPtransmission is that no interference is present between the two orthogonal signals although theyare with the same frequency. In this manner, the receiver can easily recover the two signals. Inactual engineering conditions, despite the orthogonality of the two signals, interference betweenthe signals inevitably occurs due to cross-polarization discrimination (XPD) of the antenna andchannel degradation. To cancel the interference, the XPIC technology is adopted. In XPICtechnology, the signals are received in the horizontal and vertical directions. The signals in thetwo directions are then processed and the original signals are recovered from interfered signals.

2.7 Automatic Transmit Power ControlAutomatic transmit power control (ATPC) enables the output power of the transmitter toautomatically trace the level fluctuation at the receive end within the ATPC control range. Thisreduces the interference with neighboring systems and residual BER.



2-9

2.8 MPLS/PWE3 Support CapabilityThe OptiX RTN 910 adopts the MPLS that is optimized for the telecom bearer network as thepacket forwarding mechanism to implement the packet transmission of carrier services. TheOptiX RTN 910 adopts the PWE3 technology as the service bearer technology to implement theMPLS network access of various types of services.

MPLS Support Capability

Table 2-6 MPLS features supported by the OptiX RTN 910

Feature Description

Basic MPLSfunctions

The equipment supports basic MPLS functions and service forwardingbased on the static control plane.

The equipment uses the LSP tunnel technology and the pseudo wireemulation edge to edge (PWE3) technology to form an MPLS networkwhere multiple services can be accessed.

The equipment supports static LSPs.

The equipment supports MPLS multicast.

MPLS OAM The equipment supports MPLS OAM in compliance with ITU-T Y.1711.

The equipment supports the LSP ping and LSP traceroute. The equipmentalso uses the MPLS echo request and MPLS echo reply to test the usabilityof an LSP.

MPLS protection The equipment supports LSP 1:1 protection scheme.

Others The equipment supports the MPLS QoS.

PWE3 Support Capability

Table 2-7 Capabilities of the OptiX RTN 910 of supporting PWE3

Feature Description

Basic PWE3functions

The equipment supports the emulation TDM E1 services of the structuredemulation mode and the non-structured emulation mode. The equipmentsupports the transmission of emulation services over an LSP tunnel. Theequipment supports the jitter cache technology. The equipment adopts there-timing synchronization mode and adaptive synchronization mode torecover the service clock.


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Feature Description

The equipment adopts the N-to-one or one-to-one mode to emulate ATM/IMA services, and supports the transmission of a single ATM cell or thecascaded transmission of multiple cells (The maximum number ofconcatenations is 31). The equipment supports the transmission of ATM/IMA emulation services over an LSP tunnel.

The equipment supports the encapsulation of the Ethernet and thetransmission over an LSP tunnel to implement E-Line services.

Supports static PWs.

Others The equipment supports the conversion of different QoSes for processingbased on the service type.

2.9 Ethernet Service Processing CapabilityThe OptiX RTN 910 provides the powerful Ethernet service processing capability.

Table 2-8 Table 4-7 Ethernet service processing capability

Item Performance

Service frameformat

Ethernet II, IEEE 802.3, and IEEE 802.1q/p.

Ethernet servicetype

E-Line.

Ethernet servicebearer mode

by ports, by QinQ links, and by PWs.

VLAN Adds, deletes, and switches VALN tags that comply with IEEE 802.1q/p.

MPLS Supports basic MPLS functions and service forwarding based on thestatic control plane, and supports establishment of static PWs.

Flow control IEEE 802.3x.

QinQ Supported.

Link aggregation LAG protection, which is supported for the FE/GE port and microwaveport.

Ethernetperformancemonitoring

IETF RFC 2819 compliant RMON performance monitoring.



2-11

2.10 QoSThe OptiX RTN 910 provides improved quality of service (QoS) capabilities and support thefollowing eight per-hop behaviors (PHBs): BE, AF1, AF2, AF3, AF4, EF, CS6, and CS7. Thus,the OptiX RTN 910 can offer various QoS levels of service guarantees and build an integratednetwork to carry data, voice, and video services.

Table 2-9 QoS features

Feature Performance

Trafficclassification

Classifies the traffic over an Ethernet interface by the following fields:l DSCP or IP precedence in an IP packet

l EXP in an MPLS packet

l IEEE 802.1p priority in a VLAN packet

Traffic policing Supports CAR and policies traffic in the color-blind mode.

Queue scheduling l Each Ethernet port supports the queue scheduling of eight priorities.

l Schedules the CS7, CS6, and EF queues in strict priority (SP) mode.

l Schedules the AF queues in Weighted Fair Queuing (WFQ) mode.

l Schedules the BE queues in SP mode.

2.11 Clock FeaturesThe OptiX RTN 910 supports the physical layer clock synchronization, IEEE 1588v2 time/clocksynchronization, and clock synchronization for CES services.

Physical Layer Clock Synchronization Mechanism

OptiX RTN 910 supports extracting the clock information from the following transmission links:

l Synchronous Ethernet link

l E1 link

l Radio link

IEEE 1588v2 Clock Synchronization and Time Calibration Mechanisml The equipment can use the IEEE 1588v2 protocol to achieve the clock timing

synchronization and time information synchronization.

l The equipment supports the boundary clock, ordinary clock, and transparent clock(including the end-to-end transparent clock and peer-to-peer transparent clock). Each portof the equipment can be configured with different clocks based on the requirement.

l The equipment supports the clock source protection switching.


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CES Services Clock Synchronization Mode

OptiX RTN 910 supports the retiming mode.

2.12 Protection SchemeThe OptiX RTN 910 provides complete protection schemes.

Table 2-10 Protection schemes

Protection Object Protection Mode

Equipment levelprotection

Input power supply 1+1 hot backup

Radio link protection 1+1 HSB/SD/FD

LAG protection for Ethernet servic

Network levelprotection

MPLS 1:1 tunnel protection

Ethernet LAG protection, which is supported for theFE/GE port and microwave port

ATM over E1 IMA protection

Packet E1 ML-PPP protection

c-STM-1 1+1/1:1 linear MSP

2.13 Network ManagementThe OptiX RTN 910 supports multiple network management (NM) modes, and providescomplete NM information exchange schemes.

NM Mode

The OptiX RTN 910 supports the following functions:

l Accessing the iManager LCT directly at the near end of the NE to perform the single-pointmanagement for the NE

l Using the OptiX iManager U2000 to manage all OptiX RTN NEs on the transmissionnetwork and the NEs of Huawei optical transmission products in the concentrated mannerand to manage the transmission networks in the unified manner

NM Information Exchange Schemes

At the physical layer, the OptiX RTN 910 supports the inband DCN to ensure the exchange ofNM information. The OptiX RTN 910 adopts the inband DCN solution. Thus, the dedicatedDCN paths are not required and the cost of network construction is saved. The types of the portsthat support the inband DCN are as follows:



2-13

l Microwave port

l FE/GE port

l E1 Port

2.14 Easy InstallationThe OptiX RTN 910 supports several installation modes. Thus, the installation of the equipmentis flexible and convenient.

The IDU can be installed in the following modes:

l In a 300 mm ETSI cabinet

l In a 600 mm ETSI cabinet

l In a 450 mm 19-inch cabinet

l In a 600 mm 19-inch cabinet

l In an open cabinet

l On a wall

l On a table

The ODU supports two installation modes: direct mounting and separate mounting.

2.15 Easy MaintenanceThe OptiX RTN 910 provides several maintenance features. Thus, the cost of equipmentmaintenance is effectively reduced.

l The OptiX RTN 910 supports the unified management of the microwave transmissionnetwork and the optical transmission network at the network layer by using the iMangerU2000.

l All the indicators and cable interfaces of the IDU are available on the front panel.

l Each board of the IDU has the running and alarm status indicators.

l The OptiX RTN 910 provides plentiful alarms and performance events.

l The OptiX RTN 910 supports RMON performance events.

l The OptiX RTN 910 supports the MPLS OAM function.

l The OptiX RTN 910 supports the monitoring of key radio transmission performancespecifications such as the microwave transmit power and the RSSI.

l The OptiX RTN 910 supports various loopback functions of service ports and IF ports.

l The OptiX RTN 910 has a built-in test system. You can perform the PRBS test of an IFport even when no special test tools are available.

l The CF card that stores the data configuration file and the software can be replaced on site.Thus, you can load the data or upgrade the software by replacing the CF card.

l Two sets of software and data are stored in the flash memory of the control, switching, andtiming board to facilitate the smooth upgrade.

l The OptiX RTN 910 supports the regular backup and restoration of the NE databaseremotely by using the U2000.


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l The OptiX RTN 910 supports the remote loading of the NE software and data by using theU2000 to provide a complete NE upgrade solution. Thus, the entire network can beupgraded rapidly.

l The OptiX RTN 910 supports the NSF function. When the soft reset is performed on thecontrol, switching, and timing board, the data still can be forwarded normally, thusimplementing the smooth software upgrade.

l The OptiX RTN 910 supports the hot patch loading function. You can upgrade the softwarethat is running without interrupting services.

l The OptiX RTN 910 supports the software version rollback function. When a softwareupgrade fails, the original software can be recovered, and therefore the original services ofthe system can be restored.



2-15

3 Product Structure

About This Chapter

This topic describes the system architecture, hardware architecture, and software architectureof the product, and the process of processing service signals.

3.1 System ArchitectureThe OptiX RTN 910 consists of a series of functional units, including the service interface unit,service switching unit, IF unit, control unit, clock unit, auxiliary interface unit, fan unit, powerunit, and ODU.

3.2 Hardware StructureThe OptiX RTN 910 adopts a split structure. The system consists of the IDU and the ODU. AnODU is connected to an IDU through an IF cable. The IF cable transmits IF service signals andthe O&M signals of the ODU, and supplies -48 V DC power to the ODU.

3.3 Software StructureThe OptiX RTN 910 software consists of the NMS software, IDU software, and ODU software.

3.4 Service Signal Processing FlowThis topic considers the transmission of the TDM E1 services and the FE services that theCXPAR or CXPBR accesses directly as an example to describe the service signal processingflow of the OptiX RTN 910.

OptiX RTN 910Product Description 3 Product Structure


3-1

3.1 System ArchitectureThe OptiX RTN 910 consists of a series of functional units, including the service interface unit,service switching unit, IF unit, control unit, clock unit, auxiliary interface unit, fan unit, powerunit, and ODU.

Figure 3-1 Block diagram

Serviceinterface

unit

Serviceswitching

unitIF unit

ODU

Fanunit

Clockunit

Controlunit

Auxiliaryinterface

unit

E1

-48V/-60V DC

RF signal

IF signal

Clock/timeinterface

NM data

IDU

Controland overhead bus

Antenna

Powerunit

EthernetService

busService

bus

Sync data

Orderwire dataExternal alarm data

c-STM-1

Table 3-1 Functional unit

Functional Unit Function

Service interfaceunit

l Accesses E1 signals.

l Accesses c-STM-1 signals.

l Accesses Ethernet signals.

l Performs the corresponding PWE3 encapsulation for varioussignals that are accessed.

Service switchingunit

Processes the MPLS protocol and forwards packets.

IF unit l Maps service signals to microwave frame signals and demapsmicrowave frame signals to service signals.

l Performs conversion between microwave frame signals and IFanalog signals.

l Provides the O&M channel between the IDU and the ODU.

l Supports FEC.

3 Product StructureOptiX RTN 910

Product Description


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Functional Unit Function

Control unit l Provides the system communications and control.

l Provides the system configuration and management.

l Collects alarms and monitors performance.

l Processes overheads.

Clock unit l Traces the clock source signal and provides various clock signalsfor the system.

l Processes the IEEE 1588v2 protocol to implement the clock or timesynchronization.

l Provides input and output interfaces for the clock or time.

Auxiliary interfaceunit

l Provides the orderwire interface.

l Provides the synchronous data interface.

l Provides the external alarm input/output interface.

Power unit l Accesses -48 V/-60 V DC power.

l Provides DC power for the IDU.

l Provides -48 V DC power for the ODU.

Fan unit Provides the wind cooling function for the IDU.

ODU l Converts IF analog signals to RF signals, and RF signals to IF analogsignals.

l Provides the O&M channel between the IDU and the ODU.

3.2 Hardware StructureThe OptiX RTN 910 adopts a split structure. The system consists of the IDU and the ODU. AnODU is connected to an IDU through an IF cable. The IF cable transmits IF service signals andthe O&M signals of the ODU, and supplies -48 V DC power to the ODU.

3.2.1 IDUThe IDU 910 is the IDU of the OptiX RTN 910.

The IDU 910 adopts the card plug-in design. It can implement different functions by configuringdifferent types of boards.

Figure 3-2 IDU slot layout

Slot6

(FAN)

Slot5

(PIU) Slot 1 & Slot 2 (CXPAR/CXPBR/CXPGR/CXPHR)

Slot 3 (EXT) Slot 4 (EXT)



3-3

NOTE

The EXT represents an extended slot, which can be inserted with various IF boards and interface boards.

Table 3-2 List of IDUs

BoardName Full Name Valid Slot Description

CXPAR Systemcontrol,switching,and timingboard

Slot 1 & slot2

l Provides 6.5 Gbit/s packet switching.l Performs system communication and

control.l Processes the clock signals, provides two

clock/time shared interfaces.l Provides 16xE1 interfaces (The CXPAR

provides 75-ohm interfaces, and theCXPBR provides 120-ohm interfaces).

l Provides four FE interfaces.l Provides one Ethernet NM interface, one

NM serial interface, and one NE cascadinginterface (the Ethernet NM interface andNM serial interface share one port).

l Provides one orderwire interface, onesynchronous data interface, and three-input and one-output external alarminterfaces.

CXPBR Systemcontrol,switching,and timingboard

CXPGR Systemcontrol,switching,and timingboard

Slot 1 & slot2

l Provides 6.5 Gbit/s packet switching.l Performs system communication and

control.l Processes the clock signals, provides two

clock/time shared interfaces.l Provides 16xE1 interfaces (The CXPGR

provides 75-ohm interfaces, and theCXPHR provides 120-ohm interfaces).

l Provides four FE interfaces.l Provides two GE optical interfaces or GE

electrical interfaces that are equipped withthe SFP modules.

l Provides one Ethernet NM interface, oneNM serial interface, and one NE cascadinginterface (the Ethernet NM interface andNM serial interface share one port).

l Provides one orderwire interface.

CXPHR Systemcontrol,switching,and timingboard

IFE2 Packet IFboard with alargecapacity

Slot 3 or slot4

l Provides one IF interface.

l Supports the Packet microwave.

l Supports AM.


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IFU2 Universal IFboard

Slot 3 or slot4


l Supports the Packet microwave.

l Supports AM.

IFX2 UniversalXPIC IFboard

Slot 3 or slot4


l Supports the XPIC function of the Packetmicrowave.

l Supports AM.

EF8T 8xFE serviceinterfaceboard

Slot 3 or slot4

Provides eight FE interfaces.

EF8F 8xFE serviceinterfaceboard

Provides 8xFE optical interfaces.

EG2 2xGEserviceinterfaceboard

Uses the SFP optical module to provide twoGE optical interfaces.

EM6T 6 Port RJ45Ethernet/GigabitEthernetInterfaceBoard

Slot 3 or slot4

l Provides four FE electrical interfaces.

l Provides two GE electrical interfaces thatare compatible with the FE electricalinterface.

EM6F 4 Port RJ45 +2 Port SFPFastEthernet/GigabitEthernetInterfaceBoard

l Provides four FE electrical interfaces.

l Uses the SFP module to provide two GEoptical interfaces or GE electricalinterfaces.

ML1 16xE1serviceprocessingboard (75ohms)

Slot 3 or slot4

l Provides sixteen 75-ohm E1 interfaces.

l supporting the TDM E1, IMA E1, ML-PPPE1, and Fractional E1.

ML1A 16xE1serviceprocessingboard (120ohms)

Slot 3 or slot4

l Provides sixteen 120-ohm E1 interfaces.

l supporting the TDM E1, IMA E1, ML-PPPE1, and Fractional E1.



3-5


CD1 ChannelizedSTM-1serviceprocessingboard

Slot 3 or slot4

l Provides two c-STM-1 interfaces. The twointerfaces can be used at the same timeonly when configured into the LMSP.Otherwise, only the first c-STM-1interface can be used.

l Supports the TDM, ATM, IMA, PPP, ML-PPP, and Fractional E1.

TNC1PIU Power board Slot 5 Provides two -48 V/-60 V DC power inputs.

TNC1FAN Fan board Slot 6 Cools and ventilates the IDU.

3.2.2 ODUThe ODU is an integrated system and has various types. The architectures and working principlesof various types of ODUs are almost the same.

Block Diagram

Figure 3-3 Block diagram of the ODU

Antenna port

CTRL

Tx IF

Rx IF

Cable port

PWR

Up-conversionMultiplexer

O&Muplink

O&Mdownlink

DC

Down-conversion

AMP

LNA

Synthesizers

Duplexer

Rx RF

Tx RF

Signal Processing in the Transmit Direction

The multiplexer splits the signal coming from the IF cable into a 350 MHz IF signal, an O&Muplink signal, and a -48 V DC power signal.

In the transmit direction, the IF signal is processed as follows:

1. Through the up-conversion, filtering, and amplification, the IF signal is converted into theRF signal and then is sent to the AMP amplifier unit.


Product Description


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2. The AMP amplifies the RF signal (the output power of the signal can be controlled by theIDU software).

3. After the amplification, the RF signal is sent to the antenna through the duplexer.

The O&M uplink signal is a 5.5 MHz ASK-modulated signal and is demodulated in the CTRLcontrol unit.

The -48 V DC power signal is sent to the PWR power unit where the secondary power supplyof a different voltage is generated and provided to the modules of the ODU.

Signal Processing in the Receive Direction

In the duplexer, the receive RF signal is separated from the antenna signal. The RF signal isamplified in the low noise amplifier (LNA). Through the down-conversion, filtering, andamplification, the RF signal is converted into the 140 MHz IF signal and then sent to themultiplexer.

The O&M downlink signal is modulated under the ASK scheme in the CTRL unit. The 10 MHzsignal is generated through the modulation and is sent to the multiplexer. The CTRL unit alsodetects the received signal power through the RSSI detection circuit and provides the RSSIinterface.

The IF signal and the O&M downlink signal are combined in the multiplexer and then sent tothe IDU through the IF cable.

3.3 Software StructureThe OptiX RTN 910 software consists of the NMS software, IDU software, and ODU software.

Figure 3-4 shows the software structure. The NMS software communicates with the NE softwarethrough the Qx interface. The Qx interface uses the OptiX private management protocol.

Figure 3-4 Software structure

NMS software

Qx interface

IDU software ODU software

3.3.1 NMS SoftwareHuawei provides a transmission network management solution that meets the requirements ofthe telecommunication management network (TMN) for managing all the OptiX RTN productsand other OptiX series transmission products on the network.

Related Concepts5.1 Network Management Solution



3-7

3.3.2 IDU SoftwareThe IDU software consists of the NE software and the board software.

The NE software manages, monitors, and controls the running status of the IDU. Through theNE software, the NMS communicates with the boards, and controls and manages the NE. TheNE software communicates with the ODU software to manage and control the running of theODU.

The board software manages and controls the running status of other boards of the IDU exceptthe system control, switching, and timing board. The boards except the EM6T/EM6F board inthe IDU do not have their independent board software. The board software of the boards exceptthe EM6T/EM6F board in the IDU is integrated as software modules with the NE software andruns in the CPU of the system control, switching, and timing board.

3.3.3 ODU SoftwareThe ODU Software manages and controls the running status of the ODU. The ODU softwarecontrols the running of the ODU based on the parameters transmitted by the IDU software. TheODU running status is reported to the IDU software.

3.4 Service Signal Processing FlowThis topic considers the transmission of the TDM E1 services and the FE services that theCXPAR or CXPBR accesses directly as an example to describe the service signal processingflow of the OptiX RTN 910.

Figure 3-5 Service signal processing flow

CXPAR/CXPBR IFE2 ODU

RFsignal

IFsignal

IDU

Antenna

E1

FE

Servicebus


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Table 3-3 Service signal processing flow in the transmit direction

NO. Component Signal Processing Description

1 CXPAR/CXPBR l Accesses E1 signals and FE signals, and extracts E1 servicepayloads and Ethernet frames.

l Performs the PWE3 encapsulation for E1 service payloadsin CES emulation mode to form the Ethernet frames thatcarry PW packets.

l Performs Ethernet Layer 2 processing for Ethernet framesbased on the configuration and the Layer 2 protocol, andthen performs the PWE3 encapsulation to form theEthernet frames that carry PW packets.

l Processes the Ethernet frames that carry and isolate PWpackets based on the service configuration and the Layer 3protocol, and then forwards the processed Ethernet framesto IFE2.

2 IFE2 l Selects the proper modulation mode based on the qualityof the channel.

l Accesses the Ethernet frames transmitted from the CXPARor CXPBR.

l Maps Ethernet frames into the microwave frame payloadarea to form microwave frames along with the microwaveframe overheads.

l Performs FEC coding.

l Performs digital modulation.

l Performs D/A conversion.

l Performs analog modulation

l Combines the analog IF signals and ODU O&M signals.

l Transmits the combined signals and -48 V power to theODU through the IF cable.

3 ODU l Splits the analog IF signals, ODU O&M signals, and -48V power.

l Converts the analog IF signals into RF signals through upconversions and amplification.

l Transmits the RF signals to the antenna through thewaveguide.



3-9

Table 3-4 Service signal processing flow in the receive direction

NO. Component Signal Processing Description

1 ODU l Isolates and filters RF signals.

l Converts the RF signals into analog IF signals throughdown conversions and amplification.

l Combines the IF signals and the ODU O&M signals.

l Transmits the combined signals to the IF boards.

2 IFE2 l Splits the received analog IF signals and ODU O&Msignals.

l Performs A/D conversion.

l Performs digital demodulation.

l Performs time domain adaptive equalization.

l Performs FEC decoding.

l Synchronizes and descrambles the frames.

l Extracts overheads from microwave frames.

l Extracts Ethernet frames from microwave frames, and thentransmits the Ethernet frames to the CXPAR or CXPBR.

3 CXPAR/CXPBR l Processes the Ethernet frames that carry PW packets basedon the service configuration and the Layer 3 protocol, andthen forwards the processed Ethernet frames.

l Extracts Ethernet frames and E1 service payloads from PWpackets.

l Outputs Ethernet frames that are processed according tothe configuration and the Layer 2 protocol, through the FEinterface.

l Outputs E1 service payloads through the E1 interface.


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4 Services

About This Chapter

The OptiX RTN 910 supports the Ethernet services, IMA services, and CES services.

4.1 Ethernet ServicesThe OptiX RTN 910 provides E-line and E-Aggr services over the public PSN for customers byusing the L2VPN technology.

4.2 IMA/ATM ServicesThe OptiX RTN 910 provides ATM emulation services by means of PWs in the packet-basedtransport network.

4.3 CES ServicesIn a packet-based transport network, the CES circuit emulation technology is used totransparently transmit TDM circuit switching data. The OptiX RTN 910 supports emulatedtransparent transmission of the TDM E1/Fractional E1 services.

OptiX RTN 910Product Description 4 Services


4-1

4.1 Ethernet ServicesThe OptiX RTN 910 provides E-line and E-Aggr services over the public PSN for customers byusing the L2VPN technology.

Service FormsStandardization organizations such as ITU-T, IETF, and MEF stipulate the model frames for E-line services. Table 4-1 lists the model frames. The OptiX RTN 910 adopts the model framethat is stipulated by MEF.

Table 4-1 Comparison among L2 Ethernet services stipulated by the standardizationorganizations

Service Type ServiceMultiplexing(Access Side)

TransmissionChannel(NetworkSide)

IETFModel

ITU-TModel

MEFModel

Point-to-pointservice

Line Physicallyisolated

Physicallyisolated

- EPL E-Line

Virtualline

Physicallyisolated

VLAN - EVPL

MPLS VPWS

VLAN Physicallyisolated

-

VLAN -

MPLS VPWS

E-Line Service IllustrationFigure 4-1 illustrates the E-line service that is provided by the OptiX RTN 900 product.

Company A has branches in City 1 and City 3. Company B has branches in City 2 and City 3.Company C has branches in City 1 and City 2. The branches of Company A, Company B, andCompany C require data communication among themselves within the Company. The OptiXRTN 900 equipment can provide E-line services for Company A, Company B, and Company Crespectively to meet the communication requirements. In this case, the OptiX RTN 900 canensure that the service data of each company is fully isolated.

4 ServicesOptiX RTN 910

Product Description


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Figure 4-1 E-Line service illustration

Nationwide/Global carrier Ethernet

Company A

Company B

City 3

Company C

City 1

Company A

Company C

Company B

City 2

E-Line1E-Line2E-Line3

OptiX RTN 900

OptiX packettransmission product

E-Aggr Service Illustration

The E-Aggr service is a point-to-point bidirectional convergence service. Figure 4-2 illustratesthe E-Aggr service provided by the OptiX RTN 900 products.

To construct a 3G network, an operator needs to converge services from each NodeB and transmitthe converged services to the RNC. The data flow between the NodeB and the RNC is taken asa service. At the convergence node, overall bandwidth is specified for the services to ensure theQoS.



4-3

Figure 4-2 E-Aggr service illustration

GE

RNCNode B

FE

FE

FE

OptiX RTN 900

4.2 IMA/ATM ServicesThe OptiX RTN 910 provides ATM emulation services by means of PWs in the packet-basedtransport network.

The OptiX RTN 910 accesses ATM services on the source node, encapsulates ATM cells intoPWs, and transmits the PWs to the sink node. On the sink node, the ATM cells are recovered.In this way, the ATM service emulation is achieved. The OptiX RTN 910 supports the followingmodes to map the ATM cell flow to the PW.

l 1:1 virtual channel connection (VCC) mapping scheme: one VCC is mapped into one PW.

l N:1 VCC mapping scheme: N (N≤16) VCCs are mapped into one PW.

l 1:1 virtual path connection (VPC) mapping scheme: one VPC is mapped into one PW.

l N:1 VPC mapping scheme: N (N≤16) VPCs are mapped into one PW.

The OptiX RTN 910 can access ATM services directly through the E1 interface or by using theIMA technology. It supports the following IMA operations:

l Querying the IMA link state.

l Querying the IMA group state.

l Adding E1/Fractional E1 links to an IMA group.

l Deleting E1/Fractional E1 links from an IMA group.

ATM specifications supported by the OptiX RTN 910 are listed as follows:


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l A maximum of 31 ATM cells can be encapsulated in a PW packet.

l A maximum of 8 IMA groups can be supported by the ML1 and ML1A boards.

l A maximum of 32 IMA groups can be supported by the CD1board.

4.3 CES ServicesIn a packet-based transport network, the CES circuit emulation technology is used totransparently transmit TDM circuit switching data. The OptiX RTN 910 supports emulatedtransparent transmission of the TDM E1/Fractional E1 services.

Application ModelThe OptiX RTN 910 can access CES services by using the PWE3 technology.

The CES service mainly applies to the wireless service and the enterprise private line service.The 2G base station or enterprise private line accesses the OptiX RTN 910 by using the TDMline. The OptiX RTN 900 equipment slices and encapsulates the TDM signals into data packets,which are then transported to the opposite end through the PW in the metropolitan transportnetwork. See Figure 4-3.

Figure 4-3 Application model of the CES service

IP/MPLS backbone network

BTSNodeB BTS NodeB

BSCRNC

CES OptiX packettransmission product

OptiX RTN 900

Backbone layer

Convergence layer

Access layer

In the case of a local CES service, it is like that there are two links on the equipment. The CESservice is transmitted upstream over one link and is transmitted downstream over the other link.



4-5

Emulation Mode

The OptiX RTN 910 supports CES services of the two modes known as the structured emulationmode and the unstructured emulation mode.

The structured emulation mode is referred to as structure-aware TDM circuit emulation serviceover packet switched network (CESoPSN). In this mode:

l The equipment senses frame structures, frame alignment modes, and timeslots in the TDMcircuit.

l The equipment processes the overhead and extracts the payload in TDM frames. Then, theequipment delivers timeslots of each channel to the packet payload according to a certainsequence. Thus, services of each channel in the packet are fixed and visible.

l Each data packet that carries the CES service loads a fixed number of TDM frames. Theencapsulation time can be configured from 0.125 ms to 5 ms.

l The jitter buffer can be configured from 0.375 ms to 16 ms.

The unstructured emulation mode is referred to as structure-agnostic TDM over packet (SAToP).In this mode:

l The equipment considers the TDM signals as bit streams at a constant rate instead of sensingstructures in the TDM signals. The entire bandwidth of the TDM signals is emulated.

l Overheads and payloads in the TDM signals are transparently transmitted.

l The encapsulation time can be configured from 0.125 ms to 5 ms.

l The jitter buffer can be configured from 0.375 ms to 16 ms.

In the CESoPSN mode, the OptiX RTN 910 provides the compression function for the idle 64kbit/s timeslots in the TDM E1 signals, to save the transmission bandwidth. See Figure 4-4.

Figure 4-4 Compression function for the idle 64 kbit/s timeslots in the E1 signals

BSC

...

0 1

292 3

30 31

...0 1

292 3

30 31

BTS

BTS

BTS

PW1 3 30 31

PW1 2 3...0 1 292 3 30 31

...0 1 292 3 30 31 Timeslots in the E1 frame

PW1 2 29


Product Description


Issue 03 (2010-06-10)

Service ClocksTDM services have high requirements for clock synchronization. The OptiX RTN 910 supportsthe retiming synchronization mode.

In the retiming synchronization mode, the system clock of the PEs are synchronized and thesystem clock is used as the service clock (retiming). Thus, all the PEs and CEs are synchronizedand the service clocks of the TDM services on all the CEs and PEs are synchronized. See Figure4-5.

Figure 4-5 Retiming synchronization mode of the CES service clock

BTS BSCPE PECESTDM TDM



4-7

5 Network Management System

About This Chapter

This topic describes the network management solution and the NMS software that contributesto this solution.

5.1 Network Management SolutionHuawei provides a complete transport network management solution compliant with TMN fordifferent function domains and customers on telecommunication networks.

5.2 LCTThe LCT is a local maintenance terminal. The LCT provides the following managementfunctions at the NE layer: NE management, alarm management, performance management,configuration management, communication management, and security management.

5.3 U2000The U2000 is a network-level network management system. A user can access the U2000 serverthrough a U2000 client to manage Huawei transport subnets in the unified manner. The U2000can provide not only the NE-level management function, but also the management function atthe network layer.

OptiX RTN 910Product Description 5 Network Management System


5-1

5.1 Network Management SolutionHuawei provides a complete transport network management solution compliant with TMN fordifferent function domains and customers on telecommunication networks.

The NM solutions include the following:

l iManager LCT local maintenance terminal

l iManager U2000 unified network management system

Figure 5-1 Network management solution to the transmission network

Network-level NM

Local craft terminal

iManagerU2000

iManager LCT

5.2 LCTThe LCT is a local maintenance terminal. The LCT provides the following managementfunctions at the NE layer: NE management, alarm management, performance management,configuration management, communication management, and security management.

NE Managementl Search of NEs

l Addition/Deletion of NEs

l Login or logout of NEs

l NE time management

Alarm Managementl Setting of alarm monitoring strategies

l View of alarms

l Deletion of alarms

Performance Managementl Setting of performance monitoring strategies

l View of performance events

l Resetting of performance registers

5 Network Management SystemOptiX RTN 910

Product Description


Issue 03 (2010-06-10)

Configuration Managementl Basic NE information configuration

l Radio link configuration

l Protection configuration

l Interface configuration

l Service configuration

l Clock configuration

Communication Managementl Communication parameter management

l Inband DCN management

l HWECC protocol management

l IP protocol management

Security Managementl NE user management

l NE user group management

l LCT access control

l Online user management

l NE security parameters

l NE security log

l NMS user management

l NMS log management

5.3 U2000The U2000 is a network-level network management system. A user can access the U2000 serverthrough a U2000 client to manage Huawei transport subnets in the unified manner. The U2000can provide not only the NE-level management function, but also the management function atthe network layer.

NE Level Managementl NE object management

l NE level alarm management

l NE level performance management

l NE level configuration management

l NE level communication management

l NE level security management

OptiX RTN 910Product Description 5 Network Management System


5-3

Network Level Managementl Topology management

l Network level alarm management

l Network level performance management

l Network level configuration management

l Network level communication management

l Network level security management

l Network-wide clock management

Othersl Report function

l Northbound SNMP interface

5 Network Management SystemOptiX RTN 910

Product Description


Issue 03 (2010-06-10)

6 Performance

About This Chapter

This topic describes the technical specifications of the OptiX RTN 910.

6.1 RF PerformanceThis topic describes the radio frequency (RF) performance and various technical specificationsrelated to microwaves.

6.2 Packet Service CapabilityThe product provides the powerful packet service capability to meet the relevant requirementsof operators.

6.3 Equipment ReliabilityEquipment reliability includes the component reliability and the link reliability.

6.4 Interface PerformanceThis section describes the technical specifications of various services and auxiliary interfaces.

6.5 Clock Timing and Synchronization PerformanceThe clock timing performance and synchronization performance of the product meet relevantITU-T recommendations.

6.6 Integrated System PerformanceIntegrated system performance includes the dimensions, weight, power consumption, powersupply, EMC, lightning protection, safety, and environment.

OptiX RTN 910Product Description 6 Performance


6-1

6.1 RF PerformanceThis topic describes the radio frequency (RF) performance and various technical specificationsrelated to microwaves.

6.1.1 Microwave Work ModesThis topic lists the microwave work modes that are supported by the OptiX RTN 910.

Table 6-1 Microwave work modes (IFE2/IFU2 board)

Channel Spacing(MHz) Modulation Mode

Air InterfaceService Capacity(Mbit/s)

EthernetThroughput(Mbit/s)

7 QPSK 10 9 to 11

7 16QAM 20 19 to 23

7 32QAM 25 24 to 29

7 64QAM 32 31 to 37

7 128QAM 38 37 to 44

7 256QAM 44 43 to 51

14 (13.75) QPSK 20 20 to 23

14 (13.75) 16QAM 42 41 to 48

14 (13.75) 32QAM 51 50 to 59

14 (13.75) 64QAM 66 65 to 76

14 (13.75) 128QAM 78 77 to 90

14 (13.75) 256QAM 90 90 to 104

28 (27.5) QPSK 42 41 to 48

28 (27.5) 16QAM 84 84 to 97

28 (27.5) 32QAM 105 108 to 125

28 (27.5) 64QAM 133 130 to 150

28 (27.5) 128QAM 158 160 to 180

28 (27.5) 256QAM 183 180 to 210

56 (55) QPSK 84 84 to 97

56 (55) 16QAM 168 170 to 190

56 (55) 32QAM 208 210 to 240

6 PerformanceOptiX RTN 910

Product Description


Issue 03 (2010-06-10)




56 (55) 64QAM 265 260 to 310

56 (55) 128QAM 313 310 to 360

56 (55) 256QAM 363 360 to 420

Table 6-2 Microwave work modes (IFX2 board)




28 (27.5) QPSK 42 41 to 48

28 (27.5) 16QAM 84 84 to 97

28 (27.5) 32QAM 104 103 to 120

28 (27.5) 64QAM 132 130 to 150

28 (27.5) 128QAM 159 160 to 180

28 (27.5) 256QAM 182 180 to 210

56 (55) QPSK 83 83 to 97

56 (55) 16QAM 167 170 to 190

56 (55) 32QAM 214 215 to 245

56 (55) 64QAM 263 260 to 305

56 (55) 128QAM 312 310 to 360

56 (55) 256QAM 360 360 to 410

NOTE

l The channel spacings 13.75 MHz, 27.5 MHz, and 55 MHz are applied to the 18 GHz frequency band.

l The channel spacings listed in the table are the minimum channel spacings supported by the product. Thechannel spacings larger than the values are also supported.

6.1.2 Frequency BandThe ODUs of the different series and different types support different operating frequency bands.



6-3

Frequency Bands (Standard Power ODU)

Table 6-3 Frequency Band (SP ODU)

FrequencyBand

Frequency Range (GHz) T/R Spacing (MHz)

7 GHz 7.093-7.897 154, 161, 168, 196, 245

8 GHz 7.731-8.496 119, 126, 266, 311.32

11 GHz 10.675-11.745 490, 500, 530

13 GHz 12.751-13.248 266

15 GHz 14.403-15.348 315, 322, 420, 490, 728

18 GHz 17.685-19.710 1008, 1010, 1560

23 GHz 21.200-23.618 1008, 1200, 1232

26 GHz 24.549-26.453 1008

38 GHz 37.044-40,105 700, 1260

Table 6-4 Frequency band (SPA ODU)

FrequencyBand


6 GHz 5.915-6.425 (L6)6.425-7.125 (U6)

252.04 (L6)340 (U6)

7 GHz 7.093-7.897 154, 161, 168, 196, 245

8 GHz 7.731-8.496 119, 126, 266, 311.32

11 GHz 10.675-11.745 490, 500, 530

13 GHz 12.751-13.248 266

15 GHz 14.403-15.348 420, 490

18 GHz 17.685-19.710 1008, 1010

23 GHz 21.200-23.618 1008, 1232


Product Description


Issue 03 (2010-06-10)

Frequency Bands (High Power ODU)

Table 6-5 Frequency band (HP ODU)

FrequencyBand


7 GHz 7.093-7.897 154, 161, 168, 196, 245

8 GHz 7.731-8.497 119, 126, 151.614, 208, 266, 311.32

11 GHz 10.675-11.745 490, 500, 530

13 GHz 12.751-13.248 266

15 GHz 14.400-15.353 315, 322, 420, 490, 644, 728

18 GHz 17.685-19.710 1008, 1010, 1560

23 GHz 21.200-23.618 1008, 1200, 1232

26 GHz 24.549-26.453 1008

28 GHz 27.520-29.481 1008

32 GHz 31.815-33.383 812

38 GHz 37.044-40.105 700, 1260

Table 6-6 Frequency band (XMC-2 ODU)

FrequencyBand


7 GHz 7.093-7.897 154, 160, 161, 168, 196, 245

8 GHz 7.731-8.497 119/126, 151.614, 208, 266, 311.32

13 GHz 12.751-13.248 266

15 GHz 14.400-15.358 315/322, 420, 475, 490, 640, 644, 728

18 GHz 17.685-19.710 1010/1008, 1092.5, 1560

23 GHz 21.200-23.618 1008, 1200, 1232

6.1.3 Receiver SensitivityThe receiver sensitivity reflects the anti-fading capability of the microwave equipment.



6-5

NOTE

l For a guaranteed value, remove 3 dBm from the typical value.

l The 6 GHz ODU does not support the modulation mode of 256QAM and the channel spacing of 56MHz. The value of the receiver sensitivity is unavailable (NA) in the case of the 6 GHz ODU.

Table 6-7 Typical receiver sensitivity values (i)

Item

Performance (at 7 MHz Channel Spacing)

QPSK 16QAM 32QAM 64QAM 128QAM 256QAM

RSL@ BER = 10-6 (unit: dBm)

@6 GHz -92.5 -86.5 -82.5 -79.5 -76.5 NA

@7 GHz -92.5 -86.5 -82.5 -79.5 -76.5 -73.5

@8 GHz -92.5 -86.5 -82.5 -79.5 -76.5 -73.5

@11 GHz -92 -86 -82 -79 -76 -73

@13 GHz -92 -86 -82 -79 -76 -73

@15 GHz -92 -86 -82 -79 -76 -73

@18 GHz -92 -86 -82 -79 -76 -73

@23 GHz -91.5 -85.5 -81.5 -78.5 -75.5 -72.5

@26 GHz -91 -85 -81 -78 -75 -72

@28 GHz -90.5 -84.5 -80.5 -77.5 -74.5 -71.5

@32 GHz -90 -84 -80 -77 -74 -71

@38 GHz -89.5 -83.5 -79.5 -76.5 -73.5 -70.5

Table 6-8 Typical receiver sensitivity values (ii)

Item




@6 GHz -90.5 -83.5 -79.5 -76.5 -73.5 NA

@7 GHz -90.5 -83.5 -79.5 -76.5 -73.5 -70.5

@8 GHz -90.5 -83.5 -79.5 -76.5 -73.5 -70.5

@11 GHz -90 -83 -79 -76 -73 -70

@13 GHz -90 -83 -79 -76 -73 -70

@15 GHz -90 -83 -79 -76 -73 -70


Product Description


Issue 03 (2010-06-10)

Item



@18 GHz -90 -83 -79 -76 -73 -70

@23 GHz -89.5 -82.5 -78.5 -75.5 -72.5 -69.5

@26 GHz -89 -82 -78 -75 -72 -69

@28 GHz -88.5 -81.5 -77.5 -74.5 -71.5 -68.5

@32 GHz -88 -81 -77 -74 -71 -68

@38 GHz -87.5 -80.5 -76.5 -73.5 -70.5 -67.5

Table 6-9 Typical receiver sensitivity values (iii)

Item




@6 GHz -87.5 -80.5 -76.5 -73.5 -70.5 NA

@7 GHz -87.5 -80.5 -76.5 -73.5 -70.5 -67.5

@8 GHz -87.5 -80.5 -76.5 -73.5 -70.5 -67.5

@11 GHz -87 -80 -76 -73 -70 -67

@13 GHz -87 -80 -76 -73 -70 -67

@15 GHz -87 -80 -76 -73 -70 -67

@18 GHz -87 -80 -76 -73 -70 -67

@23 GHz -86.5 -79.5 -75.5 -72.5 -69.5 -66.5

@26 GHz -86 -79 -75 -72 -69 -66

@28 GHz -85.5 -78.5 -74.5 -71.5 -68.5 -65.5

@32 GHz -85 -78 -74 -71 -68 -65

@38 GHz -84.5 -77.5 -73.5 -70.5 -67.5 -64.5

Table 6-10 Typical receiver sensitivity values (iv)

Item






6-7

Item



@6 GHz NA NA NA NA NA NA

@7 GHz -84.5 -77.5 -73.5 -70.5 -67.5 -64.5

@8 GHz -84.5 -77.5 -73.5 -70.5 -67.5 -64.5

@11 GHz -84 -77 -73 -70 -67 -64

@13 GHz -84 -77 -73 -70 -67 -64

@15 GHz -84 -77 -73 -70 -67 -64

@18 GHz -84 -77 -73 -70 -67 -64

@23 GHz -83.5 -76.5 -72.5 -69.5 -66.5 -63.5

@26 GHz -83 -76 -72 -69 -66 -63

@28 GHz -82.5 -75.5 -71.5 -68.5 -65.5 -62.5

@32 GHz -82 -75 -71 -68 -65 -62

@38 GHz -81.5 -74.5 -70.5 -67.5 -64.5 -61.5

6.1.4 Transceiver PerformanceThe performance of the transceiver includes the nominal maximum/minimum transmit power,nominal maximum receive power, and frequency stability.

Transceiver Performance (Standard Power ODU)

Table 6-11 Transceiver Performance (SP ODU)

Item Performance

QPSK 16QAM/32QAM

64QAM/128QAM

256QAM

Nominal maximum transmit power (dBm)

@7 GHz 27 22.5 18.5 16.5

@8 GHz 27 22.5 18.5 16.5

@11 GHz 26 21.5 17.5 15.5

@13 GHz 26 21.5 17.5 15.5

@15 GHz 26 21.5 17.5 15.5

@18 GHz 25.5 21.5 17.5 15.5


Product Description


Issue 03 (2010-06-10)

Item Performance

QPSK 16QAM/32QAM

64QAM/128QAM

256QAM

@23 GHz 24 20.5 16.5 14.5

@26 GHz 23.5 19.5 15.5 13.5

@38 GHz 22 17.5 13.5 11.5

Nominalminimumtransmit power(dBm)

-6

Nominalmaximumreceive power(dBm)

-20 -25

Frequencystability (ppm)

±5

Table 6-12 Transceiver performance (SPA ODU)

Item Performance

QPSK 16QAM/32QAM 64QAM/128QAM


@6 GHz 26.5 24 23

@7 GHz 25.5 21.5 20

@8 GHz 25.5 21.5 20

@11 GHz 24.5 20.5 18

@13 GHz 24.5 20 18

@15 GHz 24.5 20 18

@18 GHz 22.5 19 17

@23 GHz 22.5 19 16

Nominal minimumtransmit power(dBm)

0

Nominal maximumreceive power (dBm)

-20



6-9

Item Performance

QPSK 16QAM/32QAM 64QAM/128QAM

Frequency stability(ppm)

±5

Transceiver Performance (High Power ODU)

Table 6-13 Transceiver performance (HP ODU)

Item Performance

QPSK 16QAM/32QAM

64QAM/128QAM

256QAM


@7 GHz 30 28 25 23

@8 GHz 30 28 25 23

@11 GHz 28 26 22 20

@13 GHz 26 24 20 18

@15 GHz 26 24 20 18

@18 GHz 25.5 23 19 17

@23 GHz 25 23 19 17

@26 GHz 25 22 19 17

@28GHz 25 22 17 15

@32 GHz 23 21 17 15

@38 GHz 23 20 17 15

Nominal minimum transmit power (dBm)

@7 GHz 9

@8 GHz 9

@11 GHz 6

@13 GHz 3

@15 GHz 3

@18 GHz 2

@23 GHz 2

@26 GHz 2


Product Description


Issue 03 (2010-06-10)

Item Performance

QPSK 16QAM/32QAM

64QAM/128QAM

256QAM

@28GHz 2

@32 GHz 1

@38 GHz 1


-20 -25


±5

Table 6-14 Transceiver performance (XMC-2 ODU)

Item Performance

QPSK 16QAM/32QAM

64QAM/128QAM

256QAM

Nominal maximum transmit power (dBm)NOTE

When the working frequency is 7 GHz and the channel spacing is 56 MHz, the value of this counter ineach modulation format reduces by 3 dBm.

When the working frequency is 8 GHz and the channel spacing is 40 MHz or 56 MHz, the value of thiscounter in each modulation format reduces by 3 dBm.

@7 GHz 26.5 25.5 25 22

@8 GHz 26.5 25.5 25 22

@13 GHz 25 22 20.5 17.5

@15 GHz 25 22 20.5 17.5

@18 GHz 24 21 19.5 16.5

@23 GHz 24 21 19.5 16.5

Nominal minimum transmit power (dBm)

@7 GHz 6.5

@8 GHz 6.5

@13 GHz 5

@15 GHz 5

@18 GHz 4



6-11

Item Performance

QPSK 16QAM/32QAM

64QAM/128QAM

256QAM

@23 GHz 4


-20 -25


±5

6.1.5 IF PerformanceThe IF performance includes the performance of the IF signal and the performance of the ODUO&M signal.

Table 6-15 IF performance

Item Performance

IF signal

Transmit frequency of the IFboard (MHz)

350

Receive frequency of the IFboard (MHz)

140

Impedance (ohm) 50

ODU O&M signal

Modulation mode ASK

Transmit frequency of the IFboard (MHz)

5.5

Receive frequency of the IFboard (MHz)

10

6.1.6 Baseband Signal Processing Performance of the ModemThe baseband signal processing performance of the modem indicates the FEC coding schemeand the performance of the baseband time domain adaptive equalizer.


Product Description


Issue 03 (2010-06-10)

Table 6-16 Baseband signal processing performance of the modem

Item Performance

Encoding mode Low-density parity check code (LDPC) encoding.

Adaptive time-domain equalizer forbaseband signals

Supported.

6.2 Packet Service CapabilityThe product provides the powerful packet service capability to meet the relevant requirementsof operators.

Table 6-17 Packet service capability

Item Performance Specification

Number of supported VLAN tags 4K

Number of supported tunnels 512

Number of supported PWs 1024

Number of E-Lines 1024

6.3 Equipment ReliabilityEquipment reliability includes the component reliability and the link reliability.

6.3.1 Component ReliabilityThe component reliability reflects the reliability of a single component.

Table 6-18 Component reliability

Item Performance

IDU (1+0 Non-protectionConfiguration)

IDU (1+1 ProtectionConfiguration)

ODU

MTBF (h) 354749 547272 481788

MTTR (h) 1 1 1

Availability 99.99972% 99.99982% 99.99979%



6-13

6.3.2 Link ReliabilityThe link reliability reflects the reliability of a microwave hop and reflects the reliability of allthe involved components.

Table 6-19 Link reliability per hop

Item Performance

1+0 Non-protectionConfiguration

1+1 Protection Configuration

MTBF (h) 102155 258929

MTTR (h) 1 1

Availability 99.99902% 99.99961%

6.4 Interface PerformanceThis section describes the technical specifications of various services and auxiliary interfaces.

6.4.1 SDH Optical Interface PerformanceThe performance of the SDH optical interface is compliant with ITU-T G.957/G.825.

C-STM-1 Optical Interface Performance

The performance of the STM-1 optical interface is compliant with ITU-T G.957/G.825. Thefollowing table provides the primary performance.

Table 6-20 C-STM-1 Optical Interface Performance

Item Performance

Nominal bit rate (kbit/s) 155520

Classification code S-1.1 L-1.1 L-1.2

Fiber type Single-modefiber

Single-modefiber

Single-modefiber

Transmission distance (km) 15 40 80

Operating wavelength (nm) 1261 to 1360 1263 to 1360 1480 to 1580

Mean launched power (dBm) -15 to -8 -5 to 0 -5 to 0

Receiver minimum sensitivity(dBm)

-28 -34 -34

Minimum overload (dBm) -8 -10 -10


Product Description


Issue 03 (2010-06-10)

Item Performance

Minimum extinction ratio (dB) 8.2 10 10

NOTE

The OptiX RTN 910 uses SFP modules for providing optical interfaces. You can use different types of SFPmodules to provide optical interfaces with different classification codes and transmission distances.

6.4.2 E1 Interface PerformanceThe performance of the E1 interface is compliant with ITU-T G.703/G.823.

E1 Interface Performance

Table 6-21 E1 interface performance

Item Performance


Code pattern HDB3

Wire pair in eachtransmission direction

One coaxial wire pair One symmetrical wire pair

Impedance (ohm) 75 120

6.4.3 Ethernet Interface PerformanceThe performance of the Ethernet interface is compliant with IEEE 802.3.

GE Optical Interface Performance

The performance of the GE optical interface is compliant with IEEE 802.3. The following tableprovides the primary performance.

Table 6-22 GE optical interface performance

Item Performance

Nominal bitrate (kbit/s)

1000

Opticalinterface type

1000BASE-LX(0.5 km)

1000BASE-SX(10 km)

1000BASE-VX(40 km)

1000BASE-ZX(80 km)

1000BASE-CWDM(40 km)

Fiber type Multi-mode Single-mode Single-mode Single-mode Single-mode



6-15

Item Performance

Centralwavelength(nm)

770 to 860 1270 to 1355 1270 to 1355 1500 to 1580 For detailsonwavelengthallocation,see Table6-23.

Meanlaunchedoptical power(dBm)

-9.5 to 0 -11 to -3 - 5 to 0 -2 to 5 0 to 5

Receiversensitivity(dBm)

-17 -19 -22 -22 -19

Min. overheadpoint (dBm)

0 -3 -3 -3 -3

Extinctionratio (dB)

9 9 9 9 9

Table 6-23 Allocation of central wavelengths of 1000BASE-CWDM interfaces

No. Wavelength (nm) No. Wavelength (nm)

1 1464.5 to 1477.5 5 1544.5 to 1557.5

2 1484.5 to 1497.5 6 1564.5 to 1577.5

3 1504.5 to 1517.5 7 1584.5 to 1597.5

4 1524.5 to 1537.5 8 1604.5 to 1617.5

NOTE

The OptiX RTN 910 uses SFP modules for providing GE optical interfaces. You can use different types of SFPmodules to provide GE optical interfaces with different classification codes and transmission distances.

Performance of the FE Optical InterfaceThe FE optical interface complies with IEEE 802.3. The following table describes the primaryperformance.

Table 6-24 Performance of the FE optical interface

Item Performance

Nominal bit rate(kbit/s)

100


Product Description


Issue 03 (2010-06-10)

Item Performance

Optical interfacetype

100BASE-FX(15 km)

100BASE-FX(40 km)

100BASE-FX(80 km)

Fiber type Single-mode Single-mode Single-mode

Central wavelength(nm)

1261 to 1360 1263 to 1360 1480 to 1580

Mean launchedoptical power (dBm)

- 15 to - 8 - 5 to 0 -5 to 0

Receiver sensitivity(dBm)

-28 -34 -34

Min. overhead point(dBm)

-8 -10 -10

Extinction ratio (dB) 8.2 10 10

NOTE

The OptiX RTN 910 uses SFP modules for providing FE optical interfaces. You can use different types of SFPmodules to provide FE optical interfaces with different classification codes and transmission distances.

GE electric Interface Performance

The GE electric interface is compliant with IEEE 802.3. The following table provides the primaryperformance.

Table 6-25 GE electric interface performance

Item Performance

Nominal bit rate (Mbit/s) 10 (10BASE-T)100 (100BASE-TX)1000 (1000BASE-T)

Code pattern Manchester encoding signal (10BASE-T)MLT-3 encoding signal (100BASE-TX)4D-PAM5 encoding signal (1000BASE-T)

Interface type RJ-45

FE electric Interface Performance

The 10/100BASE-T(X) interface is compliant with IEEE 802.3. The following table providesthe primary performance.



6-17

Table 6-26 FE electric interface performance

Item Performance

Nominal bit rate (Mbit/s) 10 (10BASE-T)100 (100BASE-TX)

Code pattern Manchester encoding signal (10BASE-T)MLT-3 encoding signal (100BASE-TX)

Interface type RJ-45

6.4.4 Auxiliary Interface PerformanceThe auxiliary interface performance includes the performance of the orderwire interface andsynchronous data interface.

Orderwire Interface Performance

Table 6-27 Orderwire interface performance

Item Performance

Transmission path Uses the Huawei-defined byte in the overhead of themicrowave frame.

Orderwire type Addressing call

Wire pair in eachtransmission direction

One symmetrical wire pair

Impedance (ohm) 600

Synchronous Data Interface Performance

Table 6-28 Synchronous data interface performance

Item Performance

Transmission path Uses the Huawei-defined byte in the overhead of themicrowave frame.


Interface type Codirectional

Interface characteristics Meets the ITU-T G.703 standard.


Product Description


Issue 03 (2010-06-10)

6.5 Clock Timing and Synchronization PerformanceThe clock timing performance and synchronization performance of the product meet relevantITU-T recommendations.

Table 6-29 Clock timing and synchronization performance

Item Performance

External synchronizationsource

2048 kbit/s (compliant with ITU-T G.703 §9), or 2048 kHz(compliant with ITU-T G.703 §13)

Frequency accuracy Compliant with ITU-T G.813

Pull-in, hold-in, and pull-outranges

Noise generation

Noise tolerance

Noise transfer

Transient response andholdover performance

6.6 Integrated System PerformanceIntegrated system performance includes the dimensions, weight, power consumption, powersupply, EMC, lightning protection, safety, and environment.

Dimensions

Table 6-30 Dimensions

Component Dimensions

IDU 442 mm (width) x 220 mm (depth) x 44 mm (height)

ODU < 280 mm (width) x 92 mm (depth) x 280 mm (height)



6-19

Weight and Power Consumption

Table 6-31 Typical weight

Component Typical Weight

IDU 4.1 kg, (1+0 non-protection)4.6 kg, (1+1 protection)

ODU < 4.6 kg

Table 6-32 Typical power consumption

No. Configuration(Service Interface, RF configuration)

Typical PowerConsumption(IDU+ODU)

1 16xE1+4xFE, 1+0 non-protection(1xCXPAR+1xIFE2+1xSP ODU+1xFAN+1xPIU)

118 W

2 16xE1+4xFE, 1+1 HSB protection(1xCXPAR+2xIFE2+2xSP ODU+1xFAN+1xPIU)

155 W

Power Supply

Table 6-33 Power Supply

Component Performance

IDU l Compliant with ETSI EN300 132-2

l Supporting two -48 V/-60 V (-38.4 V to -72 V) DC powerinputs (mutual backup)

ODU l Compliant with ETSI EN300 132-2

l Supporting one -48 V (-38.4 V to -72 V) DC power inputthat is provided by the IDU

Electromagnetic Compatibilityl Passes CE authentication.

l Compliant with ETSI EN 301 489-1.

l Compliant with ETSI EN 301 489-4.

l Compliant with CISPR 22.


Product Description


Issue 03 (2010-06-10)

l Compliant with EN 55022.

Lightning Protectionl Compliant with ITU-T K.27.

l Compliant with ETSI EN 300 253.

Safetyl Passes CE authentication.

l Compliant with ETSI EN 60215.

l Compliant with ETSI EN 60950.

l Compliant with IEC 60825.

EnvironmentThe IDU is a unit used in a place that has weather protection and where the temperature can becontrolled. The ODU is an outdoor unit.

Table 6-34 Environment performance

Item Component

IDU ODU

Majorreferencestandards

Operation Compliant with ETSI EN300 019-1-3 class 3.2

Compliant with ETSI EN300 019-1-4 class 4.1

Transportation Compliant with ETSI EN 300 019-1-2 class 2.3

Storage Compliant with ETSI EN 300 019-1-1 class 1.2

Airtemperature

Operation -5°C to +55°C -35°C to +55°C

Transportationand storage

-40°C to +70°C

Relative humidity 5% to 95% 5% to 100%

Noise < 7.2 bel, compliant withETSI EN 300 753 class 3.2attended

-

Earthquake Compliant with Bellcore GR-63-CORE ZONE 4

Mechanical stress Compliant with ETSI EN 300 019



6-21

A Glossary

Terms are listed in an alphabetical order.

A.1 0-9

A.2 A-E

A.3 F-J

A.4 K-O

A.5 P-T

A.6 U-Z

OptiX RTN 910Product Description A Glossary


A-1

A.1 0-91+1 protection An architecture that has one normal traffic signal, one working SNC/trail, one protection

SNC/trail and a permanent bridge. At the source end, the normal traffic signal ispermanently bridged to both the working and protection SNC/trail. At the sink end, thenormal traffic signal is selected from the better of the two SNCs/trails. Due to thepermanent bridging, the 1+1 architecture does not allow an extra unprotected trafficsignal to be provided.

1U The standard electronics industries association (EIA) rack unit (44 mm/1.75 in.)

802.1Q in 802.1Q 802.1Q in 802.1Q (QinQ) is a VLAN feature that allows the equipment to add a VLANtag to a tagged frame.The implementation of QinQ is to add a public VLAN tag to aframe with a private VLAN tag, making the frame encapsulated with two layers of VLANtags. The frame is forwarded over the service provider's backbone network based on thepublic VLAN tag. By this, a layer 2 VPN tunnel is provided to customers.The QinQfeature enables the transmission of the private VLANs to the peer end transparently.

A.2 A-E

A

ABR See Available Bit Rate

ACAP See adjacent channel alternate polarization

Access Control List Access Control List (ACL) is a list of IP address. The addresses listed in the ACL areused for authentication. If the ACL for the user is not null, it indicates that the addresswhere the user logged in is contained in the list.

ACL See Access Control List

adaptive modulation A technology that is used to automatically adjust the modulation mode according to thechannel quality. When the channel quality is favorable, the equipment adopts a high-efficiency modulation mode to improve the transmission efficiency and the spectrumutilization of the system. When the channel quality is degraded, the equipment adoptsthe low-efficiency modulation mode to improve the anti-interference capability of thelink that carries high-priority services.

ADC See Analog to Digital Converter

add/drop multiplexer Add/Drop Multiplexing. Network elements that provide access to all or some subset ofthe constituent signals contained within an STM-N signal. The constituent signals areadded to (inserted), and/or dropped from (extracted) the STM-N signal as it passedthrough the ADM.

Address ResolutionProtocol

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is an Internet Protocol used to map IP addresses toMAC addresses. It allows hosts and routers to determine the link layer addresses throughARP requests and ARP responses. The address resolution is a process in which the hostconverts the target IP address into a target MAC address before transmitting a frame.The basic function of the ARP is to query the MAC address of the target equipmentthrough its IP address.

A GlossaryOptiX RTN 910

Product Description

A-2 Huawei Proprietary and ConfidentialCopyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

Issue 03 (2010-06-10)

adjacent channelalternate polarization

A channel configuration method, which uses two adjacent channels (a horizontalpolarization wave and a vertical polarization wave) to transmit two signals.

ADM See add/drop multiplexer

Administrative Unit The information structure which provides adaptation between the higher order path layerand the multiplex section layer. It consists of an information payload (the higher orderVC) and an AU pointer which indicates the offset of the payload frame start relative tothe multiplex section frame start.

AF See Assured Forwarding

AGC See Automatic Gain Control

aggregation A collection of objects that makes a whole. An aggregation can be a concrete orconceptual set of whole-part relationships among objects.

AIS See Alarm Indication Signal

Alarm automaticreport

When an alarm is generated on the device side, the alarm is reported to the N2000. Then,an alarm panel prompts and the user can view the details of the alarm.

alarm cascading The shunt-wound output of the alarm signals of several subracks or cabinets.

Alarm Filtering An NE reports the detected alarm to the element management system (EMS). Based onthe filter state of the alarm, the EMS determines whether to display or save the alarminformation. If the filter state of an alarm is set to Filter, the alarm is not displayed orstored on the EMS. The alarm, however, is still monitored by the NE.

Alarm IndicationSignal

A code sent downstream in a digital network as an indication that an upstream failurehas been detected and alarmed. It is associated with multiple transport layers. Note: SeeITU-T Rec. G.707/Y.1322 for specific AIS signals.

Alarm suppression A function used not to monitor alarms for a specific object, which may be thenetworkwide equipment, a specific NE, a specific board and even a specific functionmodule of a specific board.

AM See adaptive modulation

Analog to DigitalConverter

An electronic circuit that converts continuous signals to discrete digital numbers. Thereverse operation is performed by a digital-to-analog converter (DAC).

APS See Automatic Protection Switching

ARP See Address Resolution Protocol

ASK amplitude shift keying

Assured Forwarding Assured Forwarding (AF) is one of the four per-hop behaviors (PHB) defined by theDiff-Serv workgroup of IETF. AF is suitable for certain key data services that requireassured bandwidth and short delay. For traffic within the limit, AF assures quality inforwarding. For traffic that exceeds the limit, AF degrades the service class and continuesto forward the traffic instead of discarding the packets.

AsynchronousTransfer Mode

A data transfer technology based on cell, in which packets allocation relies on channeldemand. It supports fast packet switching to achieve efficient utilization of networkresources. The size of a cell is 53 bytes, which consist of 48-byte payload and 5-byteheader.

ATM See Asynchronous Transfer Mode

ATM PVC ATM Permanent Virtual Circuit



A-3

ATPC See automatic transmit power control

attenuator A device used to increase the attenuation of an Optical Fibre Link. Generally used toensure that the signal at the receive end is not too strong.

AU See Administrative Unit

Automatic GainControl

A process or means by which gain is automatically adjusted in a specified manner as afunction of a specified parameter, such as received signal level.

Automatic ProtectionSwitching

Automatic Protection Switching (APS) is the capability of a transmission system todetect a failure on a working facility and to switch to a standby facility to recover thetraffic.

automatic transmitpower control

A method of adjusting the transmit power based on fading of the transmit signal detectedat the receiver

Available Bit Rate A kind of service categories defined by the ATM forum. ABR only provides possibleforwarding service and applies to the connections that does not require the real-timequality. It does not provide any guarantee in terms of cell loss or delay.

B

Backward DefectIndication

When detecting a defect, the sink node of a LSP uses backward defect indication (BDI)to inform the upstream end of the LSP of a downstream defect along the return path.

bandwidth A range of transmission frequencies that a transmission line or channel can carry in anetwork. In fact, it is the difference between the highest and lowest frequencies thetransmission line or channel. The greater the bandwidth, the faster the data transfer rate.

Base Station Controller A logical entity that connects the BTS with the MSC in a GSM network. It interworkswith the BTS through the Abis interface, the MSC through the A interface. It providesthe following functions: Radio resource management, Base station management, Powercontrol, Handover control, and Traffic measurement. One BSC controls and managesone or more BTSs in an actual network.

Base TransceiverStation

A Base Transceiver Station terminates the radio interface. It allows transmission of trafficand signaling across the air interface. The BTS includes the baseband processing, radioequipment, and the antenna.

BDI See Backward Defect Indication

BE See best effort

BER See Bit Error Rate

best effort A kind of PHB (Per-Hop-Behavior). In the forwarding process of a DS domain, the trafficof this PHB type features reachability but the DS node does not guarantee the forwardingquality.

BIOS Basic Input Output System

BIP Bit-Interleaved Parity

bit error An incompatibility between a bit in a transmitted digital signal and the correspondingbit in the received digital signal.

Bit Error Rate Bit error rate. Ratio of received bits that contain errors. BER is an important index usedto measure the communications quality of a network.


Product Description


Issue 03 (2010-06-10)

blank filler panel A piece of board to cover vacant slots, to keep the frame away from dirt, to keep properairflow inside the frame, and to beautify the frame appearance.

BPDU See Bridge Protocol Data Unit

Bridge Protocol DataUnit

The data messages that are exchanged across the switches within an extended LAN thatuses a spanning tree protocol (STP) topology. BPDU packets contain information onports, addresses, priorities and costs and ensure that the data ends up where it wasintended to go. BPDU messages are exchanged across bridges to detect loops in anetwork topology. The loops are then removed by shutting down selected bridgesinterfaces and placing redundant switch ports in a backup, or blocked, state.

Broadcast A means of delivering information to all members in a network. The broadcast range isdetermined by the broadcast address.

BSC See Base Station Controller

BTS See Base Transceiver Station

Buffer A storage area used for handling data in transit. Buffers are used in internetworking tocompensate for differences in processing speed between network devices. Bursts of datacan be stored in buffers until they can be handled by slower processing devices.

C

C-VLAN Customer VLAN

Cable distribution plate A component which is used to arrange the cables in order.

cable ladder (1) A cable ladder is a frame which supports electrical cables. (2) Two metal cablesusually made of stainless steel with rungs of lightweight metal tubing such as aluminum,six or eight inches wide spaced about eighteen inches apart. It can be rolled into a compactlightweight bundle for transport ease.

cable tie The tape used to bind the cables.

cabling trough The trough which is used for cable routing in the cabinet.

captive nut Captive nuts (or as they are more correctly named, 'tee nuts') have a range of uses butare more commonly used in the hobby for engine fixing (securing engine mounts to thefirewall), wing fixings, and undercarriage fixing.

CAR See committed access rate

CBR See Constant Bit Rate

CCC See Circuit Cross Connect

CCDP See Co-Channel Dual Polarization

CCM See continuity check message

CE See Customer Edge

Central ProcessingUnit

The CPU is the brains of the computer. Sometimes referred to simply as the processoror central processor, the CPU is where most calculations take place.

CES See Circuit Emulation Service

CF See compact flash

CGMP Cisco Group Management Protocol



A-5

CIR See Committed Information Rate

Circuit Cross Connect An implementation of MPLS L2VPN through the static configuration of labels.

Circuit EmulationService

A function with which the E1/T1 data can be transmitted through ATM networks. At thetransmission end, the interface module packs timeslot data into ATM cells. These ATMcells are sent to the reception end through the ATM network. At the reception end, theinterface module re-assigns the data in these ATM cells to E1/T1 timeslots. The CEStechnology guarantees that the data in E1/T1 timeslots can be recovered to the originalsequence at the reception end.

CIST See Common and Internal Spanning Tree

CIST root A switch of the highest priority is elected as the root in an MSTP network.

Class of Service A class object that stores the priority mapping rules. When network congestion occurs,the class of service (CoS) first processes services by different priority levels from highto low. If the bandwidth is insufficient to support all services, the CoS dumps the servicesof low priority.

Clock tracing The method to keep the time on each node being synchronized with a clock source in anetwork.

Co-Channel DualPolarization

A channel configuration method, which uses a horizontal polarization wave and a verticalpolarization wave to transmit two signals. The Co-Channel Dual Polarization is twicethe transmission capacity of the single polarization.

Coarse WavelengthDivision Multiplexing

A signal transmission technology that multiplexes widely-spaced optical channels intothe same fiber. CWDM widely spaces wavelengths at a spacing of several nm. CWDMdoes not support optical amplifiers and is applied in short-distance chain networking.

Colored packet A packet whose priority is determined by defined colors.

Combined cabinet Two or multiple BTS cabinets of the same type are combined to serve as one BTS.

committed access rate A traffic control method that uses a set of rate limits to be applied to a router interface.CAR is a configurable method by which incoming and outgoing packets can be classifiedinto QoS (Quality of Service) groups, and by which the input or output transmission ratecan be defined.

CommittedInformation Rate

The rate at which a frame relay network agrees to transfer information in normalconditions. Namely, it is the rate, measured in bit/s, at which the token is transferred tothe leaky bucket.

Common and InternalSpanning Tree

Common and Internal Spanning Tree. The single Spanning Tree calculated by STP andRSTP together with the logical continuation of that connectivity through MST Bridgesand regions, calculatedby MSTP to ensure that all LANs in the Bridged Local AreaNetwork are simply and fully connected.

compact flash Compact flash (CF) was originally developed as a type of data storage device used inportable electronic devices. For storage, CompactFlash typically uses flash memory ina standardized enclosure.

Concatenation A process that combines multiple virtual containers. The combined capacities can beused a single capacity. The concatenation also keeps the integrity of bit sequence.

connecting plate forcombining cabinets

A plate that connects two adjacent cabinet together at the cabinet top for fixing.


Product Description


Issue 03 (2010-06-10)

Connectivity Check Ethernet CFM can detect the connectivity between MEPs. The detection is achieved byeach MEP transmitting a Continuity Check Message (CCM) periodically. This detectionis called CC detection.

Constant Bit Rate constant bit rate. A kind of service categories defined by the ATM forum. CBR transferscells based on the constant bandwidth. It is applicable to service connections that dependon precise clocking to ensure undistorted transmission.

Constraint ShortestPath First

An extension of shortest path algorithms like OSPF and IS-IS. The path computed usingCSPF is a shortest path fulfilling set of constrains. It simply means that it runs shortestpath algorithm after pruning those links that violate a given set of constraints. Aconstraint could be minimum bandwidth required per link (also know as bandwidthguaranteed constraint), end-to-end delay, maximum number of link traversed etc. CSPFis widely used in MPLS Traffic Engineering. The routing using CSPF is known asConstraint Based Routing (CBR).

Constraint-basedRouted-LabelDistribution Protocol

An alternative to RSVP (Resource ReSerVation Protocol) in MPLS (MultiProtocolLabel Switching) networks. RSVP, which works at the IP (Internet Protocol) level, usesIP or UDP datagrams to communicate between LSR (Label Switched Routing) peers.RSVP does not require the maintenance of TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)sessions, although RSVP must assume responsibility for error control. CR-LDP isdesigned to facilitate the routing of LSPs (Label Switched Paths) through TCP sessionsbetween LSR peers through the communication of label distribution messages duringthe session.

continuity checkmessage

CCM is used to detect the link status.

corrugated tube A pipe which is used for fiber routing.

CoS See Class of Service

CPU See Central Processing Unit

CR-LDP See Constraint-based Routed-Label Distribution Protocol

CRC See Cyclic Redundancy Check

cross polarizationinterferencecancellation

A technology used in the case of the Co-Channel Dual Polarization (CCDP) to eliminatethe cross-connect interference between two polarization waves in the CCDP.

CSPF See Constraint Shortest Path First

Customer Edge A part of BGP/MPLS IP VPN model. It provides interfaces for direct connection to theService Provider (SP) network. A CE can be a router, switch, or host.

CWDM See Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing

Cyclic RedundancyCheck

A procedure used in checking for errors in data transmission. CRC error checking usesa complex calculation to generate a number based on the data transmitted. The sendingdevice performs the calculation before transmission and includes it in the packet that itsends to the receiving device. The receiving device repeats the same calculation aftertransmission. If both devices obtain the same result, it is assumed that the transmissionwas error free. The procedure is known as a redundancy check because each transmissionincludes not only data but extra (redundant) error-checking values.



A-7

D

Data Circuit-terminalEquipment

Also Data Communications Equipment (DCE) and Data Carrier Equipment (DCE). Thebasic function of a DCE is to convert data from one interface, such as a digital signal, toanother interface, such as an analog signal. One example of DCE is a modem.

Data CommunicationNetwork

A communication network used in a TMN or between TMNs to support the DataCommunication Function (DCF).

Data CommunicationsChannel

The data channel that uses the D1-D12 bytes in the overhead of an STM-N signal totransmit information on operation, management, maintenance and provision (OAM&P)between NEs. The DCC channels that are composed of bytes D1-D3 is referred to as the192 kbit/s DCC-R channel. The other DCC channel that are composed of bytes D4-D12is referred to as the 576 kbit/s DCC-M channel.

Datagram A kind of PDU which is used in Connectionless Network Protocol, such as IP datagram,UDP datagram.

DC See Direct Current

DC-C See DC-Return Common (with Ground)

DC-I See DC-Return Isolate (with Ground)

DC-Return Common(with Ground)

A power system, in which the BGND of the DC return conductor is short-circuited withthe PGND on the output side of the power supply cabinet and also on the line betweenthe output of the power supply cabinet and the electric equipment.

DC-Return Isolate(with Ground)

A power system, in which the BGND of the DC return conductor is short-circuited withthe PGND on the output side of the power supply cabinet and is isolated from the PGNDon the line between the output of the power supply cabinet and the electric equipment.

DCC See Data Communications Channel

DCE See Data Circuit-terminal Equipment

DCN See Data Communication Network

DDF See Digital Distribution Frame

DDN See Digital Data Network

DE See discard eligible

Detour LSP The LSP that is used to re-route traffic around a failure in one-to-one backup.

diamond-shaped nut A type of nut that is used to fasten the wiring frame to the cabinet.

Differentiated Services A service architecture that provides the end-to-end QoS function. It consists of a seriesof functional units implemented at the network nodes, including a small group of per-hop forwarding behaviors, packet classification functions, and traffic conditioningfunctions such as metering, marking, shaping and policing.

Differentiated ServicesCode Point

Differentiated Services CodePoint. A marker in the header of each IP packet using bits0-6 in the DS field. Routers provide differentiated classes of services to various servicestreams/flows based on this marker. In other words, routers select corresponding PHBaccording to the DSCP value.

DiffServ See Differentiated Services

Digital Data Network A high-quality data transport tunnel that combines the digital channel (such as fiberchannel, digital microwave channel, or satellite channel) and the cross multiplextechnology.


Product Description


Issue 03 (2010-06-10)

Digital DistributionFrame

A type of equipment used between the transmission equipment and the exchange withtransmission rate of 2 to 155 Mbit/s to provide the functions such as cables connection,cable patching, and test of loops that transmitting digital signals.

digital modulation A digital modulation controls the changes in amplitude, phase, and frequency of thecarrier based on the changes in the baseband digital signal. In this manner, theinformation can be transmitted by the carrier.

Direct Current Electrical current whose direction of flow does not reverse. The current may stop orchange amplitude, but it always flows in the same direction.

discard eligible A bit in the frame relay header. It indicates the priority of a packet. If a node supportsthe FR QoS, the rate of the accessed FR packets is controlled. When the packet trafficexceeds the specified traffic, the DE value of the redundant packets is set to 1. In thecase of network congestion, the packets with DE value as 1 are discarded at the node.

Distance VectorMulticast RoutingProtocol

Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol. The DVMRP protocol is an Internetgateway protocol mainly based on the RIP. The protocol implements a typical densemode IP multicast solution. The DVMRP protocol uses IGMP to exchange routingdatagrams with its neighbors.

DS boundary node A DS node that connects one DS domain to a node either in another DS domain or in adomain that is not DS-capable.

DS domain In the DifferServ mechanism, the DS domain is a domain consisting of a group ofnetwork nodes that share the same service provisioning policy and same PHB. It providespoint-to-point QoS guarantees for services transmitted over this domain.

DS interior node A DS node located at the center of a DS domain. It is a non-DS boundary node.

DS node A DS-compliant node, which is subdivided into DS boundary node and ID interior node.

DSCP See Differentiated Services Code Point

dual-polarized antenna An antenna intended to radiate or receive simultaneously two independent radio wavesorthogonally polarized.

DVMRP See Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol

E

E-AGGR Ethernet-Aggregation

E-LAN See Ethernet LAN

E-Tree See Ethernet-Tree

EBS See Excess Burst Size

ECC See Embedded Control Channel

EF See Expedited Forwarding

EFM See Ethernet in the First mile

Electro MagneticInterference

Any electromagnetic disturbance that interrupts, obstructs, or otherwise degrades orlimits the effective performance of electronics/electrical equipment.



A-9

electromagneticcompatibility

Electromagnetic compatibility is the condition which prevails when telecommunicationsequipment is performing its individually designed function in a common electromagneticenvironment without causing or suffering unacceptable degradation due to unintentionalelectromagnetic interference to or from other equipment in the same environment.[NTIA]

ElectroStatic Discharge The sudden and momentary electric current that flows between two objects at differentelectrical potentials caused by direct contact or induced by an electrostatic field.

Embedded ControlChannel

An ECC provides a logical operations channel between SDH NEs, utilizing a datacommunications channel (DCC) as its physical layer.

EMC See electromagnetic compatibility

EMI See Electro Magnetic Interference

Engineering label A mark on a cable, a subrack, or a cabinet for identification.

EPLn See Ethernet Private LAN

equalization A method of avoiding selective fading of frequencies. Equalization can compensate forthe changes of amplitude frequency caused by frequency selective fading.

ERPS See ethernet ring protection switching

ES-IS End System to Intermediate System

ESD See ElectroStatic Discharge

ESD jack Electrostatic discharge jack. A hole in the cabinet or shelf, which connect the shelf orcabinet to the insertion of ESD wrist strap.

ETH-CC Ethernet Continuity Check

ETH-LB Ethernet Loopback

ETH-LT Ethernet Link Trace

Ethernet A technology complemented in LAN. It adopts Carrier Sense Multiple Access/CollisionDetection. The speed of an Ethernet interface can be 10 Mbit/s, 100 Mbit/s, 1000 Mbit/s or 10000 Mbit/s. The Ethernet network features high reliability and easy maintaining..

Ethernet in the Firstmile

Last mile access from the broadband device to the user community. The EFM takes theadvantages of the SHDSL.bis technology and the Ethernet technology. The EFMprovides both the traditional voice service and internet access service of high speed. Inaddition, it meets the users' requirements on high definition television system (HDTV)and Video On Demand (VOD).

Ethernet LAN Ethernet LAN. A L2VPN service type that is provided for the user Ethernet in differentdomains over the PSN network. For the user Ethernet, the entire PSN network serves asa Layer 2 switch.

Ethernet Private LAN Both a LAN service and a private service. Transport bandwidth is never shared betweendifferent customers.

ethernet ringprotection switching

protection switching mechanisms for ETH layer Ethernet ring topologies.

Ethernet VirtualPrivate LAN

A service that is both a LAN service and a virtual private service.

Ethernet-Tree etherenet tree. An Ethernet service type that is based on a Point-to-multipoint EthernetVirtual Connection.


Product Description


Issue 03 (2010-06-10)

ETS European Telecommunication Standards

ETSI See European Telecommunications Standards Institute

ETSI 300mm cabinet A cabinet which is 600mm in width and 300mm in depth, compliant with the standardsof the ETSI.

EuropeanTelecommunicationsStandards Institute

A standards-setting body in Europe. Also the standards body responsible for GSM.

EVPL Ethernet Virtual Private Line

EVPLn See Ethernet Virtual Private LAN

Excess Burst Size excess burst size. In the single rate three color marker (srTCM) mode, the traffic controlis realized by the token buckets C and E. Excess burst size is a parameter used to definethe capacity of token bucket E, that is, the maximum burst IP packet size when theinformation is transferred at the committed information rate. This parameter must belarger than 0. It is recommended that this parameter should be not less than the maximumlength of the IP packet that might be forwarded.

Exercise Switching An operation to check if the protection switching protocol functions normally. Theprotection switching is not really performed.

Expedited Forwarding Expedited Forwarding (EF) is the highest order QoS in the Diff-Serv network. EF PHBis suitable for services that demand low packet loss ratio, short delay, and broadbandwidth. In all the cases, EF traffic can guarantee a transmission rate equal to or fasterthan the set rate. The DSCP value of EF PHB is "101110".

A.3 F-J

F

Failure If the fault persists long enough to consider the ability of an item with a required functionto be terminated. The item may be considered as having failed; a fault has now beendetected.

Fast Ethernet A type of Ethernet with a maximum transmission rate of 100 Mbit/s. It complies withthe IEEE 802.3u standard and extends the traditional media-sharing Ethernet standard.

fast link pulse The likn pulse that is used to encode information during automatic negotiation.

FCS Frame Check Sequence

FD See frequency diversity

FDI See Forward Defect Indication

FE See Fast Ethernet

FEC See Forward Error Correction

FFD Fast Failure Detection

Fiber Connector A device installed at the end of a fiber, optical source or receive unit. It is used to couplethe optical wave to the fiber when connected to another device of the same type. Aconnector can either connect two fiber ends or connect a fiber end and a optical source(or a detector).



A-11

fiber patch cord A kind of fiber used for connections between the subrack and the ODF, and forconnections between subracks or inside a subrack.

Field ProgrammableGate Array

A type of semi-customized circuit used in the Application Specific Integrated Circuit(ASIC) field. It is developed on the basis of the programmable components, such as thePAL, GAL, and EPLD. It not only remedies the defects of customized circuits, but alsoovercomes the disadvantage of the original programmable components in terms of thelimited number of gate arraies.

FIFO See First in First out

File Transfer Protocol A member of the TCP/IP suite of protocols, used to copy files between two computerson the Internet. Both computers must support their respective FTP roles: one must be anFTP client and the other an FTP server.

First in First out A stack management mechanism. The first saved data is first read and invoked.

FLP See fast link pulse

Forced switch This function forces the service to switch from the working channel to the protectionchannel, with the service not to be restored automatically. This switch occurs regardlessof the state of the protection channels or boards, unless the protection channels or boardsare satisfying a higher priority bridge request.

Forward DefectIndication

Forward defect indication (FDI) is generated and traced forward to the sink node of theLSP by the node that first detects defects. It includes fields to indicate the nature of thedefect and its location. Its primary purpose is to suppress alarms being raised at affectedhigher level client LSPs and (in turn) their client layers.

Forward ErrorCorrection

A bit error correction technology that adds the correction information to the payload atthe transmit end. Based on the correction information, the bit errors generated duringtransmission are corrected at the receive end.

Forwarding plane Also referred to as the data plane. The forwarding plane is connection-oriented, and canbe used in Layer 2 networks such as an ATM network.

FPGA See Field Programmable Gate Array

Fragment Piece of a larger packet that has been broken down to smaller units.

Fragmentation Process of breaking a packet into smaller units when transmitting over a network mediumthat can not support the original size of the packet.

frame A frame, starting with a header, is a string of bytes with a specified length. Frame lengthis represented by the sampling circle or the total number of bytes sampled during a circle.A header comprises one or a number of bytes with pre-specified values. In other words,a header is a code segment that reflects the distribution (diagram) of the elements pre-specified by the sending and receiving parties.

frequency diversity A diversity scheme that enables two or more microwave frequencies with a certainfrequency interval are used to transmit/receive the same signal and selection is thenperformed between the two signals to ease the impact of fading.

FTP See File Transfer Protocol

Full duplex The system that can transmit information in both directions on a communication link.Onthe communication link, both parties can send and receive data at the same time.


Product Description


Issue 03 (2010-06-10)

G

gateway networkelement

A network element that is used for communication between the NE application layer andthe NM application layer

GCP See GMPLS control plan

GE See Gigabit Ethernet

Generic traffic shaping A traffic control measure that initiatively adjusts the output speed of the traffic. This isto adapt the traffic to network resources that can be provided by the downstream routerto avoid packet discarding and congestion.

GFP Generic Framing Procedure

Gigabit Ethernet GE adopts the IEEE 802.3z. GE is compatible with 10 Mbit/s and 100 Mbit/s Ethernet.Itruns at 1000Mbit/s. Gigabit Ethernet uses a private medium, and it does not supportcoaxial cables or other cables. It also supports the channels in the bandwidth mode. IfGigabit Ethernet is, however, deployed to be the private bandwidth system with a bridge(switch) or a router as the center, it gives full play to the performance and the bandwidth.In the network structure, Gigabit Ethernet uses full duplex links that are private, causingthe length of the links to be sufficient for backbone applications in a building and campus.

Global PositioningSystem

A global navigation satellite system. It provides reliable positioning, navigation, andtiming services to worldwide users .

GMPLS control plan The OptiX GMPLS control plan (GCP) is the ASON software developed by Huawei.The OptiX GCP applies to the OptiX OSN product series. By using this software, thetraditional network can evolve into the ASON network. The OptiX OSN product seriessupport the ASON features.

GNE See gateway network element

GPS See Global Positioning System

GR See Graceful Restart

Graceful Restart In IETF, protocols related to Internet Protocol/Multiprotocol Label Switching (IP/MPLS) such as Open Shortest Path First (OSPF), Intermediate System-IntermediateSystem (IS-IS), Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), Label Distribution Protocol (LDP),and Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) are extended to ensure that the forwardingis not interrupted when the system is restarted. This reduces the flapping of the protocolsat the control plane when the system performs the active/standby switchover. This seriesof standards is called Graceful Restart.

Graphical UserInterface

A visual computer enviroment that represents programs, files, and options with graphicalimages, such as icons, menus, and dialog boxes, on the screen.

ground resistance (electricity) Opposition of the earth to the flow of current through it; its value dependson the nature and moisture content of the soil, on the material, composition, and natureof connections to the earth, and on the electrolytic action present.

GTS See Generic traffic shaping

GUI See Graphical User Interface

guide rail Components to guide, position, and support plug-in boards.



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H

H-QoS Hierarchical Quality of Service

HA See High Availability

half-duplex A transmitting mode in which a half-duplex system provides for communication in bothdirections, but only one direction at a time (not simultaneously). Typically, once a partybegins receiving a signal, it must wait for the transmitter to stop transmitting, beforereplying.

HDB3 High Density Bipolar Code 3

HDLC See High level Data Link Control procedure

High Availability The ability of a system to continuously perform its functions during a long period, whichmay exceeds the suggested working time of the independent components. You can obtainthe high availability (HA) by using the error tolerance method. Based on learning casesone by one, you must also clearly understand the limitations of the system that requiresan HA ability and the degree to which the ability can reach.

High level Data LinkControl procedure

A data link protocol from ISO for point-to-point communications over serial links.Derived from IBM's SDLC protocol, HDLC has been the basis for numerous protocolsincluding X.25, ISDN, T1, SS7, GSM, CDPD, PPP and others. Various subsets of HDLChave been developed under the name of Link Access Procedure (LAP).

High Speed DownlinkPacket Access

A modulating-demodulating algorithm put forward in 3GPP R5 to meet the requirementfor asymmetric uplink and downlink transmission of data services. It enables themaximum downlink data service rate to reach 14.4 Mbit/s without changing theWCDMA network topology.

Hold priority The priority of the tunnel with respect to holding resources, ranging from 0 (indicatesthe highest priority) to 7. It is used to determine whether the resources occupied by thetunnel can be preempted by other tunnels.

Hop A network connection between two distant nodes. For Internet operation a hop representsa small step on the route from one main computer to another.

hot standby A mechanism of ensuring device running security. The environment variables andstorage information of each running device are synchronized to the standby device. Whenthe faults occur on the running device, the standby device can take over the services inthe faulty device in automatic or manual way to ensure the normal running of the entiresystem.

HP Higher Order Path

HSDPA See High Speed Downlink Packet Access

HSM Hitless Switch Mode

HTB High Tributary Bus

hybrid radio The hybrid transmission of Native E1 and Native Ethernet signals. Hybrid radio supportsthe AM function.

I

ICMP See Internet Control Messages Protocol

IDU See indoor unit


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IEC See International Electrotechnical Commission

IEEE See Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

IETF The Internet Engineering Task Force

IF See intermediate frequency

IGMP See Internet Group Management Protocol

IGMP snooping A multicast constraint mechanism running on a layer 2 device. This protocol managesand controls the multicast group by listening to and analyze the Internet GroupManagement Protocol (IGMP) packet between hosts and layer 3 devices. In this manner,the spread of the multicast data on layer 2 network can be prevented efficiently.

IMA See Inverse Multiplexing over ATM

indoor unit The indoor unit of the split-structured radio equipment. It implements accessing,multiplexing/demultiplexing, and IF processing for services.

Inloop A method of looping the signals from the cross-connect unit back to the cross-connectunit.

Institute of Electricaland ElectronicsEngineers

A society of engineering and electronics professionals based in the United States butboasting membership from numerous other countries. The IEEE focuses on electrical,electronics, computer engineering, and science-related matters.

Interface board area The area for the interface boards on the subrack.

intermediate frequency The transitional frequency between the frequencies of a modulated signal and an RFsignal.

Intermediate System The basic unit in the IS-IS protocol used to transmit routing information and generateroutes.

Intermediate System toIntermediate System

A protocol used by network devices (routers) .IS-IS is a kind of Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP), used within the ASs. It is a link status protocol using Shortest Path First (SPF)algorithm to calculate the route.

Internal Spanning Tree Internal spanning tree. A segment of CIST in a certain MST region. An IST is a specialMSTI whose ID is 0.

InternationalElectrotechnicalCommission

The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is an international and non-governmental standards organization dealing with electrical and electronical standards.

InternationalOrganization forStandardization

ISO (International Organization for Standardization) is the world's largest developer andpublisher of International Standards.

Internet ControlMessages Protocol

ICMP belongs to the TCP/IP protocol suite. It is used to send error and control messagesduring the transmission of IP-type data packets.

Internet GroupManagement Protocol

The protocol for managing the membership of Internet Protocol multicast groups amongthe TCP/IP protocols. It is used by IP hosts and adjacent multicast routers to establishand maintain multicast group memberships.

Internet Protocol The TCP/IP standard protocol that defines the IP packet as the unit of information sentacross an internet and provides the basis for connectionless, best-effort packet deliveryservice. IP includes the ICMP control and error message protocol as an integral part. Theentire protocol suite is often referred to as TCP/IP because TCP and IP are the twofundamental protocols. IP is standardized in RFC 791.



A-15

Internet ProtocolVersion 6

A update version of IPv4. It is also called IP Next Generation (IPng). The specificationsand standardizations provided by it are consistent with the Internet Engineering TaskForce (IETF).Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) is also called. It is a new version of theInternet Protocol, designed as the successor to IPv4. The specifications andstandardizations provided by it are consistent with the Internet Engineering Task Force(IETF).The difference between IPv6 and IPv4 is that an IPv4 address has 32 bits whilean IPv6 address has 128 bits.

Inverse Multiplexingover ATM

Inverse Multiplexing over ATM. The ATM inverse multiplexing technique involvesinverse multiplexing and de-multiplexing of ATM cells in a cyclical fashion among linksgrouped to form a higher bandwidth logical link whose rate is approximately the sum ofthe link rates. This is referred to as an IMA group.

IP See Internet Protocol

IPv6 See Internet Protocol Version 6

IS-IS See Intermediate System to Intermediate System

ISO See International Organization for Standardization

IST See Internal Spanning Tree

ITU-T International Telecommunication Union - Telecommunication Standardization Sector

IVL Independence VLAN learning

J

Jitter Short waveform variations caused by vibration, voltage fluctuations, and control systeminstability.

A.4 K-O

L

L2VPN See Layer 2 virtual private network

Label Switched Path A sequence of hops (R0...Rn) in which a packet travels from R0 to Rn through labelswitching mechanisms. A label-switched path can be chosen dynamically, based onnormal routing mechanisms, or through configuration.

Label Switching Router The Label Switching Router (LSR) is the basic element of MPLS network. All LSRssupport the MPLS protocol. The LSR is composed of two parts: control unit andforwarding unit. The former is responsible for allocating the label, selecting the route,creating the label forwarding table, creating and removing the label switch path; the latterforwards the labels according to groups received in the label forwarding table.

LACP See Link Aggregation Control Protocol

LAG See link aggregation group

LAN See Local Area Network

LAPD Link Access Procedure on the D channel

LAPS Link Access Procedure-SDH


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Laser A component that generates directional optical waves of narrow wavelengths. The laserlight has better coherence than ordinary light. The fiber system takes the semi-conductorlaser as the light source.

layer 2 switch A data forwarding method. In LAN, a network bridge or 802.3 Ethernet switch transmitsand distributes packet data based on the MAC address. Since the MAC address is thesecond layer of the OSI model, this data forwarding method is called layer 2 switch.

Layer 2 virtual privatenetwork

A virtual private network realized in the packet switched (IP/MPLS) network by Layer2 switching technologies.

LB See Loopback

LCAS See Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme

LDPC Low-Density Parity Check code

line rate forwarding The line rate equals the maximum transmission rate capable on a given type of media.

Link AggregationControl Protocol

Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP) is part of an IEEE specification (802.3ad)that allows you to bundle several physical ports to form a single logical channel. LACPallows a switch to negotiate an automatic bundle by sending LACP packets to the peer.

link aggregation group An aggregation that allows one or more links to be aggregated together to form a linkaggregation group so that a MAC clientcan treat the link aggregation group as if it werea single link.

Link CapacityAdjustment Scheme

The Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS) is designed to allow the dynamicprovisioning of bandwidth, using VCAT, to meet customer requirements.

Link Protection Protection provided by the bypass tunnel for the link on the working tunnel. The link isa downstream link adjacent to the PLR. When the PLR fails to provide node protection,the link protection should be provided.

LMSP Linear Multiplex Section Protection

Local Area Network A network formed by the computers and workstations within the coverage of a few squarekilometers or within a single building. It features high speed and low error rate. Ethernet,FDDI, and Token Ring are three technologies used to implement a LAN. Current LANsare generally based on switched Ethernet or Wi-Fi technology and running at 1,000 Mbit/s (that is, 1 Gbit/s).

Locked switching When the switching condition is satisfied, this function disables the service from beingswitched from the working channel to the protection channel. When the service has beenswitched, the function enables the service to be restored from the protection channel tothe working channel.

LOF See Loss Of Frame

LOM Loss Of Multiframe

Loopback A troubleshooting technique that returns a transmitted signal to its source so that thesignal or message can be analyzed for errors.

LOP See Loss Of Pointer

LOS See Loss Of Signal

Loss Of Frame A condition at the receiver or a maintenance signal transmitted in the PHY overheadindicating that the receiving equipment has lost frame delineation. This is used to monitorthe performance of the PHY layer.



A-17

Loss Of Pointer Loss of Pointer: A condition at the receiver or a maintenance signal transmitted in thePHY overhead indicating that the receiving equipment has lost the pointer to the start ofcell in the payload. This is used to monitor the performance of the PHY layer.

Loss Of Signal Loss of signal (LOS) indicates that there are no transitions occurring in the receivedsignal.

Lower subrack The subrack close to the bottom of the cabinet when a cabinet contains several subracks.

LP Lower Order Path

LPT Link State Path Through

LSP See Label Switched Path

LSR See Label Switching Router

M

MA See Maintenance Association

MAC See Medium Access Control

MAC See Media Access Control

MADM Multi Add-Drop Multiplexer

MaintenanceAssociation

That portion of a Service Instance, preferably all of it or as much as possible, theconnectivity of which is maintained by CFM. It is also a full mesh of MaintenanceEntities.

Maintenanceassociation End Point

A MEP is an actively managed CFM Entity, associated with a specific DSAP of a ServiceInstance, which can generate and receive CFM frames and track any responses. It is anend point of a single Maintenance Association, and terminates a separate MaintenanceEntity for each of the other MEPs in the same Maintenance Association.

Maintenance Domain The Maintenance Domain (MD) refers to the network or the part of the network for whichconnectivity is managed by CFM. The devices in an MD are managed by a single ISP.

Maintenance Point Maintenance Point (MP) is one of either a MEP or a MIP.

ManagementInformation Base

A type of database used for managing the devices in a communications network. Itcomprises a collection of objects in a (virtual) database used to manage entities (such asrouters and switches) in a network.

Manual switching A protection switching. When the protection path is normal and there is no request of ahigher level switching, the service is manually switched from the working path to theprotection path, to test whether the network still has the protection capability.

Maximum TransferUnit

The MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit) is the size of the largest datagram that can besent over a network.

MBS Maximum Burst Size

MCF See Message Communication Function

MD See Maintenance Domain

MDI See Medium Dependent Interface

Mean Time To Repair The average time that a device will take to recover from a failure.


Product Description


Issue 03 (2010-06-10)

Media Access Control A protocol at the media access control sublayer. The protocol is at the lower part of thedata link layer in the OSI model and is mainly responsible for controlling and connectingthe physical media at the physical layer. When transmitting data, the MAC protocolchecks whether to be able to transmit data. If the data can be transmitted, certain controlinformation is added to the data, and then the data and the control information aretransmitted in a specified format to the physical layer. When receiving data, the MACprotocol checks whether the information is correct and whether the data is transmittedcorrectly. If the information is correct and the data is transmitted correctly, the controlinformation is removed from the data and then the data is transmitted to the LLC layer.

Medium AccessControl

A general reference to the low-level hardware protocols used to access a particularnetwork. The term MAC address is often used as a synonym for physical addresses.

Medium DependentInterface

The electrical and mechanical interface between the equipment and the mediatransmission.

MEP See Maintenance association End Point

MessageCommunicationFunction

The MCF is composed of a protocol stack that allows exchange of managementinformation with their prs .

MIB See Management Information Base

MIP Maintenance Intermediate Point

MLPPP See Multi-link Point to Point Protocol

mount angle An L-shape steel sheet. One side is fixed on the front panel with screws, and the otherside is fixed on the installation hole with screws. On both sides of a rack, there is an L-shaped metal fastener. This ensures that internal components are closely connected withthe rack. Normally, an internal component is installed with two mount angles.

MP See Maintenance Point

MPID Maintenance Point Identification

MPLS See Multi-Protocol Label Switch

MPLS L2VPN The MPLS L2VPN provides the Layer 2 VPN service based on an MPLS network.Inthis case, on a uniform MPLS network, the carrier is able to provide Layer 2 VPNs ofdifferent media types, such as ATM, FR, VLAN, Ethernet, and PPP.

MPLS OAM The MPLS OAM provides continuity check for a single LSP, and provides a set of faultdetection tools and fault correct mechanisms for MPLS networks. The MPLS OAM andrelevant protection switching components implement the detection function for the CR-LSP forwarding plane, and perform the protection switching in 50 ms after a fault occurs.In this way, the impact of a fault can be lowered to the minimum.

MPLS TE Multiprotocol Label Switching Traffic Engineering

MPLS TE tunnel In the case of reroute deployment, or when traffic needs to be transported throughmultiple trails, multiple LSP tunnels might be used. In traffic engineering, such a groupof LSP tunnels are referred to as TE tunnels. An LSP tunnel of this kind has twoidentifiers. One is the Tunnel ID carried by the SENDER object, and is used to uniquelydefine the TE tunnel. The other is the LSP ID carried by the SENDER_TEMPLATE orFILTER_SPEC object.

MS See Multiplex Section

MSP See multiplex section protection



A-19

MSTI See Multiple Spanning Tree Instance

MSTP See Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol

MTBF Mean Time Between Failure

MTTR See Mean Time To Repair

MTU See Maximum Transfer Unit

Multi-link Point toPoint Protocol

A protocol used in ISDN connections. MLPPP lets two B channels act as a single line,doubling connection rates to 128Kbps.

Multi-Protocol LabelSwitch

A technology that uses short tags of fixed length to encapsulate packets in different linklayers, and provides connection-oriented switching for the network layer on the basis ofIP routing and control protocols. It improves the cost performance and expandability ofnetworks, and is beneficial to routing.

Multicast A process of transmitting packets of data from one source to many destinations. Thedestination address of the multicast packet uses Class D address, that is, the IP addressranges from 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255. Each multicast address represents a multicastgroup rather than a host.

Multiple SpanningTree Instance

Multiple spanning tree instance. One of a number of Spanning Trees calculated by MSTPwithin an MST Region, to provide a simply and fully connected active topology forframes classified as belonging to a VLAN that is mapped to the MSTI by the MSTConfiguration. A VLAN cannot be assigned to multiple MSTIs.

Multiple SpanningTree Protocol

Multiple spanning tree protocol. The MSTP can be used in a loop network. Using analgorithm, the MSTP blocks redundant paths so that the loop network can be trimmedas a tree network. In this case, the proliferation and endless cycling of packets is avoidedin the loop network.The protocol that introduces the mapping between VLANs andmultiple spanning trees. This solves the problem that data cannot be normally forwardedin a VLAN because in STP/RSTP, only one spanning tree corresponds to all the VLANs.

Multiple SpanningTree Region

The MST region consists of switches that support the MSTP in the LAN and links amongthem. Switches physically and directly connected and configured with the same MSTregion attributes belong to the same MST region. The attributes for the same MST regionare as follows: Same region name Same revision level Same mapping relation betweenthe VLAN ID to MSTI

Multiplex Section The trail between and including two multiplex section trail termination functions.

multiplex sectionprotection

A function, which is performed to provide capability for switching a signal between andincluding two multiplex section termination (MST) functions, from a "working" to a"protection" channel.

N

N+1 protection A radio link protection system composed of N working channels and one protectionchannel.

NE See Network Element

NE Explorer The main operation interface, of the U2000, which is used to manage the OptiXequipment. In the NE Explorer, the user can configure, manage and maintain the NE,boards, and ports on a per-NE basis.


Product Description


Issue 03 (2010-06-10)

Network Element A network element (NE) contains both the hardware and the software running on it. OneNE is at least equipped with one system control board which manages and monitors theentire network element. The NE software runs on the system control board.

network managementsystem

The network management system in charge of the operation, administration, andmaintenance of a network.

Network Service AccessPoint

A network address defined by ISO, through which entities on the network layer canaccess OSI network services.

Network to NetworkInterface

This is an internal interface within a network linking two or more elements.

next hop The next router to which a packet is sent from any given router as it traverses a networkon its journey to its final destination.

NLP Normal Link Pulse

NMS See network management system

NNHOP Next-Next-Hop

NNI See Network to Network Interface

Node A node stands for a managed device in the network.For a device with a single frame, onenode stands for one device.For a device with multiple frames, one node stands for oneframe of the device.Therefore, a node does not always mean a device.

Node Protection A parameter of the FRR protection. It indicates that the bypass tunnel should be able toprotect the downstream node that is involved in the working tunnel and adjacent to thePLR. The node cannot be a merge point, and the bypass tunnel should also be able toprotect the downstream link that is involved in the working tunnel and adjacent to thePLR.

non-gateway networkelement

A network element whose communication with the NM application layer must betransferred by the gateway network element application layer.

non-GNE See non-gateway network element

NSAP See Network Service Access Point

NSF Not Stop Forwarding

NSMI Network Serial Multiplexed Interface

O

OAM See Operation, Administration and Maintenanc

ODF See Optical Distribution Frame

ODU See outdoor unit

One-to-One Backup A local repair method in which a backup tunnel is separately created for each protectedtunnel at a PLR.

Open Shortest PathFirst

A link-state, hierarchical interior gateway protocol (IGP) for network routing. Dijkstra'salgorithm is used to calculate the shortest path tree. It uses cost as its routing metric. Alink state database is constructed of the network topology which is identical on all routersin the area.



A-21

Open SystemsInterconnection

A standard or "reference model" (officially defined by the International Organization ofStandards (ISO)) for how messages should be transmitted between any two points in atelecommunication network. The reference model defines seven layers of functions thattake place at each end of a communication.

Operation,Administration andMaintenanc

Operation, Administration and Maintenance. A group of network support functions thatmonitor and sustain segment operation, activities that are concerned with, but not limitedto, failure detection, notification, location, and repairs that are intended to eliminate faultsand keep a segment in an operational state and support activities required to provide theservices of a subscriber access network to users/subscribers.

Optical DistributionFrame

A frame which is used to transfer and spool fibers.

orderwire A channel that provides voice communication between operation engineers ormaintenance engineers of different stations.

OSI See Open Systems Interconnection

OSP OptiX Software Platform

OSPF See Open Shortest Path First

outdoor unit The outdoor unit of the split-structured radio equipment. It implements frequencyconversion and amplification for RF signals.

Outloop A method of looping back the input signals received at an port to an output port withoutchanging the structure of the signals.

Output optical power The ranger of optical energy level of output signals.

A.5 P-T

P

Packet over SDH/SONET

A MAN and WAN technology that provides point-to-point data connections. The POSinterface uses SDH/SONET as the physical layer protocol, and supports the transport ofpacket data (such as IP packets) in MAN and WAN.

packet switchednetwork

A telecommunication network which works in packet switching mode.

Packing case A case which is used for packing the board or subrack.

Path/Channel A logical connection between the point at which a standard frame format for the signalat the given rate is assembled, and the point at which the standard frame format for thesignal is disassembled.

PBS See peak burst size

PCB See Printed Circuit Board

PCI bus PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) bus. A high performance bus, 32-bit or 64-bitfor interconnecting chips, expansion boards, and processor/memory subsystems.

PDH See Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy

PDU Protocol Data Unit

PE See Provider Edge


Product Description


Issue 03 (2010-06-10)

peak burst size A parameter used to define the capacity of token bucket P, that is, the maximum burstIP packet size when the information is transferred at the peak information rate. Thisparameter must be larger than 0. It is recommended that this parameter should be notless than the maximum length of the IP packet that might be forwarded.

Peak Information Rate Peak Information Rate . A traffic parameter, expressed in bit/s, whose value should benot less than the committed information rate.

Penultimate HopPopping

Penultimate Hop Popping (PHP) is a function performed by certain routers in an MPLSenabled network. It refers to the process whereby the outermost label of an MPLS taggedpacket is removed by a Label Switched Router (LSR) before the packet is passed to anadjacent Label Edge Router (LER).

Per-Hop-Behavior A forwarding behavior applied at a DS-compliant node. This behavior belongs to thebehavior aggregate defined in the DiffServ domain.

PHB See Per-Hop-Behavior

PHP See Penultimate Hop Popping

PIM-DM Protocol Independent Multicast-Dense Mode

PIM-SM See Protocol Independent Multicast-Sparse Mode

PIR See Peak Information Rate

Plesiochronous DigitalHierarchy

A multiplexing scheme of bit stuffing and byte interleaving. It multiplexes the minimumrate 64 kit/s into the 2 Mbit/s, 34 Mbit/s, 140 Mbit/s, and 565 Mbit/s rates.

Point-to-Point Protocol A protocol on the data link layer, provides point-to-point transmission and encapsulatesdata packets on the network layer. It is located in layer 2 of the IP protocol stack.

polarization A kind of electromagnetic wave, the direction of whose electric field vector is fixed orrotates regularly. Specifically, if the electric field vector of the electromagnetic wave isperpendicular to the plane of horizon, this electromagnetic wave is called verticallypolarized wave; if the electric field vector of the electromagnetic wave is parallel to theplane of horizon, this electromagnetic wave is called horizontal polarized wave; if thetip of the electric field vector, at a fixed point in space, describes a circle, thiselectromagnetic wave is called circularly polarized wave.

POS See Packet over SDH/SONET

Power box A direct current power distribution box at the upper part of a cabinet, which suppliespower for the subracks in the cabinet.

PPP See Point-to-Point Protocol

PPVPN Provider Provisioned VPN

PQ See Priority Queuing

PRBS Pseudo-Random Binary Sequence

PRC Primary Reference Clock

Printed Circuit Board A board used to mechanically support and electrically connect electronic componentsusing conductive pathways, tracks, or traces, etched from copper sheets laminated ontoa non-conductive substrate.



A-23

Priority Queuing A priority queue is an abstract data type in computer programming that supports thefollowing three operations: 1) InsertWithPriority: add an element to the queue with anassociated priority 2) GetNext: remove the element from the queue that has the highestpriority, and return it (also known as "PopElement(Off)", or "GetMinimum") 3)PeekAtNext (optional): look at the element with highest priority without removing it

Processing board area An area for the processing boards on the subrack.

protection groundingcable

A cable which connects the equipment and the protection grounding bar. Usually, onehalf of the cable is yellow; while the other half is green.

Protection path A specific path that is part of a protection group and is labeled protection.

Protocol IndependentMulticast-Sparse Mode

A protocol for efficiently routing to multicast groups that may span wide-area (and inter-domain) internets. This protocol is named protocol independent because it is notdependent on any particular unicast routing protocol for topology discovery, and sparse-mode because it is suitable for groups where a very low percentage of the nodes (andtheir routers) will subscribe to the multicast session. Unlike earlier dense-mode multicastrouting protocols such as DVMRP and PIM-DM which flooded packets everywhere andthen pruned off branches where there were no receivers, PIM-SM explicitly constructsa tree from each sender to the receivers in the multicast group. Multicast packets fromthe sender then follow this tree.

Provider Edge A device that is located in the backbone network of the MPLS VPN structure. A PE isresponsible for VPN user management, establishment of LSPs between PEs, andexchange of routing information between sites of the same VPN. During the process, aPE performs the mapping and forwarding of packets between the private network andthe public channel. A PE can be a UPE, an SPE, or an NPE.

Pseudo wire An emulated connection between two PEs for transmitting frames. The PW is establishedand maintained by PEs through signaling protocols. The status information of a PW ismaintained by the two end PEs of a PW.

Pseudo WireEmulation Edge-to-Edge

Pseudo-Wire Emulation Edge to Edge (PWE3) is a type of end-to-end Layer 2transmitting technology. It emulates the essential attributes of a telecommunicationservice such as ATM, FR or Ethernet in a Packet Switched Network (PSN). PWE3 alsoemulates the essential attributes of low speed Time Division Multiplexed (TDM) circuitand SONET/SDH. The simulation approximates to the real situation.

PSN See packet switched network

PTN Packet Transport Network

PW See Pseudo wire

PWE3 See Pseudo Wire Emulation Edge-to-Edge

Q

QoS See Quality of Service

QPSK See Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

Quadrature Phase ShiftKeying

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) is a modulation method of data transmissionthrough the conversion or modulation and the phase determination of the referencesignals (carrier). It is also called the fourth period or 4-phase PSK or 4-PSK. QPSK usesfour dots in the star diagram. The four dots are evenly distributed on a circle. On thesephases, each QPSK character can perform two-bit coding and display the codes in Graycode on graph with the minimum BER.


Product Description


Issue 03 (2010-06-10)

Quality of Service Quality of Service, which determines the satisfaction of a subscriber for a service. QoSis influenced by the following factors applicable to all services: service operability,service accessibility, service maintainability, and service integrity.

R

Radio Freqency A type of electric current in the wireless network using AC antennas to create anelectromagnetic field. It is the abbreviation of high-frequency AC electromagnetic wave.The AC with the frequency lower than 1 kHz is called low-frequency current. The ACwith frequency higher than 10 kHz is called high-frequency current. RF can be classifiedinto such high-frequency current.

Radio NetworkController

A device used in the RNS to control the usage and integrity of radio resources.

Random EarlyDetection

A packet loss algorithm used in congestion avoidance. It discards the packet accordingto the specified higher limit and lower limit of a queue so that global TCP synchronizationresulted in traditional Tail-Drop can be prevented.

Rapid Spanning TreeProtocol

An evolution of the Spanning Tree Protocol, providing for faster spanning treeconvergence after a topology change. The RSTP protocol is backward compatible withthe STP protocol.

RDI See Remote Defect Indication

Received SignalStrength Indicator

The received wide band power, including thermal noise and noise generated in thereceiver, within the bandwidth defined by the receiver pulse shaping filter, for TDDwithin a specified timeslot. The reference point for the measurement shall be the antenna

Receiver Sensitivity Receiver sensitivity is defined as the minimum acceptable value of average receivedpower at point R to achieve a 1 x 10-10 BER.

RED See Random Early Detection

REI See Remote Error Indication

Remote DefectIndication

A signal transmitted at the first opportunity in the outgoing direction when a terminaldetects specific defects in the incoming signal.

Remote ErrorIndication

A remote error indication (REI) is sent upstream to signal an error condition. There aretwo types of REI alarms: Remote error indication line (REI-L) is sent to the upstreamLTE when errors are detected in the B2 byte. Remote error indication path (REI-P) issent to the upstream PTE when errors are detected in the B3 byte.

remote networkmonitoring

A manage information base (MIB) defined by the Internet Engineering Task Force(IETF). RMON is mainly used to monitor the data flow of one network segment or theentire network.

Resource ReservationProtocol

The Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) is designed for Integrated Service and isused to reserve resources on every node along a path. RSVP operates on the transportlayer; however, RSVP does not transport application data. RSVP is a network controlprotocol like Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP).

Reverse pressure A traffic control method. In telecommunication, when detecting that the transmit endtransmits a large volume of traffic, the receive end sends signals to ask the transmit endto slow down the transmission rate.

RF See Radio Freqency

RFC Request For Comment



A-25

RIP See Routing Information Protocol

RMON See remote network monitoring

RNC See Radio Network Controller

Root alarm An alarm directly caused by anomaly events or faults in the network. Some lower-levelalarms always accompany a root alarm.

route A route is the path that network traffic takes from its source to its destination. In a TCP/IP network, each IP packet is routed independently. Routes can change dynamically.

Routing InformationProtocol

Routing Information Protocol: A simple routing protocol that is part of the TCP/IPprotocol suite. It determines a route based on the smallest hop count between source anddestination. RIP is a distance vector protocol that routinely broadcasts routinginformation to its neighboring routers and is known to waste bandwidth.

routing table A table that stores and updates the locations (addresses) of network devices. Routersregularly share routing table information to be up to date. A router relies on thedestination address and on the information in the table that gives the possible routes--inhops or in number of jumps--between itself, intervening routers, and the destination.Routing tables are updated frequently as new information is available.

RS Reed-Solomon encoding

RSL Received Signal Level

RSSI See Received Signal Strength Indicator

RSTP See Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol

RSVP See Resource Reservation Protocol

RTN Radio Transmission Node

S

SD See space diversity

SDH See Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

SDP Serious Disturbance Period

SEMF Synchronous Equipment Management Function

Service LevelAgreement

A management-documented agreement that defines the relationship between serviceprovider and its customer. It also provides specific, quantifiable information aboutmeasuring and evaluating the delivery of services. The SLA details the specific operatingand support requirements for each service provided. It protects the service provider andcustomer and allows the service provider to provide evidence that it has achieved thedocumented target measure.

SES Severely Errored Second

Setup Priority The priority of the tunnel with respect to obtaining resources, ranging from 0 (indicatesthe highest priority) to 7. It is used to determine whether the tunnel can preempt theresources required by other backup tunnels.

SF See Signal Fail

SFP See Small Form-Factor Pluggable


Product Description


Issue 03 (2010-06-10)

side trough The trough on the side of the cable rack, which is used to place nuts so as to fix thecabinet.

signal cable Common signal cables cover the E1cable, network cable, and other non-subscriber signalcable.

Signal Fail SF is a signal indicating the associated data has failed in the sense that a near-end defectcondition (not being the degraded defect) is active.

Signal Noise Ratio The SNR or S/N (Signal to Noise Ratio) of the amplitude of the desired signal to theamplitude of noise signals at a given point in time. SNR is expressed as 10 times thelogarithm of the power ratio and is usually expressed in dB (Decibel).

Simple NetworkManagement Protocol

A network management protocol of TCP/IP. It enables remote users to view and modifythe management information of a network element. This protocol ensures thetransmission of management information between any two points. The pollingmechanism is adopted to provide basic function sets. According to SNMP, agents, whichcan be hardware as well as software, can monitor the activities of various devices on thenetwork and report these activities to the network console workstation. Controlinformation about each device is maintained by a management information block.

simplex Of or relating to a telecommunications system in which only one message can be sentin either direction at one time.

SLA See Service Level Agreement

Slicing To divide data into the information units proper for transmission.

Small Form-FactorPluggable

A specification for a new generation of optical modular transceivers.

SNC See SubNetwork Connection

SNCP See SubNetwork Connection Protection

SNMP See Simple Network Management Protocol

SNR See Signal Noise Ratio

SP Strict Priority

space diversity A diversity scheme that enables two or more antennas separated by a specific distanceto transmit/receive the same signal and selection is then performed between the twosignals to ease the impact of fading. Currently, only receive SD is used.

Spanning Tree Protocol Spanning Tree Protocol. STP is a protocol that is used in the LAN to remove the loop.STP applies to the redundant network to block some undesirable redundant paths throughcertain algorithms and prune a loop network into a loop-free tree network.

SSM See Synchronization Status Message

Static Virtual Circuit Static virtual circuit. A static implementation of MPLS L2VPN that transfers L2VPNinformation by manual configuration of VC labels, instead of by a signaling protocol.

Statistical multiplexing A multiplexing technique whereby information from multiple logical channels can betransmitted across a single physical channel. It dynamically allocates bandwidth only toactive input channels, to make better use of available bandwidth and allow more devicesto be connected than with other multiplexing techniques. Compare with TDM.

STM See synchronous transport module

STM-1 SDH Transport Module -1



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STM-1e STM-1 Electrical Interface

STM-1o STM-1 Optical Interface

STP See Spanning Tree Protocol

sub-network Sub-network is the logical entity in the transmission network and comprises a group ofnetwork management objects. The network that consists of a group of interconnected orcorrelated NEs, according to different functions. For example, protection subnet, clocksubnet and so on. A sub-network can contain NEs and other sub-networks. Generally, asub-network is used to contain the equipments which are located in adjacent regions andclosely related with one another, and it is indicated with a sub-network icon on atopological view. The U2000 supports multilevels of sub-networks. A sub-networkplanning can better the organization of a network view. On the one hand, the view spacecan be saved, on the other hand, it helps the network management personnel focus onthe equipments under their management.

subnet mask The technique used by the IP protocol to determine which network segment packets aredestined for. The subnet mask is a binary pattern that is stored in the client machine,server or router and is matched with the IP address.

SubNetworkConnection

A "transport entity" that transfers information across a subnetwork, it is formed by theassociation of "ports" on the boundary of the subnetwork.

SubNetworkConnection Protection

A working subnetwork connection is replaced by a protection subnetwork connection ifthe working subnetwork connection fails, or if its performance falls below a requiredlevel.

SVC See Static Virtual Circuit

SVL Shared VLAN Learning

Switch To filter, forward frames based on label or the destination address of each frame. Thisbehavior operates at the data link layer of the OSI model.

Synchronization StatusMessage

A message that is used to transmit the quality levels of timing signals on the synchronoustiming link. Through this message, the node clocks of the SDH network and thesynchronization network can aquire upper stream clock information, and the two performoperations on the corresponding clocks, such as tracing, switchover, or converting hold),and then forward the synchronization information of this node to down stream.

Synchronous DigitalHierarchy

SDH is a transmission scheme that follows ITU-T G.707, G.708, and G.709. It definesthe transmission features of digital signals such as frame structure, multiplexing mode,transmission rate level, and interface code. SDH is an important part of ISDN and B-ISDN. It interleaves the bytes of low-speed signals to multiplex the signals to high-speedcounterparts, and the line coding of scrambling is only used only for signals. SDH issuitable for the fiber communication system with high speed and a large capacity sinceit uses synchronous multiplexing and flexible mapping structure.

synchronous transportmodule

An STM is the information structure used to support section layer connections in theSDH. It consists of information payload and Section Overhead (SOH) information fieldsorganized in a block frame structure which repeats every 125 . The information is suitablyconditioned for serial transmission on the selected media at a rate which is synchronizedto the network. A basic STM is defined at 155 520 kbit/s. This is termed STM-1. Highercapacity STMs are formed at rates equivalent to N times this basic rate. STM capacitiesfor N = 4, N = 16 and N = 64 are defined; higher values are under consideration.


Product Description


Issue 03 (2010-06-10)

T

tail drop A type of QoS. When a queue within a network router reaches its maximum length,packet drops can occur. When a packet drop occurs, connection-based protocols such asTCP slow down their transmission rates in an attempt to let queued packets be serviced,thereby letting the queue empty. This is also known as tail drop because packets aredropped from the input end (tail) of the queue.

Tail drop A congestion management mechanism, in which packets arrive later are discarded whenthe queue is full. This policy of discarding packets may result in network-widesynchronization due to the TCP slow startup mechanism.

TCI Tag Control Information

TCP See TransmissionControl Protocol

TDM See Time Division Multiplexing

TE See traffic engineering

TEDB See Traffic Engineering DataBase

TelecommunicationManagement Network

The Telecommunications Management Network is a protocol model defined by ITU-Tfor managing open systems in a communications network.An architecture formanagement, including planning, provisioning, installation, maintenance, operation andadministration of telecommunications equipment, networks and services.

TIM Trace Identifier Mismatch

Time DivisionMultiplexing

It is a multiplexing technology. TDM divides the sampling cycle of a channel into timeslots (TSn, n=0, 1, 2, 3......), and the sampling value codes of multiple signals engrosstime slots in a certain order, forming multiple multiplexing digital signals to betransmitted over one channel.

Time To Live A technique used in best-effort delivery systems to prevent packets that loop endlessly.The TTL is set by the sender to the maximum time the packet is allowed to be in thenetwork. Each router in the network decrements the TTL field when the packet arrives,and discards any packet if the TTL counter reaches zero.

TMN See Telecommunication Management Network

ToS priority A ToS sub-field (the bits 0 to 2 in the ToS field) in the ToS field of the IP packet header.

TPS See Tributary Protection Switch

traffic engineering A task that effectively maps the service flows to the existing physical topology.

Traffic EngineeringDataBase

TEDB is the abbreviation of the traffic engineering database. MPLS TE needs to knowthe features of the dynamic TE of every links by expanding the current IGP, which usesthe link state algorithm, such as OSPF and IS-IS. The expanded OSPF and IS-IS containsome TE features, such as the link bandwidth and color. The maximum reservedbandwidth of the link and the unreserved bandwidth of every link with priority are ratherimportant. Every router collects the information about TE of every links in its area andgenerates TE DataBase. TEDB is the base of forming the dynamic TE path in the MPLSTE network.

Traffic shaping It is a way of controlling the network traffic from a computer to optimize or guaranteethe performance and minimize the delay. It actively adjusts the output speed of trafficin the scenario that the traffic matches network resources provided by the lower layerdevices, avoiding packet loss and congestion.



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trail A type of transport entity, mainly engaged in transferring signals from the input of thetrail source to the output of the trail sink, and monitoring the integrality of the transferredsignals.

TransmissionControlProtocol

The protocol within TCP/IP that governs the breakup of data messages into packets tobe sent via IP (Internet Protocol), and the reassembly and verification of the completemessages from packets received by IP. A connection-oriented, reliable protocol (reliablein the sense of ensuring error-free delivery), TCP corresponds to the transport layer inthe ISO/OSI reference model.

Tributary ProtectionSwitch

Tributary protection switching, a function provided by the equipment, is intended toprotect N tributary processing boards through a standby tributary processing board.

trTCM See Two Rate Three Color Marker

TTL See Time To Live

TU Tributary Unit

Tunnel A channel on the packet switching network that transmits service traffic between PEs.In VPN, a tunnel is an information transmission channel between two entities. The tunnelensures secure and transparent transmission of VPN information. In most cases, a tunnelis an MPLS tunnel.

Two Rate Three ColorMarker

The trTCM meters an IP packet stream and marks its packets based on two rates, PeakInformation Rate (PIR) and Committed Information Rate (CIR), and their associatedburst sizes to be either green, yellow, or red. A packet is marked red if it exceeds thePIR. Otherwise it is marked either yellow or green depending on whether it exceeds ordoesn't exceed the CIR.

A.6 U-Z

U

UAS Unavailable Second

UBR See Unspecified Bit Rate

UDP See User Datagram Protocol

underfloor cabling The cables connected cabinets and other devices are routed underfloor.

UNI See User Network Interface

Unicast The process of sending data from a source to a single recipient.

Unspecified Bit Rate No commitment to transmission. No feedback to congestion. This type of service is idealfor the transmission of IP datagrams. In case of congestion, UBR cells are discarded,and no feedback or request for slowing down the data rate is delivered to the sender.

Upper subrack The subrack close to the top of the cabinet when a cabinet contains several subracks.

UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply

upward cabling Cables or fibres connect the cabinet with other equipment from the top of the cabinet.


Product Description


Issue 03 (2010-06-10)

User DatagramProtocol

A TCP/IP standard protocol that allows an application program on one device to send adatagram to an application program on another. User Datagram Protocol (UDP) uses IPto deliver datagrams. UDP provides application programs with the unreliableconnectionless packet delivery service. Thus, UDP messages can be lost, duplicated,delayed, or delivered out of order.UDP is used to try to transmit the data packet, that is,the destination device does not actively confirm whether the correct data packet isreceived.

User Network Interface A type of ATM Forum specification that defines an interoperability standard for theinterface between ATM-based products (a router or an ATM switch) located in a privatenetwork and the ATM switches located within the public carrier networks. Also used todescribe similar connections in Frame Relay networks.

V

V-NNI See virtual network-network interface

V-UNI See Virtual User-Network Interface

Variable Bit Rate One of the traffic classes used by ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode). Unlike apermanent CBR (Constant Bit Rate) channel, a VBR data stream varies in bandwidthand is better suited to non real time transfers than to real-time streams such as voice calls.

VBR See Variable Bit Rate

VC See Virtual Channel

VC-12 Virtual Container -12



VCC Virtual Channel Connection

VCC,VPL See Virtual Chanel Connection

VCG See virtual concatenation group

VCI See Virtual Channel Identifier

Virtual ChanelConnection

Virtual Channel Connection. The VC logical trail that carries data between two endpoints in an ATM network. A logical grouping of multiple virtual channel connectionsinto one virtual connection.

Virtual Channel Any logical connection in the ATM network. A VC is the basic unit of switching in theATM network uniquely identified by a virtual path identifier (VPI)/virtual channelidentifier (VCI) value. It is the channel on which ATM cells are transmitted by the sw

Virtual ChannelIdentifier

virtual channel identifier. A 16-bit field in the header of an ATM cell. The VCI, togetherwith the VPI, is used to identify the next destination of a cell as it passes through a seriesof ATM switches on its way to its destination.

virtual concatenationgroup

A group of co-located member trail termination functions that are connected to the samevirtual concatenation link

Virtual Leased Line A point-to-point, layer-2 channel that behaves like a leased line by transparentlytransporting different protocols with a guaranteed throughput.



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Virtual Local AreaNetwork

A logical grouping of two or more nodes which are not necessarily on the same physicalnetwork segment but which share the same IP network number. This is often associatedwith switched Ethernet.

virtual network-network interface

A virtual network-network interface (V-NNI) is a network-side interface.

Virtual Path Identifier The field in the ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) cell header that identifies to whichVP (Virtual Path) the cell belongs.

Virtual Private LANService

A type of point-to-multipoint L2VPN service provided over the public network. VPLSenables geographically isolated user sites to communicate with each other through theMAN/WAN as if they are on the same LAN.

Virtual PrivateNetwork

The extension of a private network that encompasses encapsulated, encrypted, andauthenticated links across shared or public networks. VPN connections can provideremote access and routed connections to private networks over the Internet.

Virtual Private WireService

A technology that bears Layer 2 services. VPWS emulates services such as ATM, FR,Ethernet, low-speed TDM circuit, and SONET/SDH in a PSN.

Virtual Routing andForwarding

A technology included in IP (Internet Protocol) network routers that allows multipleinstances of a routing table to exist in a router and work simultaneously.

Virtual Switch Instance An instance through which the physical access links of VPLS can be mapped to thevirtual links. Each VSI provides independent VPLS service. VSI has Ethernet bridgefunction and can terminate PW.

Virtual User-NetworkInterface

virtual user-network interface. A virtual user-network interface, works as an action pointto perform service claissification and traffic control in HQoS.

VLAN See Virtual Local Area Network

VLL See Virtual Leased Line

Voice over IP An IP telephony term for a set of facilities used to manage the delivery of voiceinformation over the Internet. VoIP involves sending voice information in a digital formin discrete packets rather than by using the traditional circuit-committed protocols of thepublic switched telephone network (PSTN).

VoIP See Voice over IP

VPI See Virtual Path Identifier

VPLS See Virtual Private LAN Service

VPN See Virtual Private Network

VPWS See Virtual Private Wire Service

VRF See Virtual Routing and Forwarding

VSI See Virtual Switch Instance

W

Wait to Restore Time A period of time that must elapse before a - from a fault recovered - trail/connection canbe used again to transport the normal traffic signal and/or to select the normal trafficsignal from.

WAN See Wide Area Network


Product Description


Issue 03 (2010-06-10)

Web LCT The local maintenance terminal of a transport network, which is located on the NEmanagement layer of the transport network

Weighted Fair Queuing Weighted Fair Queuing (WFQ) is a fair queue scheduling algorithm based on bandwidthallocation weights. This scheduling algorithm allocates the total bandwidth of aninterface to queues, according to their weights and schedules the queues cyclically. Inthis manner, packets of all priority queues can be scheduled.

Weighted RandomEarly Detection

A packet loss algorithm used for congestion avoidance. It can prevent the global TCPsynchronization caused by traditional tail-drop. WRED is favorable for the high-prioritypacket when calculating the packet loss ratio.

WFQ See Weighted Fair Queuing

Wide Area Network A network composed of computers which are far away from each other which arephysically connected through specific protocols. WAN covers a broad area, such as aprovince, a state or even a country.

Winding pipe A tool for fiber routing, which acts as the corrugated pipe.

wire speed Wire speed refers to the maximum packet forwarding capacity on a cable. The value ofwire speed equals the maximum transmission rate capable on a given type of media.

WMS Wholesale Managed Services

WRED See Weighted Random Early Detection

WRR Weighted Round Robin

WTR See Wait to Restore Time

X

XPD Cross-Polarization Discrimination

XPIC See cross polarization interference cancellation



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RTN 910 Product Description(V100R001C02_03)

Documents

weighted fair

base station

resource reservation

excess burst

peak burst

telecom bearer

international

remote error