RPF III PROFORMA FOR SUBMISSION OF FINAL REPORT OF RESEARCH PROJECTS Part - I : General information 800 Project Code 8001 Institute Project Code No. : Path XII (813) 8002 ICAR Project Code No. 801 Name of the Institute and Division : 8011 Name and address of Institute :Indian Institute of Spices Research, Calicut 673 8012 Name of Division/Section : Crop Protection/ Pathology 8013 Location of the Project : Plant Pathology Section, Indian Institute of Spices Calicut 673 012 802 Project Title : Studies on fungal and viral diseases of ginger 803 Priority Area : 01,02 & 04 6031 Research Approach: Applied Research Basic Research Process/Technology development Transfer of Technology 01 02 04 804 Specific area: Spices Research 805 Duration of Project: 8051 Date of start of project: 2002- 8052 Likely date of completion of project: 2007 8053 Period for which report submitted: 2002-2004 806 Total cost of the project/Expenditure incurred : Rs. 5,36,737 (Give reasons for variation, if any from original estimated cost) As the project was closed by 2004, for commencing a net work project on Ginger and Turmeric) Executive Summary Application of Rogor along with Ridomil 0.125 % is found highly effective in controlling soft rot of ginger caused by Pythium sp. As the soft rot disease is aggravated by the presence of insect larvae of Mimigrella sp., seed treatment with a systemic insecticide is found useful in reducing the disease incidence Macrophomina species was found as the causative organism for dry rot disease. The fungus appears only during the storage period in the rhizomes following the damage of the seeds by mechanical means. The fungus is found to be non- infective to the crop under normal field conditions. Fusarium oxysporum was identified as the cause of eye rot disease of ginger. The disease occurs during the storage period. Heaping the rhizomes having meristamatic buds leads to rotting of
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RPF III
PROFORMA FOR SUBMISSION OF
FINAL REPORT OF RESEARCH PROJECTS
Part - I : General information
800 Project Code
8001 Institute Project Code No. : Path XII (813)
8002 ICAR Project Code No.
801 Name of the Institute and Division :
8011 Name and address of Institute :Indian Institute of Spices Research,
Calicut 673
8012 Name of Division/Section : Crop Protection/ Pathology
8013 Location of the Project : Plant Pathology Section, Indian Institute of Spices
Calicut 673 012
802 Project Title : Studies on fungal and viral diseases of ginger
803 Priority Area : 01,02 & 04
6031 Research Approach:
Applied Research Basic Research Process/Technology development Transfer of Technology
01 02 04
804 Specific area: Spices Research
805 Duration of Project:
8051 Date of start of project: 2002-
8052 Likely date of completion of project: 2007
8053 Period for which report submitted: 2002-2004
806 Total cost of the project/Expenditure incurred : Rs. 5,36,737
(Give reasons for variation, if any from original estimated cost)
As the project was closed by 2004, for commencing a net work project on Ginger and Turmeric)
Executive Summary
Application of Rogor along with Ridomil 0.125 % is found highly effective in controlling soft
rot of ginger caused by Pythium sp. As the soft rot disease is aggravated by the presence of insect
larvae of Mimigrella sp., seed treatment with a systemic insecticide is found useful in reducing the
disease incidence
Macrophomina species was found as the causative organism for dry rot disease. The fungus
appears only during the storage period in the rhizomes following the damage of the seeds by
mechanical means. The fungus is found to be non- infective to the crop under normal field conditions.
Fusarium oxysporum was identified as the cause of eye rot disease of ginger. The disease
occurs during the storage period. Heaping the rhizomes having meristamatic buds leads to rotting of
growing bud (eyes) by Fusarium sp. in most cases. Eye rot mostly occurs only in the lower layers of
heaped rhizomes. Upper layers of the stored rhizomes are relatively unaffected.
When the pathogens such as Fusarium and Macrophomina are artificially inoculated together,
there is a decrease in the disease incidence due to Fusarium sp. and there by an increase in the yield.
This may be due to the mutual antagonism existing among the pathogens. Under in vitro conditions
the pathogens are found to be antagonistic to each other.
Carbendazim and SAAF(a combination product of Mancozeb with Carbendazim; (Mancozeb
63%+ Carbendazim12%) were found to be inhibitory even at 50 ppm of the product when compared
to Mancozeb, Ridomil, Bordeaux mixture or COC, which have no effect even at 500ppm tested
The result of a pot culture experiment where healthy and diseased ginger rhizomes(steam
treated) planted in solarized, non solarized, fumigated soil with differential fungicidal and bio
control treatments showed that planting unhealthy or diseased rhizomes leads to disease even after
seed treatment. Treatment of diseased rhizomes with steam is not advisable, as it will kill the
meristamatic buds. All together the disease incidence was comparatively negligible in treatments
where absolutely healthy rhizomes were sown followed by treatment of the rhizomes with fungicide
coating .
Rhizobacteria influences the growth and yield of ginger by reducing the disease incidence
to minimum. IISR 51, 906, 151, 859 and 915 are promising isolates of such rhizobacteria
effective in reducing the disease incidence below the threshold level
Ginger is also highly susceptible to viral infection. 153 out of 660 accessions showed the
symptoms of chlorotic streak virus , rest of the accessions did not show any visible symptoms
Two hundred accessions were screened for soft rot and dry rot disease of ginger.
Observations on pseudostem incidence was monitored regularly and collected data on number of
pseudostem infected among the total pseudostems produced . Finally fresh yield was taken .
Resistance / susceptibility was measured by taking high yielders with >20% disease incidence .
12. IISR farm, Peruvannamuzhy Kannur 13. CP Mathew Cherukavungal 14. Joy George, Kallikkadavu (Plot1) 15. Joy George, Kallikkadavu (Plot2)
- - - - 8.5% - - - 6% - - 5% - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - 7% - - -
- +++ ++ - + + + + - + scales ++(Boring holes through the tip of meristem ++ - - -
Rhizomes treated with Monocrotophos 0.2% &Metalaxyl+ Mancozeb 0.2% Untreated Rhizomes Untreated Rhizomes No plant protection chemicals applied during growing stage. Fertilizer (17:17:17 complex) and cow dung applied twice. Rhizomes were very healthy Seed dressing with Quinalphos will be done 10 days before sowing (Only cowdung application in the field) Fuaradan applied just after germination, No fungicides applied No chemicals applied, Cow dung slurry, Bonemeal, Urea and Potash were applied in the field No treatments Rhizomes treated with Quinalphos and Mancozeb before of storage Rhizomes treated @ mancozeb 3gm and Quinalphos 3ml/litre No treatments No treatments
2. Studies on etiology and disease development: The external symptom of the disease appears as shrinkage of
the rhizomes on storage. The affected rhizomes show invariably black fungal growth in the cut end of the
rhizome, which on cutting open will reveal the extended growth of the fungus inside. In advanced stages of
infection, the infected areas will be reoccupied by mites which multiply and leave the fiber portion intact. The
fungus on re- inoculation to rhizomes under controlled conditions of storage reproduced the original symptoms .
But the crop is not susceptible to the fungus in the growing period . This is proved by inoculating the fungal
sclerotia into soil prior to the sowing of rhizomes. This rhizomes after harvest and storage showed the presence
of dry rot infection .
a) Isolation and identification of the pathogen(s) from samples collected from different locations and also
storage rots
The diseased specimens collected from different ginger growing areas of Calicut, Kanoor, Wyanad
and Karnataka areas were studied in the laboratory. Microscopic observation and culturing of the specimens in
specific media were done. The organisms obtained in culture were re inoculated to ginger seeds to test for
pathogenicity under varying conditions. The pathogenicity proved Koch�s postulates . Using this method,
Macrophomina species was found as the causative organism for dry rot disease. The fungus appears only during
the storage period in the rhizomes following the damage of the seeds by mechanical means. The fungus is found to
be non- infective to the crop under normal field conditions.
Fusarium oxysporum was identified as the cause of eye rot disease of ginger. The disease occurs
during the storage period. Heaping the rhizomes having meristamatic buds leads to rotting of growing bud (eyes)
by Fusarium sp. in most cases. Eye rot mostly occurs only in the lower layers of heaped rhizomes. Upper layers
of the stored rhizomes are relatively unaffected. Carbendazim and SAAF(a combination product of Mancozeb
with Carbendazim; (Mancozeb 63%+ Carbendazim12%) were found to be inhibitory even at 50 ppm of the
product when compared to Mancozeb, Ridomil, Bordeaux mixture or COC, which have no effect even at 500ppm
T1 Rogor 2ml/l 0180 AB 0705 ABC 1845 A 2825 A T2 Carbendazim 2.5g/l 0065 A 0190 A 2455 A 2295 A T3 Ridomil MZ 1.25g/l 0545 CD 0970 BC 2660 A 2460 A T4 Rogor, Carbendazim
2ml +2.5g /l
0540 CD 0775 BC 2225 A 2040 A
T5 Rogor+ Ridomil MZ
2ml + 1.25g/l
0645 D 1255 C 1775 A 1380 A
T6 Rogor, carbendazim& Ridomil MZ
2ml 2.5g+1.25/l
0625 D 1095 BC 2400 A 1360 A
T7 Rogor+ Saaf 2ml+ 2.5g/l 0282 ABC 0685 ABC 2235 A 0401 A T8 Control No
treatments 0410 BCD
0672 AB 2080 A 0815 A
conditions the pathogens are found to be antagonistic to each other. Similarly as the soft rot disease is
aggravated by the presence of insect larvae of Mimigrella sp., seed treatment with a systemic insecticide is
found useful in reducing the disease incidence.
Field trial for the management of dry rot disease using chemical, biological and IDM strategies
Field trial was done in Peruvannamuzhy farm for the evaluation of dry rot and eye rot disease of ginger. The
experiment was designed in RBD with 13 treatments. Stored rhizomes treated with Mancozeb and Quinalphos
was used as the seed material. First application of the chemicals was given as seed dressing and soil drenching
at the time of sowing and subsequent applications after germination. A third application was given one month
after germination. Observations were taken on disease incidence at regular intervals. No disease incidence of
any sort was observed during the trial period. Observations on dry rot and eye rot disease incidence were