EN · 2002-05-08 · 8053/02 fp 1 DGB III EN COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION Brussels, 17 April 2002 8053/02 PECHE 69 COVER NOTE from : For the Secretary-General of the European Commission

8053/02 fp 1 DGB III EN

COUNCIL OFTHE EUROPEAN UNION

Brussels, 17 April 2002

8053/02 PECHE 69

COVER NOTE from : For the Secretary-General of the European Commission

Mr Sylvain BISARRE, Director date of receipt : 15 April 2002 to : Mr Javier SOLANA, Secretary-General/High Representative Subject : Commission Staff Working Paper

- 13th report of the Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries (Brussels, 5-9 November 2001)

Delegations will find attached Commission document SEC(2002) 410.

________________________ Encl.: SEC(2002) 410

COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES

Brussels,12.4.2002 SEC(2002) 410

COMMISSION STAFF WORKING PAPER

13th REPORT OF THE SCIENTIFIC, TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC

COMMITTEE FOR FISHERIES

Brussels, 05-09 November 2001

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................1

1.1 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS............................................................................................................... 1 1.2 TERMS OF REFERENCE............................................................................................................... 2 1.3 INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS AND INFORMATION FROM THE COMMISSION....................................... 3

1.3.1 STECF members substitution.......................................................................................... 3 1.3.2 State of play of reform of CFP and of recovery plans ................................................... 3 1.3.3 State of play of new Community data collection............................................................. 4 1.3.4 State of play of fleet policy re-thinking........................................................................... 5 1.3.5 Reykjavik Conference on Responsible Fisheries in the Marine Ecosystem .................... 6

1.4 STECF COMMENTS AND REPLIES FROM THE COMMISSION ....................................................... 6 1.4.1 The state of play of CFP reform and recovery plans..................................................... 6 1.4.2 The new Community framework for statistical data collection in support of CFP......... 7 1.4.3 State of play of fleet policy re-thinking........................................................................... 7 1.4.4 Results of the Reykjavik Conference on responsible Fisheries in the Marine Ecosystem Comments and Questions by STECF: ........................................................................................... 8

2 REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC ADVICE ON STOCKS OF COMMUNITY INTEREST ........8

2.1 GENERAL COMMENTS ............................................................................................................... 8 2.1.1 Source of bias in assessments ......................................................................................... 8 2.1.2 Request for better advice on interactions in multi-species fisheries............................... 9 2.1.3 ICES rules for recommendation of recovery plans....................................................... 10 2.1.4 Advice on catch options for assessments with no forecast............................................ 11

2.2 REVIEW OF STOCK ADVICE ..................................................................................................... 11 2.2.1 Baltic Sea...................................................................................................................... 11

2.2.1.1 Baltic cod stocks..................................................................................................................... 11 2.2.2 North East Atlantic & North Sea .................................................................................. 12

2.2.2.1 North Eastern Atlantic Mackerel ............................................................................................ 12 2.2.2.2 Anchovy in the Bay of Biscay ................................................................................................ 12

2.2.2.2.1 STECF comments of November 2000 ......................................................................... 12 2.2.2.2.2 ICES advice of October 2001 ...................................................................................... 13 2.2.2.2.3 STECF comments November 2001 ............................................................................. 13

2.2.2.3 Sole in VIIIa,b........................................................................................................................ 13 2.2.2.3.1 Comparison with previous assessments ....................................................................... 13 2.2.2.3.2 Comments on the advice.............................................................................................. 14

2.2.2.4 Northern Hake (ICES Division IIIa, Sub-areas IV, VI, and VII, and Divisions VIIIa,b,d).... 15 2.2.2.4.1 Biological considerations............................................................................................. 15 2.2.2.4.2 Economic considerations on Spanish and French fleets .............................................. 16

2.2.2.4.2.1 Spanish fleet fishing on Northern hake..................................................................... 17 2.2.2.4.2.2 French fleet fishing on Northern hake ...................................................................... 17 2.2.2.4.2.3 Conclusions .............................................................................................................. 17

2.2.2.5 Nephrops in VIIIa,b ............................................................................................................... 22 2.2.2.5.1 Comments on the assessment and ICES advice ........................................................... 22

2.2.2.6 Horse mackerel....................................................................................................................... 23 2.2.2.6.1 Western horse mackerel ............................................................................................... 23

2.2.2.6.1.1 Withdrawal of Reference Point................................................................................. 23 2.2.2.6.1.2 Selection of F0.1 ........................................................................................................ 23 2.2.2.6.1.3 Changes in exploitation pattern ................................................................................ 23 2.2.2.6.1.4 Inconsistency in ICES advice for Western, North Sea and Southern horse mackerel24 2.2.2.6.1.5 Economic considerations.......................................................................................... 24 2.2.2.6.1.6 Resolving biological and economic arguments......................................................... 27

2.2.2.7 European eel........................................................................................................................... 27 2.2.3 Mediterranean Sea ....................................................................................................... 27

2.2.3.1 Anchovy and hake .................................................................................................................. 27 2.3 DEEP SEA RESOURCES ..................................................................................................... 28

2.3.1 Black scabbardfish in Sub-area IX ............................................................................... 28 2.4 HIGHLY MIGRATORY STOCKS ....................................................................................... 29

2.4.1 International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna (ICCAT) ................. 29 2.4.2 Indian Ocean tunas: Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC) .................................... 30 2.4.3 Eastern Pacific: Inter American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC) ........................ 30

2.5 STOCKS SUBJECT TO TAC BUT FOR WHICH ADVICE IS NOT AVAILABLE FROM SCIENTIFC BODIES 30

3 WORK PLAN FOR UPDATING THE REPORT ON THE STATUS OF STOCKS OF COMMUNITY INTEREST...............................................................................................................34

4 ECONOMIC ISSUES ...............................................................................................................35

4.1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................. 35 4.2 SUMMARY OF THE AER ................................................................................................... 36

4.2.1 Economic Results in 2000............................................................................................. 36 4.3 OUTLOOK FOR 2001 ................................................................................................................ 38 4.4 CONCLUSIONS BASED ON THE AER.............................................................................. 39 4.5 DATA QUALITY OF THE AER .......................................................................................... 39 4.6 FUTURE WORK ................................................................................................................... 40

5 MEDITERRANEAN.................................................................................................................41

5.1 BEACH SEINE IN THE FRENCH PACA REGION ........................................................................ 41 5.1.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE FISHERY.............................................................................. 41 5.1.2 STECF COMMENTS .................................................................................................... 42

5.2 GANGUI................................................................................................................................... 42 5.2.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE FISHING METHOD ............................................................ 42 5.2.2 STECF COMMENTS .................................................................................................... 43

5.3 THONAILLE - DRIFTNET FISHERY ............................................................................................ 44 5.3.1 Gear description ........................................................................................................... 44 5.3.2 Description of the fishery.............................................................................................. 44 5.3.3 Target species ............................................................................................................... 45 5.3.4 By-catch........................................................................................................................ 45 5.3.5 Incidental catches (rejected)......................................................................................... 45 5.3.6 Selectivity...................................................................................................................... 45 5.3.7 Comments: .................................................................................................................... 45 5.3.8 Conclusions: ................................................................................................................. 46

6 HAKE AND COD RECOVERY PLANS..............................................................................47

6.1 STECF CONSIDERATION OF THE COMMISSION DOCUMENT “RECOVERY PLANS FOR FISH STOCKS THREATENED WITH COLLAPSE”......................................................................................................... 47

6.1.1 Information Sheet No. 1: Multi-annual process for selection of TACs........................ 47 6.1.1.1 Biological considerations ....................................................................................................... 47 6.1.1.2 Economic considerations........................................................................................................ 48

6.1.2 Information sheet no. 2. Effort...................................................................................... 48 6.1.3 Information sheet 3. Technical measures ..................................................................... 49 6.1.4 Information sheet 4. Control......................................................................................... 50 6.1.5 Information sheet 5. Accompanying measures ............................................................. 50 6.1.6 Information sheet 6. Market measures.......................................................................... 50

7 MULTI-ANNUAL TAC ( MATAC)........................................................................................50

7.1 ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF MATAC APPROACHES ............................................... 51 7.2 STECF COMMENTS................................................................................................................. 52

8 DEEP SEA RESOURCES AND FISHERIES ........................................................................53

8.1 THE SGFEN REPORT.............................................................................................................. 53 8.2 STECF COMMENTS................................................................................................................. 54

8.2.1 Review of stocks/fisheries. ............................................................................................ 54 8.2.2 Management considerations of SGFEN ....................................................................... 54

8.3 STECF RECOMMENDATIONS. ................................................................................................. 55

9 WORKPLAN FOR 2002 ..........................................................................................................56

9.1 MEDITERRANEAN.................................................................................................................... 56 9.2 PREPARATION OF AN EC PLAN OF ACTION FOR CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT OF ELASMOBRANCHS ............................................................................................................................. 58 9.3 PREPARATION OF AN EC PLAN OF ACTION FOR CONSERVATION OF BIRDS IN LONGLINE FISHING58 9.4 COSTS, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF IMPLEMENTATION OF MEASURES AND STRATEGIES TO MITIGATE INCIDENTAL CATCHES OF CETACEANS ...................................................... 58

9.5 ECOSYSTEM BASED APPROACH TO MANAGEMENT OF FISHERIES: INDICATORS......................... 58 9.6 FLEETS DYNAMIC .................................................................................................................... 58

10 OTHER MATTERS .................................................................................................................59

10.1 RECOVERY PLAN IN ANDALUSIA (SPAIN) .......................................................................... 59 10.1.1 Fishery concerned ........................................................................................................ 59 10.1.2 Target species ............................................................................................................... 59 10.1.3 Status of the stocks concerned ...................................................................................... 60 10.1.4 Economic importance ................................................................................................... 60 10.1.5 Comments ..................................................................................................................... 60 10.1.6 Conclusions .................................................................................................................. 61

10.2 STECF ACTIVITIES AND PLANNING OF MEETINGS FOR 2002 ............................................ 61

11 REFERENCES..........................................................................................................................63

12 APPENDIX 1 LIST OF PARTECIPANTS WITH COMPLETE ADDRESSES........ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

13 APPENDIX 2 ECONOMIC REPORT..................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

14 APPENDIX 3 SUMMARY OF MATACS REPORT ................ ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

15 APPENDIX 4 STECF COMMENTS AND GUIDELINES FOR FURTHER ANALYSIS OF DEEP SEA FISHERIES IN THE MEDITERRANEAN................ ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

16 APPENDIX 5 ITEMS FOR SGMED WORKPLAN IN 2002 .............................................6

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1 INTRODUCTION STECF met at the Conference Centre “Albert Borschette” in Brussels from 5 to 9 November 2001.

The STECF meeting was preceded by the meeting of the subgroup SGFEN (22-26 October 2001) that prepared the report on the deep sea fisheries.

The Chairman of STECF, Mr Alberto Gonzalez Garces, opened the plenary session at 14.30.

The Secretariat of STECF welcomed the participants wishing them success in their deliberations.

The terms of reference for the meeting were surveyed and briefly discussed to arrange the details of the meeting. The session was managed through alternation of plenary and working groups meetings.

1.1 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS The complete address of the participants is listed in Appendix I.

Members of the STECF:

Ardizzone,G. Domenico

Arrhenius, Fredrik

Camiñas, Juan Antonio

Casey, John

Cornus, Hans-Peter

Costa Monteiro, Carlos

Di Natale, Antonio

Eltink, Guus

Ernst, Peter

Franquesa, Ramon

Gonzalez, Garces Alberto (Chairman)

Gustavsson, Tore

Lokkegaard, Jorgen

Messina, Gaetano

Moguedet, Philippe

Munch-Petersen Sten

Perraudeau, Yves

Pestana, Graça

Salminen, Matti

Virtanen, Jarno

Invited experts:

De Cardenas, Enrique

Demaré, Wim

Kell, Laurence

Motos, Lorenzo

Officer, Rick

Salz, Pavel

Simmonds, John

STECF Secretariat:

Biagi, Franco

1.2 TERMS OF REFERENCE

STECF was asked to address the following issues:

1 Institutional aspects and information from the Commission the state of play of CFP reform; the state of play recovery plans for severely depleted stocks; the state of play of the new Community framework for statistical data collection in support of CFP; the state of play of fleet policy re-thinking; STECF members substitution; results of the Reykjavik Conference on Responsible Fisheries in the Marine Ecosystem

The opinion of STECF on the above matters will be welcome.

2 Review of scientific advice on stocks of Community interest STECF is invited to review scientific reports of ACFM, NAFO, GFCM, ICCAT, IOTC, IATTC, CCAMLR and comment the aspects relevant to management initiatives to be taken by the Commission in the near future. STECF is also invited to check whether the advice given on stocks subject to TAC, but for which advice is not available from scientific bodies, could be improved.

3 Stock status report STECF is requested to prepare a workplan for updating, by the SGRST, the Report on the status of stocks of Community interest. Particular attention should be given to expand the scientific coverage of elasmobranch fisheries.

4 Economic issues. STECF is requested to prepare the Annual Economic Report 2000 and the Economic Interpretation of Assessment Advice (EIAA-model).

5 Mediterranean.

5.1 STECF is requested to evaluate a report on beach seine and “gangui” fisheries in French waters. Biological, technological and economic aspects should be adequately commented. The research project was funded by the “Comité Régional des Péches Maritimes et des Élevage Marins –Provence- Alpes-Côte d’Azur”.

5.2 STECF is requested to evaluate and comment as appropriate a report on driftnet fishery (thonaille).

6 Hake and cod recovery plans STECF is requested to examine and comment the fact sheets prepared by the Commission.

7 MATACs The Commission along with the process of introducing MATACs has launched call for tenders to define multiannual harvesting strategies. STECF is expected to be consulted as pointed out in COM(2000)803final. A first report for plaice and sole has been delivered.

The Commission has asked ICES to review the scientific, statistical, biological and technical basis for the results described in the report. ICES has been also requested, by basing herself on the simulation results of the report, to explore further scenarios of target fishing mortalities and associated limitations of inter-annual TAC variability. ICES has been also requested to evaluate the consequences on yield, fishing mortality and stock

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biomass of applying TAC setting rules based only on altering fishing mortality (see enclosed text, Appendix III of note 27418).

STECF is requested to take note of the report and of the Commission’s request to ICES and to comment as appropriate with reference to economic criteria.

8 Deep Sea Resources STECF is requested to evaluate and comment as appropriate the report of the STECF-SGFEN (22-26 October 2001) on deep sea resources.

9 Workplan for 2002 STECF is requested to prepare a workplan for 2002 to cover the following issues (further details will be delivered by e-mail):

9.1 Mediterranean;

9.2 Preparation of an EC plan of action for conservation and management of elasmobranchs;

9.3 Preparation of an EC plan of action for conservation of birds in longline fishing;

9.4 Costs, economic and social consequences of implementation of measures and strategies to mitigate incidental catches of cetaceans;

9.5 Ecosystem based approach to management of fisheries: indicators;

9.6 Fleets dynamic.

STECF is also invited to identify each chairman and provide a list of experts, either STECF member or other scientists, by theme and geographic area, that could participate in the activities of the various subgroups.

10 Other matters

10.1 Recovery Plan in Andalusia

1.3 INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS AND INFORMATION FROM THE COMMISSION

1.3.1 STECF members substitution Mr John Joyce and Mr Philip Kunzlik had to resign from the STECF due to several other unexpected engagements that will not permit them to actively contribute to the preparation both of the STECF plenary sessions and of the inter-session activities.

STECF expressed its regret at their resignations and thanked both colleagues for their valued contribution to the Committee. STECF also welcomed two members, Mr Rick Officer and Mr John Simmonds, who were selected on the basis of their excellent C.V.. The Commission informed STECF that the procedure for their formal appointment was under way.

1.3.2 State of play of reform of CFP and of recovery plans Mr John Farnell, Director in charge of DG-FISH Conservation Policy Directorate (Directorate A), welcomed the participants and briefed STECF on the reform of CFP and the state of play of recovery plans. Mr Farnell highlighted the problems of stock conservation and fishery management in front of the Commission, and the debate, raised

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after the Green Paper on CFP reform, should allow for improvement and a greater effectiveness of the Common Fisheries Policy.

The discussion elicited by the Green Paper and the contribution received from various stakeholders will allow the Commission to issue a comprehensive and overarching Communication on the CFP reform by the end of January 2002. This document will present the overall architecture of the reform pointing out a sort of road-map with the main items, a time table and the juridical instruments to be used.

The debate with Council and Parliament, and successive actions by the Commission, will then take place on the base of this Communication that will be followed by a series of other Communications addressing specific issues on a more detailed way.

However, the overall main objective is to create the proper conditions to have a serious cut in fishing activities both by a strong structural reform of the fleet and a reduction of fishing effort. Social repercussions should be taken in due considerations. Greater integration of environmental concern will also represent a major goal.

Since an effective fishery management cannot take out of consideration the quality of scientific advice, one Communication will specifically address how to improve scientific advice for fishery management. The main aim will be to identify and support the built of the most effective system to deliver high quality, robust and transparent scientific advice. Within this context the role and strengthening of the STECF will be analysed, including also budget implications. The role of STECF is very important for the Commission, both because is the forum in which integration of conservation and socio-economic instances could take place and also because it could allow the coverage of areas and fisheries not analysed within the ICES framework. The Commission would greatly appreciate to have the collaboration of the STECF in shaping this Commission communication on scientific advice. To this end the Commission will submit a preliminary text for reaction to the STECF; a STECF subgroup could be planned within the second quarter of 2002 to advise the Commission. In the discussion on the reorganisation of the STECF, the Commission stipulated the Committee to work further on the form the economic advice can be delivered. Furthermore, the Commission should also evaluate how to create a more stable structure for the fishery economists.

Mr Farnell gave an outline of the current emergency measures as well as the current thinking on the recovery plans for cod and hake, that could be seen as a precursor of Commission attitude in the next years. The basic idea is to set a multi-annual strategies which will allow both to avoid strong annual fluctuations of TACs and a recovery within a certain period of years; this strategy should also aim to avoid strong and unsustainable socio-economic consequences. In addition, a complete package of measures has been identified including limitation of effort, technical rules, with special attention to the protection of juveniles, and market strategies. The Commission is now in the process of finalising its proposals for the recovery plans that will be submitted at the next December Council. The Commission welcomes the opinion of the STECF on the information sheets that are going to be analysed in point 6 of the agenda of this meeting.

1.3.3 State of play of new Community data collection Mr Willem Brugge (Head of Unit A4 “Research and scientific analysis”) presented the state of play of the Community framework of data collection as laid down by Council Regulation No1543/2000 and Commission Regulation No1639/2001 respectively. The approval by the Commission of the national programmes has been delayed for several procedural reasons. However, a peer review of national programmes will be assured by

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high quality expertise identified through a call for tender. The external evaluation of national programmes will be hopefully completed by February 2002, then the negotiation phase will start.

Although member States are committed to start the data collection national programmes irrespective of the contribution by the Community, a transitional solution has been identified. A Commission Decision, that allows the allocation of 9.5 M € as a sort of advance payment to all MS, will be issued to allow MS to start their research activities by January 2002. In the case that some aspects of the national programmes are not approved, the budget allocated to the MS, should be reimbursed to the Community or discounted with successive payments.

Both the minimum and extended programmes have been conceived to consolidate at least the existing research structure and activities; should it be the case that some sampling schemes, although planned according to the European framework Regulation, could be less intensive than what previously done, then an adequate correction should be included either in the negotiation phase or in the successive follow up.

STECF will be involved in the evaluation of the annual follow up of the national programmes as stated within the EC Regulation 1543/2000. STECF might also be involved in the approval of national programmes if MSs request specific derogations from what is agreed in the implementation Regulation No 1639/2001. To this end, it would be very helpful if the STECF could agree an internal procedure to speed up the analysis of those programmes for which a derogation will be requested. A practical solution, just in case the Commission will seeks STECF’s advice in early 2002, could be both to give the mandate to some STECF members to work by correspondence and to identify a procedure by which the STECF could adopt the evaluation, without being examined in the plenary session.

Member States agreed to include all experimental surveys, regardless of their national or international relevance, in the minimum programme although with a lower co-financing share by the European Community. So far, each MS could do whatever survey they want with the main constraint that Community percentage contribution will be low and within the limit of the budget available to each MS. However, the Commission has issued a call for tenders for the evaluation of the importance and usefulness of the different surveys, with special attention to evaluate the contribution of the survey to the assessment and management advice.

1.3.4 State of play of fleet policy re-thinking Mr Jean-Claude Cueff (Head of Unit A 2 “ Management of fleets”) briefed STECF on the last thinking about fleet policy. New elements of fleet policy should reduce the current administrative burden to have a more efficient administration, to improve both effectiveness in the control of the fleet and more transparency .

The main guidelines are both to split what is actually somewhat mixed up in the CFP, that is the fishing effort and the regime of TAC/quotas, and to improve the efficacy of reducing fleet capacity, through a more simple exit/entry regime which could take into consideration technological creep. Furthermore, the current policy of aids to the fleet should be completely evaluated and perhaps re-thought.

Within the above context, a more adequate segmentation of the community fleet should be also addressed.

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The Commission found very helpful the work done by the STECF through the WGs on the follow up of MAGPIV, the last meeting being scheduled from 19 to 23 November next. However, the Commission service dealing with fleet policy could need further STECF advice on related matters as pointed out in items 9.6 of terms of reference of this meeting.

1.3.5 Reykjavik Conference on Responsible Fisheries in the Marine Ecosystem A. Astudillo (FISH.A.3) gave a brief report on the FAO Conference on Responsible Fisheries in the Marine Ecosystem, held in Reykjavik, 1-4 October 2001. The Conference had been organised by FAO under the initiative of Iceland and with support from Norway. The purpose was to progress towards the adoption of an ecosystem-based approach to fisheries management (EBFM), as advocated in several international agreements. The Community issued a contribution summarising its views on EBFM which will soon available as a “SEC” document. A scientific symposium took place to illustrate the debate, and numerous papers were presented on diverse aspects of fisheries in the context of the marine ecosystem. The two major conclusions, according to the Chair, were the need to reduce overcapacity and that rights-based measures would be the most effective tool to integrate environmental considerations into fisheries management.

To advance the work of the Plenary, a Drafting Group was established where Japan was constantly pressing to incorporate the concept of “management of the marine ecosystem”, emphasising the role of top predators, clearly in support of their whaling industry. This issue dominated the discussions and as a result, the ultimate aim of the Conference was not addressed in all its depth. The Declaration of the Conference, adopted by consensus without the support of Japan and Santa Lucia, is not very strong, but gives ample basis to work progressively to incorporate environmental considerations into fisheries management. It is also supportive of the Commission’s policy on the subject.

1.4 STECF COMMENTS AND REPLIES FROM THE COMMISSION

1.4.1 The state of play of CFP reform and recovery plans. STECF is very much interested in the development of the CFP. It’s special interest is focussed on issues in which STECF is involved. Concerning the form of advice the Commission is expecting from STECF in the context of the development of the CFP, the biological part of the advice is established through the relevant organisations like ICES, NAFO, ICCAT etc. The economic part of the advice, however, is more or less based on the work of individuals. An important task in the near future for STECF is therefore to establish a system for an integrated solid advisory structure incorporating both biological and economic aspects.

In the context of the discussion on advising the Commission, TOR 2 -Advice on stocks of Community interest – was generally discussed. STECF finds it difficult to produce an alternative to the advice already given by ICES or other Organisations. It may only comment on specific items like reference points etc. In extreme cases STECF, however, will review the advice in depth and comment in an appropriate way.

STECF raised the question whether the economic advice is reviewed by the European Commission. The Commission replied positively on this question and stipulated the Committee to work further on the form the economic advice can be delivered. The Commission also stressed that there are still some problems with the biological advice.

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The reaction time of ICES on urgent advice needs is not satisfying and external assistance in those cases may be an alternative.

The Commission, in seeking STECF advice, will provide a list of issues concerning its current thinking of scientific advice for the first quarter of 2002. This will include: form of advice, advice in relation to geographical coverage, advice in relation to economy, quality of advice and quality assurance in the advice. STECF will then, in close co-operation with the Commission develop an appropriate advisory structure.

Concerning recovery plans STECF welcomed the initiatives taken by the Commission.

1.4.2 The new Community framework for statistical data collection in support of CFP

STECF is requested to review annually the national programs in relation to items defined both in the Council Regulation No 1543/2000 and in the Commission Regulation No 1639/2001. STECF is concerned about the additional workload imposed by these Regulations.

The advanced payment for the national programs is based only on the minimum programs. STECF members questioned whether an advanced payment also for the extended programs is possible. Otherwise the start of these programs would be difficult. The Commission’s answer referred to the fact that there is a delay in the evaluations of the national programs and therefore calculation of an advanced payment for the extended programs is nearly impossible at the moment regarding same conditions for all member states should be confirmed.

It was also mentioned that the kind of financial support, defined in Council Regulation No1543/2000, may not have the target effect of increased and more qualified data but may vanish in other national budgets which was replied by the Commission as against the philosophy behind this Regulation.

STECF was concerned about the status of economic data compared to biological data. The Commission pointed out that there is a derogation delaying the start of the mandatory reporting of economic data (2004 for fleet economics and 2006 for processing industry economics). Funding of sampling of economic data underlies the same procedures as for biological data. The amount of the contribution compared to biological data sampling is difficult to estimate at this time. There will be a preference of funding of fishery based biological data against funding of surveys.

Subsequently the question arose on the status of survey data. The Commission did not deny the importance of survey data. However, taking into account the immense costs related to surveys, The Commission reserved the right to reduce the funding for surveys in favour of funding other items.

The Commission stressed that the member States need to report on the progress of national programs annually. A review of sampling and surveys by STECF is requested in 2003 at the earliest.

1.4.3 State of play of fleet policy re-thinking STECF raised the question on the use of the fleet segmentation proposed by STECF for the data sampling programs (SEC(2001) 1192). The Commission intend to review the fleet segmentation proposed by STECF and the segmentation in the Commission Regulation No 1639/2000 as a valuable basis for the review of the fleet policy. However,

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there was a support among STECF members that the proposed fleet segmentation may be a valuable basis for the review of the fleet policy.

1.4.4 Results of the Reykjavik Conference on responsible Fisheries in the Marine Ecosystem Comments and Questions by STECF:

STECF stated that the problem of incorporating environmental aspects in fisheries management is still prevailing. To work on practicable solutions for this problem will be a major task for STECF in future. A possible approach may be the use of environmental indicators. It was emphasised that these indicators are determined by the perception of society. Communication is obviously also a factor not to be neglected. STECF in supporting the Commission may prepare an operational plan available in the next year’s meetings.

2 REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC ADVICE ON STOCKS OF COMMUNITY INTEREST

2.1 GENERAL COMMENTS

2.1.1 Source of bias in assessments STECF recognises that in many stock assessments and predictions there is strong evidence of retrospective bias in the assessment itself, but that there is also evidence of bias in catch forecasts. Furthermore STECF recognised that for some such stocks this bias can be significant and lead to unreliable perceptions of the state of the stock and ultimately inappropriate advice to managers.

The Committee is unable at present to clearly identify the causes of assessment bias but recognises that this remains a serious unsolved problem and recommends that ICES be asked to investigate it through its methods working group. However, candidate areas for investigation identified by STECF are given below:

• Trends in commercial CPUE catchability

• Trends in research survey CPUE catchability

• Partial spatial coverage of the stock by CPUE series

• Catch not representative of stock due to migration etc.

• Incomplete or miss-ageing of catch at age

• Unmonitored discarding, black landings or misreporting

• Incorrect or unaccounted trends biological parameters (e.g. maturity, growth, M)

• Assessment/projection model or assumptions

• Interactions between all of the above

Consequences

• Retrospective patterns in the VPA

• Retrospective patterns in “Quality Control Diagrams”

• Systematic bias over time (i.e. scale wrong)

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• Bias for particular time periods

Implications for

• Biological reference points limits and targets

• Productivity of stock

• Resilience of stock

• Current stock status

• TACs

For a considerable number of fish stock assessments there has been successive revision of SSB (usually downward) and F (usually upward). The similarly the medium term projection programmes have provided optimistic predictions. The phenomena has been well documented in the quality control sheets in ICES; within the EU concerted action (Patterson et al) which evaluated retrospectively different assessment and prediction methods currently in use; and a in a presentation to ICES (Van Beek). This successive revision means that the current F and SSB contain a systematic bias when compared to the biological management reference points which are derived from the converged part of the time-series. In addition the starting point for a projection is biased relative to the evaluation of that year when subsequently re-estimated. However, failing to correct for this bias leads to over optimistic expectations in the recovery of stocks even when the reduced fishery targets have been successfully implemented. While this process has been observed and described the causes have not been well established. In addition measuring the magnitude of the bias for any stock cannot be done precisely.

Currently there is no accepted methodology for including or compensating for these biases in estimation of catch options and the likely response of the stock. Simple revision of SSB (downward) and F (upward) by amounts estimated from retrospective patterns or simulation could be incorporated into short or medium term predictions. However, as the amount to be included would be estimated with rather poor precision the results might give predictions with reduced bias but with poorer precision. Also it is dangerous to estimate and use a correction factor without understanding the underlying causes as this would imply some certainty that the bias will continue with similar magnitude. It is therefore necessary to obtain a clearer understanding of the reasons for this bias before it can be either removed through better model formulation or by estimation and correction.

STECF recommends that high priority should be given to research to establish the causes of this bias and the implementation of solutions.

2.1.2 Request for better advice on interactions in multi-species fisheries ICES advice is explicitly single species though on occasions a comment is included that management should take the restrictions on another stock into account. Whilst it is helpful to have the issue stated, the failure to provide suitable advice is a problem. In the particular instance of recovery plans there is often extensive interactions between the catches of different species in the fishery. There is a need for fishery based options, which provide matched restrictions to mixed fisheries at a range of rates of exploitation. In addition to the particular situation for recovery plans, there is a general need to provide catch options that reflect the likely catch compositions for mixed species fisheries, implying a need for multi-species multi-fleet data and software. STECF has produced a multi-fleet multi-species database, but this may not be directly applicable for predictions undertaken by ICES.

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ICES does provide multi-fleet option advice for some species, currently advice for North Sea herring is given for four fleets fishing in two areas giving a range of catch options by fleet showing how catch can be apportioned between fleets exploiting juvenile and adult species. The options presented follow an agreed set of rules. The subsequent choice of option remains with the manager but the options and their biological consequences are presented. There is a requirement to develop this further giving ability to provide multi-species multi-fleet advice.

In addition to the conventional constant selection based prediction methods, the software should also provide predictions for altered fleet selection.

STECF suggests that ICES is requested to examine the requirements to move from the current situation for providing stock related advice to the provision of fishery related advice. This advice should be closely linked to the fleet status report that is going to be produced by STECF in the coming year; such advice is required on a fleet catch option basis for mixed fisheries.

As a first step, STECF suggests that ICES is requested to:

Propose fleet definitions for multi-species multi-fleet fisheries with reference to the EU data regulation fleet, fleet segmentation definitions.

Identify the data required to provide advice and its availability,

Specify database requirements for the relevant fleet data,

Prepare preliminary specification for software for providing mixed fishery predictions using both deterministic and stochastic methods for at least 15 years to cover the need for recovery plans and including possibilities for evaluating the long lived species such as deep-water species.

Formulate a plan and a to timetable provide the required advice.

2.1.3 ICES rules for recommendation of recovery plans There is no official common rule on which criteria a recovery plan for an endangered stock will be recommended. It seems that different criteria have been used case by case in the past.

The ICES Study Group on Precautionary Approach in March 2002 is expected to propose definitive rules

STECF likes to point out that there should be in general a distinction between stocks for which reference points have been agreed and stocks for which reference points have not yet been established or even no assessment is available.

Definitive rules may be applicable for stocks with reference points. However, reference points need to be reviewed in light of changes in assessment parameters like exploitation pattern or maturity etc. This should be reflected in recovery plans.

For stocks without reference points or for which even no assessment is available arguments for recommending recovery plans should be given in detail as well as the basis for the calculation of figures. Biological parameters like potential rate of reproduction should also taken into account for the perception of a stock in relation to possible recovery plans.

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2.1.4 Advice on catch options for assessments with no forecast. STECF notes, that in many cases, ICES has provided advice on catch limits when there are no analytical assessments or no catch forecast. In addition the rationale behind such advice is seldom obvious. STECF recognises that the information available for some stocks is relatively poor and insufficient to produce a quantitative evaluation of stock status, there are often sufficient indicators to determine the trajectory of the stock e.g. few age classes in the landings, a short age range in the landings when the potential age is much higher, a declining trend in landings without accompanying changes in effort. Such indicators are useful warning signs on the health of the stock, but must be used on a stock by stock basis.

STECF recognises that there are no general rules for determining how the advice for such stocks should be formulated and the main source of confusion arises from the lack of specific explanation on how ICES has reached its decision.

STECF therefore recommends that for stocks where there is no catch forecast, the rationale for the advice should be explicitly documented.

2.2 REVIEW OF STOCK ADVICE

2.2.1 Baltic Sea

2.2.1.1 Baltic cod stocks As it was pointed out previously by the STECF that Baltic cod is managed through a single management unit covering all Sub-divisions 22-32. ICES considers the stocks in Sub-divisions 22-24 (western stock) and Sub-divisions 25-32 (eastern stock) as separate stocks, advice is provided on them separately.

In conformity with the Long-term Management Strategy for the Cod Stocks in the Baltic the Contracting Parties of IBSFC establish a recovery plan for the Baltic cod in 2001 based on the ICES advice.

The ICES has recommended catches for 2002 of 36 300 t for the western stock and no fishery activities on the eastern stock. In 2002 a TAC of 76 000 t for both components was adopted by the IBSFC. STECF notes that this does not conform to the recovery plan established by the IBSFC.

Furthermore STECF notes once again that the present practices of quota transfer from the eastern component to the western, and the adoption of the scientific advice only for the west component, makes it impossible to achieve the objectives of the IBSFC long-term management strategy and recovery plan.

STECF strongly recommends that

− The ICES scientific advice be adopted in both components of the stock

− That management be set up in two separate management units.

− That quota assigned to each management unit must be taken from that management unit

That any quota that is exchanged should maintain its allocation its management unit.

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2.2.2 North East Atlantic & North Sea

2.2.2.1 North Eastern Atlantic Mackerel ICES has stated that the assessment of this stock is uncertain because the last egg survey included in the assessment was the one carried out in 1998. The increasing trend in SSB since 1994 results from the relatively high value for the 1998 egg survey. Preliminary indications from the 2001 egg survey show a decline in egg production in both the western and southern areas. There is therefore a high probability that when the 2001 egg survey estimate is included in the tuning time series the 2002 assessment will give a substantial downward revision in the SSB time series for recent years.

The projections are uncertain for two reasons; the abundance of recruiting year classes are uncertain and the catch to be used in 2001 is unknown. ICES has selected Fsq as their preferred standard procedure, in this case Fsq is 0.183 for the catch forecast for 2001. This implies a catch of 726,000 t in 2001 which is 56,000 t above the 2001 TAC and may be higher than the catch that will be taken. This therefore provides a more conservative forecast of fishing opportunities in 2002 than would be the case for a TAC catch constraint. Given the uncertainty in the assessment, STECF agrees with ICES and considers that this choice of Fsq is preferred.

The largest allowable catch in 2002 implied by strict implementation of the precautionary approach is 694,000 t, which suggests an increase in TAC of 24,000 t from the 2001 TAC of 670,000. Given the uncertainty in the state of this stock, and the likelihood of downward revision at next years assessment, STECF recommends that there be no increase in the fishery in 2002 and that the TAC2002 set is equal to the TAC2001 of 670,000 t.

2.2.2.2 Anchovy in the Bay of Biscay

2.2.2.2.1 STECF comments of November 2000

"STECF agrees with the ICES advice of November 2000 but considers that a provisional TAC for Anchovy in the Bay of Biscay and an in-year revision is only necessary if spawning stock biomass in the assessment year is below a predefined level. If spawning stock is estimated to be above this predefined level, STECF considers that it would be appropriate to set a final annual TAC.

Since spawning stock biomass in 2000 (50 000 t) is well above Bpa (36 000 t), a provisional TAC of 18000 t advised by ICES may not be appropriate. STECF recommends that a final annual TAC for anchovy in the Bay of Biscay be set for 2001 to avoid the need to re-evaluate the stock status after the surveys in 2001."

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2.2.2.2.2 ICES advice of October 2001

The ICES advice of October 2001 on management is: “ICES recommends that a preliminary TAC for 2002 is set to 33 000 tonnes. This is based on the conservative assumption that recruitment in 2001 and beyond is 8.5 million (mean of below mean year classes in the historical series), and that the fishing mortality is the average of that of recent years (F=0.65). This TAC should be revised in the middle of the year 2002, based on the results of the fishery and of acoustic and egg surveys in May-June.”

ICES further states in the section on relevant factors for management: “Due to the short life span of the anchovy, the fishery depends largely on the abundance of the incoming class, the abundance of which cannot be estimated before the next spring as one-year olds. Advice for the full year related to biomass reference points will have to be conservative, and maybe more restrictive than necessary. Therefore, ICES proposes that if the fishery is regulated with a TAC based on an analytical approach, a two-stage management regime should be implemented. In such a two-stage regime, a preliminary TAC should be set at the beginning of the year based on an analytical assessment in the autumn, and revised according to measurements of the stock by acoustic and Daily Egg Production Method (DEPM) surveys in May-June. In order to be precautionary, the preliminary TAC set at the beginning of the year should aim at keeping the stock safely above Blim even if the incoming year class is poor."

2.2.2.2.3 STECF comments November 2001

STECF agrees with the ICES advice of October 2001 but considers that a provisional TAC for 2002 for Anchovy in the Bay of Biscay and an in-year revision in June/July 2002 can only be made if harvest control rules are available to revise the preliminary TAC otherwise a re-evaluation of the stock status would be necessary immediately after the surveys in 2002. Last year STECF recommended that ICES should be requested to propose harvest control rules that would allow managers to automatically revise a preliminary TAC in the middle of the year. The ICES assessment working group achieved in 2001 only preliminary results on this subject (ICES did not receive an official request from the EU) and the Working Group outlined the work that should be done to develop the harvest control rules, which at the earliest can be applied in 2003.

Since the spawning stock biomass in 2001 (95 000 t) is well above Bpa (36 000 t), a provisional TAC may not be appropriate.

STECF recommends that it is not necessary to set a preliminary TAC and an annual TAC of 33 000t could be set for 2002

STECF also recommends that the Commission may wish to request ICES to propose harvest control rules that would allow managers to automatically revise a preliminary TAC in the middle of the year.

2.2.2.3 Sole in VIIIa,b

2.2.2.3.1 Comparison with previous assessments

− In 2000 ICES did not consider the assessment to be reliable, since some of the landings and effort data were missing (therefore the TAC in 2002 was set equal to the TAC in 2001).

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− In ICES 2001, for the first time a maturity ogive was used instead of a knife edge at age 3. As a consequence, SSB estimates have been revised and the reference points were changed.

− The change in the tuning fleet using the available data over the whole time series resulted in new estimates of fishing mortalities from age 7 onwards, which are more in line with the perception of fishing mortalities in the gill net fishery.

As a result of the above, and with the addition of two more years of data in the assessment (compared to the last accepted assessment by ICES in 1999) the stock recruitment relationship has been changed.

In 2001 the reference points have been revised by ICES in 2001 from 11,300 t to 13,000 t for the Bpa, and from 0.45 to 0.36 for the Fpa.

Nevertheless, the diagnostics are consistent with the assessment of ICES 1999. The assessment of ICES 2001, conducted with two more years of data, gives the perception of a recent rapid decline of the stock. The stock is now considered to be outside safe biological limits.

2.2.2.3.2 Comments on the advice

The goal is to increase SSB above Bpa. ICES advises a safe and rapid recovery of the stock. However the question remains on the time period linked with a rapid recovery.

STECF points out that the stronger the reduction in fishing mortality, the earlier SSB reaches Bpa. The impact of the socio-economic consequences to the degree of reduction in fishing mortality has not been evaluated. As an example, some management options (additional to the 2001 ICES advise) based only on biological considerations are given in the text table below. The table shows that:

− A reduction of the fishing mortality by 60% allows the SSB to reach Bpa by 2006. This corresponds with landings of 1,890 t in 2002, compared to a TAC of 5,800 t in 2001. (ICES advice)

− With a gradual reduction in fishing mortality by 20% every year in the period 2002-04, SSB reaches Bpa by 2008. This corresponds with landings of 3,400 t in 2002.

− With a gradual reduction in fishing mortality by 20% every year in the period 2002-05, SSB reaches Bpa by 2007. This corresponds with landings of 3,400 t in 2002.

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STECF emphasizes that a reduction in the fishing mortality can be achieved by a reduction in TAC, but also by a combination of a TAC reduction and implementation of technical measures. More than half of the sole in Sub-area VIIIa,b is caught by gill nets. There exists no specific regulation for this gear. It should be implemented, including a limitation of number and length of the gill nets. However, an evaluation of the impact of these measures on the evolution of the stock should be evaluated first.

Estimated landings and SSB, for different F multipliers from 2002Options

Year Status quo ,.4,.4,.4,.4,.4 ,.8,.6,.4,.4,.4 ,.8,.6,.4,.2,.42001 4050 4050 4050 40502002 4040 1893 3402 34022003 3864 2411 2831 28312004 3478 2751 2143 21432005 3088 2968 2407 12792006 2827 3275 2684 29942007 2586 3673 2996 32692008 2337 4041 3295 35582009 2114 4413 3612 38952010 1920 4864 3975 4299

Land

ings

2011 1742 5380 4380 4732

2001 7723 7723 7723 7723 2002 7788 7788 7788 77882003 7606 10095 8344 83442004 6733 11324 8794 87942005 6009 12318 10002 100022006 5518 13669 11193 125122007 5036 15216 12411 135552008 4549 16715 13657 147212009 4118 18281 14967 161562010 3741 20155 16468 17795

SSB

2011 3392 22293 18148 19588

2.2.2.4 Northern Hake (ICES Division IIIa, Sub-areas IV, VI, and VII, and Divisions VIIIa,b,d)

2.2.2.4.1 Biological considerations

STECF notes that the catch at age data and some fleet catch and effort data used to tune the assessment has been revised for the years 1995-1999. As a result the perception of the state of the stock has changed significantly from previous assessments. The most significant change concerns the recruitment estimates for the weak 1997,1998 and 1999 year-classes, which have been revised upwards from 96, 95 and 96 millions to 170, 150 and 131 millions respectively. This revision will significantly affect catch forecasts over both the short and medium term.

STECF notes that the current precautionary reference points for hake were based on the results of the ICES assessment undertaken in 1998, using data up to 1997. At that time Blim (120,000 t), was based on Bloss, the lowest observed SSB in the 1998 assessment.

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Furthermore, Bpa was calculated as 165,000 t using the standard procedure Bpa = Blim x exp(1.654*σ) where σ = 0.2. Since the perception of the state of the stock has changed significantly from the 1998 assessment, STECF considers that the currently proposed precautionary reference points may no longer be appropriate and recommends that this be investigated by ICES at the Precautionary Approach Study Group which is to be held in March 2002.

STECF also wishes to point out that if the procedure adopted in 1998 to estimate precautionary reference points is used with the results of the current assessment, Blim would now be estimated at about 105,000 t and Bpa at about 145,000 t. STECF also notes that the current assessment estimates SSB to be at an historic low at 101,000 t, i.e. still in the region of Blim, if Blim were revised downwards to about 105,000 t. The precautionary reference points for fishing mortality would also need to be revised.

STECF notes that two versions of the catch forecasts for hake are presented in the ICES advice. One assumes a TAC constraint for 2001 and a second assumes status quo F in 2001. However ICES does not state which is the more realistic option, and STECF recognises that this is not helpful in developing management proposals. STECF is of the opinion that since the TAC for 2001 is set at about 50% of the recent historic average, the option of a TAC constraint is unrealistic and recommends that the assumption of status quo F for 2001 should form the basis of the predictions, despite the fact that all of the vessels in the Basque fleet, which accounts for about 20% of the annual international catch, left the fishery for 2 months during 2001. In addition, a limited number of vessels from the Galician fleet withdrew from the fishery to take advantage of agreements with Third Countries.

STECF also notes that in the ICES catch option table, the calculation of status quo F has been carried out in a non-standard way. The standard approach in ICES is to take the mean F at age over the most recent three years, in this case 1998-2000, and scale the resulting values to the mean (reference) F for the terminal year (2000). In the ICES report, Status quo F is calculated by using the F at age for 2000, scaled to the mean (reference) F for 1998-2000. This was done to take into account a change in exploitation pattern.

ICES has advised that significant reductions in F (60%) are required to rebuild the stock to the current Bpa level (165,000 t) by 2005. However, because of the uncertainty associated with Bpa and taking into account the likely economic impact on the fleets exploiting northern hake, STECF suggests that the Commission may wish to consider introducing a staged recovery involving less severe reductions in F. In order to assist in taking such a decision, STECF has produced additional medium term projections for reductions in F of 10%, 20% and 30%, together with the associated estimates of year on year increases in SSB. The results of medium-term projections are given in Tables 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3. For a further discussion of the Commission proposals on the hake recovery plan see Item 6.

2.2.2.4.2 Economic considerations on Spanish and French fleets

The situation in Spain and France is not comparable. In Spain a fleet of 200 vessels is heavily dependent on hake. In France a large number of vessels exploits hake along with other species.

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2.2.2.4.2.1 Spanish fleet fishing on Northern hake The following analysis is based on the Annual Economic Reports 1998-2001, prepared by the Concerted Action ‘Promotion of common methods for economic assessment of EU fisheries’(FAIR PL97-3541).

The Spanish fleet exploiting Northern hake is composed of some 200 vessels, employing a total of 2,900 crewmen. Its total value of production fluctuated in the period 1995-2000 between 150 and 180 mln €. The revenues of this fleet are composed mainly of hake (60%), megrim (10-12%), anglerfish (8-10%) and other species accounting for the rest. The efficiency of this fleet has increased substantially over this period. The gross value added per employed increased from 25,000 € in 1995 to 38,000 € in 2000.

The fleet has been reduced in numbers and made substantial modernisation investments. 46 vessels have been built in the past 10 years. About 120 vessels are older than 25 years. With catches between 15 and 20,000 tonnes of hake, the fleet accounts for about 50% of the total catch estimated by ACFM.

There are no data available yet as to the economic performance in the year 2001. Two trends have evidently affected the results:

1. TAC of 2001 has been reduced by 50%. Furthermore the possibility of past quota swap has been reduced and consequently the decrease of revenues from the catch of hake may reach 70%, or some 45%, of total revenues (60 M €), depending to which extent the fishing pattern can shift to other stocks.

2. The fuel price has increased by 60-80% since 1999. The fuel costs have risen by 13 M € between 1999 and 2000. Due to a substantial increase in revenues in 2000, the fleet still achieved a positive result. Depending on the level of fishing effort exerted in 2001, they will probably remain somewhat below the 2000 level.

The economic consequences of the restrictions imposed in 2001 and proposed in 2002 will be primarily determined by the possibilities of compensation. Even if a relatively high compensation would be assumed, e.g. 30% (i.e. other species than hake would generate additional revenues of about 20 mln euro), the loss of revenues will still amount to 40 M €, i.e. 20-25% of the level achieved in 2000.

2.2.2.4.2.2 French fleet fishing on Northern hake Approximately 1200 vessels are fishing for hake in France. Four main types of gear are used: gill nets, bottom trawl , pelagic trawl and longline.

Gross value of landings of hake in French auctions in 1999 amounted to some 27.5 mln euro. Two thirds of these catches originate from the Bay of Biscay.

Based on a recent study by observatory AGLIA (Observatoire des peches et des cultures marines du Golfe de Gascogne) regarding the French Atlantic coast (between La Vilaine and La Bidassoa), it is estimated that some 5,000 fishermen are involved in the French fishery of hake. Some 800-1000 jobs (full time equivalents) are dependent on this species on board the vessels and on shore.

2.2.2.4.2.3 Conclusions 1. TAC has been reduced by 50% in 2001. Further technical measures will be

introduced. Effective implementation of both these measures should be assured before further measured are implemented. From the economic point of view, the TAC level should be maintained at the 2001 level for a longer period of time, rather than pursue fast stock recovery. A period of adaptation of 5-7 years rather than 3-4 should

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be foreseen. Gradual approach will avoid unnecessary economic casualties and strengthen social acceptance of the reductions.

2. Reduction of the fleet will occur in the coming years in any case due to economic pressures. Priority should be given to decommissioning schemes, rather than to temporary compensation.

3. Further decrease of TAC will lead to further loss of markets for the Spanish and French producers. The markets will be supplied by hake from third countries or substitute species. It may prove difficult to regain those markets after stock recovery if the production levels are reduced excessively.

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Table 2.1: Medium term projections for Northern hake performed at STECF meeting using same settings as ICES. Development of SSB and Yield (in thousand tons). Basis F(2001) = TAC constraint = F = 0.16, Fsq = F00 scaled to mean F(98-00) = 0.29

F(2002) onwards = 1*Fsq SSB 25 50 75 % increase Yield 25 50 75

2002 113 115 118 2002 42 43 442003 107 109 111 -6% 2003 41 42 432004 102 105 107 -4% 2004 40 41 432005 101 104 108 -1% 2005 40 42 442006 103 107 113 3% 2006 41 44 462007 107 113 120 5% 2007 43 45 482008 111 119 128 5% 2008 44 47 502009 115 124 134 4% 2009 45 49 522010 118 128 138 3% 2010 47 50 542011 122 131 142 3% 2011 48 52 56

F(2002) onwards = 0.9*Fsq SSB 25 50 75 % increase Yield 25 50 752002 113 115 118 2002 38 39 402003 110 113 115 -2% 2003 38 39 402004 109 112 115 -1% 2004 39 40 422005 110 114 118 2% 2005 40 41 432006 114 119 125 4% 2006 41 44 462007 120 127 134 7% 2007 43 46 482008 127 136 144 7% 2008 46 49 522009 134 144 154 6% 2009 48 51 542010 140 152 162 5% 2010 50 54 572011 146 158 168 4% 2011 52 56 60

F(2002) onwards = 0.8*Fsq SSB 25 50 75 % increase Yield 25 50 752002 113 115 118 2002 35 35 362003 114 117 119 1% 2003 36 37 382004 117 119 122 2% 2004 37 38 402005 121 125 129 4% 2005 39 40 422006 127 133 139 7% 2006 41 43 462007 136 143 152 8% 2007 44 47 492008 146 157 167 9% 2008 47 50 532009 156 170 181 8% 2009 50 54 572010 167 181 193 6% 2010 53 57 612011 177 192 205 6% 2011 57 61 65

F(2002) onwards = 0.7*Fsq SSB 25 50 75 % increase Yield 25 50 752002 113 115 118 2002 31 31 322003 118 121 124 5% 2003 33 34 352004 125 128 131 6% 2004 35 36 372005 132 136 141 7% 2005 37 39 412006 142 148 155 9% 2006 41 42 442007 154 162 173 9% 2007 44 46 492008 169 179 192 11% 2008 48 51 542009 185 197 212 10% 2009 52 55 592010 200 214 230 8% 2010 56 59 632011 215 230 248 7% 2011 60 64 68

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Table 2.2: Medium term projections for Northern hake performed at STECF meeting using same settings as ICES. Development of SSB and Yield (in thousand tons).

Basis F(2001) = Fsq = F00 scaled to mean F(98-00) = 0.29 F(2002) onwards = Fsq

SSB Yield 25 50 75 % increase 25 50 75

2001 99 101 104 2001 37 38 392002 97 99 101 -2% 2002 37 37 382003 93 95 98 -4% 2003 36 37 392004 92 95 98 -1% 2004 37 39 402005 93 98 103 3% 2005 38 40 422006 98 104 110 6% 2006 39 42 442007 102 110 118 6% 2007 40 43 462008 107 115 124 4% 2008 42 45 492009 110 119 129 3% 2009 44 47 512010 114 123 133 3% 2010 45 49 52

F(2002) onwards = 0.9*Fsq SSB Yield

25 50 75 % increase 25 50 752001 99 101 104 2001 34 35 362002 101 103 105 1% 2002 35 35 362003 99 102 105 -1% 2003 35 36 382004 100 103 107 1% 2004 36 38 402005 104 108 114 4% 2005 38 40 422006 110 117 124 8% 2006 40 42 452007 117 125 134 7% 2007 42 45 482008 124 134 143 7% 2008 44 48 512009 130 141 152 6% 2009 47 50 542010 136 148 158 5% 2010 49 52 56


25 50 75 % increase 25 50 752001 99 101 104 2001 31 32 322002 104 106 109 5% 2002 32 33 342003 106 109 112 2% 2003 34 35 362004 110 113 117 4% 2004 36 37 392005 116 121 127 7% 2005 38 40 422006 125 132 141 9% 2006 40 43 452007 134 145 155 10% 2007 43 46 492008 145 157 168 8% 2008 47 50 532009 156 169 181 7% 2009 50 54 572010 166 180 192 7% 2010 53 57 61


25 50 75 % increase 25 50 752001 99 101 104 2001 28 28 292002 108 110 113 9% 2002 30 30 312003 114 116 119 6% 2003 32 33 342004 120 124 128 7% 2004 34 36 372005 129 134 142 8% 2005 37 39 412006 142 149 159 11% 2006 41 43 452007 156 166 177 11% 2007 44 47 502008 171 183 196 10% 2008 48 51 552009 187 200 215 9% 2009 52 56 602010 202 216 233 8% 2010 56 60 64

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Table 2.3: Medium term projections for Northern hake performed at STECF meeting using same settings as ICES. Development of SSB and Yield (in thousand tons). Basis F(2001) = TAC constraint = F = 0.16, Fsq = F00 scaled to mean F(98-00) = 0.29

F(2002) onwards = Fsq no juveniles fishing (0,1,2) SSB Yield

25 50 75 % increase 25 50 752002 113 115 118 2002 39 40 412003 107 109 112 -5% 2003 39 40 412004 105 108 111 -1% 2004 39 41 422005 108 112 116 4% 2005 40 42 452006 115 121 127 8% 2006 43 46 492007 125 132 140 10% 2007 46 49 532008 133 144 154 9% 2008 49 53 572009 142 154 165 7% 2009 52 57 612010 150 162 175 5% 2010 56 60 642011 158 171 185 5% 2011 58 63 68

F(2002) onwards = 0.9*Fsq no juveniles fishing (0,1,2) Yield

25 50 75 % increase 25 50 752002 113 115 118 2002 36 37 382003 111 113 116 -2% 2003 36 37 382004 112 115 118 1% 2004 38 39 412005 117 121 126 5% 2005 40 41 442006 127 132 139 9% 2006 43 45 482007 137 145 154 10% 2007 46 49 522008 149 160 171 10% 2008 50 54 572009 162 174 187 9% 2009 54 58 622010 172 187 200 7% 2010 58 62 672011 184 199 212 6% 2011 61 66 71

F(2002) onwards = 0.8*Fsq no juveniles fishing (0,1,2) SSB Yield

25 50 75 % increase 25 50 752002 113 115 118 2002 33 33 342003 115 117 120 2% 2003 34 35 362004 119 122 125 4% 2004 36 37 392005 127 131 136 7% 2005 38 40 422006 139 145 152 11% 2006 42 45 472007 153 161 172 11% 2007 46 49 522008 168 181 193 12% 2008 51 54 582009 184 200 213 10% 2009 56 60 642010 200 217 232 8% 2010 60 65 692011 216 234 250 8% 2011 65 70 75

F(2002) onwards = 0.7*Fsq no juveniles fishing (0,1,2) SSB Yield

25 50 75 % increase 25 50 752002 113 115 118 2002 29 30 302003 119 121 124 5% 2003 31 32 332004 127 130 133 7% 2004 34 35 362005 138 143 148 10% 2005 37 38 402006 153 159 168 12% 2006 41 43 452007 170 179 191 12% 2007 46 48 512008 191 203 218 13% 2008 51 54 582009 212 227 244 12% 2009 56 60 642010 233 250 269 10% 2010 62 66 712011 255 272 294 9% 2011 67 71 77

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2.2.2.5 Nephrops in VIIIa,b

2.2.2.5.1 Comments on the assessment and ICES advice

STECF notes that in the assessment conducted by ICES in 2001, the absence of representative fishery effort data for the years 1999 and 2000 prevented fleet tuning in the age-based assessment. Instead a simple user-defined VPA was performed leading to considerable uncertainty in the terminal estimates of stock size and fishing mortalities.

In addition, the estimates of recruitment are also suspect, owing to the lack of adequate discard data for most years in the time series. The stock recruitment relationship is therefore also not representative. So, ACFM rejected the short-term predictions.

Nevertheless, ACFM advised a 40% reduction in the exploitation rate to maintain SSB at the 2000 level. This corresponds to status quo catch 2,000 t in 2002.

STECF recognises that there is strong uncertainty in the assessment but as no new information was provide, STECF was unable to provide alternative advice. STECF wishes to point out that for this stock the assessment is usually conducted bi-annually. But for the first time it will meet on a yearly period (the ICES WG will meet in April 2002), and a revised advice will be presented by ICES in May 2002.

For this assessment :

• catch data for 1999 and 2000 will be revised,

• fishing effort data for 1999 and 2000 will be provided,

• catch and fishing effort data for 2001 will be provided (first estimates of catches over the January-August period are 16% higher from 2000 to 2001).

Taking into account the uncertainty associated with the 2001 advice, STECF recommends that the Commission takes note of the revised advise from ICES in May 2002 and if appropriate make alternative management proposals during 2002 in the light of this advice. STECF emphasises that a reduction in the fishing mortality, could be achieved by a reduction in TAC, but also by a combination of a reduced TAC, effort controls and technical measures. For this fishery, the gear selectivity should be increased to reduce catches of younger Nephrops and reduce or avoid discards. This may be achievable by an increase in mesh size and/or the use of more selective gears (using grids, double nets, square mesh size). This is yet partly taken into account in the Recovery Plan for Northern hake implemented by the Commission from July 2001. Currently there are studies underway to evaluate the impact of these technical measures. When these studies have been evaluated they may contribute to management.

STECF also points out that the stronger the reduction in fishing mortality, the earlier SSB reaches Bpa. The consequences are reduced opportunities for fishing, reduction of revenue to the fleets exploiting Nephrops. The associated socio-economic impacts have not been evaluated.

STECF requests that ICES be asked to evaluate the biological consequences of both abrupt or/and gradual changes in fishing mortalities to provide management options.

As first results (table 2.4) from analysis simulating economic consequences of fishing effort reduction for the fleets targeting Nephrops in the Sub area VIIIa,b show strong negative impacts, to reduce the economic consequences of a potential immediate and

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significant reduction in the exploitation rate, STECF recommends to consider step-wise reduction in fishing mortality when making management proposals.

Table 2.4. Economic impact of an 8 % reduction in fishing effort.

Value of landings Wage Net profit

Variation -12.83% -12.98% -40.18%

2.2.2.6 Horse mackerel

2.2.2.6.1 Western horse mackerel

2.2.2.6.1.1 Withdrawal of Reference Point This year ICES withdrew the precautionary reference point for SSB that was established in 1998 without establishing a revised biomass reference point. ICES provided no scientific basis for this withdrawal but nothing appears to have changed since 1998 to now make the reference point less valid. ICES states that “this point needs to be revised” but that comment is valid for any of the years since it was proposed. The effect of this is to change the state of the stock to now be “undefined”.

STECF acknowledges that this stock is in decline but now has no capacity to comment on whether the stock is above or below precautionary levels as Bpa was the only reference point.

STECF notes that the ICES advice is no longer based on reference points. If the Bpa reference point had remained, the western horse mackerel stock would be predicted to fall just below Bpa in 2002.

STECF suggests that ICES be requested to provide revised reference points for western horse mackerel at the Precautionary Approach Study Group meeting to be held in March 2002.

2.2.2.6.1.2 Selection of F0.1 STECF notes that it remains unclear if the basis of catch predictions is F0.1 or F=0.15. In earlier years the basis for the highest F consistent with the precautionary approach was F = M (=0.15). This appears to be the basis of catch predictions this year but this was not explicitly explained by ICES. The following points were noted in the 2001 ICES advice:

ICES declares F0.1 as the basis for projections but opted to use the value of F0.1 calculated in 2000 (F=0.15).

The 2001 WG states that “the estimation of F0.1 in 2001 was extremely stable and in the range of 0.17-0.18”.

Whilst STECF notes that the use of F0.1 estimated in 2001 gives a higher catch prediction in 2002 of 113,000 t, STECF endorses the ICES advice for a TAC in 2002 of 98,000 t.

2.2.2.6.1.3 Changes in exploitation pattern The SSB of the western Horse mackerel stock continues to decline since its peak in 1988. Since 1995 recruitment appears to have been falling. F2-6 has shown a sharp upward trend since 1990. F4-10 has not shown an increasing trend over this time (it has fluctuated between

24

0.1 and 0.3 throughout the time series). This suggests that the decline in the stock has been caused by high juvenile fishing mortality coupled with poor recruitment.

STECF therefore sees a strong biological argument to support the ICES advice that, in addition to the reduced TAC for 2002, directed fisheries on juvenile horse mackerel in VIIe,f and industrial fisheries that take horse mackerel as a by-catch, be prohibited in 2002.

2.2.2.6.1.4 Inconsistency in ICES advice for Western, North Sea and Southern horse mackerel The ICES advice for a prohibition of directed fisheries for juvenile western horse mackerel is inconsistent with the lack of such advice for North Sea and Southern horse mackerel. A directed juvenile fishery occurs in all three stocks, not just in the western stock. Figures 1 and 2 show that in the whole north-east Atlantic a directed juvenile fishery for horse mackerel occurs except in Divisions IIa, IVa, VIa, VIIb,c,j & k.

Traditionally the fishery for southern horse mackerel is directed towards juvenile horse mackerel.

The North Sea stock is not yet assessed but ICES expressed concern about the high exploitation of juvenile North Sea horse mackerel and the failure to prevent the unrestricted expansion of this fishery. In recent years there has been a marked increase in the number of juvenile fish caught in the third and fourth quarters.

ICES states that horse mackerel migrate out of the North Sea to mix with the western horse mackerel.

Given the uncertain status of North Sea horse mackerel stock, and its linkage to the declining Western horse mackerel, STECF suggests that there are also strong biological arguments for restrictions on fishing juvenile horse mackerel in all areas there is a high catch and a high proportion of juveniles in the catch (Divisions IVb,c, VIId,e,f,h (in the 3rd and 4th quarters), and Divisions VIIIa,c and IXa (throughout the year)).

2.2.2.6.1.5 Economic considerations The juvenile horse mackerel with a high fat content, caught for human consumption during the period September to December, have a much higher value compared to juvenile horse mackerel caught during the rest of the year and also compared to adult horse mackerel caught over the entire year. STECF recommends that this economical aspect should be taken into account, when a possible closure is considered. In the fishery on the southern horse mackerel, especially in Portuguese waters, a similar situation exists where the juvenile horse mackerel have a much higher value than the adult fish. In this specific fishery, if the fishery pattern is changed from a directed fishery on juveniles towards a fishery on adult fish, the loss of value is not compensated by the gain in weight by growth combined with the loss of fish by natural mortality (Eltink 1994).

International horse mackerel catches by area in 2000

0

5.000

10.000

15.000

20.000

25.000

30.000

35.000

40.000

IIa (W)

IIIa(W)

IVa(W)

IVb(N S)

IVc(N S )

VIa(W)

VIIbc(W)

VIId(N S )

VIIe f(W)

VIIg(W)

VIIh(W)

VIIjk(W)

VIIIa(W)

VIIIb(W)

VIIIc(S )

VIIId(W)

IXa (S )

to n n es

Mean age of horse mackerel in the international catches by area in 2000

(15+age group taken as age 15)

0123456789

101112131415

IIa (W)

IIIa(W)

IVa(W)

IVb(N S )

IVc(N S)

VIa(W)

VIIbc(W)

VIId(N S)

VIIe f(W)

VIIg(W)

VIIh(W)

VIIjk(W)

VIIIa(W)

VIIIb(W)

VIIIc(S)

VIIId(W)

IXa (S )

Age

Percentage of ages 0-3 in international horse mackerel catches

by area in 2000

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

IIa (W)

IIIa(W)

IVa(W)

IVb(NS)

IVc(NS)

VIa(W)

VIIbc(W)

VIId(NS)

VIIef(W)

VIIg(W)

VIIh(W)

VIIjk(W)

VIIIa(W)

VIIIb(W)

VIIIc(S)

VIIId(W)

IXa (S)

Figure 1 Upper panel: The international catch in tonnes of horse mackerel by area in 2000. Middle panel: The mean age of horse mackerel in the international catches by area in 2000. Lower panel: The proportion of ages 0-2 in the international catches by area in 2000. NS = North Sea horse mackerel; W = western horse mackerel; S = Southern horse mackerel

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International horse mackerel catches by area and by quarter in 2000

0

5 .000

10 .000

15 .000

20 .000

25 .000

30 .000

35 .000

IIa (W)

IIIa(W)

IVa(W)

IVb(N S)

IVc(N S)

VIa(W)

VIIbc(W)

VIId(N S)

VIIe f(W)

VIIg(W)

VIIh(W)

VIIjk(W)

VIIIa(W)

VIIIb(W)

VIIIc(S )

VIIId(W)

IXa(S )

Quarter 1Quarter 2Quarter 3Quarter 4

to n n es

Mean age of horse mackerel by area and by quarter in 2000(15+group taken as age 15)

0123456789

101112131415

IIa (W)

IIIa(W)

IVa(W)

IVb(NS)

IVc(NS)

VIa(W)

VIIbc(W)

VIId(NS)

VIIef(W)

VIIg(W)

VIIh(W)

VIIjk(W)

VIIIa(W)

VIIIb(W)

VIIIc(S)

VIIId(W)

IXa(S)


age

Percentage of ages 0-3 in international horse mackerel catches

by area and by quarter in 2000

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

IIa (W)

IIIa(W)

IVa(W)

IVb(NS)

IVc(N S)

VIa(W)

VIIbc(W)

VIId(NS)

VIIe f(W)

VIIg(W)

VIIh(W)

VIIjk(W)

VIIIa(W)

VIIIb(W)

VIIIc(S)

VIIId(W)

IXa(S)


Figure 2 Upper pannel: The international catch in tonnes of horse mackerel by area and by quarter in 2000. Middle pannel: The mean age of horse mackerel in the international catches by area and by quarter in 2000. Lower pannel: The proportion of ages 0-3 in the international catches by area and by quarter in 2000. NS = North Sea horse mackerel; W = western horse mackerel; S = Southern horse mackerel

2.2.2.6.1.6 Resolving biological and economic arguments STECF notes that there is a need for an update of the economic analysis regarding the exploitation of juvenile and adult horse mackerel along with the biological information. The economic analysis should strengthen the basis for management choices and make the consequences of these choices for fleets and stock explicit.

2.2.2.7 European eel Since 1998 ICES has recommended that an international recovery plan should be developed for the whole stock. In recent years the time series on glass eel monitoring show a more rapid decline to an extremely low level. However, for this stock a future recovery plan can not be based on pre-determined fishing mortality rates or on providing a high probability of year-on-year increase in spawning stock biomass as might be used in other recovery plans. This is because both the fishing mortality and the spawning stock biomass are unknown and because the biological reference points are not defined. However, the strong decrease in both recruitment of glass eel and catches of eel indicate a strong decline in the spawning stock biomass. STECF advises that the lack of information should not be a reason for not developing a recovery plan for this stock. According to the precautionary approach it is a first priority that recruitment gets back to the historical level and that maturing eel get a possibility to return to the sea in order to increase the spawning stock biomass taking into account that there is a sex-related selectivity (maturing females are larger than the maturing males).

The ICES advice on management in 2001 is: "ICES recommends that an international rebuilding plan is developed for the whole stock. Such a rebuilding plan should include the measures to reduce exploitation of all life stages and restore habitats. Until such a plan is agreed upon and implemented, ICES recommends that exploitation be reduced to the lowest possible level."

STECF endorses the ICES advice and strongly recommends that a recovery plan be developed for European eel as soon as possible.

2.2.3 Mediterranean Sea

2.2.3.1 Anchovy and hake The Scientific Advisory Committee (SAC) of the General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM) analysed the situation of the Mediterranean anchovy and recommended to set up a minimum legal landing size at length of first maturity for anchovy, to be applied for all the Mediterranean according to the precautionary approach. The GFCM has recommended to the SAC to monitor further the state of the anchovy stocks in order to refine the evaluations and identify a set of management options. STECF recommends to pay scientific attention to the anchovy exploitation patterns and to the economic and commercial effects that different landing sizes could produce in each country. STECF, noted that the situation of the anchovy stocks are in a precarious situation in some areas. For that reason as in the year 2000 report STECF recommends that the existing measures be strictly enforced and where necessary new additional measures being implemented to reduce overfishing of anchovy in the Mediterranean.

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The STECF also recommended, taking into consideration the latest assessments, the reduction of the fishing effort and to reinforce the necessary technical measures including, closing areas and seasons, minimum mesh size and other appropriate measures to recover the anchovy stocks within the Mediterranean. STECF notes that overexploitation of the hake stocks continue to be detected by the SAC and that GFCM encourages the SAC to provide different options whenever the reduction of fishing effort is required. STECF recommends to continue the scientific analysis of the stock and in particular the Gulf of Lions hake stock. Noting that the last stock evaluation show a clear growth overfishing, the STECF recommends the improvement of the fishing pattern of the trawl fisheries and the analysis of scenarios if the effort for all the gears should be reduced. As a consequence of lack of new data, for the swordfish, albacore, bluefin tuna and other tuna-like species, no new assessment of Eastern Atlantic bluefin tuna and Mediterranean swordfish had been undertaken since 1998. Considering that the lack of data for assessments did not necessarily mean that relevant data had not been collected, STECF recommends that data existing at national and Community levels should be provided to the GFCM-ICCAT Working Group to facilitate new evaluations on the state of the stocks.

2.3 DEEP SEA RESOURCES

2.3.1 Black scabbardfish in Sub-area IX ICES has classified this species/stock in sub-area IX as ’probably being category 2’ deep-water species, i.e. fully or overexploited. This statement is based on the fact that information on this species in sub-areas V, VI, VII and XII indicate overexploiting. However no data was available to ICES from sub-area IX. Nevertheless following a precautionary approach ICES also includes sub-area IX in its advice for this species, which is a 50% reduction in effort.

STECF notes, that at present the fisheries in NE Atlantic for this species roughly can be grouped into:

− Trawl fisheries in sub-areas VI,VII, XII

− A long-line fishery off Portugal in sub-area IX.

In addition, there are long-line fisheries for this species in sub-area VIII and off the Azores and Madeira Island.

The Portuguese long-line fishery for black scabbardfish in sub-area IX is almost entirely conducted from the port of Sesimbra south of Lisbon. This fishery, which began in 1983, takes place on hard bottoms along the slopes of canyons at depths ranging from 800 to 1200 m. Since the beginning 15 vessels have been engaged in the fishery and after a small decline in catch level in 1995 the landings have since then remained a the same level.

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Since the ICES advice was presented, CPUE figures for this fishery, covering the period 1992-98, have become available (ICES,2000) :

Year Kg / hook Year Kg / hook

1992 0.23 1996 0.23

1993 0.21 1997 0.23

1994 0.22 1998 0.20

1995 0.27

These CPUE figures from 1992 to 1998, which show small fluctuations without any trends, indicate no decline in the stock size.

STECF notes that stock delineation for Black scabbardfish is, as for many other deep-water species, uncertain and it has been suggested that there is only one stock distributed in the entire ICES area. According to ICES and the report by the STECF- SGFEN the stock structure is unclear.

Since there are no signs of overexploitation in the period 1992-1998 with respect to CPUE alone, STECF is of the opinion that ICES advice should be updated with the most recent data sets and that it is strictly ensured that current effort does not increase.

2.4 HIGHLY MIGRATORY STOCKS

2.4.1 International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna (ICCAT) The last SCRS (Standing Committee on Research and Statistics) meeting of the ICCAT took place in Madrid in 0ctober 2001. The only stock assessment planned was for Sailfish, however the group had serious problems with the available data and no assessment was carried out during the meeting.

An important WG meeting was held in September, to discuss the mixing problem of the two stocks actually used for management of Atlantic bluefin tuna. Several new data were discussed but further studies are needed before modifying the current management approach.

For all the species under the ICCAT convention the work carried out by SCRS was limited to updating relevant data sets and other available information.

One of the major concerns of the SCRS is related to the deterioration of the quality of data, particularly of those officially submitted by the member States and especially for the data related to species under TAC regulation. Another serious problem is related to the lack of data from several countries playing an important role in some regional contexts and for some species for which the assessment should be done in 2002 or 2003.

A specific problem concerning the catch data for the Mediterranean bluefin tuna is becoming quite serious, due to the tuna farming system and to the fact that most of the catches are put directly into floating cages for fattening.

Some regulatory measures have been suggested to protect juvenile swordfish in the Mediterranean, where the proportion of undersize catches is still significant.

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2.4.2 Indian Ocean tunas: Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC) The last IOTC meetings (Scientific Committee and Commission) took place in December 2000. This tuna commission, working under the FAO rules, has been created recently in 1997. The IOTC work is still limited by the lack of statistical data for various major fisheries and by limited knowledge concerning Indian Ocean tunas fisheries and stocks. Until now, none of the Indian Ocean tuna stocks has been thoroughly evaluated by the IOTC Scientific Committee. The IOTC commission has studied in 2000 a project to establish a seasonal moratorium on FAD fishing and a limitation of fishing efforts, but these two projects have been postponed due to a lack of consensus concerning them among the IOTC members. There is no management recommendation presently developed by the IOTC. The IOTC scientific committee strongly recommends to conduct as soon as possible a large scale tagging program on the three major tropical species, namely yellowfin, skipjack and bigeye. This program appears to be urgently needed in order to allow a comprehensive stock assessment of these three major stocks. As the EC is a major partner in this fishery (catching nearly 40% of these total catches) the STECF considers that the EC should support actively this program which is still seeking its financial support from the IOTC member countries.

2.4.3 Eastern Pacific: Inter American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC)

The EC and Spain are candidates to join the IATTC, but they are not yet members of this Commission. The IATTC has been recommending in its June 2001 meeting various management measures which were primarily based on scientific analysis done by scientists working for his Commission. Three main recommendations were done for this year 2001 concerning quotas and by-catches:

• on yellowfin, a quota of 250000 tons, with possible increments to 310000 tons

• on bigeye, a quota of 6300 tons of small bigeye (less than 60 cm)

• Various limitations were also recommended concerning the handling of by-catches (tunas and other species) taken by the purse seine fishery.

The two first recommendations were based on detailed stock assessment analysis, but each of them has been taken primarily as a precautionary management measures targeting a decrease of fishing pressure. In this context, these recommendations should be considered as being positive ones, even though some of them are probably very difficult to apply efficiently (knowing for instance that any small bigeye quota will be very difficult or impossible to put into action because of the serious difficulties to identify small bigeye in the catch statistics)

2.5 STOCKS SUBJECT TO TAC BUT FOR WHICH ADVICE IS NOT AVAILABLE FROM SCIENTIFC BODIES

Traditionally, STECF gives a series of data for recent years on catch and corresponding TACs, based on Commission's statistics. In rare occasions STECF is able to provide with innovative information useful for management, and has generally advised that, if a TAC is to be set, it should be based on recent catches.

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Again, STECF was not in a position to improve the advice given in recent years. TAC and catch data were updated and this is shown in the following tables. Figures are taken from DG-FISH statistics. STECF notes that in nearly all cases the agreed TACs are not restrictive.

Previous comments made by STECF on these stocks remain valid.

Pollack Vb (EC zone), VI, XII, XIV

Year 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Agreed TAC 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1

Landings (kt) 0.22 0.34 0.33 0.50 0.40 0.31 0.22 0.31 0.23

Pollack VII

Year 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Agreed TAC 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0

Landings (kt) 5.31 5.32 6.02 5.38 6.08 5.46 5.20 3.81 3.96

Pollack VIIIab

Year 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Agreed TAC 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6

Landings (kt) 1.64 1.35 1.87 1.60 1.43 1.32 1.00 1.08 1.18

Pollack VIIIc

Year 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Agreed TAC 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

Landings (kt) 0.06 0.05 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.09 0.11 0.09

Pollack IX

Year 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Agreed TAC 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45

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Landings (kt) 0.07 0.05 0.03 0.06 0.05 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.06

33

Herring VIIef

Year 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Agreed TAC 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

Landings (kt) 0.36 0.76 0.45 0.95 1.0 1.04 0.40 0.68 0.71

Whiting VIII

Year 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Agreed TAC 5.0 5.0 5.0 8.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0

Landings (kt) 2.24 3.11 3.43 4.32 2.70 2.69 2.13 3.13 1.56

Whiting IX

Year 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Agreed TAC 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6

Landings (kt) 0.21 0.23 0.31 0.17 0.18 0.14 0.11 0.08 0.08

Plaice VIII, IX

Year 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Agreed TAC 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7

Landings (kt) 0.37 0.44 0.44 0.41 0.35 0.32 0.23 0.28 0.45

Sole VIIIcde, IX

Year 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Agreed TAC 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0

Landings (kt) 1.28 1.37 1.20 1.25 0.98 0.96 0.97 0.90 1.02

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Horse mackerel X, CECAF 34.1.2 (EC Zone - Azores Islands)

Year 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Agreed TAC - - - - 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0

Landings (kt) 1.72 1.92 1.50 0.65 0.65

Horse mackerel CECAF 34.1.1 (EC Zone - Madeira Islands)

Year 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Agreed TAC - - - - 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0

Landings (kt) 0.39 0.76 0.66 0.34 0.56

Horse mackerel CECAF 34.1.1 (EC Zone - Canary Islands)

Year 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Agreed TAC - - - - 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0

Landings (kt) 0.04 -

Common prawn, French Guyana (Penaeus subtilis).

Year 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Agreed TAC 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1

Landings (kt) 4.0 3.3 4.2 4.0 4.3 4.0 3.8 3.5 2.65

3 WORK PLAN FOR UPDATING THE REPORT ON THE STATUS OF STOCKS OF COMMUNITY INTEREST.

For the past 3 years, the STECF Sub-group on review of Stocks (SGRST) has met for four days prior to the April plenary meeting of STECF, to produce a report on the status of stocks of Community interest and to address additional ad hoc terms of reference. The stock review alone represents a considerable amount of work for the Sub-group participants, particularly since the majority of the work is undertaken during the meeting. STECF notes that most of the reports from Advisory bodies used by the Sub-group are available well ahead of the meeting and therefore suggests much of the stock review could be compiled before the Sub-group meets.

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STECF notes that the potential utility of the stock review is presently rather redundant because of the timing of it’s production. It is presently compiled after management proposals have been made and decisions for the year in which it is held have been taken.

Therefore STECF proposes that the timing of the meeting be moved from April to November, after the advice from advisory bodies has been published but before management proposals are put to the Fisheries Council in December. This would mean that the stock review meeting could be held ahead of the November Plenary of the STECF, and the review document would be available to the Commission to assist in making its management proposals for the following year. The review could also include for some stocks the potential economic impact of the advised exploitation rates. An alternative proposal would be to give the November plenary STECF only Terms of Reference specifically related to the stock review. All other business could be dealt with at the April plenary meeting.

The advantage of the second proposal would be that we dispense with one full plenary of the STECF although it is unclear whether this is a practical proposition given the seemingly ever-increasing workload for the Committee. Were either of these proposals adopted, this would mean that there would be no consolidated stock review document for the advice for 2002, unless two stock review documents were produced during 2002, one in April and one in November.

Given the likely workload of STECF, the Committee recommends that the Stock Review meeting be moved from April in 2001 and be held from 28 October to 1 November 2001.

In planning for the review for 2001, the co-ordinator (J. Casey) should contact appropriate experts asking them to prepare draft updates to the stock ahead of the meeting of the Sub-group. The drafts should be sent to the coordinator in electronic format (Microsoft word) for compilation. A compiled draft should then be returned to the individual experts ahead of the meeting, thereby maximising the time available at the meeting for discussion and production of the final report and to address any additional terms of reference.

4 ECONOMIC ISSUES

4.1 INTRODUCTION The Annual Economic Report (AER) 2001 on "Economic performance of selected European fishing fleets" (Appendix 2) has been produced by a group of research institutes which earlier has co-operated under the Concerted Action: Promotion of common Methods for Economic Assessment of EU Fisheries (FAIR PL 97-3541). However the preparation of the report was made under the auspices of the European Association of Fisheries Economists (EAFE). The AER presents information on 39 segments of fishing fleets, covering almost all concerned EU Member States. Most of the presented data was collected under the EU funded project "Data on the economic performance of the fisheries sector" (contract No 00/32). Due to lack of information concerning the TACs and other biological input, it was not possible, this year to produce an Economic Interpretation of the ACFM Advice (EIAA) to be presented at the STECF meeting in November.

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4.2 SUMMARY OF THE AER 1

4.2.1 Economic Results in 2000 The EU fisheries produced approximately 6m tonnes of fish with an estimated value of €7,700m, in 2000. Some 225,000 fishermen were employed, a reduction of about 1% compared to 1999.

There are large differences in gross value added per fisherman according to segment, ranging from €10,000 to €70,000. Furthermore, profit as well as depreciation and interest on capital constitute part of the disposable income. The average age of vessels in many fleet segments is high at over 25 years, and therefore the cost of depreciation and interest is rather low.

The overview shows that in the medium term 30 out of 39 segments achieved reasonable to good performance in the period 1998-2000. Only 3 segments have shown a weak or poor performance. Eleven segments improved their performance in 2000, while 18 worsened. Comparison of the results of 2000 with those of the previous year shows a clear deterioration of the short and medium term economic results. Table 4.2.1: Short and medium term performance in 2000 and 1999 (number of segments)

Medium term Short term

2000 1999 2000 1999

Good 13 25 Improvement 11 23

Reasonable 17 8 Stable 4 4

Weak 2 5 Deterioration 18 16

Very weak 1 5 Not available 6 3

Not available 6 3

Total 39 46 Total 39 46

Source: AER 2001

1 Partly based on the EAFE-AC Report, The Current Economic Position of EU Fisheries and Prospects for 2002,

November 2001.

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Table 4.2.2 Main indicators by country 2000 Value of

Landings (€m) Employ-ment2 Volume of

Landings (000t) Fleet

Number of Vessels3

Fleet GRT/GT (1000)

Belgium 89 700 27 124 23

Denmark 431 4,600 1,523 1,528 98

Finland 22 2,700 103 3,701 21

France 4 1,135 14,990 605 5,669 166

Germany1 182 2,800 226 2,261 65

Greece 250 36,273 93 19,644 102

Ireland 219 6,000 318 1,331 59

Italy 1,558 46,938 392 18,390 207

Netherlands 400 2,400 467 420 177

Portugal 299 25,021 166 10,750 112

Spain1 2,072 66,100 1110 17,187 536

Sweden 113 2,500 332 1,955 47

United Kingdom 908 13,700 748 7,242 247

EU 7,678 224,722 6,110 90,202 1,860

Source: AER 2001

1 Data for 1998;

2 The employment figures have been adjusted and may not represent full-time equivalents; 3 The fleet definitions in this report may not correspond fully to the fleet sizes stated in official documents as fishing vessels of little economic importance have been excluded. 4 The 2000 figures for France are not comparable with earlier years owing to changes in the methodology for collection.

Table 4.2.3 Indicators for individual segments 2000

Country Segment Gross value Value of Landings/ Economic Average added/ landings/ vessel performance vessel size employed vessel (tonnes) (1000 EUR) (1000 EUR) '98-'00'00 Crew GT/GRT

Belgium Beam trawlers 63 888 256 + - 6.7 208 Denmark Trawlers >200 GT 67 981 7786 + - 6.5 380 Trawlers <200 GT 47 265 480 + - 3.1 44 Danish seiners 49 265 148 + - 3.3 38 Gill netters 39 124 52 + - 2.1 13 Finland Pelagic trawlers 61 93 776 + - 2.52 65 Salmon offshore na 50 21 + + 1.72 26 France Channel and Atlantic Non trawlers < 12m. 39 76 na na na 1.7 5 Trawlers < 30 m. 64 326 na na na 3.7 36 Non trawlers 12-25 m. 60 371 na na na 5.2 41

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Mediterranean Small vessels 17 24 na na na 1.2 3 Trawlers 70 447 na na na 4.5 55 Greece Thermaik. deep w. trawl 27 223 61 - +/- 6 80 Thermaik. coastal trawl 24 154 46 -- +/- 5 72 Ireland Offshore multi-purpose 24 433 350 - - 6.8 154

Italy Trawlers 29 224 43 ++ +/- 4.2 42 Purse seiners 24 338 226 ++ + 9.8 45 Midwater pair trawlers 33 323 338 ++ + 6.2 66 Dredgers 35 92 42 ++ + 2.1 10 Multi-purpose trawlers 22 114 22 ++ - 2.9 15 Small scale fishery 16 42 8 ++ + 2.0 3 Tuna fleet 32 189 65 + +/- 3.6 52 Swordfish fleet 17 135 16 ++ - 4.6 18 Netherlands Eurocutters 191-221 kW 59 371 107 + - 3.2 75 Beam trawlers 811+ kW 78 1356 433 + - 7.2 427 Portugal Coastal trawlers 21 478 197 ++ + 11.3 137 Coastal purse seiners 10 286 445 ++ - 17.2 46 NAFO vessels 18 1725 915 ++ - 35.0 1512 Spain '300 fleet' 38 893 171 ++ - 14.5 203 Sweden Pelagic vessels >20m 41 725 4737 + - 7.0 352 Pelagic vessels <20m 15 462 131 ++ - 2.0 23 Shrimp trawlers 43 209 43 + + 3.0 86 Demersal trawlers >20m 49 611 276 + + 5.0 184 Demersal trawlers <20m 51 191 65 ++ + 2.0 50 Nephrops trawlers 24 96 19 + + 2.0 33 Net / hook fishery 27 84 47 + + 2.0 27 United Kingdom Scottish demersal trawl 28 618 na + - 5.0 163 Scottish nephrops trawl 25 264 na + - 4.0 22

2. Crew refers to number of fishermen in Finland.

4.3 OUTLOOK FOR 2001 Reduction of TACs for the main species continued and it is unlikely that the inverse price effect will be sufficient to maintain revenue at levels achieved in the years 1998-1999.

Considering the international situation at the end of 2001, a further decrease in the price of fuel cannot be expected. However, pressure on the economic performance of the fishing industry will be eased a little should the slightly lower oil prices persist. Overall, however, share fishermen will be faced with further decreases in income, which will make the profession less attractive. Serious crew shortages are already apparent in several countries. To correct this,

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one possibility is to increase percentage crew shares, adding further to the pressure on profitability. This will result in a shift between Labour and Capital.

4.4 CONCLUSIONS BASED ON THE AER

• Mixed picture

Despite the poor state of stocks the turnover has stayed, on average, at the same level as the previous year. However, the results are mixed in the sense that some fleet segments are doing better as at the same time others have faced deterioration turnover.

• High fuel prices hits larger vessels

The economic result has deteriorated due to the rise of fuel prices. This development has hit especially the larger vessels, as their fuel costs are relatively higher than those in smaller vessels.

• Crewing problem in some major vessels

Due to diminishing wages and more favourable opportunities, some vessels have faced problems in hiring new labour. This is particularly the case for skilled and educated fishermen needed in the larger vessels. This is however a general problem in recruiting technicians to industrial activities.

• Smaller vessels are doing better

Within the mixed picture, some small-scale fisheries have managed to improve the economic performance. However, their productivity remains low in terms of gross value added per employment.

• Fleet age

The average age of vessels is quite old, 25 years, implying poor ability of the industry to renew the fleet.

• Probably no reserves to renovation

According to economic performance of the fleets observed during the past years, it is probable that the industry is not able to make the renovation required to maintain the size of the fleets.

• Survival on cash flow

Due to a positive cash flow the firms are capable to operate but not cover the depreciation and interest costs.

• Fluctuations are normal

For fisheries it is normal to have fluctuations, which fishing firms are used to. To assess the economic performance and predicting dynamic changes in the industry, the average development of the few last years are more important than the result of the last year.

4.5 DATA QUALITY OF THE AER Quality of the data presented in the AER report is primarily the responsibility of each individual partner. Each contributor of the AER applies methods of data collection suited for his particular situation. This means that there are not any common procedures for quality

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control and that the methods of data collection differ from country to country. The latter is a usual practice in many areas of collection of statistics.

Issue of data quality may be addressed from four different points of view.

1. Data on individual segments. The reliability of this data is primarily determined by the homogeneity of the definition of the segment and the size of the survey in relation to the size of the population. The latter has been presented in the final report of the 2nd Concerted Action ‘Promotion of common methods of economic assessment of EU fisheries’.

2. Data at national level. The report covers 35-50% of the European fleets. It is not possible to develop an aggregation of individual fleet segments to national total. There are statistical and analytical questions regarding the overall analysis at national level. These regard inter alia value added per employed, total gross value of production and employment. In these respects the AER is obliged to rely on secondary sources.

3. Economic interpretation of the ACFM advice (EIAA). EIAA model can be only applied to fleet segments where the data set is sufficiently complete. For some fleet segments this is not possible.

4. Other applications. The extent to which the data is suitable for other applications is unclear for the time being. Several small models have been developed in the project (effect of fuel prices, economic performance on short and medium term). It may be expected that in near future new applications will be needed where the data will prove insufficient.

STECF stresses the need to continue the task to harmonise and standardise the statistics. Some kind of quality assurance should be tested in the future.

4.6 FUTURE WORK As concerns the future work and organisation, the STECF reiterates once again the eight recommendations as stated in the 11th Report of the STECF of 06-10 November 2000 (p20-21) and repeated in the 12th Report of 02-06 April 2001 (p 75). In addition the STECF suggests that the EIAA and other available sources of data should be used as a basis for preparation of a Fleet status report parallel to the stock status report. The STECF considers it important to keep the momentum in the economic contribution to the understanding of the fleet dynamics and to broaden both the perspective and the depth of the analysis. It should be possible for the STECF, with the present set of data to make an estimation of the present over-capacity taking into consideration a "normal" profitability and the present status of the stocks.

The utilisation of the data referred to above should be in the framework of an economic production function, where the special conditions of the fishing sector make it necessary to include three types of production factors: the fish stocks, capital, and labour

On the overall level (CFP level) there is no value for the fish stocks as production factor. The consequence is that there is no economic reward for the use of fish stocks as production factor. This means that the reward (payment) to the production factors will only be given to Capital and Labour.

The use of the production factor Capital is related to the capacity issue. More capital will indicate a higher capacity. To address the capacity problem three approaches could be used:

• Technical approach, where the capacity is measured in terms of physical units

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• A business/economic approach, where the capacity is measured in terms of reward (profit) to the fishing enterprise.

• A social economic approach, where the capacity is measured in terms of reward (resource rent) to the society. This approach could reveal the value of the fish stocks as a production factor (resource rent).

If the economic task is organised as previously recommended, the economic approach could be included in the work of the STECF, using the available data referred to above.

5 MEDITERRANEAN. STECF was requested to evaluate and comment as appropriate some reports dealing with beach seine, “gangui” and “thonaille” driftnet French fisheries. STECF was informed that the reports on beach seine and “gangui” were submitted, to the attention of the Commission, by the Comité Régional des Pêches Maritimes et des Élevages Marins (CRPMEM) of the Region Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur (Region PACA), which have funded the research programme. The report on “thonaille” fishery was submitted by French fishermen within the framework of the debate on the Green Paper on reform of CFP after 2002.

5.1 BEACH SEINE IN THE FRENCH PACA REGION

Beach seining in the Mediterranean, i.e. a net set by a boat and operated from the shore, shall be prohibited from January 2002 according to Article 2 (3) of the Regulation 1626/94 of 27 June 1994 unless the Council, on a proposal from the Commission, decides otherwise in the light of scientific analysis proving that their use does not have a negative impact on resources.

Considering that beach seine is at risk of being prohibited in the Mediterranean from January 2002, the STECF was asked by the Commission to evaluate the document presented by French PACA Region concerning the beach seining along French coastal waters.

5.1.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE FISHERY The beach seine is an artisanal encircling fishing gear with a pocket, which can be hauled to the shore by hand or by some motorised device. Different kinds of nets are used according to the different species to be taken.

The document provides information about three kinds of nets, used in the area, of different lengths and mesh sizes and targeting respectively:

- fry and juveniles (sardines and anchovies)

- small pelagic fish (sardines and anchovies adults)

- other fishes (bogue, sea bass, sea bream etc.)

The boats used in beach seining are small, typically less than 12m in length and equipped with outboard engines ranging in power from 10 to 70 HP.

According to the report, this fishery employs 27 vessels in this French Region. The declared average daily yields per boat are as follows:

1. 20 kg for the fry of sardine/anchovy (variability from 0 to 100 kg)

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2. 20-25 kg for the small pelagic fish (variability from 0 to 40 kg)

3. 30-40 kg for other fish of which 2-4 kg are red mullets.

5.1.2 STECF COMMENTS The document does not provide any size distribution of the catches or the specific composition of the yield.

There is also a lack of experimental data for evaluating the real impact of such activity on the marine environment.

Although, the report states that this fishing gear does not impact on the benthic biocenosis and in particular on the phanerogams, this statement is not supported by any data. In the 10th STECF report of April 2001, two similar documents, presented by Italy and Greece, were examined; the conclusions drawn there, mutatis mutandis, may also apply to this case. However, in the case of Greek and Italian fisheries most, if not all, examples were referring to seine fisheries operated from a boat instead of being operated from the shore.

The documentation presented does not provide any evidence to remove the current regulation.

5.2 GANGUI

STECF was requested to evaluate two reports, submitted by the CRPMEM of French Region PACA, dealing with the biological and socio-economic impacts of the “gangui” fisheries respectively. The Regulation 1626/94 of 27 June 1994 prohibits the use of gangui , as follows :

Art. : 3§1 : the use of “gangui” will be prohibited since 31 December 2002, within 3 miles off the coast or within the isoline of 50 m when such depth will be at a lesser distance from the coast.

5.2.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE FISHING METHOD The term gangui as mentioned in the European regulation, relates to several fishing techniques according to both ports and fishing periods. Several type of fisheries named as “ gangui “ are mentioned in the report and can be classified as follows:

- gangui with otterboards, where the mouth of the net, comprising a bag (codend) and two wings, is kept open by otterboards. It varies in shape and size according to the place of deployment:

- gangui with otterboards on hard bottoms are used on Posidonia beds situated between 12 and 28m depth;

- gangui with otterboards on soft bottoms are used at depths ranging from between 27 and 50 down to 100m;

- gangui with a net mounted on a rigid steel frame are used on sea bottoms between 15 and 35 m .

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- small gangui can be equipped either with a net mounted on a rigid steel frame or with smaller and lighter doors. Such gears are used only on Posidonia beds between 12 and 30 m.

5.2.2 STECF COMMENTS The document submitted to the STECF for evaluation presents some biological and economic analyses on the fishery operating in PACA coastal waters.

Very few boats and fishermen are involved and they mainly operate on Posidonia oceanica beds.

STECF wishes to point out the following:

Posidonia oceanica is a marine phanerogam widely distributed along the coastal waters of the Mediterranean. Several anthropogenic factors are having a detrimental effect on Posidonia beds in several Mediterranean littoral areas, e.g. pollution, fishing, boat anchorage and other activities.

The prairies of marine phanerogams, in particular Posidonia oceanica, play an important ecological role at different stages of their growth and also act as stabilisers of sandy bottoms.

Posidonia oceanica has been protected since 1976 by French Nature Conservation legislation. The EU Habitats Directive 92/43 includes Posidonia beds as habitats that need strong protection.

The document, presented to STECF, shows the impact of trawling gear on Posidonia beds, and confirms the finding of studies in other EU Mediterranean waters. The impact of trawling results in a reduced density of Posidonia and a reduction in the extent of the beds. In addition, low fish density, a reduction in the mean size of fish and reduced numbers of Posidonia plants are associated with areas where gangui are used.

Gangui catches are reported according to commercial category and not separately by species. The specific catch compositions and size groups are therefore not well known. The commercial categories are ‘rock fish’ (used for fish soup) and ‘ white fish’ (used for frying). These components average 70% of the reported catches by weight respectively. As for the value, the only “soup of rock“ represents the 65%.

The number of people employed in the gangui fishery are quite low. A prohibition on the use of gangui will not have a significant socio-economic impact.

Community legislation has resulted in a gradual reduction of the potential fishing effort (from 92 units in 1997 to the present 47). This reduction has given rise ro an increase in productivity for the remaining units indicating that E.U. incentives to withdraw have been effective at reducing pressure on the resources exploited by gangui.

However, as a consequence of the increase in productivity, the remaining boats may wish to continue with their present activity.

While the report on the gangui fishery contains a wide variety of information, there are no data on the interactions of this fishery with other fisheries and no information on the impact of gangui on the resources they exploit.

Furthermore, there is no detailed technical information with regards to the impact of gangui on Posidonia oceanica beds.

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Taking into account the following:

− the lack of evidence to indicate that the gangui fishery does not have a detrimental effect on the resources it exploits or the habitat;

− the likely detrimental effects on Posidonia oceanica beds;

− that several species are caught at sizes well below that of first maturity (the ratio of small fishes captured by the gangui varies from 27 to 41 %);

− that some species caught by gangui (e.g. Pagellus erythrinus, Boops boops, Mullus surmuletus, Trachurus trachurus, Merluccius merluccius) are included in the list of priority species for the GFCM and some of these species are currently overexploited;

the STECF wishes to point out that there is no proof that the gangui fishery does not have a negative impact on the resources it exploits or the habitats where it is used.

5.3 THONAILLE - DRIFTNET FISHERY The STECF was asked by the Commission to examine and evaluate the report “Thonaille Méditerranéenne – suivi en mer de la campagne 2000” of 31 May 2001. The report was prepared by the “Université de la Méditerranée (Aix-Marseille II)” under a research programme funded by the Conseil Régional Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur. The report was made available to the European Commission, for its considerations, within the debate of the reform of CFP after 2002.

The report presents outputs of surveys carried out in 2000 to monitor a fleet using the “thonaille” a particular type of drift-net used in the Mediterranean French waters. The study is still going on and a next report will probably include the observations of the fishing season in 2001.

5.3.1 Gear description The “Thonaille” is a surface drift-net, used by some French fishermen, targeting mainly bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus). The mesh size usually varies from 90 to 120 mm of bar-length (180 to 240 mm stretched mesh), reaching a maximum of 360 mm (stretched). The nets currently in use have from 45 to 50 meshes in height, with a thickness of the twine ranging from 400m/kg to 1100m/kg.

Each drift-net set is made by 7 to 8 pieces of net, each having a length between 120 to 130 m. Several sets are used at the same time by one single vessel; the number of sets varies according to the weather conditions, and the choice of the mesh size depends on the target species.

The overall length ranges from 2500 m to 10500 m, although more frequently between 4000 m to 8000 m.

5.3.2 Description of the fishery According to the report, the drift net fishery with the “thonaille” usually takes place in the study area from late Spring to the end of the Summer (May-September), during the new moon phases. Drift nets are set in the evening (about at 7 p.m.) and about two hours are needed to complete the shot of the net. The drift-nets stay at sea between 4 and 6 hours, than between 3

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to 5 hours are necessary to retrieve the net on board, although this time is strongly influenced by several factors. Due to the currents, the drift-net usually drift during the night.

The fishing area of the fleet includes part of the so called “Marine Mammals Sanctuary” in the Corse-Ligurian-Provencal basin. The fleet is based in six ports, in the southern part of France.

5.3.3 Target species The target species of the fishery is usually the bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) (89.4%in number and 79.4% in weight), but the swordfish (Xiphias gladius) (10% in number and 20.1% in weight) and the albacore (Thunnus alalunga) (0.6% in number and 0.4% in weight) are also important target species, particularly in some periods of the fishing season. The target species and their size also determine the type of drift net used.

The fishing practice is quite selective in terms of species composition, in fact the target species average 95.6% of the total commercial catch.

5.3.4 By-catch Only a few species are included in the by-catch, Tetrapturus belone, Brama brama, Prionace glauca and Auxis rochei. The by-catch species are 4.4% by weight of the total commercial catch.

5.3.5 Incidental catches (rejected) Five species [Dasyatis violacea (pelagic sting ray), Mola mola (sun fish), Mobula mobular (manta ray), Caretta caretta (loggerhead turtle), Stenella coeruleoalba (striped dolphins) ] have shown different rates of incidental capture during the period . All these species were usually rejected alive at sea, except for the striped dolphins because they were all died inside the net. The incidental catches represent 0.65% of the total catch in number of specimens.

5.3.6 Selectivity Due to the high percentage of target species in the catch and to the very small numbers of species caught, this drift-net shows a high species selectivity.

5.3.7 Comments: The report provides a detailed overview of the “thonaille” fishery in the year 2000 for the fleet based in 6 French ports. STECF assumes that these data represents the majority of the French Mediterranean “thonaille” fleet, although the report does not specifically state that this is the case.

The results, so far obtained by the observers, are quite comparable with findings of previous studies carried out on the Italian drift-net fleet; several comments are also along the same line.

It appears quite clear that the current legal maximum gear length (2500 m) is not profitable for the fishermen and, in practice, they use longer nets.

The high species-specific selectivity of this fishery is clearly evidenced, particularly when compared with other fishing gears employed in the Mediterranean.

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The “thonaille” catches of the main target species (Thunnus thynnus, bluefin tuna) are mainly composed of undersized specimens, well over the permitted percentage (15%) in certain periods. Although the annual average percentage of undersize tunas is below 15%, the current regulation relates to each single fishing haul, and several of hauls had higher values.

In addition, it is currently impossible to avoid the incidental catch of protected species (marine turtles and, particularly, small cetaceans). According to the report, the catch rate for the striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba, the only cetacean species caught during the trials) was 0.283 per haul. The impact of the catch on the cetacean population is undefined because no updated reliable estimation of population size has been made available.

Another problematic factor arises from the report: this fishery is often carried out inside the “Marine Mammal Sanctuary in the Corse-Ligurian-Provencal basin”, established with an intergovernmental agreement among France, Italy and the Principality of Monaco, signed on November 1999 and ratified in the national legislations. One of the basic requirement of the agreement is to avoid the use of the drift nets in the Sanctuary ( the Italian drift net fishery in that area was banned in 1992). The main rationale behind this decision is that drift nets cannot avoid the incidental catch of cetaceans. This aspect is to be taken into maximum consideration.

5.3.8 Conclusions: The French drift net fishery in the Mediterranean (“thonaille”) is similar to other well known Mediterranean drift net fisheries studied in the recent past.

The drift net fishery is the major source of cetacean mortality in the Basin Liguro-Provenzal, as a consequence of the high concentration of cetacean specimen and species, linked to local oceanographic conditions in the seasons when the fishery takes place. Therefore the “thonaille” fishery in the “Marine Mammal Sanctuary” is clearly in contradiction with the Agreement and with the EU Conservation Policy.

The significant percentage of undersize bluefin tunas, caught at certain times of the year, could potentially be managed by seasonal closures or through mesh size regulations.

The length of the nets currently used by the fishermen exceeds the permitted length imposed by the EC Regulation (2.5 km), and reflects the average minimum economic requirements. This has benn reported in previous studies (including the STECF report SEC(95)549) carried out on similar fisheries.

The drift net fishery with the “thonaille” shows the same positive (high species-specific selectivity) and negative (impact on protected species) effects as other Mediterranean drift net fisheries.

According to a recent EC study (BFTMED), the thonaille drift net fishery is a growing activity and an important increase in the number of vessels has been reported in the recent years. According to the ICCAT and GFCM, the bluefin tuna and the swordfish, the two most important target species of this fishery, requires a reduction in fishing effort and no increase in effort should be allowed.

According to the information provided by the document submitted to STECF, there is no proof that the thonaille fishery does not have a negative impact on the resources it exploits. Additional comments about the drift net fishery in the Mediterranean:

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The drift net fishery, targeting highly migratory species, will be banned in all the EU member States, except in the Baltic, from 1st January 2002 (Council Regulation (EC) No 1239/98). Until that date, the maximum net length for each single vessel is 2.5 km, except in the Baltic.

The potential positive effect on protected species of the drift net fishery ban, as planned from the year 2002 for the EC fleets, is strongly undermined by a parallel increase of drift net fishing effort by several non-EU Countries, particularly in the Mediterranean Sea.

Actually, two EC member States have relevant large pelagic drift-net fisheries (Italy, with 130 vessels reported to ICCAT/SCRS and France, with over 75 vessels, reported within the BFTMED project), while non-EC Countries have developed important drift net activities: Morocco (well over 400 vessels reported to ICCAT/SCRS) and Turkey (over 110 vessels, with subsides to the fishermen to develop such activity; Prof. Oray, pers.com.).

The discrepancy in the regulatory measures between EC and non-EC Countries creates irregular concurrency for the resources, a North-South shifting of the fishing effort, conflicts among fishermen and fisheries and undermined any positive effect on the target and protected species.

The STECF suggests the Commission may wish to seriously consider these management problems and raise them in the appropriate fora.

6 HAKE AND COD RECOVERY PLANS

6.1 STECF CONSIDERATION OF THE COMMISSION DOCUMENT “RECOVERY PLANS FOR FISH STOCKS THREATENED WITH COLLAPSE”

6.1.1 Information Sheet No. 1: Multi-annual process for selection of TACs

6.1.1.1 Biological considerations

STECF considered the current advice, provided by ICES, on stocks requiring recovery plans ad hoc. Whilst this is a separate issue to defining processes to bring about a recovery, STECF sees an appropriate definition of the overfished status of fish stocks as a necessary step to be taken prior to implementation of a process for stock recovery.

STECF also considered the requirements for recovering fish stocks and concluded that four components are necessary:

1) A measure of the status of the stock with respect to biological reference points. 2) A target recovery period; 3) A target recovery trajectory for the interim stock status relative to the biological

reference points; 4) Transition from a recovery strategy to one which fulfills management objectives.

STECF noted that while these components are, to a limited extent, implicit in the Commission’s Information Sheet No. 1 they are not clearly stated in each case. STECF considers that the lack of explicit objectives is also a feature of the recovery programmes currently in place for a number of stocks, most notably cod and hake, and is of the opinion that the approach adopted by the Commission should be amended accordingly. In particular

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STECF considered the need to specify, in each case, stock-based management objectives rather than species-based ones, with clearly defined recovery periods, and harvesting strategies consistent with the status of the stock, and the fishery with which it is concerned. It is thus apparent that a definition of the stock status is a prerequisite to any recovery plan. In addition STECF suggests that when deciding an appropriate recovery period, some function of a multiple of the generation time of the stock concerned and the traditional fishing effort might be a useful metric. Here traditional fishing effort may be considered as a useful proxy for the potential of the stock to replenish itself, generation time is a biological consideration whereas the multiple used is a management decision.

STECF agrees with the Commission’s opinion that constant fishing mortality rate policies impose difficulties because of uncertainties and variability in both management and biological processes, and that the uncertainty associated with estimates of SSB are considerable less than those associated with F. In either case however, the absence of an accepted recovery trajectory does not provide for “mid-course corrections”. Such corrections are needed to adjust to differences between projected and realized resource status and in the risk choices of the managers relative to over-runs and under-runs of annual quotas.

STECF is strongly of the opinion that appropriate simulation experiments to test any recovery strategy are conducted at an early stage in every case. In particular STECF noted the desirability of including economic data in these simulations and evaluating both the economic and social consequences of any recovery plan. In order to evaluate a target recovery trajectory it is important that any other consideration that should be included, over and above the recovery of the specific stock, are explicitly stated. For example, if mitigation of the short-term economic effects is not a consideration of the Commission’s recovery strategy then this must be stated.

STECF also considered the efficacy of the Commissions current proposals in respect of Cod and Hake, and concluded that in the absence of the steps outlined here it is difficult to comment on the likely outcome of the proposed recovery plans.

6.1.1.2 Economic considerations Gradual introduction of measures is preferred from economic perspective in order to avoid unnecessary disruption of the economic system in fisheries. Shock therapies will likely lead to non-compliance in the short run. Gradual imposition of restrictions will be more acceptable to the industry and will avoid unnecessary bankruptcies and market disruptions.

6.1.2 Information sheet no. 2. Effort Cod and hake make up a significant part of the gross revenues of certain fleet segments. As for cod examples are the Danish seiners and gill netters in Denmark and as for hake the Spanish so called ‘300 fleet’, as demonstrated in AER 2001 (see appendix 2). With the drop in the stock of cod its importance has decreased substantially and many fleets have shifted to alternative target species to complement their cod catches. The proposed technical approach in kW-days and fishing mortality should be translated into monetary terms in order to account for the relative economic importance of cod and hake for the various fleet segments. In this way it will be feasible to minimise losses of revenues generated by other species than cod and hake. STECF is confident that an economic approach to effort management could be developed to complement the technical calculation.

STECF considers that when using a formula such as the one proposed in information sheet 2 (or any amended version) for partitioning the required reduction in fishing effort between

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fleets, it is important that care should be taken to ensure that the economic consequences for individual fleets are not disproportionately large for those fleets that take only small fractions of the catch of the cod or hake.

The extent of economic loss and chances of survival for individual firms will depend on the following issues:

• Will the economic CPUE remain at its original level or will it change. Assuming that the fishing effort will decrease and the fleet will continue at its original fishing grounds, the CPUE will probably increase due to lesser crowding. Probably the most efficient vessels will remain in operation.

Survival of the individual vessels under the new restrictions will depend on:

• Speed of introduction and effective imposition of the measures. I.e. fast introduction will mean that vessels will not be able to adapt, each being obliged to reduce its effort by the given percentage. This will evidently lead to an economic disaster as even the fleets, which are little dependent on cod, may have to reduce the effort with e.g. 25% and cannot survive on 75% level of revenues relative to the original level. During the stage of introduction conditions have to be created to allow the individual firms to adjust to new constraints.

• Duration of the measures or speed of recovery. A financially strong firm may be able to operate for 2-3 years under serious constraints. However, with the recent level of fuel prices, for many firms the years 2000 and 2001 have not allowed creation of additional reserves, rather on the contrary. Consequently if there is no recovery by the year 2003/2004 many boats will have to stop, with or without a decommissioning scheme.

• Flexibility of the management system. Recognising the need for fleet reduction, for individual firms it is of importance to be able to reorganise their production process to allow for an efficient / profitable production under the new constraints. This means particularly access to fish stocks through redistribution system (based on administrative regulations, policy incentives or market)2. The fishing sector as a whole may achieve the highest value of production by maximising the ratio ‘value other species / value cod’. Improving flexibility in this way will optimise the operation of the fishing industry, making it more robust for a longer-term recovery scheme. On the other hand introduction of a rigid system will make an economic operation of the firms impossible. Evidently, a consequence of a flexible system will be that the partial Fs of the various fleets will be changing over time.

Specific indications regarding speed of introduction and duration may be formulated once the specific fleets have been defined in the context of the recovery plans. Regarding the Spanish ‘300 fleet’ see section 4 and Appendix 2.

6.1.3 Information sheet 3. Technical measures STECF agrees that there is considerable difficulty in understanding how the regulations for cod and hake recovery programmes and the existing technical measures regulation (850/98) are interconnected, and that a consolidated version is desirable.

2 Redistribution system allows certain individual producers to obtain sufficient access to stocks, at the expense of

other firms.

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STECF has no further technical comments, in addition to what already reported in its 12th report (SEC(2001)1581), on the specific proposals for amendments or improvements in technical measures.

Technical measures normally increase the costs of fishing and depress productivity. Selectivity could be also promoted through incentives. Vessels using selective gears may be given preferential treatment in relation to quota and effort management.

In order to maximise the revenues under the given constraints, the characteristics of the market should be taken into considerations.

6.1.4 Information sheet 4. Control From economic perspective control is of major importance for fair competition and adherence to catch restrictions. Therefore monitoring of the market should be given priority over the enforcement of command and control measures proposed. Selling of catches through auctions should be promoted. Larger vessels, which rely on port infrastructure, may be obliged to sell through auctions. As for small-scale fleets a separate system needs to be developed.

6.1.5 Information sheet 5. Accompanying measures In general subsidies should be avoided, particularly those for new construction and modernisation. Structural reduction of the fleet with the aid of decommissioning schemes is supported. Aid for temporary cessation should be only introduced with caution because it maintains overcapacity and postpones structural adjustment.

Allocation of structural funds should be based on efficiency considerations in relation to the reduction of fishing capacity (value of money argument).

6.1.6 Information sheet 6. Market measures Market for fresh fish is largely constrained by short supply. Intervention measures do not seem of relevance as in recent years they were probably applied only extremely scarcely. Market measures should be directed primarily towards ‘tracking and tracing’ in order to avoid illegal landings.

7 MULTI-ANNUAL TAC ( MATAC)

The Commission has launched, along with the process of introducing MATACs, calls for tenders to define multi-annual harvesting strategies for different stocks. STECF is expected to be consulted as pointed out in COM(2000)803final.

A first work “Report on an analysis of the possibilities of limiting annual fluctuations in TACs for flatfish “ has been delivered; a summary and major findings of the project are available in Appendix 3.

STECF is requested to take note of the report and to comment as appropriate with reference to economic criteria.

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7.1 ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF MATAC APPROACHES 3

MATAC has been requested by the industry in order to improve its economic operation and conditions (possibilities for planning). Assessment of MATAC options should therefore start from the specific level of MATAC, required for the survival of a given size of the fleet, and subsequently evaluate the consequences of that level for the fish stocks concerned.

Precise evaluation of MATAC will depend on the specific definition and implementation of the measure. The report presents extensive examples in this respect. The following text presents the criteria on which MATAC should be evaluated and some general remarks in this respect.

• FLEXIBILITY (short term decisions where and when to fish)

MATAC may offer greater flexibility in the choice to fish now or later, depending on definition and level.

• PLANNING (long term investment decisions)

In most specified options the possibilities for medium term planning do not seem to improve significantly.

• MARKET CONSISTENCY (policy in line with market forces)

Some MATAC specifications seem interesting to adjust to seasonal changes in demand;

Flexible adjustment of the quota year to the needs of particular fisheries appears the advantage;

• DAILY PRACTICE (inconsistencies between regulations and nature)

Major problem is the significant chance that the level of MATAC will not be correct which would produce new frictions.

• RACE FOR FISH

Race for fish will be only restricted when the production is effectively managed at the level of the individual producer/fishing vessel (or groups) through individual rights. Principle of MATAC does not contribute in this respect. In some discussed options the race for fish may be expected to intensify;

• ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE (profitability)

Depends on the level of the MATAC.

• UP-GRADING (discards of commercial species)

Level of upgrading depends mainly on the relation between the actual fishing opportunities and the allowed catch as specified administratively. If the set MATAC is in fact too low, abundant catches will allow the crew to keep only the most valuable species/market sizes and still exhaust the quota;

• DISCARDING (non-commercial species or over-quota catches)

3 The following evaluation is based on the EU study by P. Salz et. Al ‘Bio-economic evaluation of multispecies and multiannual fishery management measures, LEI-DLO, 1996, p.87-92

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Discarding of non-commercial species will be a process opposite to upgrading. Relatively too high MATAC will lead to an increased fishing effort and greater catch of non-commercial species;

• SECTORIAL ACCEPTANCE (credibility, legitimacy)

MATAC's do not seem easier to implement than annual TAC's. Acceptance by industry is likely as long as the fishing opportunities would improve. MATAC approach in itself may be appreciated as annual management has not always produced the results hoped for;

• LOCAL COMMUNITIES (regional impact)

Effect seems uncertain. As long as these communities are not allowed to manage effectively the natural resource on which their industry survives, there will be no difference between annual or multiannual approach;

• CONSISTENCY (biological, economic and institutional considerations)

Presented options will potentially produce new conflicts of interest, but their extent cannot be assessed;

• TRANSPARENCY (clear justification and explanation)

MA is composed of two steps. First, biological evaluation of stocks is required. Second, a translation into multiannual perspective takes place. In the current system, only the first step has to be taken. A multiannual system seems therefore even less transparent.

• NEW PROBLEMS

Forecasting over a period of 2-4 years is necessarily coupled with increasing margin of error so that credibility of the policy may suffer. Multiannual fisheries management may require adjustments at regular intervals, which may create confusion. Political determination of technicalities of the new system may be a problem in itself;

• ACCOMPANYING CONDITIONS

Effective introduction of MATAC may require creation of appropriate conditions, one of them could be the installation of fishing rights, depending on the specific situation.

7.2 STECF COMMENTS

STECF has expressed the need to take economic considerations into account for stock management. The MATAC report and the database of output is intended to provide an example of the biological framework from which economic issues may be examined. The example stocks examined and presented in the MATAC report provide data on the consequences of selecting a particular level of TAC or more correctly a TAC control regime. In addition to purely economic/biological trade-offs for TAC management, there may also be political or institutional reasons for reducing TAC variability. The MATAC framework presented provides an excellent basis for evaluation of management strategies in single species management framework showing the relative trade-off between stability and yield.

The study has highlighted the inconsistencies of some of the stock reference points. In addition to providing information on trade-offs between risk, stability and yield. The same methodology could be used for establishing the consistency of the reference points and where necessary suggesting new appropriate and compatible Bpa / Fpa levels with reference to biological limits Blim and Flim.

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The work presented includes extensive evaluation of the influence of recruitment variability including the implications of choice of stock recruit model. In addition it may be that variability in natural mortality is effectively included as part of recruitment variability as all year-class variability observed is assigned to recruitment. The other sources of variability that have been modelled are growth, a stochastic selection pattern, measurement/sampling error in catch at age and CPUE data, and estimation error through use of XSA as an assessment model.

This very useful framework could be extended to test the influence on management trade-offs of variation in other elements of the stock measurement and management process. Currently we do not fully understand the uncertainty introduced by some of the other sources of variability. In order to focus further scientific investigation or data collection in the most effective areas it would be useful to examine the influence on management of other factors such as:

• systematic retrospective patterns seen in most assessments (the effect of continuous positive drift in CPUE indices or surveys)

• correlated changes in growth and maturity with systematic medium term trend.

• management implementation errors (black landings unreported discards and misreporting)

• economic effects/feedback on implementation errors

• management measures effecting fleet selectivity.

• the influence of yield on economic benefit.

It might be useful for the commission to consider funding further work in this area to explore the sensitivity of the results provided to some of these issues in order to allocate resources to data collection or model development in the most appropriate manner.

Further but maybe even more useful would be the extension of the framework for a multi-species fishery where catch of several species cannot be set independently.

8 DEEP SEA RESOURCES AND FISHERIES

8.1 THE SGFEN REPORT. In 2000 STECF recommended the Commission to establish a sub-group of experts to look further into the increasing problems of overexploitation of many the deep-water stocks in the NE Atlantic and how to manage these fisheries of which many in the NE Atlantic take place in international waters. Later the Mediterranean was included in this request. A meeting of this expert group took place 22-26 Oct. 2001, and a consolidated draft of the report SEC(2002)133 was made available to the STECF.

The report contains for both the NE Atlantic and the Mediterranean short descriptions and reviews of:

• the main deep-water species and stocks as well as their fisheries.

• proposed management units.

• various possible management measures for these fisheries.

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The report also gives a list and descriptions of deep-sea bottom areas especially sensitive to trawling gears. In addition, the report indicates future research needs in this field.

8.2 STECF COMMENTS. STECF, in its review of the report, noted the differences between the NE Atlantic and the Mediterranean in the amount of available data presented. This could to a large extent be explained by the larger amount of historical data for the NE Atlantic and the ICES tradition for organisation of scientific work and advice on fisheries.

8.2.1 Review of stocks/fisheries. STECF noted the following deficiencies of the draft report:

1. Inconsistencies between various sections in the report in the use of vernacular/scientific species names.

2. The proposed management units for deep sea resources of the Mediterranean are not in full accordance with those proposed by the Scientific Advisory Committee of the GFCM in its 1st and 2nd meetings (FAO Fisheries Reports No 602 and No 601)

3. It is not stated in the report that, because of the special geo-morphological features of the Mediterranean, the criteria for classification of deep-water fisheries in the Mediterranean differ from those of the NE Atlantic,. A more reasonable upper boundary for deep-waters would be around 250 m for the Mediterranean.

4. The sections dealing with the Mediterranean stocks/fisheries were not exhaustive for all areas:

a. The data on the Mediterranean deep-water resources presented in the report are based solely on data from scientific surveys (research vessels). However, in the 1990s data from commercial vessels are also available.

b. No specific information on the French Mediterranean fleet exploiting deep-water resources is found in the report, even if some data should be available for the fisheries from Corsica.

c. Some of the Spanish deep-water fisheries in the Mediterranean, e.g. those for deep-water shrimps (Red shrimps) in the Alboran Sea from Almeira and Adra had not been mentioned according to their importance.

d. For the Mediterranean the catch/landings data were not presented for recent years, even if these statistics are available up to 2000.

8.2.2 Management considerations of SGFEN It was noted that between the experts on the NE Atlantic and the Mediterranean there is consensus on the management issue. For both waters it is clearly stated that the better way to manage these fisheries would be on effort/fleet basis.

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The expert group states that there are several problems connected with application of TACs as a management tool:

• Application of TACs as a management tool in fisheries management assumes a simple relationship between a recorded landing of a species and the total effort exerted on that species. This relationship is not well demonstrated.

• Allocation of TACs by species and area is problematic due to the high variation in landings within and between reference periods and the incomplete nature of the landings statistics

• Creative ways of evading the aim of a TAC are frequently observed including direct misreporting of catches/landings, and, high-grading and discarding in general. These occur especially when a fishery is subject to severe regulations and restrictions.

STECF notes, that ICES also has discussed a number of possible management measures including TACs and ‘closed areas’, but stresses that none of such measures will be effective for the deep-sea fisheries, unless a strict and effective enforcement system is implemented. This should include satellite tracking of the vessels engaged in these fisheries. Specific log-books should be mandatory. ICES (ACFM, 2001).

STECF shared the opinion of the experts group, that management measures based on effort/fleet regulation would be an appropriate long term approach for management of these fisheries.

STECF noted that TACs have deficiencies as management for shelf fisheries but stressed that problems such as by-catch and discarding are likely to be at least as severe for deep-water fisheries as they are for shelf fisheries.

STECF also pointed out that, since many of the deep-water fisheries are very specialised and some of the national fisheries have a long history, it could be necessary to consider management of deep-water fisheries by individual fishery.

8.3 STECF RECOMMENDATIONS. Due to the incompleteness of the Mediterranean section, STECF recommends that the section of the report on the Mediterranean deep-water fisheries should be integrated and revised following suggestions given in Appendix 4. The meetings of the STECF subgroup on the Mediterranean (SGMED), scheduled in 2002, could be utilised to this end.

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9 WORKPLAN FOR 2002

STECF was requested to prepare a workplan for 2002 to cover the following issues.

9.1 MEDITERRANEAN The plan of work requested for 2002, as provisionally identified in Appendix 5, needs at least three meetings of the SGMED:

1) Mediterranean stocks and fisheries (Co-ordinator Ardizzone)

2) Technical regulations and management of the Mediterranean fisheries (Co-ordinator Messina)

3) Economic performance of the Mediterranean fisheries (Co-ordinator Franquesa)

The items provided in Appendix 4 have been sorted to identify provisional TOR for the meetings as shown successively in this section. . The calendar must consider that the meeting of the first WG should be held before the other WG meetings, for a logical sequence.

After the examination of the items proposed by the Commission, the STECF noted that the amount of preparatory work required to make a proper report on the various Mediterranean items is very high and the objectives are quite ambitious.

A large amount of data and information are included in a very high number of EC study projects reports, in the technical paper of GFCM/SAC and SCRS/ICCAT, in national State reports, in various data banks owned by the fishermen’s Organisation and in thousands of published scientific papers, besides of reports and papers produced outside the EU. The requirements by the Commission includes not only the analysis of an enormous quantity of data and information, still to be organised and homogenised, but also the preparation of several consistent reports. The work required to fulfil the Commission’s commitment cannot be done in the few days available for the WGs.

The STECF strongly recommend that a preliminary work to organise the most relevant available data in a proper way should be contracted as soon as possible to one or more experts by the Commission, as a necessary duty to be done before the WGs meetings. This preparatory work will be anyway quite useful for the Commission, particularly for the data obtained by the EC study projects.

The following working groups have been tentatively identified:

WG1) Mediterranean stocks and fisheries

1.1 Provide a comprehensive and updated overview of shared stocks, both among EC Members and with Third Countries, by GFCM geographic areas. A scientific evaluation and critical review of the background information is expected;

1.2 Provide a comprehensive and updated overview of Mediterranean fisheries that catch shared stocks, either as target or by catch species; all technological interactions should be highlighted. These fisheries should be briefly described in terms of target species or group of species, fishing gear, fishing regime, catch composition, size distribution of main target species, discards rate and its size composition, number of fishing vessels, economic

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performance, fleet dynamics and characteristics. Fishing grounds of the main target species or group of species should be mapped;

1.3 Provide a comprehensive and updated overview of maturity ogives, by length and age, for the species identified as shared stocks;

1.4 Provide a comprehensive overview, for the species identified as shared stocks, of spawning seasons (overall period and peak of spawning) and to map areas of major concentrations of juveniles (distinguishing between young of the year and other juveniles) and spawners

1.5 Provide a comprehensive and updated overview, for the species identified as shared stocks, of lengths at first capture and selectivity parameters by mesh size, hook size, mesh shape, and taking into consideration material, hanging ratio and twine thickness;

1.6 Provide an explicit ranking, by GFCM geographic area, of stocks which are at different level of risk according to the most updated evaluation.

1.7 Determine suitable precautionary references points for shared stocks

WG2) Technical regulations and pros & cons of different alternative management options

2.1 Evaluate and comment, as appropriate, inconsistencies of current mesh sizes and minimum landing sizes.

2.2 Evaluate the relationships between fishing effort, fishing mortality, catch rates and fleet capacity for the most important fisheries that catch shared stocks

2.3 Predict short and long-term results in catches, biomass and economic consequences under the assumption of increased mesh sizes, in appropriate Mediterranean fisheries catching shared stocks, to respect the current minimum landing size and to set the length at first capture to the length at first maturity.

2.4 Consider, for each prediction, the yield and the biological and economic consequences of the adoption of a range of alternative minimum landing sizes consistent with the need to improve the exploitation pattern.

2.5 Consider additional technical measures of assistance in protecting juvenile fish including, inter alia, mesh shape, twine thickness, escapement devices, closed areas, closed season and real time closures.

2.6 Evaluate the possibility to set mixed-species decision-making rules

WG3) Economic performance of the Mediterranean fisheries

3.1 Provide a summary of historical economic performances of the most important fisheries

3.2 Evaluate economic impact of alternative management options as proposed by previous working group meetings

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9.2 PREPARATION OF AN EC PLAN OF ACTION FOR CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT OF ELASMOBRANCHS

STECF agreed to explore the availability of the current co-ordinator of the DELASS project to chair the working group of the SGRST. The work should be finalised by the end of Summer. Further instructions and terms of reference are expected from the Commission to identify participants with the proper expertise.

9.3 PREPARATION OF AN EC PLAN OF ACTION FOR CONSERVATION OF BIRDS IN LONGLINE FISHING

The working group of SGFEN should finalised the work by the end of Summer. Further instructions and terms of reference are expected from the Commission to identify the chairperson and participants with the proper expertise.

9.4 COSTS, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF IMPLEMENTATION OF MEASURES AND STRATEGIES TO MITIGATE INCIDENTAL CATCHES OF CETACEANS

This working group of SGECA is requested to organise a meeting, by the end of Summer, on economic evaluation of possible mitigation measures of incidental catches of small cetaceans. The SGECA meeting will base its activities on findings and proposal that the SGFEN will provide after its meetings on December 2001 and May 2002.

9.5 ECOSYSTEM BASED APPROACH TO MANAGEMENT OF FISHERIES: INDICATORS

The working group of SGFEN should finalised the work by the end of Summer. Further instructions and terms of reference are expected from the Commission to identify the chairperson and participants with the proper expertise.

9.6 FLEETS DYNAMIC STECF is requested to prepare a meeting to be hold by February 2002 to:

1) Assess the extent to which fishing effort of the fleets of different Member States operating in similar fisheries can be compared

2) Assess the feasibility of using the STECF definition of fleet segments, as defined for data collection purposes (SEC(2001) 1192), for all member States

3) Compare the long-term social, economic and fisheries implications of reducing fishing effort by:

reducing fishing capacity and maintaining activity

reducing fishing activity and maintaining capacity

4) for a given level of nominal fishing effort (i.e. kW/ days at sea) in a segment, compare the real levels of fishing effort that would be generated if the segment is made up of many small vessels or fewer larger vessels.

STECF has the following observations concerning the broad terms of reference outlined above.

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Long-term implications of reducing effort by different means. This will probably be the most difficult term of reference to meet and will probably require a separate meeting. STECF also notes that it is unlikely that the social consequences of effort reductions can be evaluated adequately.

Real levels of effort generated by large or small vessels. This item is presently unclear since we need a more clear definition of what is meant by nominal fishing effort.

In order to prepare a detailed workplan for 2002, STECF will require clarification on exactly what it is being asked to do. However, taking into account the broad terms of reference, it is clear that the task will be far from trivial. It is also apparent that the group will require input from stock assessment scientists and economists.

STECF suggests that the terms of reference could probably be adequately addressed in a meetings of 1 week and proposes that these be convened from 18 - 22 February 2002 under the Chairmanship of Dr John Casey. STECF should also appoint an economist to work alongside the Chairman to ensure that the economic aspects of fleet dynamics are adequately addressed. In conjunction with the Commission, the Chairman will draw up a list of potential participants before the end of November 2001 and issue invitations to attend accordingly.

Recognising that the workload of many potential participants is already very high, STECF suggests that it is unlikely that a significant amount of the work will be undertaken outside of the meeting and this will limit the scope and amount of work that can be done.

10 OTHER MATTERS

10.1 RECOVERY PLAN IN ANDALUSIA (SPAIN) The STECF examined and reviewed the documents provided by the Commission, concerning the Recovery Plan for the Andalucia (Spain).

The report provided to STECF contains several documents from various origins. Not all the documents include comparable information on various important matters and some of them are apparently contradictory. In one of the document, the IEO prides the opinion that there is generally a decreasing situation in yields for the southern Spanish trawl fishery.

10.1.1 Fishery concerned According to the report, the Recovery Plan is proposed only for the trawlers based in the Mediterranean ports in Andalucia (South of Spain).

No information is provided by the documents about the fleet (number of vessels, gear, characteristics, number of fishing days, fishing patterns). No allocation of the fleet per port is provided.

10.1.2 Target species Only five main target species are examined in the documents provided to the STECF: Merluccius merluccius, Mullus barbatus, Mullus surmuletus, Parapenaeus longirostris and

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Octopus vulgaris. No information is available on other species, also important from an economical point of view, besides of a few notes included in the IEO’s paper.

10.1.3 Status of the stocks concerned The Regional Autonomous Government presents no data on the stock status of the main target species. A recent information about the yields (kg/km2) is provided by the MEDITS project: according to the data, the yields for Merluccius merluccius in the Alboran Sea (the area where the Andalucian fleet is active) are increasing in the year 2000 compared to 1999, either in total weight (7.88) or in the average weight of the specimens (only 37.7 gr). These yields are certainly quite lower than in other Spanish Mediterranean areas.

According to the most recent analysis carried out by the GFCM-SAC, all the known stocks of Merluccius merluccius in the Mediterranean are overexploited, even if none of the data sets taken into consideration is related to the Andalucian area. The general trend for this species in the Mediterranean clearly decreases.

A paper published by Garcìa Rodriquez and Esteban (1995), included into the documents submitted, concerning the Santa Pola bay (Region of Valencia, in a different management unit of GFCM) shows that a large majority of the catches are below 20 cm in FL, in all the seasons.

No other data or trends are available for the other target species. A limited information is provided by the MEDITS project about Mullus barbatus and Nephrops norvegicus in the Alboran Sea. In both cases, the yields in the year 2000 are quite higher than in the previous year, as well as the average weight of the specimens.

10.1.4 Economic importance This activity has certainly a high economical importance for the fishery in that Region.

No data are provided about the employment.

No information is provided on the total value of the catches, but several market data are presented about the value of the most important target species (Merluccius merluccius, Mullus surmuletus, Mullus barbatus, Parapenaeus longirostris and Octopus vulgaris). The total catch in kg in the year 2000 shows an increase for Mullus spp. (+15.2%) and Octopus vulgaris (+87.7%), while a decrease is reported for Parapenaeus longirostris (-39.7%) and Merluccius merluccius (-61.2%). In average, the total catch of these four species shows a decrease of –25.5% in the last year.

The total catch in Ptas in the year 2000 shows similar trends: an increase for Mullus spp. (+24.2%) and Octopus vulgaris (+56.1%), while a decrease is reported for Parapenaeus longirostris (-18.6%) and Merluccius merluccius (-65.2%). In average, the total value of these four species shows a decrease of –29.2% in the last year.

10.1.5 Comments The documents provided to the STECF about the Recovery Plan for Andalucia do not include any scientific data for the species in the area (fishing effort, mortality, size frequencies, etc.). As a consequence, it is impossible to evaluate the increasing threat for the main target species or for the stocks concerned.

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The data collected by the scientific surveys (MEDITS) about the abundance indices are in contradiction with the production data collected on the market.

The IEO-Malaga does not remark a limited reduction in the abundance trends of the stocks in the southern part of Spain but not an evident decreasing.

One of the major point of the Recovery Plan is the reduction of the fishing effort to a maximum of 200 fishing days per year, due to a compulsory time closure in April and May (an important period for the recruitment of Merluccius merluccius). The STECF consider that this number of fishing days is within the normal average of the effective fishing days for the Mediterranean trawlers and no data about the current effort (in fishing days) are provided by the documents submitted to STECF to evaluate the effect of this measure.

Another important point of the Recovery Plan is the limitation of the engine power, imposing that when old engines over 500 hp are substituted, the new engines must be less or no more than 500 hp. Even in this case, besides of the positive argument, the STECF has no information about the total fishery power of the fleet to evaluate the effect of this measure.

A time-area closure is included in the Recovery Plan for the area of Almeria, between April 1 and June 30, within a depth of 130 m. STECF is not able to assess this measure, due to the lack of information about the general situation of the fishery and the contradictory proposal by the IEO.

Subsides and helps are provided by the Recovery Plan to the fishermen that will decide to leave the trawl fishery or to put the vessel out of service.

A monitoring of the fishing activity after the adoption of the Recovery Plan is also included in the proposal.

10.1.6 Conclusions Besides of the very poor evidences provided by the documents submitted to the STECF for the evaluation of the Recovery Plan, it is commonly considered by all the scientific bodies that the situation of the stock of Merluccius merluccius is quite problematic in all the Mediterranean areas where this fishing activity is carried out from several years.

At the same time, all the abundance trends available for the hake in the Spanish Mediterranean waters are quite higher than those in the Andalucian area; according to the information available, STECF is not enabled to assess the reason of the discrepancy, because no data on the abundance or concentration of the stocks are available.

A reduction of the fishing effort of the trawl fleet in the Andalucian area should be positive, to benefit the fishery resources, as well as in other Mediterranean areas.

Subsides during the compulsory time closure become structural financial aids to the fleet if the Recovery Plan does not include other measures (like an increase of the controls on the minimum size and the mesh size, a clear recovery plan for certain stocks based on forecasting models, for substantial fleet reduction, etc.).

10.2 STECF ACTIVITIES AND PLANNING OF MEETINGS FOR 2002 In closure of the meeting it was recalled that the next plenary session will take place in Brussels from 22 to 26 April 2002.

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The following table shows the provisional activities of STECF and its sub-groups in 2002.

STECF/Subgroup ITEM Date Plenary Session STECF Board: Alberto Gonzalez Garces; Philippe Moguedet; Tore Gustavvsson

22 - 26 April 4 – 8 November

WG on Stock status review Chairperson: John Casey

28 October – 1 November SGRST: subgroup on review of stocks Coordinator John Casey

WG on elasmobranch fisheries Chairperson: TBD

Third quarter

WG on incidental catches of birds Chairperson: TBD

Third quarter

WG on Incidental catches of cetaceans Chairperson: Simon Northridge

27-31 May

SGFEN: sub-group on Fishery and Environment

Coordinator Sten Munch Petersen

WG on Ecosystem based approach in fishery management: indicators Chairperson: TBD

Third quarter

Fleet status report and Economic Impact of ACFM Advice Chairperson: TBD

October-November before the plenary session

SGECA: sub group on economic assessment Coordinator Jos Smit WG on socio-economic

consequences of mitigation measures of cetacean incidental catches Chairperson: TBD

Third quarter

WG on Stock status and fisheries descriptions Chairperson: Ardizzone

Second quarter

WG on technical measures and management options simulations Chairperson: Messina

Third quarter

SGMED: sub group on Mediterranean Coordinator Ramon Franquesa

WG on economic performance of Mediterranean fisheries Chairperson: Franquesa

Third quarter

Reg. 1543/2000; evaluation of National programmes in case of derogation requests by Member States Chairperson: Philippe Moguedet

By correspondence + meeting 4-7 March

SGRN:subgroup on research need Coordinator: Philippe Moguedet

Scientific advice for fishery management Chairperson: Philippe Moguedet

Second quarter

SGBRE: subgroup on balance between resources and their exploitation Coordinator: Gaetano Messina

WG on fleets dynamics Chairperson: John Casey

18 - 22 February 2002

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11 REFERENCES Eltink, A. 1994. Equilibrium Catch and Stock Predictions in Weight and Value for Southern Horse Mackerel. ICES CM 1994/H:8 14pp.

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APPENDIX 1 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

Appendix 1

NOM Organisation Adress code_post EM Tel Fax e-m ailARDIZZONE G .D. D ip. B io logia Anim ale e dell'Uom o

Università di Rom a "La sapienza"Viale dell 'Università 32 I-00185 Rom a IT 39-06-49914773 39-06-4958259 giandom enico.ardizrone@ unizom a1.i

tARRHENIUS F. Fiskeriverket P.O . Box 4 S-45321 Lysek il SV 46-523-18746 46-523-13977 frederik.arrhenius@ fiskeriverket.se

CAMIÑAS J.A. Centro Oceanográfíco de M álaga Puerto Pesquero s/n. Ap. 285

E-29640 Fuengirola (Málaga)

ES 34-952-478148 34-952-463808 jacam inas@ m a.ieo.es

CASEY J. CEFAS Fisheries Laboratory Pakefield Road UK-Lowestoft NR33 OHT

UK 44-1502524251 44-1502524511 j.casey@ cefas.co.uk

CLARKE M . M arine Institute Abbots town IRL-Dublin 15 IRL 353-1-8228200 353-1-8205078 m aurice.clarke@ m arine.ieCORNUS H-P Institut für Seefischerei Palm aille 9 D-22767 Ham burg D 49-40-38905194 49-40-38905263 cornus.ish@ bfs-fisch.deCOSTA M ONTEIRO

C.L. IPIMAR - Centro Regional de Investigação Pesqueira-Sul

Av. 5 de Outubro P-8700 O lhão PT 351-289700500 351-284700535 costa.m onteir@ ipim ar.pt

DE CARDENAS E. Instituto Espanol de O ceanografía Avenida de Brasil 31 E-28006 M adrid ES 34-91-5974443 e.decaedenas@ m d.ieo.es

DEMARE W . M inisterie van Landbouw, Departem ent Zeevisserij

Ankerstraat 1 B-8400 O ostende BE 32-59-342255 32-59-330629

DI NATALE A. Aquastudio Via T rapani 6 I-98121 M essina IT 39-90-346408 39-90-364560 adinata le@ aequario.ge.itELTINK G . RIVO P.O .Box 68 NL-1970 AB Ijm uiden NL 31-255-564691 31-255-264644 guus@ rivo.wag-ur.nlERNST P. Bundesforschungsanstalt für F ischerei An der Jägerbäk, 2 D-18069 Rostock DE 49-381-810352 49-381-810445 ernst.ior@ t-online.deFERRO D. FRS-Marine Laboratory P.O .Box 101 Victoria

RoadUK-AberdeenAB11 9DB UK r.ferro@ m arlab.ac.uk

FRANQUESA R. GEM -Universidad de Barcelona Av. D iagonal, 690 E-08034 Barcelona ES 34-932178734 34-934037237 ram on@ gem ub.com

GO NZALEZ-GARCES

A. Centro Oceanográfíco de V igo Apartado 1552 E-36200 V igo ES 34-986-492111 34-986-492351 alberto.gonzalez.garces@ vi.ieo.es

GUSTAVSSON T. Fiskeriverket, National Board of F isheries Box 423 S-401 26 Göteborg SV 46-31-7430300 46-31-7430444 tore.gustavsson@ fiskeriverket.seKEATINGE M . BIM - Irish Seafisheries Board Crofton road IRL-Dublin 2 IRL 353-1-2144230 keatinge@ BIM.ieKELL L. CEFAS - F isheries Laboratory Pakefield Road

Lowestoft SuffolkUK-Lowestoft NR33 OHT

UK 44-1502 524257 44-1502 524511 L.T .Kell@ cefas.co.uk

LOKKEGAARD J. DIAFE Toftegards P lads Gam m el Koege Landevej 1-3

DK-2500 Valby DK 45-35-286890 45-35-286801 jl@ sjfi.dk

M ESSINA G . Consiglio Nazionale delle R icercheIstituto di R icerche sulla Pesca M arittim a

Largo F iera della Pesca I-60125 Ancona IT 39-71-2078831 39-71-2078831 m essina@ irpem .an.cnr.it

M OGUEDET P. Ifrem er rue François Toullec 8 F-56000 LORIENT FR 33-29787380333-297873800

33-297873836 philippe.m oguedet@ ifrem er.fr

M OTOS L. AZTI Foundation Herrera Kaia Portualdea z/g

E-20110 PASAIA G IPUZKO A

E 34-943004800 34-943004801 lm otos@ pas.azti.es

OFFICER R. M arine Institute Snugborough Road IRL-ABBO TSTOW N DUBLIN 15

IRL 353-1-8228200 353-1-8205078 rick .officer@ m arine.ie

PERRAUDEAU Y. Faculté des Sciences Econom iques de Nantes

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F-44322 Nantes Cedex 03

FR 33-680482956 GSM0680482956 33-240141660

33-2-40141740 yves.perraudeau@ sc-eco.univ-nantes.fr

PESTANA G . IPIMAR Av. Brasília P-1400-006 Lisboa PT 351-21-3027109 351-21-3015948 gpestana@ ipim ar.ptSALMINEN M . Finnish G am e and Fisheries Research

Institute (FGFRI)Pukinm äenauk io 4 P.O .Box 6

F-00721 Helsink i FI 358-205-751-302 358-205-751-201 m atti.salm inen@ rktl.fi

SALZ P. LEI Burg.Parijnlaan 19 NL-2502 LS Den Haag NL 31-703358135 31-703615624 p.salz@ lei.wag-ur.nlSIM M ONDS J.E. FRS-Marine Laboratory Victoria Road UK-AberdeenAB11 9DB UK 44-1224876544 44-1224295511 sim m ondses@ m arlab.ac.uk

SMIT J. LEI-DLO, Landbouw Econom isch InstituutAfdeling Visserij

P.O .Box 29703 NL-2502 LS Den Haag NL 31-70-3358238 31-70-3615624 j.g.p. sm it@ lei.wag-ur.nl

VIRTANEN J. Finnish G am e and Fisheries Research Institute (FGFRI)

Pukinm äenauk io 4 P.O .Box 6

F-00721 Helsink i FI 358-205-751-302 358-205-751-201 Jarno.Virtanen@ rktl.fi

Appendix 2 1

APPENDIX 2

ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF SELECTED

EUROPEAN FISHING FLEETS

ANNUAL REPORT 2001

Appendix 2 2

Appendix 2 3

Economic Performance of Selected European Fishing Fleets

Annual Report 2001

November 2001

Appendix 2 4

Appendix 2 5

Contents

Page

Introduction 9

Executive summary 11

European overview 21

1. Belgium 25

1.1 National fleet 25

1.2 Beam trawl 26

1.3 Comments on data 27

2. Denmark 28


2.2 Trawlers, larger than 200 GT 29

2.3 Trawlers, less than 200 GT 31

2.4 Danish seiners 31

2.5 Gill netters 32


3. Finland 34


3.2 Pelagic trawlers 35

3.3 Salmon offshore fishery 36


4. France 38


4.2 Non-trawlers, <12m 38

4.3 Trawlers, >30m 39

4.4 Trawlers, >30 m 40

Appendix 2 6

4.5 Non-trawlers 12-25m 41

4.6 Mediterranean small scale vessels 41

4.7 Mediterranean trawlers 42


5. Greece 44


5.2 Thermaikos deep water trawlers 44

5.3 Thermaikos coastal water trawlers 45


6. Ireland 48


6.2 Offshore multi-purpose fleet 49


Appendix 2 7

Page

7. Italy 51


7.2 Trawlers 52

7.3 Purse seiners 53

7.4 Midwater pair trawlers 53

7.5 Dredges 54

7.6 Multi-purpose trawling vessels 55

7.7 Small scale fisheries 56

7.8 Tuna fisheries 57

7.9 Swordfish fisheries 58


8. The Netherlands 60


8.2 Eurocutters, 191-221 kW 61

8.3 Beam trawlers, over 811 kW 61


9. Portugal 63


9.2 Coastal trawlers 64

9.3 Coastal purse-seiners 65

9.4 NAFO fleet 66


10. Spain 69


10.2 The 300's fleet 70


11. Sweden 73


Appendix 2 8

11.2 Pelagic vessels 74

11.2.1Pelagic vessels over 20 metres 74

11.2.2Pelagic vessels below 20 metres 75

11.3 Shrimp trawlers 76

11.4 Demersal trawlers 76

11.4.1Demersal trawlers over 20 metres 77

11.4.2Demersal trawlers below 20 metres 77

11.4.3Demersal trawlers, fishing for nephrops 78

11.5 Passive gears, demersal species 79


12. United Kingdom 82


12.2 Scottish demersal trawlers 83

12.3 Scottish nephrops trawlers 84

12.4 Comments on the data 85

Appendix 2 9

Page

Appendices

1. Belgium 87

2. Denmark 90

3. Finland 96

4. France 100

5. Greece 108

6. Ireland 112

7. Italy 115

8. The Netherlands 125

9. Portugal 129

10. Spain 134

11. Sweden 137

12. The United Kingdom 146

13. Common methods 151

14. Exchange rates and inflation indices 153

15. List of abbreviations

Addresses of participating institutes and contact persons 155

Appendix 2 10

Selected fishing fleets.

Appendix 2 11

Introduction

This Annual Economic Report 2001 on ‘Economic performance of selected European fishing fleets’ has been prepared by a group of research institutes which has earlier co-operated under the ‘Concerted Action: Promotion of Common Methods for Economic Assessment of EU Fisheries’ (FAIR PL97-3541). However, the preparation of this report was possible due to financial contribution of the Danish Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Economics (SJFI). The report presents information on 39 segments of fishing fleets, covering almost all EU Member States. Most of the presented data was collected under the EU funded project ‘Data on the economic performance of the fisheries sector’ (contract no. 00/32).

The report is called for under the article 16 of the EC Reg. 3670/92, which sets out

principles of the Common Fisheries Policy. The report aims to contribute to inclusion of

economic considerations when new measures under CFP are being developed. The Concerted

Action has produced three earlier reports in 1998, 1999 and 2000.

The selection of the fishing fleets, discussed in this report, is based on practical considerations of data availability or accessibility. Although some major segments of the various national fleets are not (yet) covered and various statistical problems exist, the contributing institutes have succeeded in bringing together data that has never been published before. The report shows data that is available and identifies data that is not. It points to the fundamental problems relating to the possibilities of empirical economic analysis of fishing fleets, given the current state of knowledge and statistics.

The report is composed of 12 chapters, organised by country. A parallel statistical appendix supplements each chapter. All chapters are set up in an identical manner. They contain general information on the total national fishing fleet and elaborate the economic performance of one or several specific fleet segments, which can be identified in that country. The national fleets are discussed in terms of current structure and main trends. Indicators in this respect are size of the fleet, composition by fleet segments, total value of production and total employment on board.

The review of the selected fleet segments is presented in three sections: role in total fishery, economic performance in 2000 and outlook for 2001. The first section usually gives information on the share of the fleet segment in the national fishing fleet in terms of value of output, employment and the main technical characteristics of the vessels. The section on economic performance refers to the year 2000. It presents information about gross cash flow, gross value added and gross value added per person employed. In case of fleet segments where the data is not available, some other indicators are presented. The third section (outlook for 2001) attempts to provide some preliminary impressions about the current year. This is often done on the basis of indicative information regarding the first six to nine months of 2001 compared to the same period of 2000. Each section is completed with a graphical representation of time series of six main indicators as far as available. All background figures are provided in the statistical appendices. Each country chapter contains also a brief discussion of the data used, in order to assess the reliability. These sections will be gradually developed into a full-scale technical annex, which will discuss the data in detail. The ‘precise’ figures, resulting from the surveys can be found in the appendices. The figures in the text are often rounded up for easier reading.

Appendix 2 12

The appendices are also organised by country and by fleet segment, with a given sequence of tables. The first table x.0 contains the most recent data regarding the composition of the national fleet by fleet segment. It is meant as a general overview. The three following tables provide further details on the national fleet. Table x.1.1 gives time series on economic indicators, table x.1.2 on total catches of the main species in value and volume and table x.1.3 offers overview of the composition of the national fleet by size and age classes. The data on the various fleet segments are presented in a similar manner in three tables, segment by segment.

The texts as well as the tables contain information on monetary values expressed in national currencies as well as in Euro. The reason for using both currencies is that in the past in various countries the development of economic indicators may have been very different due to changes in exchange rate. As the report is destined for users at national as well as at European level, it was considered necessary to provide information on both monetary units. After the full introduction of the Euro in 2002, this approach will become superfluous, apart from the countries, which do not participate in the monetary union.

The interpretation of the economic figures provided in this report should be made with

care. First of all, the data is based on samples, surveys and estimations with proxies. The

reliability is as good as could be achieved with the means available. Further improvements

need to be implemented in the future. Secondly, the results are assessed from an economic and

not from a fiscal point of view. This means particularly that full costs of capital (depreciation

and interest) are imputed, which depresses the apparent net profit. In fiscal terms, the fishing

companies will have usually higher profit before taxation than indicated in this report. In order

to address this problem, the main indicator used for analysis is gross cash flow. Gross cash

flow lies close to the views on running business in the fishing companies.

The economic data is developed mostly along one common method, which is presented in appendices 13. Deviations from the common method are specified in the sections regarding comments on data.

The authors are well aware of many limitations and problems of this report. In order to develop a publication, which will be of increasing use to industry representatives, administrators and policy makers, the authors would appreciate receiving comments, additions and criticisms regarding contents, presentation or any other aspect of this report. A useful source of information can be only developed in dialogue with the users. Names and addresses of all contributions partners in the Concerted Action can be found at the end of the report.

Appendix 2 13

Executive summary

The report presents economic results for 39 fleet segments in 2000, representing almost 50% of the total gross value of production of the EU fishery sector, and about one third of employment and of the number of vessels. Coverage by country varies between 4% for Greece and close to 100% for Italy, France, Sweden and Denmark.

EU fishing fleets employ about 225,000 people on board. The value of total production amounted to EUR 7.7 bln. Average gross value added per fisherman is estimated about EUR 25,000 -30,000 of which major part is disposable income. Still a number of segments show average crew share per man substantially below this level, which is quite low for self-employed, particularly in Northern EU Member States.

In the year 2000 most vessel segments faced a decrease of their gross cash flow

compared with the previous year. The fuel costs increased for many vessels with 60-80%. For

some segments also the gross revenues were depressed due to lower quotas, which were not

compensated by higher prices. Some crews, working especially on the larger vessels, faced

very substantial deterioration of their income of up to 20-30%. However, taking a longer-term

perspective, average gross revenues over the years 1998-2000 still reaches at least required

break-even level in case of 30 out of 39 segments presented in this report.

The average age of the vessels in many fleet segments is over 25 years. Investment levels are generally too low to allow for regular replacement. Assuming that the technical life of a fishing vessel is approximately 30 years, a large part of European fleet is approaching a critical age.

BELGIUM

National fleet

The Belgian fleet consisted of 124 vessels with a total engine power of 62,000 kW at the end of 2000. Belgian vessels caught about 26,500 tonnes of fish in 2000, of which almost one third was landed in Dutch ports. Most of the vessels use a beam trawl. The economic performance of the fleet deteriorated significantly mainly because of higher fuel costs. Net profit decreased from BEF 391 mln (EUR 10 mln) in 1999 to an estimated BEF 9 mln (EUR 0.25 mln) in 2000.

Appendix 2 14

Beam trawlers

Beam trawling for flatfish and shrimp is the most important fishery in Belgium. They account for almost 90% of total value of landings and total employment. The economic performance of the beam trawlers has deteriorated. For 2000 a net profit of BEF -13 mln (EUR -0.3 mln) is estimated compared to BEF 266 mln (EUR 7 mln) in 1999. Fuel costs increased considerably because of much higher fuel prices. This was not compensated enough by an increase in value of landings of almost 7% because of higher earnings from sole and other flatfish (except plaice). Gross value added decreased from BEF 1,730 mln (EUR 43 mln) in 1999 to about BEF 1,539 mln (EUR 38 mln).

Denmark

The Danish fleet comprises about 1,500 fishing firms that are economically significant in the sense that the value of the firms’ landings of fish over the year has exceeded EUR 25,000. Each vessel above 20 GT with its own crew has for the year 2000 been counted as one production unit, which means, that for those vessels the term fishing firm is equal to fishing vessel. The major components of the fleet are trawlers of small to medium size, gill netters, Danish seiners and purse seiners. In the report focus is on the first four of these categories.

Trawlers over 200 GT

Trawlers over 200 GT comprise less than 10% in numbers of the economically active Danish vessels, but their share of the total tonnage is 48%. These larger vessels show a relatively capital-intensive fishery. The group’s share of the total labour input is about 18%, and of capital input 40%.

Over the last two years the big trawlers have experienced a very significant reduction in income as gross output fell by 25% in 1999 followed by an 8% reduction in 2000. The main reason for the reduction in gross output is the decrease in the price of industrial fish. Another negative impact comes from the increase in fuel prices, which has doubled the fleet’s total cost on fuel in 2000 compared with 1998. The net profit for this fleet has become negative for the last two years with the amount EUR -20 Million.

Trawlers, less than 200 GT

This fleet segment comprises in numbers approx. 40% of the economically active vessels and about 25% of the gross tonnage. More than half are smaller than 20 GT. The fishery is mostly for human consumption, with only about 10-12% of the total value from industrial fishery. The most important of the human consumption species are cod with a 30% share and Norway lobster with between 20 and 25% share of the gross revenue.

In 2000 the volume of landings of cod has been 25% less and for Norway lobster 20% less than in 1999. As a result the gross cash flow for this group became the lowest in the six-year period when cost and earnings data have been collected.

Appendix 2 15

Danish seiners

Danish seiners comprise about 100 vessels with an average size of 38 GT. The fleet performs a relatively labour intensive fishery, with a share of the labour input at 7.5% whereas the share of capital is only 4%. The fishery is only for human consumption. The most important species are cod and plaice, with more than 80% of the total revenue.

The total revenue for the Danish seiners group dropped from 1999 to 2000 by 36% as a result of a 46% decline in the fleets’ landings of cod. Both input of capital and labour as well as all cost items were reduced, whereupon gross cash flow became only 25% of last year’s level.

GILL NETTERS

The fleet segment of gill netters comprises a large variety of vessels from very small vessels to larger vessels fishing in the North Sea far from home port. The important species in the fishery are cod, plaice and sole.

In 2000 the price of cod has remained high, but the volume of the landings fell by 6% compared with 1999. The output from flatfish was a little above last year’s level, and other fish also compensated some of the loss so the total value of the landings in 2000 dropped only by 1%. But the cost side shows increasing expenditures for all types of costs. As a result the gross cash flow became negative, which indicates economic problems for many of the vessels in the fleet.

0.1.1.1. Finland

National fleet

In the Finnish fishing fleet there were 3,700 registered vessels with a capacity of 21,000 GT and power of 200,000 kW. In 2000, the total fleet landings reached 102,000 tonnes and the total value of catch was FIM 128 mln (EUR 22 mln). There were some 2,700 professional fishermen, but most of them were part-time.

Pelagic trawlers

The pelagic trawler fleet is the most important segment in Finnish fishery. It accounts for about 80-

90% of the total volume of landings and over half of total landings value. In 2000, the fleet consists

of 120 active vessels with capacity of 7,800 GT and 38,300 kW. The size of the fleet continued to

decrease, a development which began after the drop in demand in late 1998.

Appendix 2 16

In 2000, the value of landings was FIM 67 mln (EUR 11 mln), which exceeded the value from

the previous year, but was still remarkably less than 1998. Gross cash flow stayed at FIM 16 mln

(EUR 2.7 mln), but the gross value added rose slightly to FIM 39 mln (EUR 6.6 mln). The net

result stayed negative and the fleet made a loss.

Offshore fishery

The offshore fishery has traditionally been an important Finnish fishery. As a consequence of restrictive management measures for salmon combined with falling prices, offshore fishing has faced profitability problems and the number of active vessels has decreased noticeably during the past decade. In MAGP IV there was a 30% reduction objective for these vessels.

In 2000 there were 36 offshore vessels in active use, with a total of 920 GT and 6,900 kW. Offshore vessels’ revenue has increased since 1998, which was the worst year for the past decade. In 2000 the value of landings was FIM 10.9 mln (EUR 1.8 mln). Gross cash flow reached FIM 2.2 mln (EUR 0.4 mln), which was not enough to cover imputed financial costs. This indicates that the fleet is still not economically viable in the long run.

FRANCE

0.1.2. National fleet

At the end of 2000, there were 5,669 vessels in the French mainland fleet (Corsica and overseas islands are excluded) with a total of 166,200 GRT and 907,000 kW. The total value of production (including frozen and fresh landings) was estimated at FFR 7.5 billion (EUR 1,135 mln). Some 400,000 tonnes were landed fresh with an estimated value of FFR 6.5 billion (EUR 990 mln). Around 15,000 persons were employed in the French fishing sector. The share of small vessels is estimated at 49% for employment, 33% for value and 29% for the total invested capital.

Atlantic and English Channel non trawlers, below 12 metres

In 2000 this segment contributed 16% of the total fresh landings in value, 19% of the total gross value added and 13% of the total invested capital. This segment employed more than 3,500 persons in 2000, which represented 26% of the total employment in the fresh fish sector. The productivity of capital approximated by GVA per invested capital was equal to 1.02 which is a good performance compared to other segments (national average in the fresh fish sector was 0.7). The ratio net profit to invested capital was around 17%, which is quite good compared to other economic sectors.

Appendix 2 17

Atlantic and English Channel trawlers, below 30 metres

In 2000 this segment contributed 53% of the total fresh landings in value and 50% of the gross value added generated by the fresh fishing sector at national level. The segment also had the highest invested capital, which amounted almost FFR 4,000 mln (EUR 600 mln). Compared to other segments, this fleet is one of the most intensive in capital: the ratio of invested capital / employed is 1.5 times higher for a vessel belonging to this segment than for a similar sized vessel using exclusively passive gears. Almost 6,000 persons are employed in this segment, which represents 58% of the total employment in the fresh sector. In 2000 this segment generated a gross value added of FFR 2,500 mln (EUR 380 mln). Net profit was positive and the ratio of net profit to invested capital was high at 10%, which reveals a good economic performance compared to the rest of the economy.

Atlantic and English Channel trawlers over 30 metres

In 2000 the total value of landings of this fleet was approximately FFR 780 mln (EUR 119

mln), which has to be interpreted as an under-estimate because of the absence of large Brittany

trawlers. However, based on this data, the segment accounts for 12% of the value of national

landings. The gross value added equalled FFR 569 mln (EUR 87 mln), which means a

contribution to total value added of 12%. The segment was the third most important in terms

of creation of wealth in the fishing sector.

Atlantic and English Channel non trawlers of 12 to 25 metres

This segment accounted for 248 vessels in 2000 with a large diversity of gears used by the

vessels, sometimes single or sometimes mixed (line, net, pot, seine or dredge). In 2000 this

segment accounted for 9% of the total value of fresh landings and 10% of the total gross value

added generated by the fresh fishing sector. In 2000 the economic results for this segment were

generally good but lower than the other fleet segments. The ratio of net profit to invested

Appendix 2 18

capital is 9%, which is lower than the average for the French fleet (10%) but relatively high

compared to the rest of the economy.

Mediterranean small vessels

In 2000 this segment accounted for 24% of the total French mainland fleet i.e. 1,351 vessels.

There is little information about their fishing activity compared to Atlantic coast vessels. In

2000, Mediterranean small vessels only made a small contribution to the total value of

landings (3%) and to the total gross value added (4%) generated by the French fishing sector

but its contribution to total employment amounted to 11% with 1,588 persons employed. This

segment is the third most important at national level in terms of employment in the fishing

sector. Net profit to invested capital was 10%, which was quite good compared to the rest of

the economy and not different from the average in the fishing sector.

Mediterranean trawlers

This segment accounted for 2% of the French total fleet with 132 vessels. In 2000 its

contribution to gross value added was estimated at 5%. It represented 4% of total employment

in the French fresh fishing sector and 5% of total invested capital. This segment is important at

regional and local level. 53% of the vessels are concentrated in one single harbour (Sète).

Economic results registered by this segment in 2000 was generally good even if the ratio of net

profit to invested capital, which was 8% in 2000, is the lowest compared to other segments.

0.1.3. Greece

Appendix 2 19

National fleet

By the end of 2000, the Greek national fleet accounted for 19,644 vessels with a total of 102,301 GRT and 609,892 kW. There was not a significant reduction in vessel numbers and this reduction was limited to small scale vessels. Total landings at national level, were lower 19% compared to 1999. The value of landings decreased by 9% and the average fish prices were higher than the previous year.

Deep water trawlers

In 2000, Thermaikos deepwater trawlers presented a slight change in their main economic indicators. Landings volume (1,216 tonnes) was almost the same with that of 1999. Landings value increased slightly to GRD 1,517 mln (EUR 4.5 mln), due to changes in landings price and composition. Gross cash flow decreased by 8% and gross value added by 10% compared to 1999. Net financial losses decreased by 88%.

Coastal water trawlers

Economic results of Thermaikos coastal water trawlers improved in 2000 with a 15% increase in landings (1,700 tonnes) and 11% higher sales GRD 1,942 mln (EUR 5.7 mln). Gross cash flow was 12% higher and gross value added almost the same. Net financial losses were reduced by 78%.

Both groups faced a large increase to fuel costs (51% higher for deep water trawlers and 63% higher for coastal water trawlers compared to 1999). However, they managed to keep prices high through co-ordination of landings and sales.

Ireland

National fleet

The 2000 national vessel register lists 1,331 vessels with a total of 59,000 GT and 194,000 kW. Landings during 2000 are provisionally valued at EUR 219 mln from 318,000 tonnes. The national fleet is composed of four segments: polyvalent, pelagic, beam trawl and other. The polyvalent segment has the largest number of vessels (1,036) with the majority of vessels (88%) less than 20 metres. Polyvalent vessels greater than 20 metres comprise the offshore multi-purpose fleet segment. There were 137 vessels in the segment in 2000 with an average of 154 GT, 516 kW and 25 metres in length. The pelagic fleet comprises of 22 vessels with an average of 900 GT and 1,720 kW and 41 metres in length. There are just 6 vessels in the beam trawl segment, which have a total of 189 GT and 855 kW.

Offshore multi-purpose fleet

Appendix 2 20

The offshore multi-purpose fleet segment is involved in a multi-species fishery. In 2000 the

segment accounted for approximately 36% of both national fleet GT and engine power but

accounted for only 10% of registered vessels. The segment accounted for 16% of national

landings in volume and 28% in value. The segment’s revenue in 2000 is provisionally

estimated at IEP 47 mln (EUR 59 mln), which is an increase of 5% on the year. However,

costs increased proportionately more and the economic performance in 2000 was quite poor.

After accounting for depreciation costs, net losses of approximately IEP 6 mln (EUR 8 mln)

were estimated, though gross cash flow remained slightly positive at IEP 0.17 mln (EUR 0.21

mln).

Italy

National fleet

The Italian fishing fleet consists of 18,390 vessels with a capacity of 207,430 GRT and 1.4 mln kW. More than 15,300 units have a tonnage of less than 10 GRT. The average age is 25 years. In 2000 the total fleet landings volume reached about 392,000 tonnes and the value of total catch was ITL 3,017 billion (EUR 1,558 mln). 2000 has been characterised by a strong increase in fuel cost and in prices of fish.

Trawlers

The 2,210 trawlers, with an average of 42 GRT and 221 kW, employed about 9,300 FTEs. The

total value of landings in 2000 was ITL 960 billion (EUR 496 mln), corresponding to 32% of

the total national value. In the last year, total employment declined by 10%, as a consequence

of the reduction of the fleet in terms of number of units.

Appendix 2 21

Purse seiners

This segment is composed of 198 vessels and employs 1,950 people. These vessels are characterised by a high average engine power (241 kW, while national average is 76 kW). Gross value added in 2000 amounted to 4.7% of the total national fleet.

Midwater pair trawlers

This segment is the smallest one in terms of number (130 units) and total engine power (46,700 kW). The fleet segment has an average of 66 GRT and 359 kW. The average age is 24 years. Between 1999 and 2000 value of landings increased, as well as total production, gross cash flow and gross value added.

Dredges

Vessels of this segment represents 4% of the Italian vessels, 3.6% of total GRT, 3% of the employment and 4.3% of the total value of landings. Between 1999 and 2000, value of landings increased by 42%, as a consequence of the strong increase of production price.

Multipurpose trawling vessels

Multipurpose vessels account for almost 15% of total Italian fleet, employing 8,275 people. The average size of vessels is 15 GRT and 132 kW. The age in most of cases is older than 22 years. In 2000 the value of landings was ITL 628 billion (EUR 325 mln), which was a quarter less than the year before. This diminished income was due to both lower catches and higher costs.

Small-scale fisheries

This is the major segment of the Italian fleet; it accounts for approximately 65% of the total number but only for 25% of the total volume of landings. The average size of vessels is 3 GRT and 24 kW. These vessels have improved their economic performance in recent years.

Tuna fisheries

The tuna fleet consists of about 215 vessels. The capacity of these vessels is about 11,100 GRT and 55,900 kW. Net profit in 2000 was negative, but higher than in 1999. In the last year, volume of landings, as well as total values increased. This positive performance was due to the increase of the days at sea (+41%), but also to the bad performance of 1999.

Swordfish fisheries

Appendix 2 22

This segment consists of 170 vessels with a total engine power of 26,000 kW. All the economic and capacity indicators have decreased between 1995 and 2000, because of the reduction of the fleet. The total number of people employed has decreased from 3,018 in 1995 to 779 in 2000 (-74%). This fishery will become forbidden by the end of 2001 (EC regulation n. 1239/98).

The Netherlands

NATIONAL FLEET

The Dutch fishing fleet can be divided into cutters and freezer trawlers. Target species for the cutter fleet are flatfish (sole and plaice), shrimp and demersal fish (cod and whiting), which are mainly caught in the North Sea. In 2000 the total number of vessels in the Dutch cutter fleet increased to 402, with a total of 84,000 GT and 314,000 kW. Pelagic species like herring, mackerel, horse mackerel, blue whiting and sardinelas are the most important target species of the 18 freezer trawlers. Most of the time they operate in EU waters other than the North Sea and in waters of Mauritania.

Beam trawlers, >811 kW

In 2000 the vessels of this class accounted for 40% of the total number of vessels and for 73% of the total value of landings of the cutter fleet. Their total net profit almost evaporated from NLG 50 mln (EUR 22 mln) in 1999 to NLG 3 mln (EUR 2 mln) in 2000. The total value of landings decreased by 2%, mainly because of lower prices for plaice. Labour costs remained stable while fuel costs went up by almost 80%. Developments up to July 2001 indicate that value of landings has decreased by almost 10% compared to the same period in 2000. Important fishing areas were closed for 10 weeks due to the emergency plan for stock recovery. All in all net profit will probably be close to zero in 2001.

Eurocutters, 191-221 kW

In 2000 this segment accounted for 40% of the total number of cutters and for 20% in the total value of landings. The total value of landings decreased slightly from NLG 138 mln (EUR 63 mln) in 1999 to NLG 130 mln (EUR 59 mln) in 2000. Lower shrimp earnings were the main cause of this decrease. Fuel costs almost doubled due to higher fuel prices and effort increase of 10%. Net profit went down significantly from NLG 18 mln (EUR 8 mln) to zero.

For 2001 it is expected that the net result will probably be negative because of lower value of landings of shrimp.

Portugal

Appendix 2 23

National Fleet

The National fishing fleet is composed by 10,750 vessels, with a total of 111,691 GRT and 402,116 kW (31 Dec 00). The total revenue of the Portuguese fishing fleet in 2000 was PTE 60,039 mln (EUR 299.5 mln) with a total employment of 25,000 men. Main species in value are sardine, octopus, horse mackerel and miscellaneous high valued demersal fresh consumed species.

Coastal trawlers The coastal trawling fishery represents 16.9% of the total sales and 12.6% of the total national

landed volume. All the vessels operate from mainland coast outside the 6 miles. One sub-

segment targets fishing to demersal fish and molluscs (74 registered vessels); the other

crustaceans (32 registered vessels). The entire segment has a value of landings of PTE

10,155.6 mln (EUR 50.7 mln) .The total landed volume is 20,900 tonnes. A significant drop of

landings in 1999 due to a fisherman´s strike of 77 days was recovered in 2000. A gross value

added has increased by 29.2% between 1996 and 2000. The main species, in value, are prawns

(25.8%), “ miscellaneous” demersal (26.7%) and horse mackerel (14.6%).

Coastal purse-seiners

The coastal purse seiners (169 registered units) represent 16.1% of total sales and 45.2% of

total national landed volume. All vessels operate close to the coast and direct their fisheries to

small pelagic (sardine and mackerel) and horse mackerel. The segment as a total value of

landings of PTE 9,698.5 mln (EUR 48.4 mln) and a total landed volume of 75.200 tonnes.

Gross value added increased by 22 % from 1997 to 2000. However, from 1999 to 2000 gross

value added dropped 7.4% due to a significant increase in costs (except crew share) and a

Appendix 2 24

decrease of 10% of the value of landings. 2000 was a bad fishing year mainly because of the

bad weather and the small size of the sardine. Several assessments and surveys continue to be

carried out on account of the concern about the evolution of the biomass and some additional

measures can be taken. In the first semester of 2001 landings decreased in volume (-9.2%) but

increased in value (9.2%).

NAFO vessels

NAFO vessels are 14 factory units, which operate in NAFO, Norway, Spitzberg and Irminguer Sea. This segment represents around 8% of landings in volume and value. The average GRT is about 1,500 and the average engine power about 2,000 kW per vessel. This fleet has an average age of 27 years and has been drastically reduced since the eighties (52 vessels in 1985). The lack of resources does not allow this fleet to develop itself in terms of new constructions (only two vessels were built in the last 11 years). However, the production has been stabilised and its profitability is more or less sustainable (gross value added were estimated in about PTE 1,743.8 mln (EUR 8.7 mln) in 2000. In 2001 quotas were practically the same. Therefore the same performance is expected as in 2000.

Spain

National fleet

The Spanish fishing fleet is made up of some 17,187 vessels with a total capacity of 535,500 GT. In 1998 the volume of landings reached the figure of 1.1 million tonnes, which represented a value of 334,728 million pesetas (EUR 2,011 mln.) This fleet is made up mainly of four segments, which operate in EU waters (artisanal, trawlers, fixed gear and seiners) and three which operate in international waters or waters belonging to third countries (mobile gear, fixed gear and the tuna fleet). The artisanal sector has the largest number of vessels, representing almost 73% of the total number but only 4.3% of the total capacity and 14% of the engine power. The most highly-capitalised segment is the tuna fleet, which, representing 0.2% of the number of vessels, makes up 14% of the total Spanish GT. There is a great variety of species caught. Insofar as groups are concerned and in terms of weight, the tuna group and the other blue fish group stand out. In value, however, the income obtained from crustaceans, hake and mollusc (cephalopods and other molluscs) is also very important.

300 fleet

The 300 fleet represents around 1.2% of the number of Spanish fishing vessels but 7.6% in terms of capacity. It employs some 2,900 people full-time, 4.4% of the Spanish working population in the

Appendix 2 25

fishing sector. The value of the landings in 2000 increased by 16.3% with respect to 1999 (representing 8.5% of the Spanish total), due above all to the favourable evolution of fish prices. The main species captured were hake (64% of income), megrim (16%), anglerfish (12%) and Norway lobster (3%).

In 2000 running costs as well as vessel costs increased with respect to 1999, which meant that the gross value added only increased by 4.9%. The economic results have deteriorated as the crew costs have risen, leading to a fall in gross cash flow and net profits. This trend is likely to continue in 2001.

SWEDEN

National fleet

The national fishing fleet contained 1,955 vessels in 2000. The main part of the fleet is rather small vessels measured as GT, kW or length. The average vessel has a tonnage of 24 GT, an engine of 122 kW and a length (loa) of 10 metres. Furthermore the fleet is old with an average age of 25 years. The total size is about 47,000 GT, with a total engine power of 239,000 kW. The size of the fleet decreased in number but increased both in tonnage (GT) and engine power (kW).

The fleet is divided into the following six MAGP IV segments: 1. coastal vessels

smaller than 12 metres, 2. shrimp trawlers, 3. pelagic vessels, 4. demersal trawlers, 5. vessels

using passive gears and fishing for demersal species and 6. vessels fishing with passive gears

for salmon.

The total revenue in 2000 was SEK 955 mln (EUR 113 mln), which is more or less the

same as last year. Total volume was about 332,000 tonnes (1999: 329,000). Cod was the most

important species in terms of landed value. Total employment was approximately 2,500 FTE.

In the economic review all MAGP segments except number 1 (small coastal vessels) and 6 (salmon netters/hookers) is covered. In economic terms practically all segments performed worse in 2000 compared to 1999. The only exception was the shrimp trawlers, which increased both gross cash flow (GCF) and gross value added (GVA).

Pelagic vessels

The pelagic segment represents a major part of the total fishery, accounting for over 40% of total landings value and about 88% of total landed volume. The segment suffered a substantial decrease in especially the GCF. The main reason seems to be larger costs including fuel. Somewhat lower prices and decreasing volumes also affected the economic performance as well as the growing capacity. Fish

Appendix 2 26

for reduction is an important outlet and this market has been rather weak. The species in this fishery are mainly sprat and herring from the Baltic Sea and sandeel from the North Sea.

Shrimp trawlers

The landings from this segment correspond to about 13% of the total value. The economic performance was pretty good during the year and increased. The reason seems to be increased landing prices for the targeted species.

Demersal trawlers

The total landings value for this group of vessels was 38%, which makes it the second most important segment, measured in revenues but in terms of employment the first one. For demersal trawlers> 20 meters, GVA increased in spite of a decreased GCF. The reason was that the crew share was substantial higher in 2000 compared to 1999. The nephrops trawler had a rather poor economic year mainly due mainly to depressed prices.

Passive gears, demersal species

Practically all economic indicators shown a less favourable result in 2000. It seems that this segment has not had the possibility to benefit from the increased prices in mainly cod.

United Kingdom

National fleet

The UK fishing fleet in 2000 consisted of 7,242 vessels, with a combined registered tonnage of 247,000. A little over 15,100 fishermen were employed (3,200 on a part-time basis). The total value of landings of the UK fleet during 2000 was GBP 550 mln (EUR 908 mln), this compares to GBP 590 mln (EUR 903 mln) in 1999, and GBP 661 mln (EUR 963 mln) in 1998.

Scottish demersal trawlers

Appendix 2 27

In 2000, Scottish demersal trawlers (greater than 10 metre in length) landed GBP 124 mln (EUR 205 mln) approximately 23% of total UK landings by value. There were 332 vessels (over 10 metre) within this segment, employing approximately 11% of UK fishermen. This segment recorded a net return of GBP -19 mln (EUR –31 mln) for 2000, compared to net returns of GBP 21mln (EUR 35 mln) in 1998 and GBP 9 mln (EUR 15 mln) in 1999. A number of factors contributed to this reduction, including a 29% reduction in the value of landings, a 70% increase in fuel costs, and increases in vessel maintenance and insurance costs. Gross value added per fisherman employed in the fleet now stands at GBP 17,100 (EUR 28,200), compared to GBP 49,800 (EUR 76,100) in 1999.

Scottish nephrops trawlers

There were over 300 Scottish nephrops trawlers, employing over 1,250 fishermen in 2000. The value of landings of this segment were GBP 50 mln (EUR 83 mln) in 2000, compared to GBP 52 mln (EUR 80 mln) in 1999. This segment returned a net result of GBP –0.3 mln (EUR -0.5 mln) in 2000, compared to a net profit of GBP 19 mln (EUR 29 mln) in 1998 and GBP 3 mln (EUR 5 mln) in 1999. Following steady increases to reach a high of GBP 35,200 (EUR 53,800) in 1998, gross value added per fisherman employed reduced to an estimated GBP 21,000 (EUR 32,100) in 1999, and GBP 15,250 (EUR 25,200) in 2000.

Appendix 2 28

European overview

Scope of the report

This fourth Annual Report on the Economic Performance of Selected European Fishing Fleets presents data on 12 countries, i.e. all EU Member States with marine fisheries with the exception of Germany. Details on costs and earnings of 39 specific fleet segments can be considered as a relatively reliable proxy for the performance of many European fisheries.

For all segments performance of 2000 is discussed and outlook for 2001 is presented. Coverage of the fisheries of individual countries is presented in table 0.1. Overall, the segments included in this report represent 50% of EU fisheries in terms of value of landings and 33-37% for all others indicators. As for individual countries the coverage varies from about 4% in Greece to about 100% for Denmark, Italy, France and Sweden. Coverage of Belgium and Netherlands is also quite high. The remaining countries (Portugal, Ireland, Spain, Finland and the UK) are presented to the limit of the current data availability.

Table 0.1 Coverage of the countries (%) Value of Volume of Employment Number of GRT/GT kW

landings landings vessels

EU 51 35 34 33 37 na

Belgium 89 85 86 72 83 84

Denmark 99 99 99 100 100 100

Finland 60 91 132 4 41 23

France 90 na 93 98 73 87

Germany na na na na na na

Greece 4 3 0 0 4 3

Ireland 27 15 18 10 36 36

Italy 100 100 100 100 100 100

Netherlands 68 18 67 75 45 71

Portugal 41 66 18 3 39 29

Spain 9 3 4 1 8 na

Sweden 96 94 53 22 90 67

United Kingdom 32 na 19 9 25 21

Appendix 2 29

It may be expected that implementation of the newly adopted Council decision on data collection, which is expected to become operational as of 2002, will lead to an improvement of data availability and quality in the coming years. Furthermore, in various EU Member States relevant data do exist (particularly on catches fishing effort and prices), but these are not accessible for the purposes of this report

Economic results in 2000

The 12 countries discussed in this report produced approximately 6.1 mln tonnes of fish with an estimated value of EUR 7.7 bln. Some 225,000 fishermen are working in this sector in the EU. This was a reduction of about 1% compared to 1999. There are large differences in gross value added per fisherman according to segment, ranging from EUR 10,000 to EUR 60-70,000. It is not clear to what extent fishing represents the sole source of income. Furthermore profit as well as depreciation and interest on capital constitute part of the disposable income. The average age of vessels in many fleet segments is quite high over 25 years and therefore costs of depreciation and interest is rather low.

The most important economic indicators per fleet segment are summarised in table 0.4.

Particular attention is drawn to the columns on 'Economic performance'. For the medium term performance the average realised revenues for 1998-2000 were compared to the required 'break-even revenue'. The break-even revenue represents a level of production at which all costs are covered. Theoretically, an average vessel of a segment could then implement regular replacement investments in the long run. However, the estimation of capital costs is not always based on replacement value. Furthermore, the high average age of the vessels would also require that the firms have made sufficient capital reserves for replacement throughout their lifetime. This is probably not the case. In the context of this report economic results at break-even level imply that the vessels can remain in operation as long as substantial investments are not required. The ratio (realised revenue / break-even revenue) was classified in four levels of performance:

++ ratio > 105%, which indicates good performance

+ ratio between 95% and 105%, which is still reasonable in view of natural fluctuations.

- ratio between 85% and 95%, which could be considered as becoming weak.

-- ratio under 85%, when losses, probably also in fiscal terms, have been incurred in previous years. In this situation the performance could be characterised as poor. The commitment of the banks to support the fishing company may be gradually eroded.

For the short-term performance, gross cash flow of 2000 was compared to the average gross cash flow of 1998-99. Gross cash flow is a good short-term indicator in fisheries. Positive gcf means that the company is capable of paying for all of its operational costs and meeting at least part of its obligations to its creditors (bank). Empirical research shows that companies can survive short-term (1-2 years) losses as long as the cash flow remains positive. Three performance classes are distinguished:

+ ratio above 105%, meaning that the situation is improving;

+/- ratio between 95% and 105%, which is considered as short term stability

- ratio under 95%, which can be classified as deterioration.

Appendix 2 30

The overview shows that in the medium term 30 out of 39 segments have achieved

reasonable to good performance in the period 1998-2000. Only 3 segments have shown a weak

or poor performance. Eleven segments have improved their performance in 2000, while 18

faced deterioration. Comparison of the results of 2000 with the previous year shows a clear

deterioration of the short and medium term economic results.

Table 0.2 Short and medium term performance in 1998 and 1999 (number of segments) Medium term Short term

2000 1999 2000 1999 Good 13 25 Improvement 11 23 Reasonable 17 8 Stable 4 4 Weak 2 5 Deterioration 18 16 Very weak 1 5 Not available 6 3 Not available 6 3 Total 39 46 39 46

Table 0.3 Main indicators by country 2000 Value of Employment 2 Volume of Fleet - number Fleet - total

Landings ment landings of vessels 3 GRT / GT

(mEUR) (1000 t) (1000)

Appendix 2 31

Belgium 89 700 27 124 23

Denmark 431 4,600 1,523 1,528 98

Finland 22 2,700 103 3,701 21

France 4 1,135 14,990 605 5,669 166

Germany1 182 2,800 226 2,261 65

Greece 250 36,273 93 19,644 102

Ireland 219 6,000 318 1,331 59

Italy 1,558 46,938 392 18,390 207

Netherlands 400 2,400 467 420 177

Portugal 299 25,021 166 10,750 112

Spain1 2,072 66,100 1110 17,187 536

Sweden 113 2,500 332 1,955 47

United Kingdom 908 13,700 748 7,242 247

EU 7,678 224,722 6,110 90,202 1,860 1 Data for 1998; 2 The employment figures have been adjusted to the considered fleet and may not represent full time equivalents; 3 The fleet definitions in this report may not correspond fully to the fleet sizes stated in official documents as fishing vessels of little economic importance have been excluded. 4 The 2000 figures for France are not comparable with earlier years due to changes in collection methodology, see chapter 4.

Table 0.4 Indicators for individual segments 2000 Country Segment Gross value Value of Landings/ Economic Average

added/ landings/ vessel performance vessel size

employed vessel (tonnes)

(1000 EUR) (1000 EUR) '98-'00'00 Crew GT/GRT Belgium Beam trawlers 63 888 256 + - 6.7 208

Appendix 2 32

Denmark

Trawlers >200 GT 67 981 7786 + - 6.5 380

Trawlers <200 GT 47 265 480 + - 3.1 44

Danish seiners 49 265 148 + - 3.3 38

Gill netters 39 124 52 + - 2.1 13

Finland

Pelagic trawlers 61 93 776 + - 2.52 65

Salmon offshore na 50 21 + + 1.72 26

France

Channel and Atlantic

Non trawlers < 12m. 39 76 na na na 1.7 5

Trawlers < 30 m. 64 326 na na na 3.7 36

Non trawlers 12-25 m. 60 371 na na na 5.2 41

Mediterranean

Small vessels 17 24 na na na 1.2 3

Trawlers 70 447 na na na 4.5 55

Greece

Thermaik. deep w. trawl 27 223 61 - +/- 6 80

Thermaik. coastal trawl 24 154 46 -- +/- 5 72

Ireland

Offshore multi-purpose 24 433 350 - - 6.8 154

Italy

Trawlers 29 224 43 ++ +/- 4.2 42

Purse seiners 24 338 226 ++ + 9.8 45

Midwater pair trawlers 33 323 338 ++ + 6.2 66

Dredgers 35 92 42 ++ + 2.1 10

Multi-purpose trawlers 22 114 22 ++ - 2.9 15

Small scale fishery 16 42 8 ++ + 2.0 3

Appendix 2 33

Tuna fleet 32 189 65 + +/- 3.6 52

Swordfish fleet 17 135 16 ++ - 4.6 18

Netherlands

Eurocutters 191-221 kW 59 371 107 + - 3.2 75

Beam trawlers 811+ kW 78 1356 433 + - 7.2 427

Portugal

Coastal trawlers 21 478 197 ++ + 11.3 137

Coastal purse seiners 10 286 445 ++ - 17.2 46

NAFO vessels 18 1725 915 ++ - 35.0 1512

Spain

'300 fleet' 38 893 171 ++ - 14.5 203

Sweden

Pelagic vessels >20m 41 725 4737 + - 7.0 352

Pelagic vessels <20m 15 462 131 ++ - 2.0 23

Shrimp trawlers 43 209 43 + + 3.0 86

Demersal trawlers >20m 49 611 276 + + 5.0 184

Demersal trawlers <20m 51 191 65 ++ + 2.0 50

Nephrops trawlers 24 96 19 + + 2.0 33

Net / hook fishery 27 84 47 + + 2.0 27

United Kingdom

Scottish demersal trawl 28 618 na + - 5.0 163

Scottish nephrops trawl 25 264 na + - 4.0 22 2. Crew refers to number of fishermen in Finland.

OUTLOOK FOR 2001 AND 2002

Appendix 2 34

Reduction of quotas for main species continues and it is unlikely that the price effect will be sufficient to maintain the revenues at levels achieved in the years 1998-1999. Considering the international situation at the end of 2001, a decrease in the price of fuel cannot be expected. Consequently the economic performance of the fishing industry will come under further pressure. The shares fishermen will be faced with further decreasing incomes, which will make the profession less attractive. Serious crew shortages are already apparent in various countries. Finally, inclusion of the ecological considerations in the future CFP will probably lead to further restrictions on the fishing industry.

Appendix 2 35

1. Belgium Prepared by LEI

1.1 National fleet

Current structure

Belgium is one of the smallest fish producers in the EU. Main target species of the fleet are flatfish (plaice and sole), cod and crustaceans, which are mainly caught in the North Sea. Other important fishing grounds are the Irish Sea, the eastern English Channel and the Celtic Sea. Belgian vessels caught about 26,500 tonnes of fish in 2000, of which almost one third was landed in Dutch ports. Most of the vessels use a beam trawl. The value of landings was BEF 3,577 mln (EUR 89 mln) in 2000. About 700 fishermen (FTEs) are working in the Belgian fishery of which approximately 100 have Dutch nationality.

The Belgian fleet consisted of 124 vessels with a total engine power of 62,000 kW at the end of 2000. Most vessels are located in the harbours of Zeebrugge and Oostende. About 25% of the Belgian vessels have been built in the last 10 years. Many of the older vessels are shrimpers with less then 70 GRT.

Main trends

Since 1990 the number of vessels has decreased by more than 25%. In particular the number of otter trawlers and shrimpers declined significantly. Capacity in terms of total GRT and kW decreased less sharply. This indicates that the average vessel has become larger and has more engine power than before. Mainly because of the good economic results the year before and some changes in regulations, vessel building increased in 2000. In total 9 new vessels were built (six beam trawlers) while 10 vessels have been withdrawn.

Volume of landings has remained stable since 1996. Landings of cod went down by 40% but this was compensated by increased plaice landings. The total value of landings has remained stable in recent years. In 2000 earnings increased by 3% as a result of higher sole earnings. The economic performance of the fleet deteriorated significantly mainly because of higher fuel costs. Net profit decreased from BEF 391 mln (EUR 10 mln) in 1999 to an estimated BEF 9 mln (EUR 0.25 mln) in 2000. In particular, large beam trawlers reported decreasing results.

Belgium - National fleet

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

140%

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Inde

x

Invested capitalNumber of vesselsDays at seaGross cash flowGross value addedEmployment

Appendix 2 36

1.2 Beam trawl

Role in total fishery

Beam trawling for flatfish and shrimp is the most important fishery in Belgium. About 89 vessels are involved and they account for almost 90% of the national value of landings and of employment. In terms of capacity the beam trawl segment has a share of 83% of the kW of the national fleet. The North Sea is the most important fishing area for the beam trawlers. Belgium has fulfilled all requirements of MAGP III regarding the beam trawl segment.

Three groups of beam trawlers can be distinguished:

- Eurocutters (221 kW); vessels built after 1981 above 65 GRT allowed to fish within the 12 mile zone;

- medium sized beam trawlers (222-662 kW);

- large beam trawlers (662-882 kW).

The average age of the beam trawlers is 13 years, compared to 19 years for the national fleet. In the nineties 22 new vessels have been built totalling 14,000 kW. Other vessels that use a beam trawl are shrimpers (inshore fisheries) with less than 221 kW engine power. These vessels are not included in this analysis of the beam trawl segment because they are less dependent on TAC-decisions.

Economic performance

The economic performance of the beam trawlers has deteriorated. For 2000 a net profit of BEF -13 mln (EUR -0.3 mln) is estimated compared to BEF 266 mln (EUR 7 mln) in 1999. Fuel costs increased considerably because of much higher fuel prices. This was not compensated by an increase in value of landings of almost 7% because of higher earnings from sole and other flatfish (except plaice).

In general the large beam trawlers with greater engine power (662-882 kW) are more profitable than Eurocutters (221 kW). In 1999 and 2000 Eurocutters and medium sized beam trawlers recorded better results, mainly because they suffered less from high fuel prices.

Gross value added decreased from BEF 1,730 mln (EUR 43 mln) in 1999 to about BEF 1,539 mln (EUR 38 mln). The number of fishermen remained stable so that the average gross value added per fisherman also decreased to BEF 2.6 mln (63,000 EUR).

Appendix 2 37

Outlook for 2001

It is expected that the economic performance of beam trawlers will improve in 2001. Value of landings of all Belgian vessels (Belgian harbours) was BEF 1,776 mln (EUR 44 mln) in the first eight months of 2001. This is about 12% higher compared with the corresponding period in 2000. The value of landings of sole, which accounts for more than half of total value of landings, increased by 22% due to higher prices. With fuel prices somewhat lower this could increase net profits for the beam trawl segment this year.

Only national data were available for 2001. As beam trawlers account for almost 90% of national landings, this data should be representative for the beam trawl segment.

1.3 Comments on data

For 2000, data on costs and earnings were not yet available. Estimations have been made on the basis of the 1999 cost structure and 2000 fuel prices, interest rates and data about landings. Invested capital has been based on the book value of the vessel.

Cost of capital has been calculated according to the common method since 1997. Replacement values per vessel were estimated according to Dutch standards for building costs which takes into account a normative amount per GRT. With respect to the years before 1997, capital costs were estimated on the basis of developments in fleet structure and building costs. For the book value (and investment value) of old shrimpers an expert judgement has been made to take account of the residual value of the vessel after depreciation.

In the previous Annual Reports capital costs were based on actual depreciation and interest costs in the accounts of the firm. Compared to the common method, actual depreciation costs are generally 10% higher while actual interest costs are about 10% lower.

Subsidies and financial earnings have not been taken into account.

Main sources for this report were publications by the Belgian ‘Dienst Zeevisserij’: ‘De Belgische Zeevisserij, Aanvoer en Besomming’ and ‘Uitkomsten van de de Belgische Zeevisserij’.

Belgium - Beam trawl

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

140%

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Inde

x


Appendix 2 38

2. Denmark Prepared by the Danish Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Economics

2.1 National fleet

Current structure

The national fleet comprises about 1,500 fishing firms that are economically significant in the sense that the value of the firms’ landings of fish over the year has exceeded EUR 25,000. Each vessel above 20 GT with its own crew has for the year 2000 been counted as one production unit, which means, that for those vessels the term fishing firm is equal to fishing vessel.

The major components of the Danish fleet are trawlers of small to medium size, gill netters, Danish seiners and purse seiners. The first four of these categories make up the fleet segments included in this report. The purse seiners group is not shown separately, but the cost and earnings data for all 11 purse seiners are included in the statistics for the total national fleet.

Employment has so far been measured as the number of crew members (including the skipper) for the vessels listed in the Vessel Register. This number has been continually declining during the 1990’s, partly due to increased productivity and more significantly due to decommissioning. Overall employment in the national fleet dropped from 8,300 crew members in the mid 80’s to 7,100 in 1997. For the year 2000 the registered number is 6,500.

Main trends

Denmark - National fleet

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

140%

160%

180%

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Inde

x

Invested capital

Number of vessels

Days at sea

Gross cash flow

Gross value added

Employment

Appendix 2 39

The economic result of the fishery is very dependent on fish prices and a few key costs like the price of fuel. In 1998 the total value of the landings reached its highest level at EUR 484 Million, but it has since dropped by 6% in each of the following two years. The key factor behind the peak has been significant changes in the prices of fish. The prices for industrial fish were unusually high from 1996 to 1998 and landings were high in 1997, but have dropped again in 1998 and 1999. Whereas the prices for the human consumption species first increased generally from 1997/98, then in 1999 prices for herring, mackerel and common sole fell and so did the price of plaice in 2000.

The price of fuel has risen considerably over the last two years. The fuel cost taken as a share of gross output was 8.6 % in 1999 and 12.8 % in 2000 compared with an average 6,7 % for the previous 4 years. The expression gross output is used analogous with total value of landings as the income from other sources than fishery is of minor significance.

2.2 Trawlers over 200 GT.


The fleet segment of trawlers over 200 GT comprises less than 10% of the number of economically active vessels in the national fleet, but their share of the total tonnage is 48%. Relative to the average Danish fishing firm these large vessels show a very capital-intensive fishery. The group’s share of the total labour input is about 18%, and 40% of capital input. The only vessels in the Danish fleet larger than these trawlers are the purse seiners and a few multi-purpose vessels.

The big trawlers’ share of the total value of the Danish fishery is about 30%. For the years 1997-1998 the share reached a peak of 37%, but the fall in prices of industrial fish has reduced the share to 27% and 28.5% for 1999-2000. The decrease in both prices and landings of industrial species has also had an impact on the composition of the catch. Previously, three quarters of the total revenue for the big trawlers came from industrial fishery, that share has now declined to 58% in 1999 and 66% in 2000. The most important industrial species are sandeel, sprat, blue whiting and Norway pout, whereas in human consumption fishery, the species of major importance in terms of gross value were: herring and mackerel, northern prawn, plaice, cod and hake.

Denmark - Trawlers over 200 GT

40%60%80%

100%120%140%160%180%200%220%240%260%280%300%

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Inde

x

Invested capital

Number of vessels

Days at sea

Gross cash flow

Gross value added

Employment

Appendix 2 40

Denmark

The Danish fleet comprises about 1,500 fishing firms that are economically significant in the sense that the value of the firms’ landings of fish over the year has exceeded EUR 25,000. Each vessel above 20 GT with its own crew has for the year 2000 been counted as one production unit, which means, that for those vessels the term fishing firm is equal to fishing vessel. The major components of the fleet are trawlers of small to medium size, gill netters, Danish seiners and purse seiners. In the report focus is on the first four of these categories.

Trawlers over 200 GT

Trawlers over 200 GT comprise less than 10% in numbers of the economically active Danish vessels, but their share of the total tonnage is 48%. These larger vessels show a relatively capital-intensive fishery. The group’s share of the total labour input is about 18%, and of capital input 40%.

Over the last two years the big trawlers have experienced a very significant reduction in income as gross output fell by 25% in 1999 followed by an 8% reduction in 2000. The main reason for the reduction in gross output is the decrease in the price of industrial fish. Another negative impact comes from the increase in fuel prices, which has doubled the fleet’s total cost on fuel in 2000 compared with 1998. The net profit for this fleet has become negative for the last two years with the amount EUR -20 Million.

Trawlers, less than 200 GT

This fleet segment comprises in numbers approx. 40% of the economically active vessels and about 25% of the gross tonnage. More than half are smaller than 20 GT. The fishery is mostly for human consumption, with only about 10-12% of the total value from industrial fishery. The most important of the human consumption species are cod with a 30% share and Norway lobster with between 20 and 25% share of the gross revenue.

In 2000 the volume of landings of cod has been 25% less and for Norway lobster 20% less than in 1999. As a result the gross cash flow for this group became the lowest in the six-year period when cost and earnings data have been collected.

Danish seiners

Danish seiners comprise about 100 vessels with an average size of 38 GT. The fleet performs a relatively labour intensive fishery, with a share of the labour input at 7.5% whereas the share of capital is only 4%.

Appendix 2 41

The fishery is only for human consumption. The most important species are cod and plaice, with more than 80% of the total revenue.

The total revenue for the Danish seiners group dropped from 1999 to 2000 by 36% as a result of a 46% decline in the fleets’ landings of cod. Both input of capital and labour as well as all cost items were reduced, whereupon gross cash flow became only 25% of last year’s level.

GILL NETTERS

The fleet segment of gill netters comprises a large variety of vessels from very small vessels to larger vessels fishing in the North Sea far from home port. The important species in the fishery are cod, plaice and sole.

In 2000 the price of cod has remained high, but the volume of the landings fell by 6% compared with 1999. The output from flatfish was a little above last year’s level, and other fish also compensated some of the loss so the total value of the landings in 2000 dropped only by 1%. But the cost side shows increasing expenditures for all types of costs. As a result the gross cash flow became negative, which indicates economic problems for many of the vessels in the fleet.


After two years of increasing production the gross output of the larger trawlers fell by 25% from 1998 to 1999 followed by an 8% fall from 1999 to 2000. The first years’ fall was induced by a reduction in the price of industrial fish, whereas the fall from 1999 to 2000 was brought about by a decline in the value of the landings of fish for human consumption, especially flatfish. Simultaneous with the reduction in the gross output the fuel cost has increased, causing a negative net profit, which again is a return to the situation before the rise in the price of industrial fish in 1996.

Outlook for 2001

Seemingly the drop in the price of industrial fish has been turned around during the first half of 2001, and now the price is about 8% higher than last year. Although it is difficult to tell whether this situation is stable, it should imply, that the output from industrial fishery would not be less than last year. The price of herring has doubled compared with the first half of 2000, which should give a better payoff for trawlers engaged in herring fishery. As for the fuel prices the expectation is that the costs would not exceed last year’s level. Altogether the outlook for 2001 could imply a slight improvement in the result compared with last year.

2.3 Trawlers, less than 200 GT

Appendix 2 42


The number of vessels in this fleet segment comprises approximately 40% of the economically active vessels and about 25% of the gross tonnage. More than half of the vessels in the segment are smaller than 20 GT. These trawlers are located all over the country and because of their small size they have access to all the different coastal waters around Denmark. The fishery is mostly for human consumption, with only 10-12% of the total value from industrial fishery.

The group of small trawlers differs from the larger trawlers by product mix. The most important of the human consumption species is cod with a 30% share of the total value. Norway lobster plays another important role in the fishery being responsible for between 20 to 25% of the total value of the landings.


Despite a slight increase in the labour and capital input for this fleet, the level of gross output from 1999 could not be maintained in the year 2000. Catch of cod and Norway lobster was much lower than the year before, and even good prices for cod could not make up for a 25% decline in the volume of the landings. The price of Norway lobster continued at the relatively low level of the year before, which meant that a 20% reduction in the landings had full impact on the gross output. As a result the gross cash flow for this fleet became the lowest in the six-year period where cost and earnings data have been collected. The amount was only 47% of the average for the last 3 years as shown in the graph above.

Outlook for 2001

As the small trawlers participate in a wide range of fisheries it is difficult to assess to what extent good results in one fishery could outweigh bad results in other fisheries. Based on the landings from the first eight months of the year it does not look like being a good year for neither cod nor Norway lobster. On the other hand, the landings of plaice, other flatfish (except common sole), herring and industrial species

Denmark - Trawlers less than 200GT

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

140%

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Inde

x

Invested capital

Number of vessels

Days at sea

Gross cash flow

Gross value added

Employment

Appendix 2 43

have increased compared with last year, which could indicate an improvement for some vessels in the group. However, as cod and Norway lobster are the most important species for this fleet, a deterioration of the overall result can be expected.

2.4 Danish seiners

Role in the total fishery

The fleet segment of Danish seiners comprises about 100 vessels or 6.5% of the economically active vessels. The vessels are of average size and engine power in the national context, but in international context the vessels are small. The fleet performs a relatively labour intensive fishery, with a share of the labour input at 7.5% whereas the share of capital is only 4%.

Danish seiners only catch species for human consumption. The most important species are cod and plaice, with more than 80% of the total revenue. Other codfish and flatfish account for the remaining value.


The total revenue for the Danish seiner group dropped by 36% from 1999 to 2000 as a result of a 46% decline in the fleets’ landings of cod. Both costs of capital, labour as well as all other cost items decreased. Gross cash flow fell to 25% of last years level.

Outlook for 2001

As the Danish seiner fleet is heavily dependent on cod the outlook for 2001 does not look very good. The temporary closure of fishery for cod in the North Sea cod-box during the spring season has diminished

Denmark - Danish seiners

0%20%40%60%80%

100%120%140%160%

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Inde

x

Invested capital

Number of vessels

Days at sea

Gross cash flow

Gross value added

Employment

Appendix 2 44

the gross output from cod fishery in the first half year of 2001. Some of that loss may be regained from better prices, which has been about 8% over last year’s level for the main human consumption species. For plaice, the landings too are above last year’s level, which again may compensate for the reduced output from cod. But all together the outlook for 2001 does not look very good.

2.5 Gill netters


The fleet segment of gill netters comprises a large variety of vessels from very small vessels with fishing trips of only one day and the fisherman as the only crew member, to larger vessels with a hired crew fishing in the North Sea far from home port. A comparison of the number of vessels from the account statistics with the gill-netters listed on the Vessel Register shows, that more than half of the registered vessels are not included in the account statistics, as the value of their gross output, if any, is below the threshold value of EUR 25,000. For the economically active vessels the important species are cod, common sole and plaice.

Denmark - Gill netters

-40%-20%

0%20%40%60%80%

100%120%140%160%180%

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Inde

x

Invested capital

Number of vessels

Days at sea

Gross cash flow

Gross value added

Employment

Appendix 2 45


The landings of cod, which is of great importance to the gill net fleet, fell by 6% compared with 1999. But the output from flatfish was a little above last year’s level, as the more expensive flatfish like common sole made up a bigger share of the landings. Higher catches of other fish also compensated some of the loss. The total value of the landings in 2000 dropped only by 1%. The cost side shows increasing expenditures for all types of costs, e.g. the crew costs were 7% above last year’s level. The gross cash flow became negative which indicates economic problems for many of the vessels in the fleet.

Outlook for 2001

The price for cod is still looking good, also the prices for plaice and common sole have increased in the first half of 2001. But the landings of both cod and common sole have dropped severely compared with last year. This negative impact from cod and common sole fisheries indicates a very unfavourable outlook for the gill netters in 2001.


The report is based on data from the accounting statistics prepared by the Danish Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Economics (SJFI). The unit in the statistics is the commercial fishing firm, which has to own at least one fishing vessel and have an annual turnover from fishery above a specified minimum (EUR 25,000). From the year 2000 each vessel above 20 GT with its own crew has been counted as one production unit, which means, that for those vessels the term fishing firm is equal to fishing vessel. The fishing firms over the statistical threshold are about 1,500 in number, and they cover about 99% of the total Danish fishery. The statistics are based on a stratified sample of more than 20% of this population.

For the starting year of the account statistics (1995) the coverage of the sample is not perfect for the fleet segment of trawlers over 200 GT, because one of the major ports could not be represented at that time. Consequently exact data are not available for that segment in 1995.

In the account statistics, labour input is counted as number of men times days at sea times an estimated average number of hours per day. The resulting figure is divided by 2,000 to calculate the employment figure used in this report, which should be seen as a supplement to other employment measures.

The data for the composition of the fleets (by size and age classes) is from the Vessel Register, and can be compared with the calculated number of vessels from the account statistics generated from sample information.

Appendix 2 46

3. Finland Prepared by Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute

3.1 National fleet

CURRENT STRUCTURE

In 2000 the Finnish fishing fleet numbered some 3,700 registered vessels with a capacity of

21,000 GT and power of 200,000 kW. All registered vessels are not in active use. However,

there has been some reduction in fleet size during the last couple of years. Under the MAGP

IV program the fleet is divided into four segments: pelagic trawlers, demersal trawlers,

offshore salmon vessels and vessels under 12 meters with passive gear. Most of the vessels

(about 3,400) are less than 12 meters in length and used in inshore fishing. In the pelagic

trawler segment there are 200 registered vessels with a capacity of 9,900 GT and power of

53,000 kW. In the demersal trawler segment there are only a few vessels left as a result of a

decommissioning scheme relating to MAGP IV. In the offshore salmon fishery segment there

are about 70 vessels using drift nets and long lines.

In 2000 the total fleet landings reached 102,000 tonnes and the total catch value was

FIM 128 mln (EUR 22 mln). There were some 2,700 professional fishermen but most of them

were part-time.

Main trends

The total volume of landings increased steadily since the beginning of the 1990s, principally as a result of the increasing demand for Baltic herring and sprat for industrial purposes. The growth ceased in 1998 when demand for pelagic species decreased. In 1999 the volume and value of landings went down and this development continued last year. This is mostly a result of pelagic fisheries where

Appendix 2 47

demand has deteriorated and at the same time quotas have become restrictive. This has led to profitability problems for the pelagic trawler fleet, which have been decreasing in number of vessels.

Cod stocks in the Baltic Sea have been weak during the last few years and many demersal trawlers have been decommissioned. In the salmon fishery the restrictive management measures that have been put in place over the past ten years have put pressure on the fleet segment. In MAGP IV there was a 20% reduction objective for demersal trawlers and 30% for offshore salmon vessels. These objectives have been met and due to a weak economic performance, the size of the active fleet continues to decrease.

National fleet

60%

80%

100%

120%

140%

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Inde

x

Invested capital

Number of vessels

Volume of landings

Value of landings

Gross value added

Employment

Appendix 2 48

3.2 Pelagic trawlers


The pelagic trawler fleet is the most important segment in Finnish fisheries. The fleet mainly catches Baltic herring but in the last few years sprat has become a more important species. Catches of Baltic herring and sprat constitute more than 90% of the total volume of Finnish professional marine catches and the value of these catches account for over half of the total. The Finnish pelagic trawler fleet accounts for about 80% of the total Finnish Baltic herring and sprat catches.

Catches of pelagic trawlers increased steadily since the beginning of the 1990s. The

value of catches also increased until 1995. After joining the EU, Finland abolished the price

subsidy scheme that was in place for Baltic herring. Consequently, in 1995 the value of Baltic

herring catches declined even though the volume of landings increased. Since then growing

demand increased the value of pelagic species until 1998 when the collapse of the Russian

economy led to the cessation of the export of Baltic herring. At the same time the demand of

fish for industrial purposes has decreased. This reduced demand resulted in falling prices

especially for fish used for fodder.

Based on the logbook data there were 120 pelagic trawlers in active use in 2000. In MAGP IV these vessels constitute one segment, which does not have reduction objectives. The capacity of these vessels is about 8,000 GT (approximately 45% of total) and 39,000 kW (approximately 25% of total).

About 75 of these vessels are less than 20 metres long. An average vessel is just over 18 metres with capacity of 60 GT and engine power of 300 kW. The variation in fleet composition is quite large. On average, vessels are quite old - about 28 years, with only a few vessels being built in recent years. On average, the larger vessels are older than smaller ones. There are no solid data for the employment on board but, based on a survey, the estimated employment on board in 2000 was some 300 men. As there is quite a large variation in activity of these vessels the employment in FTE was estimated around 110.


In 1999 the value of landings was FIM 67 mln (EUR 11 mln), which exceeded the value from the previous year but was still almost quarter less than in 1998. This diminished income compared to the year 1998 derived from both lower catches and lower prices.

Gross cash flow stayed around FIM 16 mln (EUR 2.7 mln). Gross value added rose a bit to FIM 39 mln (EUR 6.6 mln). After imputed depreciation and financial costs the net result stayed negative and showed losses of FIM 4.5 mln (EUR 0.8 mln).

Appendix 2 49

Despite the negative result, operating costs of the fleet segment are relatively low compared to other European fleets and the share of gross cash flow and gross value added are reasonably high.

Outlook for 2001

The pelagic trawler fleet is dependent on industrial demand. Low demand of fish for industrial purposes tends to result in low prices also for fish for processing industry. Since 1999, the low demand has resulted in lower prices for herring. In recent years demand rather than TACs limited fishing but lower TACs are now becoming restrictive. This year the fishery was closed in June because of a fear of early fulfilment of the quota. The most important decision for the pelagic fishery will be the planned dioxin limits in fish for human consumption. The planned dioxin levels would lead to a cessation of fishing for human consumption, which would be devastating for this fleet segment.

It seems that the ongoing process of shrinking fleet will continue. The economic performance of the fleet may not even reach break-even level this year. The speed of restructuring will depend not only on economic development but also the administrative measures.

Finland - Pelagic trawlers

80%

100%

120%

140%

160%

180%

200%

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Inde

x

Invested capital

Number of vessels

Days at sea

Gross cash flow

Gross value added

Employment

3.3 Offshore fishery


The offshore fishery with passive gears – driftnets and long lines – has traditionally been very important. This fishery targets salmon and cod. Most of the vessels are fishing for salmon, while a few vessels target on cod. In order to preserve natural salmon stocks, restrictive management measures have been put in place. That has decreased fishing opportunities in recent years. At the same time, a substantial fall in prices has led to a striking decrease in value of salmon catches. Also the cod stocks have been weak for some time. As a consequence, offshore fishing has faced profitability problems and the number of active vessels has decreased noticeably. This is also a result of the decommission scheme in order to meet the objectives in MAGP IV, where there is a 30% reduction objective for this segment. These measures have been focused on the active part of the fleet.

Appendix 2 50

In 2000 there were 36 offshore vessels in active use (catching more than 1,000 kilos). The capacity of these vessels was 920 GT with engine power of 6,900 kW. Average vessel size was 26 GT and 190 kW. Vessels are quite old, on average 25 years. Some of the operating vessels belong to the MAGP segment of small coastal vessels.

Effort in 2000 was 1,700 fishing days, which on average gives just 47 days per vessel but activity varies a lot. There were approximately 60 fishermen on board.

Economic performance in 2000

Revenues of offshore vessels have been increasing since 1998, which was the worst year for the past decade. In 2000 the value of landings was FIM 10.9 mln (EUR 1.8 mln), somewhat greater than the year before. Gross cash flow reached FIM 2.2 mln (EUR 0.4 mln), which was just not enough to cover imputed financial costs. This indicates that the fleet is still not economically viable in the long run.

Gross value added was FIM 5.7 mln (EUR 1 mln), over half of the revenue, of which FIM 3.5 mln (EUR 0.6 mln) was accounted for by labour.

Outlook for 2000

Since 1998, a very weak year for the segment, the development has been more favourable, though the fleet segment has made losses and number of vessels has been decreasing. There is no sign of major improvement in offshore fishing. Management measures will continue to be restrictive. Also, the price of salmon is expected to stay at the level it has been, since salmon competes in the same market with farmed rainbow trout and imported Norwegian salmon.


Finland - Offshore vessels

80%

90%

100%

110%

120%

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Inde

x


Appendix 2 51

All figures for earlier years are either not available or are not comparable with the latter. That is because EU membership has changed both the need for, and the gathering system for data. In addition the pelagic trawl segment definition was created for MAGP IV. It was possible to isolate the pelagic trawl segment for 1996 but for earlier years this task proved impossible. Economic indicators that are not gathered on a regular basis are shown by blank boxes on tables in appendix.

Volume and value of landings are based on official statistics and logbook data. Capacity indicators are from the fishing vessel register. Cost and earnings figures have not been collected on a regular basis. The cost structure of pelagic trawlers has been developed based on a survey in 1998. The cost structure for other years is estimated based on these figures. The invested capital and financial costs of capital are estimated figures based on the common method.

Also the cost structure for salmon fishery is also based on a survey. The result of the survey was poor in the sense that only one third of vessel owners participated. With high variation in activity and economic performance of these vessels, the presented figures must be interpreted with caution. All monetary figures are presented in nominal values.

Appendix 2 52

4. France Prepared by IFREMER (Service d’économie maritime)

The data presented here are the preliminary results of a large survey of the national fishing fleet. Aggregated economic indicators4 have been estimated for each significant MAGP IV segment based on a sample of 700 vessels, i.e. 12% of the total fleet.

Moreover, given the fact that the base for calculation has completely changed this year and to avoid any mis-interpretation, data are presented only for the year 2000. No information about trends or changes can then be provided.

4.1 National fleet

0.1.4. Current structure

At the end of 2000, there were 5,669 vessels in the French mainland fleet (Corsica and overseas islands are excluded) with a total tonnage of 166,200 GRT and a total engine power of 907,000 kW. Small vessels predominate: around 75% of vessels of the French total fleet are less than 12 metres and 26% less than 7 metres vessels. These small vessels generally target multiple species with multiple gears.

According to MAGP IV, the French fleet is divided in eleven categories based on fishing areas, length category and gear used by the vessels. The non trawlers less than 12 metres is the most important segment in terms of number of vessels but the trawlers less than 30 metres accounted for 1,621 vessels in 2000. Besides these two segments, big bottom trawlers, non trawlers over 25 metres and non trawlers 12 to 25 metres are present but are less important.

Almost 75% of the total fleet is concentrated along the coast with the Atlantic and English Channel where a large diversity of vessels operate. The region of Brittany is the predominant region in terms of fishing activity along this coastline.

There were 1,527 Mediterranean vessels in 2000 which can be divided in three segments: small vessels, trawlers and purse seiners. The first segment consists of 1,351 vessels, i.e. 85% of the French Mediterranean fleet (excluding Corsica).

In 2000, the total value of production (including frozen and fresh landings) was estimated at FFR 7.5 billion (EUR 1,135 mln). The majority of landings were fresh (estimated at FFR 6.5 billion i.e. EUR 990 mln in value and 400,000 tonnes) and included fish, crustacean, mussels and molluscs. A wide diversity of species are landed and the first four species only contributed to 20% of the total fresh landings in value.

In 2000, around 15,000 persons were employed in the French fishing sector with the contribution of small vessels estimated at 49% while their contribution to the total value was 33% with 29% for the total invested capital.

4 Please note that as they stand, the results presented should be considered as preliminary. Care should be taken in

using this figures for any purpose.

Appendix 2 53

4.2 Atlantic and English Channel non trawlers less 12 metres

This segment includes all small non trawler vessels of the Atlantic and English Channel coast. They generally use passive gears and are polyvalent. Over 44% of the segment’s vessels are located in Brittany.

Aggregated data presented here are based on a sample of 305 vessels which is 14% of the population of this segment. The sample is representative of the population in terms of distribution by length categories, geographic situation and age of vessel.

0.1.5. Role in total fishery

In terms of the number of vessels, this segment represented 38% of the French total fleet in 2000 and accounted for more than 2,000 vessels. However, the segment’s contribution to total value of landings or its capital invested is relatively small as it comprises mostly small vessels. The average vessel is 8 metres long, with 78 kW and 19 years old.

In total, this segment contributed 16% of the total fresh landings in value, 19% of the total gross value added and 13% of the total invested capital.

More than 3,500 persons were directly employed by this segment in 2000 and this represented 26% of the total employment in the fishing fresh sector.

0.1.6. Economic performance

In 2000, gross cash flow generated by this fleet segment represented FFR 235 mln (EUR 36 mln) from a total value of landings of FFR 1,075 mln (EURO 164 mln) and a gross value added of FFR 925 mln (EUR 141 mln). Net profit was positive which is largely due to the low interest charges of the ageing fleet.

The productivity of capital approximated by GVA per invested capital was equal to 1.02 which is a good performance compared to other segments fleet (national average in the fresh fishing sector was 0.7 in 2000) except for Mediterranean small vessels (1.4). The ratio net profit to invested capital was around 17%, which is quite good compared to other economic sectors.

Two categories of costs are very significant for this segment: vessels costs, particularly gear costs, which represented 11% of total earnings in 2000, and crew share due to the increased share to the owner, which is correlated with vessel size.

0.1.7. Outlook for 2001

The effect on this segment of increased fuel prices is less than trawlers because fuel costs per total landings is very low (6%) compared to national average (15%). Without any information on species composition in total landings, it is impossible to forecast anything on earnings in 2001.

Appendix 2 54

4.3 Atlantic and English Channel trawlers less than 30 metres

This segment includes all vessels less than 30 metres which used trawl (single or combined with another gear) and fishing in the Atlantic fishing areas.

Aggregated data presented here are based on a sample of 212 vessels, which represents 13% of the population of this segment. The distribution of the sample is quite similar to the population in terms of age of vessels and geographic location. However, the results must be taken with caution as 9-12 metre vessels are over represented and 16-24 metre vessels under represented.

Based on this sample, 29% of vessels use a bottom trawl with dredge, 26% are bottom trawlers, 11% mixed trawlers, 7% pelagic trawlers and the rest use trawl with passive gears.


In 2000 there were 1,621 vessels in this segment which represents 29% of the French total fleet. They vary in size from 9 to 24 metres and are represented in all French Atlantic regions without concentration in any particular location.

In 2000 this segment contributed 53% of the total fresh landings in value and 50% of the gross value added generated by the fresh fishing sector at national level. The segment also had the highest invested capital which amounted almost FFR 4,000 mln (EUR 600 mln) however this capital is ageing now (more than 95% are more than 10 years old and 66% are more than 20 years old).

Compared to other segments, this fleet is one of the most intensive in capital: the ratio of invested capital / employed is 1.5 times higher for a vessel belonging to this segment than for a similar sized vessel using exclusively passive gears.

Almost 6,000 persons are employed in this segment which represents 58% of the total

employment in the fresh sector.


In 2000 this segment generated a gross value added of FFR 2,500 mln (EUR 380 mln) from a total value of landings of approximately FFR 3,500 mln (EUR 528 mln), which are 50% of the total GVA and 53% of the total value of fresh landings respectively.

Gross cash flow is positive despite the increase in fuel prices that occurred in 2000. Fuel constitutes a very important expense for the trawlers due to the nature of the activity and the duration of travel between fishing areas and harbours. Fuel costs represented 17% of total earnings of this segment in 2000 and 23% of the total costs (excluding depreciation and interest).

Moreover, in 2000 this segment had a high ratio of landing costs to total earnings (7%) and repairs and maintenance to total earnings (9%) compared to other segments. However in total, net profit was positive and the ratio of net profit to invested capital was high at 10%, which reveals a good economic performance compared to the rest of the economy.

Appendix 2 55


Although fuel prices have fallen it is not clear yet whether 2001 prices will be lower than those

of 2000. The implementation of measures to reduce social costs in 2000 have certainly had a

positive impact on the economic performance but these measures were temporary as they

partly counteracted the increase in fuel price. These social cost measures ceased in the

beginning of 2001.

4.4 Atlantic and English Channel trawlers over 30 metres

This segment is composed of 71 vessels i.e. 1% of the French fishing fleet in 2000. Vessels are mainly concentrated in the South of Brittany and in the North of France. Based on a sample of 10 vessels, these vessels are exclusively bottom trawlers with 63% being less than 40 metres.

Aggregated data presented here must be taken with caution because no large trawlers (more than 40 metres) from Brittany are present and they represented 30% of this segment in 2001.


In 2000 the total value of landings of this fleet was approximately FFR 780 mln (EUR 119 mln) which has to be interpreted as an under-estimate because of the absence of large Brittany trawlers. However, based on this data, the segment accounts for 12% of the value of national landings.

Invested capital amounted to FFR 900 mln in 2000 (EUR 138 mln) and this contribution is comparable to Atlantic non trawlers less than 12 metres segment, which has 30 times more vessels. The amount of invested capital per person employed was FFR 1 mln (EUR 152,000). The average vessel was 42 metres long, 21 years old and 1,026 kW, which was twice the national average.

In terms of contribution to employment, this segment employed 892 persons in 2000 i.e. 6% of total employment.


In 2000 the gross value added equalled FFR 569 mln (EUR 87 mln) which means a contribution to total value added of 12%. The segment was the third most important in terms of creation of wealth in the fishing sector.

As for trawlers less than 30 metres, fuel costs represented the major expense after crew share. Vessels costs and particularly repair and maintenance costs are also important mainly due to the age of the fleet.

In total, performance indicators were good, as the ratio of net profit to invested capital was 14% but again, the results must be considered with caution.

Appendix 2 56


As fuel costs represent 20% of total earnings for this segment, changes in fuel prices and whether prices stabilise in 2001 will affect the economic performance of this segment.

4.5 Atlantic and English Channel non trawlers of 12 to 25 metres

This segment accounted for 248 vessels in 2000 with a large diversity of gears used by the vessels, sometimes single or sometimes mixed (line, net, pot, seine or dredge).

Based on a sample of 36 vessels, i.e. 15% of the population, pure netters appeared as the predominant category (50% of vessels). In the sample, vessels less than 16 metres are over represented. Geographically, North Brittany is over represented and younger vessels are over represented compared to the total population. Aggregated data must then be taken with caution.


In 2000 this segment accounted for 9% of the total value of fresh landings and 10% of the total gross value added generated by the fresh fishing sector.

The amount of invested capital in 2000 was approximately FFR 620 mln (EUR 95 mln) which is 9% of the total amount invested in the fresh fishing activity.

About 1,300 persons belonged to this segment in 2000. The contribution of this segment to national employment in fishing activity is the same as its contribution to the total gross value added, which is 10%.

0.1.15.


In 2000 the economic results for this segment were generally good but lower than the other fleet segments. While fuel costs are rather low compared to trawlers, vessel costs represented 25% of total earnings. Gear expenses were high (11% of total earnings) as is generally the case for non trawlers segments. Contrary to the small Atlantic non trawlers, other running costs were also important as it is generally the case that large vessels need harbours services to land their catches.

The ratio of net profit to invested capital is 9%, which is lower than the average for the French fleet (10%) but relatively high compared to the rest of the economy.

4.6 Mediterranean small vessels

In 2000 this segment accounted for 24% of the total French mainland fleet i.e. 1,351 vessels. There is little information about their fishing activity compared to Atlantic coast vessels.

The Ifremer 2001 economic survey was an attempt to improve the knowledge of Mediterranean fisheries and to integrate the collection of Mediterranean data into a national database, using the same methodology and procedures.

Appendix 2 57

Management of the survey of Mediterranean vessels was very difficult. The survey elicited responses from 106 vessels, which represents 8% of the total population of the segment in 2000. Except for very small vessels being under represented, the sample characterises the population quite well.


In 2000, Mediterranean small vessels only made a small contribution to the total value of landings (3%) and to the total gross value added (4%) generated by the French fishing sector.

However, it was not the same for the employment for which the contribution of this segment amounted to 11% with 1,588 persons employed. This segment is the third most important at national level in terms of employment in the fishing sector.

The total amount invested is very low compared to the rest of the fishing sector due to the age and small size of vessel: an average vessel in 2000 was less than 8 metres long and 25 years old.


In 2000 gross and net economic results were positive. Gross value added amounted FFR 179 mln (EUR 27 mln) and represented 4% of the national total. Net profit to invested capital was 10%, which was quite good compared to the rest of the economy and not different from the average in the fishing sector.

Vessel costs are the most important expense (23% of the total earnings) and relate to gear expenses, as usual for small non trawler vessels. It is interesting to note that there is not a big difference between the cost structures of small non trawler vessels coming from Atlantic or Mediterranean coast.

4.7 Mediterranean trawlers

This segment accounted for 2% of the French total fleet with 132 vessels in 2000. Aggregate results are based on a sample of 14 vessels i.e. 11% of the population of the segment.

Vessels are mainly less than 24 metres (60%) and more than 80% are more than 20 years old. In general, vessels under 24 metres are over represented in the sample (79% of the total) so that aggregate results must be taken with caution.


The Mediterranean trawler segment is not a significant segment at national level compared to the other MAGP segments. In 2000 its contribution to gross value added was estimated at 5%, it represented 4% of total employment in the French fresh fishing sector and 5% of total invested capital.

However, the weight of this segment is important at regional level and moreover at local level as 53% of the vessels are concentrated in a single harbour (Sète).


Appendix 2 58

Economic results registered by this segment fleet in 2000 was generally good even if the ratio of net profit to invested capital, which was 8% in 2000, is the lowest compared to other segments. In 2000 gross value added amounted to FFR 272 mln (EUR 41 mln) for a total value of landings estimated at FFR 385 mln (EUR 59 mln). The ratio of GVA/total earnings is the lowest (70%) compared to other segments (76% in average) because of high fuel and landings costs.


Similar to Atlantic trawlers, this segment is particularly sensitive to rising fuel prices. The outlook is rather optimistic as the evolution of the fuel prices in Sète during the first six months of 2001 showed a stabilisation of fuel prices at a lower level than 2000.


0.1.22. Sources and type of information used

Aggregated data are principally based on the results of a national economic survey led by Ifremer in 20015. Individual data have been collected for the year 2000 on the basis of a complete questionnaire aiming to improve the knowledge on French fishing activities (“metier”, fishing areas, intensity…), economic results (earnings and detailed costs) and investments in capital (vessel, engine, gears, electronic and other processing investments) from a sample of 12% of the total population. Some information about labour (crew, remuneration share system) was also collected in this survey.

Unfortunately, it has not been feasible to complete this information with data on landings. It is feasible to complete this information but sufficient time was not available to extrapolate per vessel landings to segment level since some vessels surveyed are not covered by the auctions network database managed by OFIMER.

Data on the structure of the fleet come from the Ministry of Agriculture, their availability for this project is due to an agreement between the Fishery office of the Ministry and Ifremer.

Data on fuel prices and other qualitative information are mainly collected by Ifremer surveyors.

Depreciation and interest costs have been calculated using common method using data on replacement value of vessel presented here and real interest rates of 3.53%

Length category Hull (FFR / kW) Engine (FFR / kW)

Less than 7 metres 1,402 914

7 - 9 metres 3,852 1,254

5 Thanks to the PECOSUDE project, to the Comité Régional des Pêches Maritimes de

Bretagne, to the Comité Local des Pêches du Finistère and more generally to all the professionals of the fishing sector for their cooperation.

Appendix 2 59

9 - 12 metres 9,140 1,944

12 - 16 metres 15,888 2,177

16 - 24 metres 22,875 1,585

24 - 40 metres 32,521 1,585

More than 40 metres 32,521 1,585

Source : IFREMER 2001 Economic survey

0.1.23. Quality of data

The database contains 700 vessels and the representativeness of this sample is globally good at national level as well as at MAGP IV level according to the structure of the population in terms of size, age or geographic location of vessels. Some extrapolations have then been made to obtain aggregated economic indicators at MAGP segment level.

Some of data have been compared to the results published annually by the “Marine Fishery Regional Economic Observatory” of Brittany based on costs and earnings accounts and seems to be similar.

For the others (employment, capital invested), it is the first attempt at national and MAGP segment level to provide indicators. Some comparison have been made with the results of a study published by University of West Brittany (CEDEM) in 2000 on a sample of 160 vessels in South Brittany and seems again to be more similar.

However, the data obtained at the moment should be considered as preliminary as the database has only been completed recently and some changes may occur as the data will be more precisely processed.

Appendix 2 60

5. Greece Prepared by MARFISH Co.

5.1 National fleet

CURRENT STRUCTURE

By the end of 2000, the Greek national fleet accounted for 19,644 vessels with a total of 102,301 GRT and 609,892 kW. There was not a significant reduction in vessel numbers and this reduction was limited to small scale vessels where 67 new vessels replaced an equal number of old vessels. The Greek national fleet was reduced by 105 vessels in 2000 representing 142 GRT and 581 kW.

Βy the end of 2000 there were 52 international trawlers, 350 Mediterranean trawlers and 9 sponge fishing vessels. There were also, 343 seiners (4D3 segment of MAGP IV) with a total of 12,886 GRT and 59,376 kW. Coastal fishing boats >12m long (4D5) segment numbered 942 vessels corresponding to 11,913 GRT and 72,971 kW. Finally, the biggest segment (4D1), coastal fishing boats <12m long, accounted for 17,909 vessels with 42,255 GRT and 342,143 kW. The average tonnage of total fleet in year 2000 was 5.2 GRT, the average engine power 31 kW and the average age of the whole fleet was 21 years.

MAIN TRENDS

Total landings at national level, were lower by 19% compared to 1999. The value of landings decreased by 9% meaning that the average price level of fish was higher than the previous year.

According to the National Statistics Service of Greece, coastal fishing boats bigger and smaller than 12m yielded 45% of total landings in 2000, with a value of 51% of national total. During the same year trawlers landed 21%, international trawlers 5% and seiners 29% of total landings volume corresponding to 23%, 11% and 15% of the total value respectively.

Employment in the sector was 1.2% lower compared to 1999, as a result of fleet reduction due to decommissioning. Fishing effort was almost 3% lower.

Greece - National fleet

60%

80%

100%

120%

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000


Appendix 2 61

5.2 Thermaikos deep water trawlers

ROLE IN TOTAL FISHERY

Technical characteristics of this group remained the same throughout the whole year. With a total tonnage of 1,592 GRT it represents 7.3% of the national total GRT for Mediterranean trawlers. Engine power of this group was 6,823 kW which accounts for 6.7% of the total kW for the national trawler fleet.

In this group, the average GRT is 80 and the average kW is 341. As a percentage of the national fleet for 2000 this group represented 1.6% of GRT and 1.1% of kW.


Τhe major components of the catch volume are common shrimp (17%), hake (17%), anglerfish (6%) and other species (60%). Total landings were almost the same with that of 1999 that is 1,216 tonnes, valued at GRD 1,517 mln (EUR 4.5 mln).

Although shrimp landings were 60% lower their value dropped only by 33%. On the other hand hake landings were higher by 17% and their value higher by 33%. This is a result of an agreement among the members of both groups to coordinate their actions to keep the prices high so to counterbalance the negative effect of high fuel prices. This agreement did not last more than three months (October-November-December) but the result was an average increase of 50% in shrimp prices, a 40% increase in crawfish prices and a 32% increase in hake prices for these three months. This resulted in a slight increase in total sales and prevented bigger financial losses due to the high fuel prices.

Fuel cost was higher by 51% compared with that of the previous year and crew share was 7% lower.

The average gross cash flow was lower by 8%. Its value for the whole group was GRD 263 mln (EUR 0.8 mln).

The interest cost was 50% lower due to a significant decrease of real interest rates in Greece in year 2000.

Gross value added for 2000 was GRD 7,333 mln (EUR 2.2 mln). Gross value added per full time employee was GRD 9.1 mln (EUR 26,548).

Net financial losses for the whole group decreased to GRD -7 mln (EUR –20,491).

Appendix 2 62

OUTLOOK FOR 2001

For the year 2001 landing volumes are expected to be lower based on data for the first half of 2001. Fish prices are also expected to be lower. Fuel price is at much lower lever than in 2000. The expected results will be similar or slightly better than in the previous year.

5.3 Thermaikos coastal water trawlers


Total tonnage of this group was 2,663 GRT or 12.2% of national total GRT for Mediterranean

trawlers. Total engine power for the same group was 12,220 kW or 12% of total national

power of Mediterranean trawlers.

The average tonnage per vessel was 72 GRT and the average engine power 329 kW. For 2000, total GRT and kW for this group represented 2.5% and 2% of national total respectively.


Greece-Thermaikos deep water trawlers

40%60%80%

100%120%140%160%180%200%220%240%

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Inde

x


Appendix 2 63

The major components of 2000 total landings were common shrimp (23%), shrimp (5%), hake (12%) and other species (60%). The agreement that resulted in higher prices of the most important species, benefited coastal water trawlers more than deep water trawlers. This happened because they achieved actually higher landing volumes than in the previous year, which in combination with higher prices led to better economic results. Total landings increased by 14% amounting to 1,700 tonnes, with a significant increase of total value GRD 1,942 mln (EUR 5.7 mln) or 11% higher compared with 1999.

Fuel cost in year 2000 was higher by 63% compared to 1999 and crew share 3% higher.

Gross cash flow in 2000 was up by 11% amounting to GRD 302 mln (EUR 886,752).

Interest was down by 50% because of a significant decrease on interest rates in Greece in year 2000.

Gross value added for 2000 was GRD 902 mln (EUR 2.6 mln) while the gross value added per FT employee was GRD 8.1 mln (EUR 23,853).

Net losses for the whole group decreased by GRD 156 mln in 2000 to GRD –43 (EUR-126,192).

OUTLOOK FOR 2001

Due to lower fuel prices, but lower quantities of landings and lower fish prices no significant changes are expected for this group in the year 2001.


Greece-Thermaikos coastal water trawlers

40%60%80%

100%120%140%160%180%200%

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000


Appendix 2 64

For the needs of this study costs and earnings data have been provided voluntarily by trawlers skippers in the area. The samples used in this study are:

1. Deep water trawlers: 9 vessels accounting for 45% of the total of 20 vessels in this group.

2. Coastal water trawlers: 12 vessels accounting for 32% of the total of 37 vessels in this group.

Numbers for several items on the cost side were given partly based on skippers records and partly on their estimations. Data on the earnings were based on the daily sales invoices presenting quantities and value of the landings sold at the local auction market.

Data on both costs and earnings of vessels from both groups were assessed and the mean average of each element (e.g. fuel consumption, social insurance, transportation costs etc.) was multiplied by the number of vessels in each group to give the total amounts.

The National Statistics Service collects data on catches at national level .This Service does not provide landing values on a species by species basis. It estimates landing values for each gear separately. For the needs of the study values on national landing volumes for certain species were calculated based on prices given by local auction markets. The average price was calculated based on average prices given by Piraeus, Thessaloniki, Kavala, Chalkida and Patra auction markets, which accept more than 90% of landings, sold through auction markets at national level.

Concerning local data, landings can be assessed going through the daily sales invoices of each vessel in the samples. The method used to assess the total catch in both groups, is to use the mean average of the quantities of most important species for each sample, multiplied by the number of vessels to give the total quantities of each kind per group. These numbers are cross-checked with the total quantities officially given by the authority of the local auction market. The quantities given through this procedure are multiplied by the average price given by the auction market to get the value of the landings.

The Directory of Fisheries of the Greek Ministry of Agriculture supplies data on fleets at national level. They are expected to be quite reliable because this Service has kept records of all changes of the national fleet for many years now and gives all the information to the European Union Organizations. Information on technical characteristics and changes of the local fleet are provided through the local Department of Fisheries of Thessaloniki, and the Co-operative of Trawlers of N. Mihaniona. All this information can be also characterized as reliable.

Employment data for national fleet given by the Directory of Fisheries do not represent full time employment. To create full time employment, the numbers corresponding to Mediterranean trawlers were adjusted to 8 months work a year, which is the fishing period of this segment. The same adjustment was made for seiners, though here for 9 months a year since that is their fishing period. All other segment employment is taken as full time employment.

There is not any capital data concerning fishing sector available in Greece. Fishermen are not obliged to calculate depreciation. Only a few vessels are insured so that there are no data on vessel insurance value.

The method used here to calculate the capital cost is the commonly used method based on the replacement value of vessel and engine. Local ship constructors have given the vessel building cost, which is directly related to the length of the vessel rather than the tonnage. The cost for engine replacement has been given by engine agents.

The depreciation method used is the linear one, assuming a 25 year life time for the hull and after that a depreciation of 2%. For the engine, the same method was used, assuming depreciation of 10% annually for heavy use (deep-water trawlers) and 6.7% for light use (coastal water trawlers).

The interest rate used in this study is the average interest rate for annual government bonds which for 2000 was 6.42%. The national annual average rate of inflation used here was 3.2%. Finally, the average exchange rate of Euro to Greek drachmas was 340.750 drachmas for 1 Euro.

Appendix 2 65

6. Ireland Prepared by the Economic and Social Research Institute

6.1 National fleet

Current structure

There were 1,331 vessels listed on the vessel register in the year 2000 having a total of 59,000 GT and 194,000 kW. Average vessel tonnage is 44 GT and average engine power 146 kW. The mean vessel length is just above 12 metres and mean age almost 26 years.

The national fleet is composed of four main segments: polyvalent, pelagic, beam trawl and other. The polyvalent segment is sub-divided into vessels greater or less than 20 metres length. Vessels greater than 20 metres are considered part of the offshore multi-purpose fleet segment and numbered 137 vessels on the 2000 register. The remaining polyvalent vessels are smaller in capacity but much more numerous. There are 1,036 polyvalent vessels less than 20 metres totalling 13,600 GT and 63,500 kW. The mean polyvalent vessel (<20 metres) is 13 GT, 61 kW and is just over 9 metres in length. The pelagic fleet segment had 22 vessels and is the most capital-intensive segment with mean vessel tonnage of 900 GT, engine power 1,720 kW and 41 metres in length. The beam trawl segment is the smallest segment with just 6 vessels. These vessels average 31 metres in length, 189 GT and 855 kW. There were 130 vessels in the ‘other’ fleet segment fishing for bivalve molluscs with a total capacity of 3,700 GT and 17,000 kW.

Demersal and pelagic species each account for approximately 30% of the value of the national fleet landings with shellfish accounting for the balance. Shellfish species’ share of landed volume increased to 22% in 2000, while pelagic species’ share of landed volume declined from 70% to 66%. The most valuable species to the Irish fleet are mackerel, horse mackerel (scad), nephrops, herring and monk/angler but shellfish such as blue mussel and crab are becoming increasingly important. Other important demersal species include megrim, cod, haddock, whiting and hake.

Total employment in 1998 was estimated at 6,300 but vessels have since had difficulties in maintaining full crews. Accordingly, an estimate of 6,000 is included in the accompanying tables. Total employment in the fishing industry, including aquaculture, processing and ancillary activities is estimated at approximately 11,000.

Main trends

In the early 1990s growth in the value of landings averaged 3% but between 1995 and 1998 averaged 12%. In 1999 the value of landings declined slightly but increased by an estimated 4% in 2000 based on provisional figures. Large fluctuations in both the volume and value of individual species between years, e.g. mackerel in 1998, have a large impact on year on year growth rates. Provisional figures for the value of national fleet landings in 2000 was IEP 172 mln (EUR 219 mln) and for total volume of landings was 318,000 tonnes.

Trends in the more significant species include a recent reversal of importance of mackerel and horse mackerel, where mackerel landings now outweigh horse mackerel, particularly in 2000. The value of mackerel landings increased by 42% in 2000 compared to 1999. However, recent years have

Appendix 2 66

seen large year on year fluctuations in pelagic species. Recent trends in demersal species include a large increase in the value of monk/angler landings (+30% between 1997 and 2000) with landings remaining roughly constant. Cod landings were back 44% (1997-2000) though increased price has compensated somewhat so that value of landings are back by roughly 20%. For most other demersal species, value of landings roughly tracks the trend for volume of landings.

6.2 Offshore multi-purpose fleet


The offshore multi-purpose fleet segment comprises polyvalent vessels greater than 20 metres in length. The segment targets multiple species primarily white fish and nephrops and is principally based in ports on the western seaboard. There were 137 registered vessels in the segment in 2000. Tonnage and engine power in the segment totalled 21,100 GT and 70,600 kW. In 2000 the offshore multi-purpose fleet segment accounted for 16% of national landings in volume and 28% in value.


The overall economic situation appears to have dramatically deteriorated in 2000 compared to 1999. Even though the value of landings increased by approximately 5% to IEP 47 mln (EUR 59 mln),

Ireland - National fleet

80%

100%

120%

140%

160%

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Inde

x Number of vessels

Appendix 2 67

operating costs increased proportionately more so that the segment’s gross cash flow was close to zero. The segment’s fuel costs increased by 47% in 2000 but since there were fewer vessels in the segment, per vessel fuel costs increased by as much as 88%. Labour costs also increased dramatically, which was primarily due to conditions in the wider labour market. Vessels had difficulties maintaining crews due to favourable on-shore opportunities, which forced vessels to increase crew remuneration. The entire segment’s crew costs increased by 43%, though per vessel crew costs may have increased by as much as 84%. Overall estimates for the segment are gross cash flow of IEP 0.16 mln (EUR 0.21 mln), gross valued added of IEP 18 mln (EUR 22 mln) and net losses of IEP 6 mln (EUR 8 mln).

The estimates for 2000 are based on a survey of vessels pertaining to the economic situation in 2000, whereas the estimates for 1999 are based on 1997 survey data. Therefore, the economic estimates for 2000 are viewed reasonably accurate, whereas the estimates of relative performance compared to 1999 (i.e. year on year changes) may be less reliable. Comparing costs for 1999 and 2000 it is known that the segment’s fuel and labour costs increased but it is not obvious why vessel and other running costs changed so much in one year. Therefore, caution is advised in interpreting year on year changes for 2000.

With a sharp increase in inflation in 2000 and low and falling interest rates, real interest rates became negative in Ireland in 2000. Rather than apply a negative interest cost in the economic performance calculations, a zero interest cost is included in the accompanying tables.

Outlook for 2001

In the first few months of the year the weather was generally favourable for fishing and landings were generally fair for the spring of the year, although stocks were not considered abundant. Due to the BSE crisis in the beef sector, demand for fish also increased, leading to higher prices. The Foot and Mouth crisis may also have helped boost demand.

In the early summer there were good runs of white fish and record landings of mackerel into southwestern ports, though the latter were primarily by Scottish vessels that were unable to land into congested northern ports where the majority of mackerel is normally landed.

Coming into the fall of the year, expectations are for a good pelagic season overall. It is believed that stocks are at ‘healthy’ levels and combined with increased demand in the market, particularly from Japan, the expectation is for a good season.

In the inshore fisheries the situation is quite poor and catches were generally down for the first six months of the year.

Fuel costs continue to be high, although not at the levels of 2000, so on the cost side prospects are better for 2001.

Ireland - Offshore multi-purpose

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

140%

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Inde

x

Invested capitalNumber of vesselsGross cash flowGross value addedEmployment

Appendix 2 68


The data on fleet capacity was obtained from the national vessel register. There have been some technical difficulties in maintaining the computerised version of the vessel register. The main implication for this analysis is that there was some difficulty attributing official landings from logbook data to the appropriate fleet segments. Many of the capacity and effort indicators are not collected at national level and therefore do not appear in the accompanying tables. Landings of salmon are not included in sea fish statistics. The economic data for 2000 is based on a survey of the offshore multi-purpose fleet conducted by the ESRI and Bord Iascaigh Mhara (BIM) as part of an EU data collection contract (Contract 00/32). Previous years’ economic data are based on 1997 survey data. The common method was used in the calculation of both interest and depreciation. The real rate of interest is calculated by the following formula: ((1+bond rate)/(1+inflation rate))-1. The bond rate (interest rate on government bonds with two years to maturity) is used as the nominal interest rate and the rate of inflation is that measured by the yearly increase in the consumer price index. The calculated real rate of interest increased from 1.2% to 2% in 1999 but became negative in 2000 at -0.7%. A zero interest cost is attributed to segment costs in 2000 due to the negative real rates of interest. On-board employment estimates in the offshore multi-purpose segment for the years 1998-2000 are based on the 2000 survey data (calculated as average crew per vessel (from the survey) times the number of vessels). The estimate of invested capital in 2000 is based on the 2000 survey data, whereas previous year’s estimates are based on the earlier survey data. Invested capital is calculated as half the estimated replacement value.

Appendix 2 69

7. Italy Prepared by IREPA

7.1 National fleet

Current structure

Italian fishing areas are scattered along the 8000-kilometre coastline and production is landed in more than 800 landing sites. The fleet is widely distributed and therefore not concentrated. The fishing sector appears highly fragmented in many regions along the coast and there are many large structural and technical differences in vessels from different geographical areas. The Italian fishing fleet is classified into the following eight segments: bottom trawlers, purse seiners, midwater pair trawlers, dredges, multi-purpose trawling vessels, small-scale fisheries, tuna fisheries and swordfish fisheries. Flexibility and diversification in fishing gear are typical of the Italian fishing fleet and this ensures stability in the volume of catch per vessel, and therefore, stability of income.

The total number of vessels in the fleet at the end of 2000 was 18,390 with a total of 207,430 GRT and 1,404,929 kW. 15,342 vessels belong to the 0 - 10 GRT class and only 5% of the fleet is over 50 GRT.

The age of vessels in the Italian fleet averages around 25 years, and 76% of the vessels were built before 1986. Only 9% of the fleet was constructed in the past ten years. The modernisation of the fleet, combining the restructuring of hulls and gears and effort reduction, are among the main objectives adopted in Italy over the 1992-2000 period, therefore new entries are not encouraged.

The fishery is multispecies. Apart from dredges, each gear is used in competition with the others for the catch of more than 140 commercial species. Concentration of landings is very low. In 1999, only 12 species show a ratio of species landed/total landings over 2% and only for 6 species the ratio is lower than 1%. Apart from small pelagic species and from some specific fishery (sardines juveniles, swordfish, tuna, clams) fishing cannot be directed at any specific target species.

The total revenue of the Italian fishing fleet in 2000 was ITL 3,017 billion (EUR 1,558 mln) with a net financial profit of ITL 733 billion (EUR 379 mln). In 2000, 392 thousand tonnes were produced by around 3,049 thousand fishing days by a fleet valued at ITL 4,682 billion (EUR 2,418 mln). The full time employment (FTE) in 2000 was 46,938.

Main trends

With respect to 1999, the fleet has been reduced in terms of number (-3.6%), GRT (-5.5%) and kW (-5.3%). This trend is due to the decommissioning scheme under the MAGP IV. At the same time, replacement and modernisation of the ageing fleet is going on. Between 1994 and 2000 the new boat entry-rate decreased from 2.4% to 1%.

Between 1999 and 2000 total production has decreased from 416,500 to 392,200 tonnes. The value of landings has been quite stable between 1999 and 2000, thanks to the increase of average prices. Prices have mostly increased during the last quarter of the year. This trend can be explained by

Appendix 2 70

a change in consumers’ preferences due to the BSE crisis. The subsequent reduction in beef consumption has led to an increase in fish demand.

In 2000, the increase of fuel price has had a large impact on fishing activity. Fuel cost,

that is the main cost item in fisheries accounts, has continually increased from the spring of

1999 until the last months of 2000. The increase in operational costs has had a negative impact

not only on the profitability of the fishery sector, but it also caused a reduction in the crew

share. Between 1999 and 2000, fuel cost increased by 20% causing a 9.8% reduction in crew

share.

7.2 Trawlers


Italy - National fleet

80%

90%

100%

110%

120%

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Inde

x

Fleet - total GRT

Appendix 2 71

Trawlers is the largest segment in terms of effort (45% and 35% of national figures of GRT and kW). Vessels are on average 42 GRT and 221 kW. These figures are very high compared with averages of the national fleet (11 GRT and 76 kW). The average age of the vessels is 27 years, while the same value for the national fleet is 25 years.

In economic terms the segment brings in about 32% of the landing value of the national fleet, which corresponds to ITL 960 billion (EUR 496 mln).


Value of landings has been quite stable between 1999 and 2000, even if volume of landings decreased by 4.5%. The average price increased from ITL/kg 9,475 (EUR/kg 4.9) in 1999 to ITL/kg 10,066 (EUR/kg 5,2) in 2000.

Fuel cost increased by 19% between 1999 and 2000. As a consequence, crew share has decreased by 10%. GVA has been quite stable.

Total employment dropped by 10%, due to the fleet reduction.

Outlook for 2001

In 2001 reduction of total effort in terms of tonnage and days at sea is expected. Many vessels will probably stop their activity to comply with the decommissioning scheme. Therefore production should decrease.

On the basis of the data recorded during the first nine months of 2001, prices should continue to increase, while costs remain stable.

7.3 Purse seiners


Italy - Trawlers

70%

100%

130%

160%

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Inde

x

Invested capital

Number of vessels

Days at sea

Gross cash flow

Gross value added

Employment

Appendix 2 72

The segment accounts for 1.1% of the national number of vessels, 4.3% of total GRT and 3.4% of total kW. These vessels are characterised by a high engine power (241 kW).

The total revenue of this segment in 2000 was around ITL 130 billion (EUR 67 mln), which represents 4.3% of the total Italian landings value. Its share of the total landed volume was 11%. The difference between the above shares is due to the composition of landings; anchovies and pilchards, whose unit value is very low, represent 77% of total catch.

Purse-seine vessels employ 1,950 full time fishermen. Vessels in this segment employ 10 persons on average, showing a relatively labour intensive fishery. Crew share is equal to 37% of total revenues, while for the total Italian fleet this share is 32%.

There are 183 purse seiners in the Tyrrhenian Sea and 85 in Sicily.


In the period 1999-2000, both value and volume of landings have been quite stable but gross cash flow decreased by 3.5%.

The strong increase of fuel costs (+43%) has been partly compensated by the reduction of crew share (-3.6%) and of other running costs (-19%). Other running costs reduced as a consequence of the reduction of days of activity (-10%).

Outlook for 2001

Monitoring of activity during 2001 shows an increase in production prices, while volume of landings should not vary significantly. Therefore the forecasted revenue will increase compared to 2000. The cost structure will probably be the same as in the past.

Italy - Purse seiners

40%

70%

100%

130%

160%

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Inde

x

Invested capital

Number of vessels

Days at sea

Gross cash flow

Gross value added

Employment

Appendix 2 73

7.4 Midwater pair trawlers


There are only 130 midwater pair trawlers («volante») and account for 0.7% of the national fleet number, 4.1% of the GRT and 3.3% of kW. The fleet segment has an average of 66 GRT and 359 kW. The average age is 24 years.

Landings are mainly composed of anchovies and pilchards that account for 93% of the

total volume of landings. In 2000, value of landings was ITL 81.5 billion (EUR 42.1 mln).

Midwater pair trawlers employed 805 fishermen.

This fleet segment is concentrated exclusively on the Adriatic coast and above all in the regions of Puglia, Marche, Emilia-Romagna and Veneto.


Between 1999 and 2000 volume and value of landings increased, as well as gross cash flow and gross value added. The positive performance in the last year is due to the increase of the days at sea (+5%) and, primarily, to the higher price (+ 20%). The quota of anchovies on total production (whose unit value is higher than those of pilchards) has passed from 49% in 1999, to 59% in 2000.

In 2000, fuel cost was at one of the highest levels since 1994. Fuel cost per vessel was equal to ITL 104 mln (EUR 53,000) in 2000, while in 1999 it was equal to ITL 75 mln (EUR 39,000).

Outlook for 2001

The profitability of midwater pair trawlers is not expected to improve significantly during 2001. Total effort (days at sea and total tonnage) should decrease, while price should continue its positive trend.

Total costs per vessel should not vary significantly, as fuel price has stopped to increase in the last months of 2000, even if there is a small price increase at the end of 2001 due to the international political crisis.

Italy - Midwater pair trawler

80%

110%

140%

170%

200%

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Inde

x

Invested capital

Number of vessels

Days at sea

Gross cash flow

Gross value added

Employment

Appendix 2 74

7.5 Dredges


Dredges are highly specialised and its target stocks are marine molluscs, mainly clams. Vessels are concentrated along the Adriatic coast.

This segment stands for about 3.9% of total numbers, 3.6% of GRT and 5.6% of kW. In economic terms it comprises about 4.3% of total landing value. Its share of total landing volume is 7.9% and its share of employment is about 3.2%.

The average size of vessels is 10 GRT and 108 kW. The average age of the vessels is not very high (17 years) compared to the national average.


Value of landings has decreased in the last years and has strongly influenced the economic performance of the fleet segment. The decrease in landings, which corresponds to clam stock depletion has led to input and output limitations. Fishing self-management has been introduced with the creation of local clam consortiums ("Consorzi di Gestione dei molluschi bivalvi”). Decentralisation of decision making to a regional level is considered positive by fishermen and professional organisations.

Between 1999 and 2000, volume of landings has decreased by 17%, while value of landings has increased by 42%, thanks to a better management of the resource (better quality of the production and market control).

Outlook for 2001

No new licences were issued after the enforcement of the clam plan (II Piano Vongole D.M. 21/07/98). Number of licences should expire in the near future, and this reduction will lead to a decrease in employment.

In 2001, activity and volume of landings should not vary significantly. Prices are expected to increase. Therefore gross cash flow per vessel should also increase.

Italy - Dredges

90%

120%

150%

180%

Inde

x

Invested capital

Number of vessels

Days at sea

Gross cash flow

Gross value added

Appendix 2 75

7.6 Multipurpose trawling vessels


The number of vessels in this fleet segment comprises approximately 16% of the active vessels and about 21% of the tonnage. 70% of the vessels in the segment are smaller than 10 GRT. Multipurpose trawling vessels are located all over the country and they are characterised by artisan features and coastal activities. Vessel age is mostly above 22 years.

In economic terms the segment brings in about 21% of the landings value of the national fleet, which corresponds to ITL 629 billion (EUR 325 mln), and brings in about 18% of the national gross value added, corresponding to more than ITL 352 billion (EUR 182 mln). The total number of employees in this segment is 8,275 persons. This segment is the second most important in terms of employment.


In 2000 the value of landings was ITL 629 billion (EUR 325 mln), which was a quarter less than the year before. This diminished income derived from both lower catches and higher costs.

Fuel cost per vessels was equal to ITL 51 mln (EUR 26,000) in 2000, while in 1999 it was equal to ITL 36 mln (EUR 18,000). As a consequence of the increase in operating costs, crew share per man decreased from ITL 30 mln (EUR 15,000) in 1999, to ITL 26 mln (EUR 13,000) in 2000.

Crew share for the overall segment decreased between 1999 and 2000 by 34%, due to the reduction in total employment. Decommissioning scheme under the MAGP IV has led to a 18% reduction of the number of vessels.

Appendix 2 76

Outlook for 2001

The main indicators of the economic performance during the first nine months of 2001 point in different directions. Effort (days at sea and fleet size) will decrease, while prices are expected to rise. Therefore gross cash flow should not deteriorate.

7.7 Small-scale fisheries


The small-scale fleet segment is the most important of the Italian fisheries. The small-scale vessels are distributed along the whole Italian coast and use mostly passive gears.

11,884 vessels are involved and they account for almost 50% of total employment. In terms of capacity the small-scale segment makes up only 15% of the national GRT, but covers 64% of fishing boats in number and 66% of the total days at sea. The average size of these vessels is 3 GRT and 24 kW. Vessels are older than other segments of the fleet, 27 years on average.

The small-scale fisheries segment accounts for about 25% of the national catch and for 32% of national value of landings. The fleet targets mostly high value species. Low levels of effort and of input costs associated with labour costs results in high net financial profits, which reached ITL 433 billion (EUR 224 mln) in 2000.


Italy - Multipurpose trawling vesse ls

60%

90%

120%

150%

180%

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Inde

x

Invested capital

Number of vessels

Days at sea

Gross cash flow

Gross value added

Employment

Appendix 2 77

The economic performance measured by total value of landings increased between 1999 and 2000 (+13%). Catches increased from 88,900 tonnes (1999) to 97,300 tonnes (2000). In the same period effort (days at sea) increased by only 2.6%.

Input costs followed the same path as landings and increased from about ITL 207 billion (EUR 107 mln) in 1999 to more than ITL 232 billion (EUR 120 mln) in 2000. Fuel cost, in particular, has increased from ITL 61 billion (EUR 31 mln) in 1999 to ITL 72 billion (EUR 37 mln) in 2000. Net profit as a proportion of gross output has decreased in the last years due to a growth in total costs.

Employment on board and number of vessels did not show particular variations.

Outlook for 2001

Prices have increased during the first 9 months of 2001. Effort (capacity and activity) should

not vary significantly. All the economic indicators (gross cash flow, gross value added and net

profit) are expected to improve because of the increase in the value of production.

7.8 Tuna fisheries

Italy - Small scale fisheries

60%

80%

100%

120%

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Invested capital

Number of vessels

Days at sea

Gross cash flow

Gross value added

Employment

Appendix 2 78

Role in total fisheries

Vessels classified as “tuna vessels” are included in a ministerial list, which contains all vessels that asked for and obtained the authorisation to fish tuna. The main target specie of this segment is tuna (and blue fin tuna is only a part), but figures are referred to all species landed in a year of activity.

In 2000, this segment contained 215 vessels, with a total of 11,100 GRT and 55,900 kW, accounting for 5.3% and 3.9% of the GRT and kW of the national fleet, respectively. Invested capital in the segment reached ITL 205 billion (around EUR 106 mln) that accounted for 4% of the national total.

This segment accounted for 2.6% of the total value of landings, amounting to approximately ITL 79 billion (EUR 41 mln). In 2000, its share of the total landed volume was 3.5% and its share of employment was 1.6% (14,000 tonnes and 769 employees, respectively).

In economic terms the tuna fisheries have their own specific cost structure. Total costs, including labour, represent 87% of total revenues and crew share represents 49% of total costs. In 2000 this segment faced a loss of ITL 1.3 billion (EUR 0.67 mln).


In 2000 volume of landings as well as total values increased. This was a recovery after the bad performance of 1999. The increase of gross revenues has not been sufficient to improve the profitability, which is still negative. Fuel cost has doubled between 1999 and 2000 due to the oil crisis. Also the number of days at sea increased.

Employment decreased from about 793 FTE (1999) to about 769 FTE (2000). This reduction is in line with the reduction of the total number of vessels (-3.6%).

Outlook for 2001

Effort (number of vessels and days at sea) should not vary significantly during 2001. The value of landings until September 20001 remained stable compared to the same period in 2000. Costs will remain stable. All in all net profit should not vary significantly.

The Italian quota for red tuna in 2001 has been established at 4,958 tonnes.

Italy - Tuna fisheries

70%

100%

130%

160%

190%

220%

250%

280%

Inde

x

Invested capital

Number of vesselsDays at sea

Gross cash flowGross value added

Employment

Appendix 2 79

7.9 Swordfish fisheries

Role in total fisheries

170 vessels are legally authorised to use drift nets («spadara») and are registered on a specific ministerial list composing the swordfish segment. This type of fishery will be prohibited by the end of 2001 (EC regulation n. 1239/98) and many of the drift nets have complied with the Italian Drift net Plan (Re-conversion Plan) and with the Community rules during the last three years. Figures herein reported consider quantities and values for the whole fleet using not only drift nets but also alternative gears that are not yet withdrawn from the ministerial list of “spadare”.

Swordfish segment accounts for 3,000 GRT and 26,000 kW. Vessels of this segment are 18 GRT and 153 kW on average.

In 2000, total landings reached 2,700 tonnes with a value of ITL 44.5 billion (EUR 23 mln). In national terms, quantities and value of landings of the swordfish segment represent 0.7% and 1.5%. Employment in the swordfish fisheries accounted for less than 800 FTE.


Total number of vessels of this segment has decreased by 74% in the period 1995-2000, due to the aforementioned Italian Drift net Plan. Total number of people employed has decreased from 3,018 in 1995 to 779 in 2000.

The composition of costs did not vary significantly. Only fuel cost has increased, its share of total costs has gone from 19% in 1995, to 30% in 2000. As a direct consequence, net financial profits per vessel has steadily decreased, from ITL 61 mln (EUR 31,570) in 1995, to ITL 37 mln (EUR 19,139) in 2000.

Outlook for 2001

Appendix 2 80

During 2001, all vessels are expected to stop their activity to comply with the Italian Drift net

Plan and with the Community rules. Therefore, this is the last year of activity for this type of

fishery.


General comments

The data for the composition of the fleets (by size and age classes) is based on the Archive of Fishing Licences (ALP) of the Ministry of Agricultural Policy and Forestry - Directorate General for Fisheries (MiPAF). Desegregation of total fleet into the eight segments has been obtained from statistical elaboration on the ALP supported by IREPA monitoring of the fleet. The segments of tuna and swordfish fisheries have been identified using two specific ministerial lists, dated 1991 for swordfish and 2000 for tuna.

Cost and earnings data are based on the economic figures produced by IREPA. In 2000, the sampling design is based on a single stage sample stratified over two variables. Stratification is carried out in order to create strata as homogeneous as possible, using characteristics correlated to the target

Italy - Swordfish fisheries

30%

230%

430%

630%

830%

1030%

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Inde

x

Invested capital

Number of vessels

Days at sea

Gross cash flow

Gross value added

Employment

Appendix 2 81

variables. Around 800 vessels are monitored each week and primary data are later extrapolated to the whole Italian fleet using statistical sampling procedures.

Furthermore, the following calculations and estimations have been made in order to complete the analysis:

- Invested Capital: official figures from RINA (Italian Navy Register) have been used to obtain a value for unit of GRT which depends on the building material and equipment; this is the replacement value;

- Book value: this value has been calculated as invested capital minus total depreciation;

- Interest: national rates for government bonds calculated on the book value have been used; this national rate has been adjusted for the national inflation rate to have a proxy of the real interest cost. Time series of these figures are the following:

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Bond Interest (BANCA D’ITALIA) 11.9 9.6 6.8 4.9 4.7 5.4

Inflation rate (ISTAT) 5.4 3.9 1.7 1.8 1.7 2.5

Real Interest rate 6.5 5.7 5.1 3.1 3.0 2.9

- Depreciation: 4% per year calculated for 2/3 of the invested capital, and 10% per year calculated for 1/3 of the invested capital, if the vessel age is lower than 25 years; otherwise 2% per year calculated on the invested capital.

Appendix 2 82

8. The Netherlands Prepared by LEI

8.1 National fleet

Current structure

The Dutch fishing fleet can be divided into cutters and freezer trawlers. For cutters, which all land fresh fish, the main fishing grounds are the North Sea and coastal waters. Target species for the cutter fleet are flatfish (sole and plaice), shrimp and demersal fish (cod and whiting). The Dutch cutter fleet is the biggest producer of flatfish in Europe. Generally flatfish and shrimp are caught by beam trawl. Cod and whiting are traditionally caught by demersal (otter)trawl and pair trawl, but in recent years a substantial part of these catches are caught as by-catch by the beam trawlers.

Pelagic species like herring, mackerel, horse mackerel, blue whiting and sardinelas are the most important target species of the 18 freezer trawlers. Most of the time they operate in EU waters other than the North Sea and in waters close to Mauritania. All catches are frozen directly on board. Total value of landings remained stable in 2000 at a level of NLG 240 mln (EUR 109 mln).

In 2000 the total number of vessels of the Dutch cutter fleet increased to 402, with a total of 84,000 GT and 314,000 kW. There are two important segments in the cutter fleet, beam trawlers with engine power over 811 kW and eurocutters with engine power between 191 and 221 kW. These two groups accounted for almost 80% of the total number of cutters and more than 90% of the total value of landings. Other fleet segments are small shrimpers (less than 191 kW) and some otter and pair trawlers.

In 2000 the total value of landings of the cutter fleet was NLG 639 mln (EUR 290 mln) and about 1,831 fishermen were employed in the Dutch cutter fishery. There is a further concentration going on towards two types of vessels: 221 kW and 1470 kW with an average length of 22 and 41 meters respectively. Regarding the MAGP IV, the beam trawlers of 811 kW and more belong to segment B (>221 kW) and the eurocutters of 191-221 kW belong to segment C (-<221 kW).

Main trends

For many years the cutter fleet has been steadily declining in terms of number of vessels. Employment on board has decreased accordingly. This trend did not continue in 2000 with both indicators increasing slightly. As a result of an upturn in investments in new vessels the average age of the vessels decreased from 26 to 25 years. Volume of landings decreased by about 10%. The economic performance of the cutters deteriorated considerably in 2000. Net profit decreased from NLG 77 mln (EUR 35 mln) in 1999 to NLG 5 mln (EUR 2 mln). Fuel costs were almost twice as high, while value of landings decreased by 5%.

Netherlands - National fleet

100%

110%

120%

Inde

x

Number of vesselsDays at seaEmployment

Appendix 2 83

8.2 Eurocutters, 191-221 kW


In 2000 this segment accounted for 40% of the total number of cutters and for 20% of the total value of landings. The share of this segment in the total fleet has been rising continuously in the nineties and is expected to grow in the future. The modern vessels in this segment are equipped mainly for the flatfish fishery and the older vessels for the shrimp fishery. However, most of the vessels are multi-purpose. The main fishing grounds are the North Sea and coastal waters. In 2000 about 508 people were employed in this segment.


The total value of landings decreased slightly from NLG 138 mln (EUR 63 mln) in 1999 to NLG 130 mln (EUR 59 mln) in 2000. This was mainly due to lower shrimp earnings. Earnings of flatfish remained stable while value of landings of cod went down considerably. Fuel costs almost doubled due to much higher fuel prices while effort increased by 10%. Crew share decreased by 10% as a result of lower value of landings. Net profit went down significantly from NLG 18 mln (EUR 8 mln) to zero.

Outlook for 2001

It is difficult to predict the economic performance of this segment in 2001. Several important fishing areas were closed for 10 weeks for reasons of stock conservation. However, the eurocutters were probably to a lesser extent influenced by this compared to the larger beam trawlers. Furthermore, the value of landings of shrimp in Dutch harbours almost halved in the first six months of 2001 due to

Appendix 2 84

lower prices. Generally, shrimp accounts for about 25% of the total landings value of this segment. Value of landings of sole decreased by about 10%. As a result of this total value of landings will probably decrease somewhat if present trends continue. Costs will remain high due to high fuel prices. All in all the net result will probably be negative in 2001.

8.3 Beam trawlers, 811 kW and more

Role in fishery

In 2000 vessels of this class accounted for 40% of the total number of vessels and for 73 % of the total value of landings of the cutter fleet. The relative share in the fleet has remained the same since 1994. All vessels are equipped for the fishery on flatfish such as sole and plaice. The main fishing ground is the North Sea. The beam trawlers have an average length of 41 meters and engine power of 1,656 kW.

The total number of people employed in this segment has fallen from 1,357 in 1994 to

1,127 in 2000. The value of their landings reached NLG 469 mln (EUR 213 mln) in 2000.


The total value of landings decreased by 2%, mainly because of lower prices for plaice. Labour costs remained stable while fuel costs went up by almost 80%.

Total net profit of vessels in this segment almost evaporated from NLG 50 mln (EUR 22 mln) in 1999 to NLG 3 mln (EUR 2 mln) in 2000. Gross value added per employee decreased by about 28% to NLG 217,000 (EUR 78,000).

Netherlands - Eurocutters

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

140%

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Inde

x


Appendix 2 85

Outlook for 2001

The value of landings in Dutch harbours to July 2001 decreased by almost 10% compared to the same period in 2000. This was mainly due to a lower value of sole landings. Several important fishing areas were closed for 10 weeks for reasons of stock conservation. Costs will remain at a high level because of the high fuel prices. All in all net profit will probably be close to zero in 2001.


All data are based on the LEI-panel. This panel represents more than 25% of the population of the cutter fleet. Invested capital has been estimated on the basis of insurance costs. Depreciation and interest costs were not calculated according to the common method. These costs were calculated on the basis of the replacement value of the vessel which takes into account a normative amount per GRT. Furthermore interest costs are based on the book value of the vessel.

Netherlands - Beam trawl > 811 kW

70%80%90%

100%110%120%130%140%

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Inde

x


Appendix 2 86

9. Portugal Prepared by E.P. de Brito, Consultants

9.1 National fleet

Current structure

The National fishing fleet is composed by 10,750 vessels (31 Dec 00). 9,069 units are smaller than 5 GRT. Only 411 vessels are above 50 GRT. The average engine power of the smaller vessels is 10.2 kW. There are no data available about the age of the total national fleet. However one can say that the average age is over 20 years. The total size of the fleet is 111,691 GRT and total engine power is 402,116 kW (31 Dec 00).

The fleet is divided into the following ten, MAGP IV segments: Mainland: 1) Small scale fishing vessels (demersal, <12 m); 2) Multipurpose vessels (>12m); 3) Coastal demersal trawlers; 4) Coastal small pelagic purse seiners; 5) International waters fishing vessels (demersal and pelagic trawlers, long liners and multipurpose vessels). Madera: 6) Small scale fishing vessels (demersal, <12 m); 7) Multipurpose vessels (demersal and pelagic, >12 m); 8) purse seiners (pelagic). Azores: 9) Small scale fishing vessels (demersal, <12 m); 10) Multipurpose fishing vessels (demersal, pelagic and international waters, >12m).

The total revenue of the Portuguese fishing fleet in 2000 was PTE 60,039 mln (EUR 299.5 mln). Total employment was 25.000 men. Main species in value are sardine, octopus, and horse mackerel. In volume, sardine horse mackerel and chub mackerel are the main species.

MAIN TRENDS

The value of landings has oscillated around PTE 60,000 mln (EUR 299.3 mln) over the last six years. During this period, the fleet size diminished, in all indicators, except engine power (an increase of 2,730 kW due to vessel modernisation). The volume of landings fell by 33% from 1995 until 2000. An exception was 1998 when there was an increase about 5%. In 1999 the volume fell again to 188,000 and in 2000 to 166,083. Production prices have increased about 43% from 1995 to 2000 and 6% from 1999 to 2000. General inflation was 13.9% between 1995 and 2000 and 2.9% between 1999 and 2000.

Portugal - National fleet

80%

85%

90%

95%

100%

105%

110%

115%

120%

199 1996 199 1998 1999 2000


Appendix 2 87

9.2 Coastal trawlers

The coastal trawling fishery represents a significant part of the total fishery, accounting for

16.9% of the total income and 12.6% of the total national landed volume. All the vessels

operate beyond 6 miles of the mainland coast. One sub-segment targets demersal fish and

molluscs (74 registered vessels); the other crustaceans (32 registered vessels).


This segment accounts less than 1% of the total number of vessels, 12.9% of GRT and 12.9%

of kW. In economic terms the segment accounts a value of landings of PTE 10,155.6 mln

(EUR 50.7 mln). The total landed volume is 20,900 tonnes. Employment in 2000, totalled

1,200 men (FTE estimated equivalence) and its share of employment is approximately 4 %.

Appendix 2 88

This segment is both from a technical and economic point of view, the most advanced part of the fleet. On average, the vessels have more sophisticated equipment than the other coastal units. They are, normally, exploited by companies and not by owner fishermen. The majority of the larger demersal vessels operate in the North and have their homeports in Aveiro, Figueira da Foz and Matosinhos. As for crustacean vessels the main region of production is the South of Portugal (Algarve) mainly with landings in Vila Real de S. Antonio, Portimão and Olhão. The bulk of the catch is landed for auction (Portuguese ports), although a small part of crustacean production is sold in Andaluzia.

All the landed species are sold for fresh consumption, normally in Portuguese or Spanish markets. The main species in volume are horse mackerel (34%) and miscellaneous high valued species (21%). In value horse mackerel represents 14.6% of the total sales, “miscellaneous” 26.7%. Prawns are the first species in value and represents 25.8%. In terms of volume they represent only 6%.


Economic performance figures for this segment were estimated for the years 1996-2000. The

gross value added increased 29.2% from 1996 to 2000 (Inflation was 10.4% in this same

period). From 1999, gross value added has increased 24%. This change is the results of a

fishermen’s strike, which took place for 77 days during 1999. The value of landings increased

19% from 1999. The economic performance of this segment returned to its normal situation in

2000. The average auction price of the segment increased from PTE 436 per kilo (1999) to

PTE 486 (2000) (+11.5%). Gross cash flow has also increased in 2000, 32.4%, due to the same

reason. Net profit in 2000 increased drastically from PTE 780.4 mln (EUR 3.9 mln) in 1999 to

PTE 1,363.4 mln (EUR 6.8 mln). Fuel costs increased by around 2 percentage points. Fuel

price increases were minimised through association agreements with fuel suppliers.

Outlook for 2001

Since the 77 days strike in 1999 the segment returned to the normal standard revenues in 2000. According to the available data for the first semester of the year 2001, landings decreased 13.2% in volume and increased 8% in value compared to the same period in 2000. Average price has increased 16.2%.

Appendix 2 89

9.3 Coastal purse-seiners

The coastal purse seiners also represent a significant part of the Portuguese total fishery,

accounting for just 16.1% of the total sales and 45.2% of the total national landed volume. We

consider only the vessels registered in the mainland, but only 5 vessels of this segment operate

outside the mainland (Madera). All the vessels operate in the coast and target small pelagics

(sardine and mackerel) and horse mackerel. These vessels operate and land mainly in the

following fishing ports: Peniche (16,215 tonnes), Matosinhos (13,862 tonnes), Olhão (10,320

Portugal - Coastal trawlers

80%

90%

100%

110%

120%

130%

140%

150%

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000


Appendix 2 90

tonnes); Portimão (9,023 tonnes); Sines (7,339 tonnes.); Figueira da Foz (6,174 tonnes.);

Sesimbra (5,357 tonnes).


This segment accounts for less than 2% of the total number of vessels, 6.9% of GRT and 9.2%

of kW. In economic terms the segment has a value of landings of PTE 9,698.5 mln (EUR 48.4

mln). The total landed volume was 75,200 tonnes (89.7 in 1999). Employment, in 2000, was

2,900 FTE and the segment’s share of employment was approximately 11.5%.

This segment consists of 94 vessels with less than 50 GRT and 75 units with more than 50 GRT. The bigger ones, 31% have more than 25 years old. The smaller, 68% have more than 25 years. These vessels are normally made of wood and operated by their owners.

All the landed species are sold for fresh consumption normally in Portuguese or Spanish markets. Sardine represents 79% of the landings in volume (74% in 1999) and 73% in value (70% in 1999). Although this specie constitutes the main raw material for canning industry. The most part of it is consumed fresh mainly in the summer time.


Figures for the economic performance of this segment were estimated for the years 1997-2000 through an inquiry given by the national association of the Producer’s Organisations. The gross value added increased about 22 % from 1997 to 2000 (Inflation was 8.1% in this period). However, from 1999 to 2000 gross value added dropped 7.4% due to a significant increase in costs except crew share and a decrease of 10% in the value of landings. The bad weather and the small size of the sardine are the most significant issues that has caused this situation according to the opinion of fishermen. As for the volume of landings, its amount has been always between 85-103,000 tonnes (1994-1999). In 1999 it was 89,685 and the average price PTE 120 (EUR 0.60). In 2000, 75,168 tonne and average price PTE 129 (EUR 0.64). This increase in price (7.5%) was not sufficient to maintain net profit in 2000. The associations have obtained significant discounts from fuel suppliers.

Several assessments and surveys continue to be carried out on account of the concern about the evolution of the biomass and some measures were taken to reduce the number of vessels and fishing days per vessel (50,400 fishing days in 1994, 31,100 in 1998, 30,900 in 1999, 30,400 in 2000). The value of landings, in the 6 year period to 2000 increased by about 25% (51% from 1994 to 1999). Inflation was 13.8 % from 1995 and 15.2 from 1994 to 1999. The economic performance of this segment in this 6 years period improved mainly due to improved fish prices. Gross cash flow increased only 8% from 1995 (66% from 1995 to 1999).

Net profit in 2000 was PTE 346.7 mln (EUR 1.73 mln). In 1999 these figures were PTE 919.2 mln (EUR 4.58 mln).

Appendix 2 91

Outlook for 2001

In the first semester of 2000 landings have decreased in volume (-9.2%). In value there was an increase of 9.2%. Average price has increased 20.3%. Serious difficulties can occur in the future (conservation measures, namely further limitations in fishing days and areas).

9.4 NAFO vessels

These vessels operate in NAFO zone, Norway, Sptitzberg and in Irminguer Sea. The number

of vessels that belong to this segment is 14 factory trawlers which, every year, are listed by

Fisheries Ministry, in terms of sharing the available quotas in these zones. The lack of

resources in North Atlantic has obligated a significant reduction from the eighties (52 vessels

in 1985).

The NAFO vessels represent a significant part of the total fishery, accounting for 8 %

of the total income and 7.7% of the total national landed volume.

Portugal - Purse seiners

80%

90%

100%

110%

120%

130%

140%

150%

160%

170%

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000


Appendix 2 92


These 14 vessels represent 58.2% of the segment “International Waters” of the MAGP in GRT

and 49.1 % in kW. The products are processed on board and landed mainly in Portuguese

ports.

This segment accounts 18.9% of GRT and 6.9 % of kW of the total fleet. In economic

terms the segment’s value of landings is PTE 4,843.8 mln (EUR 24.2 mln). The total landed

volume (processed frozen and salted fish) is 12,800 tonnes (13,500 in 1999). Employment

was 490 FTE in 1999 and 2000.

The landed species are sold mainly in Aveiro and Vigo for the international market of frozen products. Salted cod (Norway and Barents Sea) constitutes a small part of the production. The main species in volume are redfish (42%), Greenland halibut (20.4%) and cod (19.2%). The main species in value are also redfish (30%), Greenland halibut (26 %) and cod (23.4%).


For this kind of production there is little official data available. Our estimates are only for the last three years. Estimations for gross value added, cash flow and net profit are the ones shown in the tables.

In 2000, gross value added was estimated at PTE 1,743.8 mln (EUR 8.7 mln). Gross

cash flow in the same period was estimated at PTE 581.3 mln (EUR 2.9 mln).

OUTLOOK FOR 2001

For 2001, allocated quotas were practically the same as 2000 for this segment of 14 vessels,

operating in NAFO, Norway, Spitsberg and Irminguer Sea. Difficulties are the same as the

ones suffered in 2000, namely the drop of catch rates in Norway/Spitzberg and the continuing

Appendix 2 93

moratoria in NAFO. There are no expectations of new fishing opportunities, namely in

Greenland or the NAFO zone. Increased fuel costs continue to cause significant difficulties.


GENERAL COMMENTS

The data on vessel characteristics (numbers, GRT, kW) are taken from national statistics. Catches, prices, sales and employment are based on National Statistics and some estimates.

Some figures for the three segments were recalculated as a result of a Data Collection project (00/32).

Most of the economic figures have been collected with the support of fishing associations and experts, namely ADAPI for trawling, ANOP Cerco, PROPEIXE, COOPALGARVIA and

Portugal - NAFO vessels

80%

85%

90%

95%

100%

105%

110%

115%

120%

125%

130%

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000


Appendix 2 94

FENACOOPESCA for purse seine and the vessel owners for NAFO. Both associations and experts have collected cost structure data from limited samples of vessels and extrapolations have been made, based on estimations supported by the declarations of the several professionals and experts about the differences of the sub segments in terms of cost structure.

Furthermore, the following calculations and estimations, described below, have been made in order to supplement the analysis:

→→→→→→→→→→→→ Replacement value: Based on inquiries.

→→→→→→→→→→→→ Depreciation: Hull: 4% per year calculated on the replacement value, until 25 years of age; 2% after 25 years. Engine: 10%, replacement value only during the first 10 years of life. The value of hull, equal of 2 times the value of the engine.

→→→→→→→→→→→→ Interest: Interest of Government Bonds rate (10 years) minus the rate of inflation.

→→→→→→→→→→→→ Euro exchange rate: 1 Euro 200.482 PTE.

COMMENTS TO THE SEGMENTATION

The segments used correspond to the ones of MAGP IV for Mainland: Trawlers and Purse Seiners, except NAFO vessels that are a sub segment of “International Waters” segment as above described.

Appendix 2 95

10. Spain Prepared by Universidade de Vigo. Departamento de Economía Aplicada.

10.1. National Fleet

Current structure

At present, the Spanish fishing fleet consider up of more than 17,100 vessels with a GT of 535,500 and a combined engine power of almost 1.4 million kW. The fleet consists mainly of four segments which operate in EU waters (artisanal, trawlers, fixed gear and seiners) and three, which operate in international waters or waters belonging to third countries (mobile gear, fixed gear and the tuna fleet). The artisanal segment has the largest number of boats, almost 73% of the total figure, but their small size (average 1.8 GT and 15.5 kW per boat) means that they represent only 4.3% of total capacity and 14.1% of power. The most heavily capitalised segment is the large freezer tuna fleet, which while only representing 0.2% of the number of vessels makes up 14% of the total Spanish GT. In the year 2000 the Spanish fleet as a whole employed 66,100 people. In 1998, the most recent year for which we have information on landings, the value of Spanish fishing production rose to ESP 344,728 mln (EUR 2,072 mln). A great variety of species were caught. Divided into groups and in terms of weight, the tuna species stands out, some 232,000 tonne being landed (almost 21% of the total volume), followed by the other blue fish group, with 216,000 tons (representing 19.5% of the total volume landed). In value, however, besides the tuna catches of ESP 57,000 mln (EUR 342.6 mln, 16.5% of the total value), the income obtained from crustaceans (18.8%), hake (11.4%) and cephalopods and other molluscs (14.4%) is also very important.

Main trends

From 1995 to 1998 the value of the landings rose from ESP 291,480 mln (EURO 1,752 mln) to ESP 344,728 mln (EURO 2,072 mln), implying a 5.8% annual average growth rate for the period. During that same period, the volume of landings also grew, but at a lesser rate (2.1% annually), which implies a growth in the level of average price of fish landed. Insofar as the groups of species are concerned, hake, tuna and other blue fish landings have decreased while landings of crustaceans and other species have increased.

For its part, from 1995-2000 the fleet was reduced in total number of vessels by 8.8%

in 2000 there weresome 1,665 vessels less than in 1995). This reduction was relatively small in

terms of capacity reduction (2.1% in 2000, some 11,300 GT less than in 1995), but

significantly higher in terms of engine power (20.2% reduction in total kW, some 346,800 kW

less than in 1995).

Appendix 2 96

The downward trend in the number of jobs in the Spanish fishing sector seems to have ended in 1998, reaching a minimum of 60,800 people. After that, employment in the sector began to rise, reaching a total of 66,100 people actively involved in 2000, that is, 0.4% of the Spanish economy's working population.

10.2. The 300´s fleet


This fleet comprises trawlers and some bottom liners and gill netters. This segment is called the ‘300 fleet’ because in accordance with the Spainish accession treaty to the EEC in 1986, only a closed list of 300 vessels were authorised to fish in the ICES Vb, VI, VII y VIIIa,b,d,e (Irish box excluded) zones. The MAGP-IV, in the case of Spain, includes this segment with vessels longer than 12 metres which operate in EU waters as a whole. Presently, the objectives for reduction put forward for the end of 2001 have been met.

In 2000, the number of vessels remained at 201, implying approximately 1.2% of the Spanish fishing fleet. In terms of capacity and engine power, the relative weight of this segment within the Spanish fleet as a whole increased, representing 7.6% of the total GT and 8.4% of the total kW.

This segment employs some 2,915 people. In the period studied, 1995-2000, the

number of jobs decreased on a continuous basis, with a total loss of 1,337 jobs. This decrease

can be explained mainly by the reduction in the number of vessels at work from 247 in 1995 to

201 in 2000. There are also technical causes which explain part of the decrease in the number

of jobs. The renovation process which has taken place in the last few years on the part of the

fleet has given rise to the introduction of vessels, which have improved technically and which

require fewer crew members on board. On 1995 the average number of crew members per boat

was 17.2, in 2000 this figure fell to 14.2.

Spain - National fleet

90%

100%

110%

120%

130%

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Inde

x Employment

Appendix 2 97

The 300 fleet catches different species and the value of its landings makes up approximately 8.5% of the Spanish total. The main target species is hake (60% of landings in volume and 64% in terms of value). Other species of interest are megrim, (21% in volume and 16% in value), anglerfish (9% and 12% respectory) and Norway lobster (1% and 3%).

The average characteristics of these vessels exceed the averages of the Spanish fleet taken as a whole. The standard ‘300 fleet’ vessel has a 200 GT, 570 kW, is 30 metres long, has 14 crew members and an average age of 20 years.


In general terms, the economic situation for the year 2000 as compared to 1999 deteriorated, as the net profits fell by almost 32%. The causes for this fall in net profits are to be found in costs, as both landings and income increased with respect to the year before (6.5% and 16.3%, respectively). As was foreseeable after the energy price crisis in 2000, the costs which experienced the greatest increase as compared to 1999 were fuel costs, which almost doubled for the segment as a whole. Other costs which experienced significant increases were the vessel costs which, after the drop which occurred in 1998 and 1999 rose again to reach the levels they were at during 1995-1997. In spite of the slight drop in the number of jobs with respect to 1999, the labour costs also rose in 2000 by 18.5% due to improvements in crew members' salaries. With all these changes, the cost structure continues to be dominated by costs related to crew members' salaries (almost 51.4% of total costs). Running costs make up 30.4% of the total, of which fuel costs are 18.3% and other running costs are 12.1% and those related to the vessel costs the remaining 18.2% of the total.

The positive evolution of average landing prices has given rise to an increase in

income, which compensated for the increase in running costs and vessel costs. In consequence,

the gross value added generated by the ‘300 fleet’ has increased by almost 5%. However, the

above mentioned increase in crew costs has given rise to a drop both in the gross cash flow as

well as in net profits (15.1% and 31.8%, respectively).

The average productivity of the fleet grew in 2000. In terms of gross value added per job the figure of ESP 6.3 mln (EUR 37,738 per employee) was reached. On average, in 2000 each vessel landed some 171 tonnes of fish and took in some ESP 148.6 mln (EUR 892,880) in sales.

Outlook for 2001

In 2000 the increase in fuel costs and vessel costs were compensated for by the favourable evolution of prices of the species landed. On 2001 this price evolution will probably not be sufficient to compensate for the more than likely drop in catches. The TAC for this fleet's main target species was reduced by 50% with respect to the previous year. Furthermore, according to the fishermen themselves, the technical restrictions established in the emergency plan for the recovery of cod and hake in the North Sea have increased in the vessel running costs and the fixed costs (adapting the fishing gear to technical requirements). Uncertainty as to the evolution of fuel costs therefore it is expected that the economic results of the fleet will deteriorate in 2001.

Appendix 2 98

10.3. Comments on data

In spite of the importance of the extractive fishing sector to the Spanish economy (it is estimated that the sector represents almost 0.5% of the country's gross domestic product and 0.4% of the working population), there is only little statistical information available and it is dispersed among various sources. For the information referring to the national fleet the data published by the Ministry for Agriculture, Fishing and Food (MAPA) was used. This source was also used in order to formulate the landings per species. The absence of information in the censuses published as to the year in which the vessels were built has forced us to resort to the most recent information available published by EUROSTAT and corresponding to 1995. For its part, the data on employment in the fishing sector has been taken from the survey on the working public published by the National Institute of Statistics (INE).

Most of the information on the ‘300 fleet’ has been estimated after analysing the representative samples. In the year 2000, in order to obtain the economic information, questionnaires were filled out by a total of 67 of the segment's vessels, which represent 33.3% of the total number, providing the estimations with a high degree of reliability. The information on tonnes landed has been provided by the Ministry for Agriculture, Fishing and Food and in order to calculate the value of the landings average prices of the first sales of the main species in the representative ports were used. The composition of the fleet in size and age has been estimated from a representative sample of 120 vessels (59.7% of the total number).

The common method has been applied to estimate both depreciation, interest and invested capital. The invested capital has been estimated from the book value, assuming that the replacement value (RV) of the vessels in Euros can be determined by the following equation: RV = 258750 + 8864.5 * GT + 621 * kW.

The significant differences between the value estimated for the invested capital between 1995 and 2000 are linked to the modification of the estimation method due to a change in the average age of the fleet. In the 1995-1999 period, some 30 new vessels were built to replace other vessels over 25 years old, this consequently the average age of the segment's vessels dropped from 26 in 1995 to 20 in 2000.

Spain - 300 fleet

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

140%

160%

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Inde

x


Appendix 2 99

The depreciation cost is the result of adding the depreciation of the vessel and of the

engine. There is a 4% annual depreciation on the replacement value of the vessel if it is under

25 years old and 2% if it is 25 years old or more. In order to calculate the depreciation of the

engine life of 12.5 years is assumed, which implies an 8% annual depreciation on the engine

replacement value.

In order to estimate the interest, we have taken a real interest rate, the result of taking the inflation rate (measured by the CPI) from the interest rate on 10-year government bonds.

Appendix 2 100

11. Sweden Prepared by the National Swedish Board of Fisheries

11.1 National fleet

Current structure

The national fishing fleet contained 1,955 vessels in 2000. The main part of the fleet is

characterised by rather small vessels. The average vessel has 24 GT, 122 kW and a length (loa)

of 10 metres. Furthermore, the fleet is rather old, with an average age of 25 years. The total

size is about 47,000 GT, with a total engine power of 239,000 kW.

The fleet is divided into six MAGP IV segments: 1. coastal vessels smaller than 12 metres, 2. shrimp trawlers, 3. pelagic vessels, 4. demersal trawlers, 5. vessels using passive gears and fishing for demersal species and 6. vessels fishing with passive gears for salmon. The total revenue in 2000 was SEK 955 mln (EUR 113 mln), which is more or less the same as last year. Total volume was about 332,000 tonnes (1999: 329,000). Total employment was approximately 2,500 FTE.

In the economic review all MAGP segments except number 1 (small coastal vessels) and 6 (salmon netters/hookers) is covered. Figures for the economic performance are available for the years 1995-2000, except for pelagic trawlers<20 meters where 1997 are lacking due to lack of sufficient basic data.

Main trends

The total landing value decreased marginally between 1999 and 2000. The size of the fleet decreased in number but increased both in tonnage and engine power. In 2000 cod was the most important species in terms of landed value. For many years cod has been the number one species. For the larger pelagic vessels, fish for reduction is an important outlet. The species in this fishery are mainly sprat and herring from the Baltic Sea and sandeel from the North Sea.

In economic terms practically all segments performed worse in 2000 compared to 1999. The only exception was the shrimp trawlers which increased both gross cash flow (GCF) and gross value added (GVA). The largest segment, (pelagic> 20 meters) counted in turn-over and catch volume made a substantial decrease in especially GCF. For demersal trawlers> 20 meters GVA increased in spite of a decreased GCF. The reason was that the crew share was substantial higher in 2000 compared to 1999.

Appendix 2 101

The reasons for the depressing figures seem to be different. In some cases, the prices have dropped (nephrops) and in others the costs have increased or the catches decreased due to reduced TACs. In some other cases the number of vessels (capacity) has increased making the average economic performance less favourable. With respect to the larger vessels (>20 meters), the main reason seems to be larger costs including fuel.

Sweden - National fleet

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

110%

120%

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Inde

x


Appendix 2 102

11.2 Pelagic vessels

The pelagic segment represents a major part of the total fishery, accounting for over 40% of total landings value and about 88% of total landed volume. Compared to 1999 the segment has decreased its share of the total fishery in terms of landed volume. The main fishing gear is trawl but some vessels also operate as purse-seiners. The segment is very heterogeneous, and therefore it has been divided into two sub-segments, vessels over 20 metres and vessels under 20 metres. The most important species for the larger vessels are herring, mackerel and sprat. Fishing for reduction purposes is the main part of the fishery, targeting sprat and herring. This fishery mainly takes place in the Baltic Sea.

11.2.1 Pelagic vessels over 20 metres


This sub-segment accounts for about 3% of total numbers, 45% of GT and 26% of kW. In economic terms it represents about 38% of total landing values (1999: 33%). Its share of total landed volume is 85% (1999: 91%) and its share of employment is about 17% (1999: 15%).

These vessels are the most advanced part of the fleet. They have sophisticated equipment and they are frequently operated in a very commercial way. Most of them have their homeports on the Swedish west coast. The majority of landings are made in Danish ports. The segment is very dependent on the prices for fishmeal and oil.


The size of the sub-segment for 2000 is about that of 1999 in terms of number and GT. There was a smaller increase in engine power (kW). The value of landings per vessel increased by 19%. This increase seems a little high according to changes in prices and volumes between 1999 and 2000. The first part of 2000, the prices for fish for reduction purposes have been low compared to the same period in 1999. The second part of 2000 was the opposite applicable.

Gross cash flow decreased by 30% and gross value added decreased somewhat. The costs increased. The effort of 2000 is in line with that of 1999. This indicates increased fuel costs and in general the total cost level was higher. When looking at the period 1995 – 2000 the year 1999 seems to be different to the other years in many ways. This may be a result of the very good year of 1998 when these vessels had its peak in economic performance. No imputed costs for depreciation and interest have been estimated. The reason for this is that the fleet is old, with an average age of 25 years.

The number of fishers has increased. GVA per employed has decreased by about 18% in the same period.

Outlook for 2001 and 2002

For the period covering the first 6 months in 2001 revenues have increased compared to 2000. For the whole of 2001, total revenue will probably increase due to both increasing volumes and increasing

Appendix 2 103

prices. Cost structure will probably be the same as in the past where costs have tracked revenue closely. This will induce a more favourable economic performance in 2001.

For 2002 decreasing TACs, especially in the Baltic Sea are foreseen. The price increase for herring, taking place during the first half of 2001 might stay for the year 2002 as well. If this will happen both the GCF and the GVA might stay at the same level as in 2000.

11.2.2 Pelagic vessels below 20 metres


This sub-segment accounts for about 2.5% of total numbers, 2% of GT and 4% of kW. It comprises about 3% of total landings value (1999: 3.5%). Its share of total landed volume is 2% (1999: 4%) and its share of employment is about 4% (1999: 5%).

Most vessels are coastal and fish for many different species, mostly in the Baltic Sea.

The most important species are vendace and herring. Compared to the other pelagic sub-

Sweden - pelagic vessels >=20m

30%

50%

70%

90%

110%

130%

150%

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Inde

x


Appendix 2 104

segment this segment plays a minor role in economic terms. The segment, however, plays an

important role in several areas of the Swedish coastline.


Value of landings per vessel has increased by 3.6%. Both GCF (-8.2%) and GVA (-5.9%) have decreased. There is no imputed cost for interest in 2000. An imputed cost for depreciation is however accounted. The number of fishers has decreased during the period. GVA per employed was SEK 128,000 (EUR 15,100) in 2000 while in 1999 it was SEK 136,000 (EUR 16,100).


For 2001 the forecasted revenues will increase compared to 2000. The main species for this sub-segment are herring and sprat as well as vendace. The increase depends on both increasing volumes and prices. The cost structure will probably be the same as in the past.

If the increased prices will stay for 2002 the economic performance will be improved.

11.3 Shrimp trawlers

This segment is characterised by rather old vessels fishing mostly for prawns and nephrops in the Skagerrak, the Kattegat partly in the North Sea. The third most important species for the segment is

Sweden - Pelagic vessels <20m

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

140%

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Inde

x


Appendix 2 105

cod. The average age of the vessels is 38 years, which makes it to the oldest Swedish fleet segment. It accounts for 13% of total landing values but only about 1% of total landed volumes.


The segment accounts for 3.5% in numbers, 12% of GT and 10% of kW. In economic terms the segment represents about 13% of total landing value (1999: 11%). Its share of total landed volume is only 0.9% (1999: 0.9%) and the share of employment is 8% (1999: 8%).

The fishing is targeting small quantities of rather expensive species mainly in the Skagerrak and the Kattegat.


Value of landings per vessel has increased by about 7%, reaching about SEK 1.8 mln (EUR 209,300). Both GCF and GVA have increased. The main cause seems to be an increased landing value. Because of the age of the vessels, no imputed capital costs are estimated.

The number of fishers has increased somewhat and GVA per employed has increased by 12%.


The 2001 forecasted revenues are expected to remain at the same level as in 2000. There have been decreases in volume and price for prawns but also increases in volume and price for cod. The cost structure will probably remain stable.

As the shrimp stock is rather stable, the TAC for 2002 will probably be the same and there is no reason to expect a price drop so the economic performance will probably be unchanged.

Sweden - Shrimp trawlers

80%

120%

160%

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Inde

x


Appendix 2 106

11.4 Demersal trawlers

The segment accounts for about 38% of total landing value (1999: 40%) and 5% of total landing volume (1999: 5%). It has been divided into three homogenous sub-segments. These are: vessels over 20 metres, vessels below 20 metres and vessels mostly fishing for nephrops. For the two first groups, the most important species is cod. The third sub-segment targets nephrops, prawns and cod.

11.4.1 Demersal trawlers over 20 metres


The sub-segment accounts for 2% of total numbers, 15% of GT and 9% of kW. In economic terms it accounts for 20.5% of total landing value (1999: 17%). Its share of total landed volume is 3.2% (1999: 3.5%) and its share of employment is 8% (1999: 7%).

The vessels are very dependent of one species, namely cod. Landed volumes of cod have stayed at the same level in 1999 and 2000. The prices, however, have increased in the same period. Like many Swedish segments, this segment also has vessels with a high average age.


Value of landings per vessel increased by 38% in 2000, with a value of about SEK 5.2 mln

(EUR 610,000). GCF decreased (-13.8%) due to increasing costs but GVA increased (+23.3%)

due to increased crew share. The average GCF per vessel for 2000 is SEK 724,000 (EUR

85,500) and GVA amounted SEK 2,087,000 (EUR 246,600).

GVA per employed also increased considerably, with a value for 2000 of SEK 522,000 (EUR 61,700).

Appendix 2 107


For 2001 the forecasted revenue are expected to remain at the same level as in 2000. The cost structure will probably be the same as in the past where costs have tracked revenue closely.

For 2002, forecast should be based on the TAC which has been reduced in the Baltic Sea and probably will be reduced in all other fishing areas as well. In addition to the reduced TACs also changed technical regulations will imply higher costs per unit of fishing effort. Higher prices might off-set the reduced volumes and in that case the economic performance will not change radically.

11.4.2 Demersal trawlers below 20 metres


The sub-segment accounts for 2% of total numbers, 5% of GT and 5% of kW. This segment accounts for 8% of total landed values (1999: 8%). Its share of landed volume is only 0.9% (1999: 1.0%) and the share of employment is 4% (1999: 4%).

This sub-segment is very similar to that of trawlers over 20 metres. It is very dependent on one species, namely cod. It has, however, a higher catch of nephrops than the above segment.

Sweden - demersal trawlers>=20m

80%

130%

180%

230%

280%

330%

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Inde

x


Appendix 2 108


Value of landings per vessel increased between 1999 and 2000 by 2.6%. One third of the

vessels of this sub-segment is concentrated on the Swedish east coast and is totally dependent

on fishing in the Baltic Sea. Two thirds of the vessels are based on the Swedish west coast.

They fish an important part of their catches in the Baltic Sea but they also fish for nephrops

and cod in the Skagerrak and the Kattegat. Both GCF (-9.5%) and GVA (-3.2%) have

decreased. The imputed interest cost is rather low because of the old fleet.

The number of fishers is rather constant and GVA per employed has decreased by 3.1%.


For 2001, forecasted revenues will increase compared to 2000.The increase seems to depend on both increasing prices and volumes. The cost structure will probably be the same as in the past. This will lead to an improved economic performance.

For 2002 the TACs for cod will be reduced in all fishing waters. This will probably hit

the smaller trawlers to a lesser extent than the bigger ones. The prices might also increase

which might compensate for a large part of the lost volumes.

Sweden - Demersal trawlers<20m

80%

100%

120%

140%

160%

180%

200%

220%

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Inde

x


Appendix 2 109

11.4.3 Demersal nephrops trawlers


This sub-segment accounts for 6% of total numbers, 8% of GT and about 10% of kW. The vessels account for 13% of total landing value (1999: 15%). Its share of total landed volume is 0.6% (1999: 0.7%) and its share of employment is about 9% (1999: 9%).

These vessels differ a little from the other two sub-segment targeting three main species, namely nephrops, cod and prawn.

ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE

Value of landings per vessel has decreased by 21.5% from 1999 to 2000. The price for nephrops has decreased significantly during the most important season for this fishery (October-December). Both GCF (-25%) and GVA (-20%) have decreased and most is explained by decreasing revenues. For fuel costs there is some uncertainty in 2000 due lack of data. The average value per vessel for 2000 is SEK 367,000 (EUR 43,400) for GCF and SEK 686,000 (EUR 81,000) for GVA.

There has been a small increase in number of vessels in 2000 and GVA per employed has decreased by 20%.


For 2001 the forecasted revenues will increase compared to 2000. The increase in revenues seems to depend on both increasing prices and volumes. This sub-segment is most dependent on nephrops, cod and prawns. The fishing for nephrops has its peak season mainly in September and October. These two months are not included in the comparison of sales-notes. The cost structure will probably be the same as in the past. Probably 2001 will imply an improved economic performance compared to 2000.

The 2002 TACs for nephrops and cod are not decided until late autumn 2001. The forecast therefore has to rely on unchanged TAC and a stable price. If the prices of 2002 do not change dramatically, income will probably stay at the level of 2001.

Sweden - Nephrop trawlers

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

140%

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Inde

x


Appendix 2 110

11.5 Passive gears, demersal species

This segment is one of two fishing with passive gears. The target species for this segment are demersal species, mainly cod and turbot. The fishing gears used are primarily net and hook.


The segment accounts for about 3% of total numbers, 3% of GT and 3.3% of kW. Measured as landed value the segment accounts for 3.8% (1999: 5%). Its share of landed volume is only 0.7% (1999: 0.8%) and the share of employment is 4% (1999: 4%).

Characteristic for fishing with passive gears is the rather high figures for effort, measured as 'days at sea'.

ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE

Value of landings per vessel has decreased by 21.7% from 1999 to 2000. Both GCF and GVA have decreased between the two years. GCF has decreased by 23% and GVA by 12%. The average value per vessel for 2000 is SEK 257,000 (EUR 30,300) for GCF and SEK 461,000 (EUR 54,500) for GVA.

The number of fishers is at the same level as in 1999. GVA per employed has decreased

by 12.5% and has a value in 2000 of SEK 230,000 (EUR 27,200).


The 2001 forecast is for revenues to increase compared to 2000. This segment is most dependent on cod and turbot. The prices have increased for both species in 2001. For turbot there have been larger decreases in volume. The cost structure will probably be the same as in the past. As a consequence, an improved economic performance might be expected for 2001.

The TAC for cod in the Baltic Sea will be reduced in 2002. There is also some uncertainty about the status of the turbot stock, which is not regulated by a TAC. The decreasing volumes might be

Appendix 2 111

compensated by increasing prices and in that case the economic performance will be stable compared to 2001.


GENERAL COMMENTS

The data on vessel characteristics (numbers, GT, kW and age) as well as catches and sales-notes are taken from different databases compiled by the National Swedish Board of Fisheries. When Sweden joined the European Union in January 1995 the statistics were adapted to Union regulations. Most economic figures have been collected with the help of fishers who, on a voluntary basis, have furnished the National Board of Fisheries with their company accounts.

Furthermore, the following calculations and estimations have been made in order to

supplement the analysis:

Replacement value (RV): Historical values have been used and indexed according to the Swedish official index for fabricated metal products, machinery and equipment.

Days at sea: According to logbook figures.

Employment: The average figures for the different vessels have been taken from a survey made by the National Board.

Depreciation: 4% per year calculated on the replacement value. After 25 years no depreciation is calculated.

Sweden - Passsive gears, demersal species

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

140%

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Inde

x


Appendix 2 112

Interest: Interest rate is based on government bonds minus inflation (calculated on monthly figures) for all years. Interest costs are based on replacement value minus depreciation.

Euro-rate: An average rate for 2000 has been used, calculated on monthly values. The rate calculated is 8.4643. The rate of August 8, 2001 is 9.1530.

Total revenue and costs: The revenue and cost figures (supplied by fishers) for the years 1995-2000, have been used to make estimations for the whole sub-segments. A statistical package (SPSS) was used to estimate linear regressions. From these equations, revenues and costs were estimated. In addition to these calculated figures, a table has been produced based on the landing- notes showing the value of the most important species.

Prices for species: Data from statistics Sweden (landed volumes and values). The forecast for 2001 is mainly based on a comparison between sales-notes of 2001, first 6 months, to those of the same period in 2000.

Differences in capital cost, based on the 'common method'

No separate figures for the engine are available. Therefore the vessel is considered as a whole and undivided unit and not as one composed of different components. Depreciation has been calculated with 4% on replacement value irrespective of hull and engine.

The '2% rule' is not used for renewal investments. All improvements are booked as (maintenance) costs with an immediate effect on the result. Therefore it would be illogical to increase the costs with an additional depreciation of 2% for the improvements. Also the taxation laws of Sweden permit this practice.

Except for the above mentioned principles the common method is used. Replacement value: historical values and indexed according to the Swedish official index for fabricated metal products, machinery and equipment.

Appendix 2 113

12. United Kingdom Prepared by SFIA

12.1 National fleet

0.1.23.1. Current structure

The UK fishing fleet in 2000 consisted of 7,242 vessels, with a combined registered tonnage of 247,000. This represents a 2.7% reduction in vessel numbers, and 3.8% increase in registered tonnage from 1999. The latest figures point to the continuing trend over recent years of declining vessel numbers combined with increasing registered tonnage. Almost 75% (5,273 vessels) of the UK fleet are less than 10 metre in length, which equates to less than 8% of total UK registered tonnage.

The total value of landings by the UK fleet (into the UK and abroad) during 2000 was GBP 550 mln (EUR 908 mln). During 2000 15,100 fishermen were employed in the catching sector, of which 3,200 were engaged on a part-time basis.

In 2000 an estimated 73% of UK fleet capacity (measured in GTs) was found within three of the eight MAGP IV segments. The demersal trawl, seine and nephrops trawl segment still predominates, accounting for a little over 45% of UK fleet capacity. The modern pelagic fleet of 44 vessels accounted for 18%, and the third major segment comprising beam trawlers a little over 9% of UK fleet capacity. In 2000 there were 13 vessels in the distant water segment. The remainder of the fleet comprised vessels using lines and nets or those fishing for other shellfish using mobile or static gear.

0.1.23.2. Main trends

From 1994 to 2000 over 5,500 fishermen left the industry, leaving a total of 15,100 in 2000. In terms of numbers of vessels, the fleet contracted by almost 30% over the same period. This trend can be explained by successive rounds of decommissioning, policy-induced structural cuts, and capacity aggregation. The trend towards capacity aggregation (larger vessels) has resulted in an increase in registered tonnage from 1994 to 2000 of over 20%. The impact of stock recovery measures, combined with increasing running costs, has continued to squeeze fleet profitability. As margins become tighter, crew share reduces, and more fishermen are likely to leave the industry to seek alternative employment onshore.

United Kingdom - National fleet

60%

80%

100%

120%

140%

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Inde

x Number of Vessels

Appendix 2 114

Following a steady rise from 1994 to 1998, the value of UK landings dropped by 11% from 1998 to 1999, and by a further 6% from 1999 to 2000 to stand at GBP 550 mln (EUR 908 mln). As the value of earnings of the UK fleet have reduced by more than GBP 110 mln (EUR 182 mln) from 1998 to 2000, running costs have continued to increase, squeezing margins further. Increasing costs are being driven mainly by the price of fuel. Low oil prices came to an end during the first quarter of 1999, and increased steadily through to the end of 2000. During 1998 marine gas oil averaged GBP 96/tonne (EUR 158/tonne), increasing to GBP 113/tonne (EUR 186/tonne) in 1999, and an average GBP 191/tonne (EUR 315/tonne) during 2000. The price of marine gas oil peaked at around GBP 250/tonne (EUR 413/tonne) during September 2000.

As the average age of the UK fleet continues to rise, vessel maintenance and insurance costs are also increasing and having an impact on profitability. Many vessel owners / skippers can no longer find sufficient crew to go to sea. Those owners who can recruit enough crew are also finding it increasingly difficult to find crew with suitable experience. This has a direct impact on quality of catch, revenues, and more importantly safety.

For the second year running nephrops displaced cod as the principal species landed by the UK fleet in terms of value (GBP 61 mln, EUR 100 mln) during 2000. Nevertheless, the value of nephrop landings were down 19% and volumes down 9% from 1999. Average prices decreased by 10%.

The largest percentage decrease in value of landings was for cod and haddock - the two principal whitefish species. Haddock volumes were down 29% from 1999 to 2000. The price of haddock increased by 22% from 1999 to 2000 to give a total value of landings in 2000 of GBP 51 mln (EUR 85 mln), a 13% reduction from 1999. Cod volumes reduced by over 20% from 1999 to 2000. Unlike haddock, the price of cod increased by only 2%, resulting in a reduction in the value of landings of 19%. The total value of cod landed by the UK fleet in 2000 was GBP 51 mln (EUR 84 mln).

The value of pelagic species landed by UK vessels increased by 14%. Mackerel was the principal pelagic species landed during 2000 (GBP 14 mln, EUR 23 mln), a 45% increase from 1999. This was a result of an increase in volume of 32%, coupled with a 10% price increase. The value of herring landings reduced by GBP 1 mln (EUR 1.65 mln) to stand at GBP 4 mln (EUR 7 mln) in 2000. This reduction was the result of a 13% reduction in volume combined with an 8% reduction in the average price (GBP 104/tonne). In the shellfish sector, following nephrops, scallops (GBP 30 mln, EUR 50 mln) and crabs (GBP 26 mln, EUR 42 mln) were the most important species in terms of value.

12.2 Scottish demersal trawlers

Ro1e in the total fishery

There were an estimated 332 Scottish demersal trawlers over 10 metre in overall length in 2000 (a reduction of 5 vessels from 1999). Of these, 230 trawlers were under 24 metre but over 10 metre in

Appendix 2 115

length, and 102 were over 24 metre. In 2000, these trawlers accounted for almost 5% of the total UK fleet in terms of vessel numbers, and 22% of registered tonnage.

During 2000, Scottish demersal trawlers landed GBP 124 mln (EUR 205 mln) worth of fish, 23% of the total value of landings of the UK fleet. This sector accounted for 30% of the total value of landings during 1999. Employment levels in this segment have dropped by almost 14% since 1994. A total of 1,660 fishermen were employed on Scottish demersal trawlers during 2000, of these an estimated 1,150 were employed on vessels under 24 metre but over 10 metre in length, and 510 employed on vessels over 24 metres in length.

0.1.23.3. Economic performance

As predicted in the 2000 Annual Economic Report the Scottish demersal trawl segment recorded one of its poorest years in terms of profitability, returning a net result of GBP –19 mln (EUR -31 mln). This downturn compares to net returns of GBP 21 mln (EUR 35 mln) in 1998 and GBP 9 mln (EUR 15 mln) in 1999. This massive reduction in profitability can be attributed to a number of factors. Firstly, between 1999 and 2000 landings of the principal whitefish species targeted by this segment (cod, haddock, and whiting), decreased by 21% (cod) and 30% (haddock). Although increases in haddock and whiting prices partially offset lower volumes, the value of landings for the sector was still an estimated 29% down on 1999. The ageing Scottish whitefish fleet has also experienced increasing vessel maintenance and insurance costs, which combined with high fuel prices has rendered many vessels in the fleet unviable.

From a 1998 high of GBP 33 mln (EUR 55 mln) gross cash flow and GBP 98 mln (EUR 162 mln) gross value added, returns during 2000 reduced to GBP -6 mln (EUR -10 mln) gross cash flow and GBP 28 mln (EUR 47 mln) gross value added. Gross value added per fisherman employed in the fleet now stands at GBP 17,100 (EUR 28,200). This compares to GBP 49,800 (EUR 76,100) in 1999. As was the case in 1998 and 1999 efficiency was highest for larger vessels of length 24 metres and over (GBP 26,800 compared to GBP 12,800 for <24m vessels).

0.1.23.4.

0.1.23.5.

0.1.23.6.

0.1.23.7. Outlook for 2001

United Kingdom - Scottish demersal trawlers

-40%-20%

0%20%40%60%80%

100%120%140%

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Inde

x


Appendix 2 116

Expectations for the Scottish whitefish fleet for 2001 are poor. Following massive reductions in both the volume and value of catches of the principal whitefish species during 2000, many vessel owners / skippers working this sector are understandably pessimistic about the future. Volumes landed of the principal whitefish species during the first quarter of 2001 reduced by 4%, 41%, and 29% respectively for cod, haddock, and whiting on the same quarter in 2000. A shortage of supplies during the first quarter of 2001 has however helped push up prices (haddock +20%, whiting +12%). Nevertheless, the value of these species was 13%, 29%, and 18% lower respectively for cod, haddock, and whiting compared with the first quarter of 2000. This may be because buyers are now seeking alternative (more consistent) supplies from abroad, resulting in lower than expected price increases for domestic landings. The North Sea stock recovery plan will have a severe impact on the viability of this sector of the fleet. Overall, high costs (driven mainly by high fuel prices) combined with low stock levels and stock recovery plans will further impact the economic performance of this segment for the remainder of 2001 and beyond.

Although this segment of the fleet has met its MAGP-IV obligations, as margins become tighter, the number of vessels looks set to decline further. Only the fittest will survive the current pressures on the fleet. The UK decommissioning schemes currently underway will offer some skippers / vessel owners a route out of the industry, and in theory provide greater opportunities for those left.

Approximately 85% of vessels in this segment are over nine years old. High fuel costs, combined with the increasing need for vessels to be more flexible in the species they target, has resulted in a recent trend towards smaller, more versatile new builds. As well as traditional whitefish species (cod, haddock, and whiting), deep-water Atlantic species such as monkfish and megrim continue to be targeted by this segment of the fleet.

12.3 Scottish nephrops trawlers

0.1.23.8. Role in the total fishery

In 2000, landings from the Scottish nephrops trawl segment by value were GBP 50 mln (EUR 83 mln), this compares to GBP 52 mln (EUR 86 mln) in 1999. This sector accounts for 9% of the total value of landings of the UK fleet. There were an estimated 313 Scottish nephrops trawlers (accounting for a little over 4% of the UK fleet in terms of vessel numbers and almost 3% in terms of registered tonnage). Since 1994 the number of vessels in this segment has reduced by 25%.

1,250 fishermen (a little over 8% of the UK total) are estimated to have worked in this segment during 2000 - this is similar to 1998 and 1999. Although a number of vessel owners have taken advantage of UK decommissioning schemes in the past, over 90% of vessels in this segment are more than 10 years old. Nevertheless, over the last three years there has been a resurgence in new builds capable of targeting nephrops, this is particularly the case for under 10 metre trawlers.

0.1.23.9. Economic performance

The profitability of the Scottish nephrops trawler fleet did not improve following the significant downturn in profitability from 1998 to 1999. The Scottish nephrop trawl segment returned a net result of GBP –0.3 mln (EUR -0.5 mln) in 2000. This compares to a net profit of GBP 19 mln (EUR 29 mln) in 1998 and GBP 3 mln (EUR 5 mln) in 1999.

Although nephrops stocks are relatively stable, this reduction in profitability is due to a number of factors. The value of nephrops landings in the UK reduced by over 18% between 1999 and 2000. This was the result of a 9% decrease in volume, coupled with an average UK price reduction of

Appendix 2 117

10%. Although on average, UK nephrops prices were depressed during 2000 (particularly the first half of the year), prices in Scotland held up reasonably well compared to those in Northern Ireland, England and Wales.

The lack of cod and haddock on traditional in-shore grounds has also had an impact on the performance of this segment. Like the Scottish demersal trawl segment, Scottish nephrops trawlers have also experienced increasing costs (again driven by fuel price increases). For example, fuel costs as a percentage of landed value were 25% in 2000 compared to 14% in 1999.

Gross cash flow and gross value added both reduced from 1999 to stand at GBP 4 mln (EUR 6 mln) and GBP 19 mln (EUR 32 mln) respectively. Following steady increases to reach a high of GBP 35,200 (EUR 53,800) in 1998, efficiency (gross value added per fisherman employed), reduced to an estimated GBP 15,250 (EUR 25,160) in 2000.

0.1.23.10.

0.1.23.11. Outlook for 2001

Strong prices for both tails and whole nephrops to July may well indicate a slight improvement in profitability for the Scottish nephrops trawl fleet in 2001. Provisional data up to July 2001 indicates the value of UK landings of nephrops for the first seven months of the year are 16% up on the same period last year. This is driven by a 19% increase in the average price of tails, and a 16% increase in the price of whole nephrops.

Nephrops stocks are stable at the moment, and the removal of the 10% cut in nephrops quota (brought about to accommodate the 2001 cod quota cut) would also help take some pressure off the fleet. Margins however are expected to remain extremely tight, especially as fuel costs are unlikely to decrease in the foreseeable future.


Costs and earnings data are supplied by the Sea Fish Industry Authority and are based on samples of vessels within relevant segments, physical interviews and data obtained from other sources, e.g. fish

United Kingdom - Scottish nephrops trawlers

0%20%40%60%80%

100%120%140%160%180%200%220%240%260%

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Inde

x


Appendix 2 118

salesmen and agents. Comprehensive surveys were carried out during 1996/97 and 1997/98. Based on this information, an in-house model generated data for 1999 and 2000. Other data are sourced from the DEFRA UK Sea Fisheries Statistics 1999 and 2000, and SEERAD Scottish Sea Fisheries Statistics 2000.

In the analysis of the selected segments, it will be noted that there is a break in the time series between 1995 and 1997. This reflects the fact that there was a break in the physical collection of cost and earnings survey data between 1995 and 1997. In the 1998 economic report, data received in 1998 was attributed to the year 1996. However, after further investigation it became apparent that the data were pertinent to the year 1997. To add to the problems, all the cost information originally attributed to 1996 was grossed-up using 1997 fleet data.

In most cases, registered tonnage is used instead of GRT because of a number of systems of measurement in the UK. The fleet is still in the process of being re-measured to GT, although GT estimates have been used to define the principal MAGP IV segments at the beginning of the text.

Depreciation is based on the common method in all years except for 1997. Interest is derived from the present Government bond rate adjusted for inflation (using All Items Retail Price Index). The exception is 1997 where the rate used was 8.5%. This compares to a rate of 2.09% in 1998, 3.31% in 1999, and 1.72% in 2000.

Appendix 2 119

1. Belgium

1.0 Belgium: Composition of the national fleet, 2000

Total fleet FLEET SEGMENTS

Beam trawl Other

Economic indicators

Value of landings (mEUR) 89 79 10

Gross value added (mEUR) 43 38 5

Gross cash flow (mEUR) 17 15 2

Net (financial) profit (mEUR) 0 0 0

Other economic indicators

Employment on board (FTEs) 700 600 100

Invested capital (mEUR) 115 105 10

Effort (1000 days at sea) 27 21 6

Capacity indicators

Volume of landings (1000 t) 27 23 4

Fleet - number of vessels 124 89 35

Fleet - total GRT (1000) 23 19 4

Fleet - total kW (1000) 62 52 10

Average characteristics of vessels

GRT 183 208 81

kW 502 584 272

Length, loa 27 30 21

Age 18 12 30

Sources: Dienst voor de Zeevisserij: De Belgische zeevisserij: aanvoer en besomming; Uitkomsten.

Appendix 2 120

1.1.1 Belgium: National fleet, economic and capacity indicators, 1995-2000 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000*Costs and earnings (mBEF) Value of landings 3,043 3,185 3,536 3,483 3,469 3,577Fuel costs 432 520 534 404 466 844Other running costs 661 695 728 731 655 687Vessel costs 310 315 314 307 293 308Crew share 1,037 1,013 1,101 1,072 1,011 1,043Gross cash flow 603 642 861 969 1,043 695Depreciation 448 441 459 462 461 486Interest 180 192 188 189 191 200Net profit -24 9 214 317 391 9Gross value added 1,640 1,656 1,961 2,041 2,055 1,737Other economic indicators Employment on board (FTEs) 800 750 750 750 700 700Invested capital (mBEF) 4,507 4,292 4,361 4,394 4,420 4,640Effort (1000 days at sea) 34 31 30 28 28 27Capacity indicators Volume of landings (1000 t) 31 27 27 27 26 27Fleet - number of vessels 150 144 144 139 125 124Fleet - total GRT (1000) 23 22 23 23 22 23Fleet - total kW (1000) 65 63 64 64 62 62Sources: Dienst voor de Zeevisserij: De Belgische zeevisserij: aanvoer en besomming; Uitkomsten.

* Estimation.

1.1.2 Belgium: National fleet, composition of landings, 1995-2000 Major species Value (mBEF)) Volume (1000 t)

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000Sole 1,230 1,487 1,689 1,442 1,348 1,443 5 5 4 4 4 4Plaice 494 483 497 523 626 608 9 7 7 7 8 9Cod 287 226 226 455 378 343 5 4 5 6 4 3Other 1,032 989 1,124 1,063 1,117 1,183 12 11 11 10 10 11Total 3,043 3,185 3,536 3,483 3,469 3,577 31 27 27 27 26 27Sources: Dienst voor de Zeevisserij: De Belgische zeevisserij: aanvoer en besomming; Uitkomsten,

1.1.3 Belgium: National fleet, composition by size and age, 2000 Size class Number GRT (1000) kW (1000) Age class Number GRT (1000) kW (1000) 1-35 GRT 9 0.3 2.0 2000 9 1.5 4 35-70 GRT 23 1.3 4.9 1998-99 8 1.7 4.570-180 GRT 38 4.1 9.9 1996-97 8 1.5 3.6 180-400 GRT 51 15.6 42.9 1994-95 3 0.9 1.5 400- 3 1.4 2.6 1992-93 3 1.1 7.2

1990-91 9 3.0 13.0 1987and older 76 11.4 18.3

Total 124 22.7 62.3 Total 124 22.7 62.3Sources: Officiële lijst der Belgische vissersvaartuigen.

Appendix 2 121

1.2.1 Belgium: beam trawl: economic and capacity indicators, 1995-2000

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000*Costs and earnings (mBEF) Value of landings 2597 2815 3132 3077 2977 3172Fuel costs 390 476 492 365 426 771Other running costs 571 608 645 636 578 607Vessel costs 257 259 263 249 244 256Crew share 885 897 977 926 883 941Gross cash flow 495 576 755 902 847 598Depreciation 393 393 402 405 407 428Interest 168 184 172 173 174 183Net profit -65 -1 181 324 266 -13Gross value added 1380 1473 1732 1827 1730 1539Other economic indicators Employment on board (FTEs) 600 600 580 600 600 600Invested capital (mBEF) 4071 3949 4000 4030 4054 4256Effort (1000 days at sea) 28 25 24 22 21 21Capacity indicators Volume of landings (1000 t) 26 23 22 23 22 23Fleet - number of vessels 92 93 87 92 90 89Fleet - total GRT (1000) 19 19 19 19Fleet - total kW (1000) 54 53 54 53 52 52Sources: Dienst voor de Zeevisserij: De Belgische Zeevisserij: aanvoer en besomming; uitkomsten.

* Estimation.

1.2.2 Belgium: beam trawl, composition of landings, 1995-2000 Major species Value (mBEF) Volume (1000 t) 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000Sole 1,195 1,437 1,653 1,402 1,293 1,400 5 5 4 3,8 4,1 4,1Plaice 476 458 472 488 583 566 9 7 7 6,5 7,2 8,1Cod 198 162 193 331 270 270 4 3 3 4,3 2,8 2,5Other 728 758 814 856 831 936 8 8 8 8,5 7,8 8Total 2,597 2,815 3,132 3,077 2,977 3,172 26 23 22 23,1 21,9 23Sources: Dienst voor de Zeevisserij: De Belgische zeevisserij: aanvoer en besomming; Uitkomsten.

1.2.3 Belgium: beam trawl, composition by size and age, 2000

Number GRT (1000) kW (1000) Number GRT (1000) kW (1000) 1 - 35 GRT 1 0.02 0.5 1999/2000 9 2.2 5.1 35 - 70 GRT 9 0.60 2.0 1997-98 6 1.5 3.1 70 - 180 GRT 29 3.10 8.8 1995-96 3 0.9 2.0180 - 400 GRT 48 13.60 38.5 1993-94 3 0.9 1.9400 - 3 1.40 2.6 1991-92 7 2.1 4.7 1989-90 9 2.5 5.6 1988 and older 52 8.5 30Total 89 18.6 52.0 Total 89 18.6 52.0Sources: Officiële lijst der Belgische vissersvaartuigen.

Appendix 2 122

2. Denmark

2.0 Denmark: Composition of the national fleet, 2000

Total fleet Fleet segments

Trawlers

>= 200 GT

Trawlers

< 200 GT

Danish

seiners Gill netters

Economic indicators

Value of landings (mEUR) 431 123 152 27 71

Gross value added (mEUR) 240 55 84 17 47

Gross cash flow (mEUR) 47 18 12 2 -1

Net (financial) profit (mEUR) -51 -20 -18 -2 -16

Other Economic indicators

Employment on board 4,579 811 1,771 337 1,215

Invested capital (mEUR) 563 220 168 24 73

Effort (1000 days at sea) 247 31 101 17 75

Capacity indicators

Volume of landings 1,523 973 275 15 30

Fleet number of fishing firms 1,528 125 572 103 577

Fleet total GT (1000) 98 48 25 4 8

Fleet - total kW (1000) 1 391 100 131 16 74

AVERAGE CHARACTERISTICS OF VESSELS

GT 64 380 44 38 13

1 The Directorate of Fisheries (DF) Danish Vessel Register, 31 December 1999.

Source: The Danish Institute of Agriculture and Fishery Economics (SJFI) Account statistics for Fishery 2000.

2.1.1 Denmark: National fleet: economic and capacity indicators 1995-2000.

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Costs and earnings (mDKK)

Gross output 3,255 3,229 3,510 3,642 3,439 3,281

Fuel costs 208 250 250 205 296 420

Other running costs 442 424 440 445 468 437

Vessel costs 651 627 653 647 679 635

Crew share 1,417 1,427 1,453 1,513 1,508 1,441

Gross cash flow 537 500 715 833 488 348

Depreciation 487 516 453 491 501 498

Appendix 2 123

Interest 274 248 261 274 251 230

Net profit -224 -264 2 68 -264 -380

Gross value added 1,954 1,928 2,168 2,345 1,996 1,789

OTHER ECONOMIC INDICATORS Employment on board 5,952 5,472 4,799 4,486 4,674 4,579

Invested capital (mDKK) 4,253 4,224 3,787 3,965 4,209 4,198

Effort (1000 days at sea) 294 310 272 251 245 247

Capacity indicators

Volume of landings (1000 t) 2,149 1,734 1,813 1,575 1,424 1,523

Number of fishing firms 1,868 1,751 1,609 1,446 1,509 1,528

Fleet - total GT (1000) 88 91 90 90 103 98

Source: SJFI. Account statistics for Fisheries.

Appendix 2 124

2.1.2 Denmark: National fleet, composition of landings 1995-2000. Major species/-groups of species

Value (mDKK) Volume (1000 t)

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Cod 678 724 753 877 986 819 77 89 79 67 70 56

Other codfish 96 98 75 102 83 68 13 14 11 11 9 7

Plaice and Sole 386 388 411 319 437 381 26 23 25 19 24 25

Other flatfish 159 162 147 171 180 185 12 15 13 12 10 11

Herring+Mackerel 355 334 327 335 308 315 205 165 128 159 164 171

Other fish 131 176 184 133 151 100 15 23 20 11 14 8

Lobster+prawns 1 240 272 308 368 427 409 9 11 13 13 11 11

Crus.+ Molluscs 185 141 85 126 172 186 251 127 94 124 95 112

Industrial fish 901 837 1,113 1,177 669 753 1,541 1,268 1,431 1,159 1,028 1,121

Total 3,130 3,132 3,403 3,609 3,412 3,215 2,149 1,734 1,813 1,575 1,424 1,523

1 Norway lobster and Northern prawn.


2.1.3 Denmark: National fleet: composition by size and age, 31 December 1999. Size class Number GT (1000) kW (1000) Age class Number GT (1000) kW (1000)

0 - 4,9 GT 2,458 3.8 42.0 1998-99 27 1.0 3.6

5 - 19,9 GT 1,183 14.1 116.6 1996-97 25 2.6 5.8

20 - 49,9 GT 289 10.4 59.8 1994-95 57 0.6 2.7

50 - 99,9 GT 89 6.0 26.4 1992-93 85 0.5 3.8

100 - 149,9 GT 30 3.6 11.8 1990-91 110 0.2 2.8

150 - 199,9 GT 35 6.1 18.8 Before 1990 3,683 93.9 369.1

> 200 GT 148 55.0 115.1 Unknown 245 0.2 2.8

Total 4,232 99.0 390.7 4,232 99.0 390.7

Source: The Directorate of Fisheries.

2.2.1 Denmark: Trawlers over 200 GT, economic and capacity indicators1995-2000.

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000


Gross output 814 970 1,242 1,347 1,020 936

Fuel costs 69 97 107 86 149 178


Vessel costs 194 215 246 252 244 213

Crew share 237 298 376 419 323 276

Gross cash flow 198 234 361 432 151 132

Appendix 2 125

Depreciation 130 186 173 189 202 186

Interest 96 94 103 120 98 94

Net profit -28 -47 85 124 -149 -148

Gross value added 435 531 738 851 474 408


Employment on board 1 908 937 831 858 811

Invested capital (mDKK) 1 1,596 1,552 1,662 1,771 1,639


Capacity indicators

Volume of landings (1000 t) 1 1,111 1,210 1,021 1,003 973

Number of fishing firms 1 125 128 122 127 125

Fleet - total GT (1000) 1 41 43 44 51 48

1 Data not adequate.


Appendix 2 126

2.2.2 Denmark: Trawlers over 200 GT, composition of landings 1995-2000. Major species/-groups of species


1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Cod 26 13 17 33 28 18 3 2 2 3 2 1

Other codfish 24 10 17 14 9 7 4 2 3 2 2 2

Plaice and Sole 8 0 3 92 146 70 1 0 0 6 8 5

Other flatfish 8 2 6 30 44 25 0 0 0 1 1 1

Herring+Mackerel 116 122 120 80 138 130 72 51 47 38 76 71

Other fish 15 51 55 37 41 16 2 16 12 5 6 1

Lobster+prawns 1 23 22 66 51 14 46 1 1 4 3 1 3

Total for human consumption 219 221 283 338 421 313 83 71 68 59 95 84

Industrial fish 550 687 893 993 592 602 941 1,039 1,142 962 909 890

Total 769 908 1,176 1,331 1,012 915 1,024 1,111 1,210 1,021 1,003 973

1 Norway lobster and Northern prawn.

Source: SJFI. Account statistics for Fisheries. 2.2.3 Denmark: Trawlers over 200 GT, composition by size and age, 31 December 1999 Size class Number GT (1000) kW (1000) Age class Number GT (1000) kW (1000)

200 - 499,9 GT 124 38.3 83.8 1996-97 1 2.2 4.0

> 500 GT 12 9.1 16.3 Before 1990 135 45.2 96.2

Total 136 47.4 100.1 136 47.4 100.1


2.3.1 Denmark: Trawlers, less than 200 GT, economic and capacity indicators 1995-2000.

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000


Gross output 1,202 1,069 1,063 1,132 1,226 1,158

Fuel costs 93 100 92 79 98 161


Vessel costs 242 204 196 201 223 218

Crew share 523 494 467 507 550 538

Gross cash flow 180 126 168 200 197 88

Depreciation 171 146 130 148 146 155

Interest 76 59 62 59 75 66

Net profit -68 -79 -24 -7 -24 -134



Employment on board 2,201 1,970 1,574 1,633 1,734 1,771

Appendix 2 127

Invested capital (mDKK) 1,489 1,233 1,085 1,129 1,185 1,251


Capacity indicators

Volume of landings (1000 t) 1 299 327 240 197 275


Fleet - total GT (1000) 29 25 23 23 23 25

1 Data not adequate.


Appendix 2 128

2.3.2 Denmark: Trawlers, less than 200 GT, composition of landings 1995-2000. Major species/-groups of species


1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Cod 285 329 331 342 388 316 37 46 40 30 34 26

Other codfish 35 36 33 41 30 27 6 6 5 5 4 3

Plaice and Sole 93 101 92 65 101 113 6 6 6 4 6 8

Other flatfish 62 70 71 81 70 99 7 7 8 7 5 7

Herring and Mackerel 44 35 35 72 38 28 29 22 26 45 23 29

Other fish 46 43 40 38 40 47 10 3 5 3 3 6

Lobster and prawn 1 210 249 239 311 408 360 8 10 8 10 10 8

Crustaceans and molluscs 24 54 20 38 67 18 1 3 2 2 3 10

Industrial fish 350 127 179 137 73 123 2 197 228 134 109 179

Total 1,150 1,044 1,040 1,124 1,214 1,131 2 299 327 240 197 275

1 Norway lobster and Northern prawn. 2 Data not adequate.


2.3.3 Denmark: Trawlers, less than 200 GT, composition by size and age, 31 December 1999.

SIZE CLASS Number GT (1000) kW (1000) Age class Number GT (1000) kW (1000)

0 - 4,9 GT 6 0.0 0.6 1998-99 8 0.6 1.9

5 - 19,9 GT 297 5.2 48.1 1996-97 5 0.3 0.9

20 - 49,9 GT 155 5.5 36.6 1994-95 3 0.2 0.8

50 - 99,9 GT 53 3.6 16.9 1992-93 5 0.3 1.1

100 - 149,9 GT 28 3.3 11.1 1990-91 1 0.0 0.1

> 150 GT 32 5.6 17.5 Before 1990 549 21.9 125.8

Total 571 23.3 130.7 571 23.3 130.7


2.4.1 Denmark: Danish seiners, economic and capacity indicators 1995-2000.

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000


Gross output 213 229 237 237 319 205

Fuel costs 8 9 7 6 12 10


Vessel costs 41 38 40 42 57 39

Crew share 116 115 110 112 146 106

Gross cash flow 14 34 46 45 65 18

Depreciation 35 32 24 22 28 20

Interest 17 15 11 13 19 9

Net profit -37 -13 11 10 18 -11

Appendix 2 129



Employment on board 554 475 357 313 391 337

Invested capital (mDKK) 277 256 183 193 260 179


Capacity indicators



Fleet - total GT (1000) 5 5 4 4 9 4


2.4.2 Denmark: Danish seiners, compositions of landings 1995-2000. Major species/-groups of species


1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Cod 82 74 63 116 173 83 8.5 7.5 5.6 8.1 9.6 5.2

Other codfish 10 4 6 18 17 5 1.2 0.5 0.8 1.7 1.3 0.4

Plaice and Sole 90 116 140 72 86 85 7.7 8.2 10.5 5.0 5.7 7.6

Other flatfish 24 28 20 24 34 26 2.0 2.2 1.8 1.7 2.0 1.8

Other fish 5 4 4 6 8 4 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2

Total 211 226 233 235 317 203 19.7 18.8 18.7 16.7 18.9 15.2


2.4.3 Denmark: Danish seiners, composition by size and age, 31 December 1999.

SIZE CLASS Number GT (1000) kW (1000) Age class Number GT (1000) kW (1000)

5 - 19,9 GT 20 0.4 2.4 1994-95 1 0.2 0.3

20 - 49,9 GT 59 2.3 9.6 1992-93

50 - 99,9 GT 13 0.8 3.3 1990-91

>= 100 GT 2 0.3 0.7 Before 1990 93 3.7 15.7

Total 94 3.8 15.9 94 3.8 15.9


2.5.1 Denmark: Gill netters, economic and capacity indicators 1995-2000.

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000


Gross output 532 471 596 533 544 540

Fuel costs 16 17 21 16 19 27


Vessel costs 86 78 93 78 80 85

Crew share 341 311 352 310 335 358

Appendix 2 130

Gross cash flow 14 -6 48 53 33 -8


Interest 33 30 36 43 33 33

Net profit -98 -109 -65 -65 -69 -118




Invested capital (mDKK) 578 510 570 536 478 544


Capacity indicators



Fleet - total GT (1000) 8 9 9 8 7 8


2.5.2 Denmark: Gill netters, composition of landings 1995-2000. Major species/-groups of species


1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Cod 235 222 294 362 370 344 23.0 24.1 25.6 24.5 22.4 21.0

Other codfish 20 20 19 29 27 21 1.6 2.0 1.8 2.3 1.9 1.4

Plaice and Sole 169 142 169 82 98 103 9.7 7.1 7.9 3.6 4.0 4.0

Other flatfish 58 39 43 29 25 26 2.7 2.1 1.7 1.3 1.4 1.6

Herring and Mackerel 2 0 2 3 1 1 1.5 0.2 0.6 0.9 0.1 0.2

Other fish 26 41 55 18 17 30 1.3 2.1 1.9 0.6 0.6 1.4

Crustaceans and molluscs 3 2 4 3 2 6 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.3

Total 513 466 586 525 540 532 39.9 37.7 39.8 33.3 30.6 29.9


2.5.3 Denmark: Gill netters, composition by size and age, 31 December 1999.

SIZE CLASS Number GT (1000) KW (1000) Age class Number GT (1000) kW (1000)

0 - 4,9 GT 560 1.6 16.2 1998/99 8 0.2 1.0

5 - 19,9 GT 557 5.5 42.2 1996/97 3 0.0 0.2

20 - 49,9 GT 53 1.9 10.1 1994/95 11 0.1 0.7

50 - 99,9 GT 19 1.2 5.4 1992/93 18 0.1 1.1

>= 100 GT 1 0.1 0.3 1990/91 18 0.1 0.8

Before 1990 1,117 9.9 70.1

Unknown 15 0.0 0.3

Total 1,190 10.3 74.2 1,190 10.3 74.2


Appendix 2 131

Appendix 2 132

3. Finland

3.0 Finland: Composition of the national fleet, 2000.

TOTAL FLEET Fleet segments

Pelagic trawlers Offshore vessels

Economic indicators

Value of landings (mEUR) 21.6 11.2 1.8

Gross value added (mEUR) 6.6 1

Gross cash flow (mEUR) 2.6 0.4

Net (financial) profit (mEUR) -0.7 -0.1

0.1.23.12. Other economic indicators

Employment on board (number) 2,709 296 61

Invested capital (mEUR) 19.9 2.9

Effort (1000 days at sea) 8.3 1.7

Capacity indicators

Volume of landings (1000 t) 102.8 93.1 752

Fleet - number of vessels 3,701 120 36

Fleet - total GT (1000) 21 7.8 0.9

Fleet - total kW (1000) 200 38.3 6.9

0.1.23.13. Average characteristics of vessels

GT 65 26

kW 319 193

Length. loa 18 13

Age 28 25

3.1.1 Finland: National fleet, economic and capacity indicator, 1995-2000. 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Costs and earnings (m FIM)

Value of landings 130.9 151.1 158.9 156.5 134.5 128.3

Fuel costs

Other running costs

Vessel costs

Crew share

Gross cash flow

Depreciation

Appendix 2 133

Interest

Net profit

Gross value added



Invested capital

Effort (1000 days at sea)

Capacity indicators

Volume of landings (1000 t) 106.1 116.6 117.6 118.8 107.7 102.8

Fleet – number of vessels 3,881 4,100 3,987 3,987 3,881 3,701

Fleet - total GT (1000) 22.6 24.7 24 24 22 21

Fleet - total kW (1000) 216 230 219 219 210 200

Appendix 2 134

3.1.2 Finland: National fleet, composition of landings, 1995-2000. Major species/-groups of species

Value (mFIM) Volume (1000 t)

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Baltic herring 72.0 77.9 84.5 84.5 63.7 58.0 94.6 93.3 90.3 85.5 82.2 75.3

Sprat 3.0 8.9 12.5 15.5 6.5 11.0 4.1 14.4 19.9 27 18.9 22.0

Whitefish 13.1 16.1 14.3 18.4 18.4 17.1 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.1

Cod 7.1 15.5 9.5 7.1 13.7 13.2 1.9 3.1 1.5 1 1.6 1.6

Salmon 17.3 12.5 13.7 10.1 10.7 9.9 1.2 1 1.1 0.7 0.6 0.5

Pike-perch 8.3 9.5 12.5 8.3 7.7 7.5 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.4

Others 10.1 10.7 11.9 12.5 13.7 11.7 2.6 2.9 2.9 2.9 1.8 1.9

Total 130.9 151.1 158.9 156.5 134.5 128.3 106 117 118 119 107.7 102.8

Source: Finnish Game Fisheries Research Institute.

3.1.3 Finland: National fleet, composition by size and age, 1.1.2000. Size class (GT) Number GRT (1000) kW (1000) Age class Number GRT (1000) kW (1000)

4 - 50 3632 13.3 169.4 1990-99

50 - 119 53 4.3 19.1 1980-89

120 - 149 4 0.5 2.2 1970-79

150 - 200 6 1.1 3.7 older than 1970

>200 6 1.9 5.7

Total 3701 21.0 200.1 Total

3.2.1 Finland: Pelagic trawlers, economic and capacity indicators, 1995-2000. 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Costs and earnings (mFIM)


Fuel costs 7.1 9 9.2 10 12.4

Other running costs 1.5 2 2.1 1.6 1.6

Vessel costs 13.2 16.7 16.7 12.2 13.3

Crew share 22.1 28.1 25 21.1 23.7

Gross cash flow 21.3 27 29.4 15.8 15.5

Depreciation 18.6 20.4 21.1 18.7 17.8

Interest 5 4.8 3.6 4 2.2

Net profit -2.3 1.8 4.8 -6.8 -4.5

Gross value added 43.4 55.1 54.4 37 39.2


Employment on board (FTE) 120 120 130 109 108

Invested capital 136 132 124 132 119

Effort (1000 days at sea) 10.1 9.7 9.8 10.5 8.6 8.3

Appendix 2 135

Capacity indicators

Volume of landings (1000 t) 90.3 87.2 90.6 91 86.2 93.1

Fleet - number of vessels 169 154 152 148 128 120

Fleet - total GT (1000) 8 8.9 9.1 8.1 7.8

Fleet - total kW (1000) 42.7 45.5 44.9 40.7 38.3

3.2.2 Finland: Pelagic trawlers, composition of landings, 1995-2000. Major species/-groups of species

Value (mFIM) Volume (1000 t)

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Baltic herring 64.7 58.3 75.7 71.5 53.5 54.9 86.2 75 77.3 71.8 69 71.2

Sprat 3.1 7.0 7.1 10.9 5.9 10.9 4.1 12.2 11.9 19.2 16.9 21.7

Total 67.8 65.2 82.8 82.4 59.5 66.5 90.3 87.2 89.2 91 85.8 93.1

Appendix 2 136

3.2.3 Finland: Pelagic trawlers, compostion by size and age, 1.1.2000. Size class (GT) Number GT (1000) kW (1000) Age class Number GT (1000) kW (1000)

4 - 50 67 1.6 13.0 1990 - 9 1.0 5.1

50 - 119 40 3.2 15.1 1980-89 41 1.4 9.6

120 - 149 3 0.4 1.6 1970-79 21 0.8 4.0

150 - 200 4 0.7 2.8 -1970 49 4.5 19.6

>200 6 1.9 5.7

Total 120 7.8 38.3 Total 120 7.8 38.3

3.3.1 Finland: Offshore vessels, economic and capacity indicators, 1996-2000. 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Costs and earnings (mFIM)

Value of landings1 8.5 10.2 10.9

Fuel costs 0.7 1.0 1.3

Other running costs 0.6 0.5 0.5

Vessel costs 2.6 3.2 3.4

Crew share 2.7 3.3 3.5

Gross cash flow 1.8 2.3 2.2

Depreciation 2.6 2.6 2.5

Interest 0.3 0.3 0.3

Net profit -1.1 -0.6 -0.6

Gross value added 4.6 5.5 5.7


Employment on board (number) 64 63 61

Invested capital (mln FIM) 18.4 17.9 17.4

Effort (days at sea) 1,765 1,577 1,712

Capacity indicators

Volume of landings (tonnes) 765 704 752

Fleet - number of vessels 38 37 36

Fleet - total GT 970 945 919

Fleet - total kW 7,318 7,126 6,933 1 Value of landings also includes other sources of income.

3.3.2 Finland: Offshore vessels, composition of landings. 1996-2000. Major species/-groups of species

Value (mFIM) Volume (tonnes)

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Cod 3.2 3.2 3.1 475 373 375

Salmon 4.2 5.7 6.2 290 331 328

Total 7.4 8.9 9.5 765 704 752

Appendix 2 137

3.3.3 Finland: Offshore vessels, composition by size and age, 1.1.2000. Size class (GT) Number GT kW Age class Number GT kW

5 – 49 33 615 5909 1990 - 4 87 1 045

50 - 3 304 1024 1980-89 17 331 3 344

1970-79 6 263 1 181

-1970 9 238 1 363

Total 36 919 6,933 Total 36 919 6,933

Appendix 2 138

4. France

4.0 France: Composition of the national fleet, 2000

Channel and

Atlantic non

trawlers < 12m

Channel and

Atlantic trawlers < 30m

Channel and

Atlantic trawlers > 30m

Channel and

Atlantic non

trawlers 12-25 m

Mediterr--anean small

vessels

Mediterr--anean

trawlersOthers

Value of landings (mEUR) * 1,135 164 528 119 92 32 59 141Gross value added (mEUR) ** 141 381 87 77 27 41Gross cash flow (m EUR) ** 36 121 35 19 6 13Net (financial) profit (mEUR) ** 23 54 19 8 2 4

Employment on board 14,990 3,593 5,946 892 1,289 1,588 589 1,093Invested capital (mEUR) 1,193 138 601 138 94 20 52 150Effort (1000 days at sea)

Volume of landings (1,000 t) *** 605Fleet - number of vessels **** 5,669 2,157 1,621 71 248 1,351 132 89Fleet - total GRT (1,000) **** 166.2 11.9 58.3 29 10.3 4.4 7.3 45Fleet - total kW (1,000) **** 907 168 373 73 61 74 40 118

GRT 29 5 36 408 41 3 55 506kW 160 78 230 1,026 245 54 303 1,329Length, loa 11 8 15 42 16 7 22 42Age 21 19 20 21 19 25 27 22* Estimated by IFREMER on the basis of IFREMER 2001 Economic Survey and OFIMER data on frozen landings in 1998 and 1999.** Preliminary data. Based on IFREMER 2001 Economic Survey.

**** Excluded Corsica and overseas islands. Sources : Ministry of Agriculture - DPMA, IFREMER, CAAM, CRTS

Other economic indicators **

Capacity indicators

Average characteristics of vessels ****

*** Estimated on the basis of OFIMER data on frozen landing prices for 1998 and 1999 and on the basis of changes in auction prices between 1999 and 2000

Total fleet

Fleet segments

Economic indicators

Appendix 2 139

4.1.1 France: National fleet, economic and capacity indicators, 1995-2000 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Value of landings 7,445Fuel costsOther running costsVessel costsCrew shareGross cash flowDepreciationInterestNet profitGross value added

Employment on board 14,990Invested capital (m FRF) 7,826Effort (1,000 days at sea)

Volume of landings (1,000 t) 605Fleet - number of vessels 6,368 6,256 6,031 5,929 5,749 5,669Fleet - total GRT (1,000) 177 178 172 169 166 166Fleet - total kW (1,000) 974 971 943 928 909 907* Provisional data. Based on IFREMER 2001 Economic Survey.** Ministry of Agriculture - DPMA, IFREMER, CAAM, CRTS. Excluded Corsica and overseas islands.

Costs and earnings (m FRF) *

Other economic indicators *

Capacity indicators **

4.1.2 France: National fleet, composition of landings, 1995-2000

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000* 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000*Sole 400 433 482 509 511 562 9 8 8 8 8 9Anglerfish 353 365 422 413 368 357 16 16 16 15 11 10Nephrops 350 337 308 289 295 289 9 8 7 6 6 6Cod 180 193 210 255 213 168 16 17 19 17 12 8OtherTotal 7,445 605

Major species Value (m FRF) Volume (1,000 t)

* Data per species are estimated on the basis of trends on auctionsSources : Ministry of agriculture - DPMA, IFREMER, OFIMER (exFIOM), CAAM, CRTS.

4.1.3 France: National fleet, composition by size and age, 2000 Size class Number GRT (1,000) kW (1,000) Age class Number GRT (1,000) kW (1,000)< 7 meters 1,496 3.3 51 1991 - 2001 382 12.9 667 – 9 meters 1,271 5.6 91 1981 - 1990 2,272 75.5 4269 – 12 meters 1,392 13.4 168 1980 and older 2,825 73.4 39012-16 meters 532 14.5 110 No information 190 4.4 2516-24 meters 710 43.0 24824-40 meters 207 29.7 107> = 40 meters 61 56.7 132Total 5,669 166.2 907 Total 5,669 166.2 907Sources : Ministry of Agriculture - DPMA, IFREMER, CAAM, CRTS. Excluded Corsica and overseas islands.

Appendix 2 140

Appendix 2 141

4.2.1 France: Channel and Atlantic non trawlers, < 12 m, economic and capacity indicators, 1995-2000

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Value of landings 1,075Fuel costs 67Other running costs 83Vessel costs 241Crew share 448Gross cash flow 235Depreciation 66Interest 20Net profit 150Gross value added 925

Employment on board 3,593Invested capital (m FRF) 906Effort (1,000 days at sea)

Volume of landings (1,000 t)Fleet - number of vessels 2,206 2,157Fleet - total GRT (1,000) 12 11.9Fleet - total kW (1,000) 170 168

** Ministry of Agriculture - DPMA, IFREMER, CAAM, CRTS




* Provisional data. Based on IFREMER 2001 Economic Survey.

4.2.2 France: Channel and Atlantic non trawlers, < 12 m, composition of landings, 1995-2000

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Total * 1,075



4.2.3 France: Channel and Atlantic non trawlers, < 12 m, composition by size and age, 2000 Size class Number GRT (1,000) kW (1,000) Age class Number GRT (1,000) kW (1,000)< 7 meters 673 1.8 25 1991 - 2001 211 1.2 207 – 9 meters 794 3.6 57 1981 - 1990 902 5 819 – 12 meters 690 6.5 86 1980 and older 987 5.2 6312-16 meters No information 57 0.4 416-24 meters24-40 meters> = 40 metersTotal 2,157 11.9 168 Total 2,157 11,9 168Sources : Ministry of Agriculture - DPMA, IFREMER, CAAM, CRTS.

Appendix 2 142

4.3.1 France: Channel and Atlantic trawlers, < 30 m, economic and capacity indicators, 1995-2000

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Value of landings 3,464Fuel costs 600Other running costs 373Vessel costs 601Crew share 1,097Gross cash flow 793Depreciation 331Interest 109Net profit 353Gross value added 2,491

Employment on board 5,946Invested capital (m FRF) 3,940Effort (1,000 days at sea)

Volume of landings (1,000 t)Fleet – number of vessels 1,619 1,621Fleet - total GRT (1,000) 57.6 58.3Fleet - total kW (1,000) 370 373* Provisional data. Based on IFREMER 2001 Economic Survey.** Ministry of Agriculture - DPMA, IFREMER, CAAM, CRTS




4.3.2 France: Channel and Atlantic trawlers, < 30 m, composition of landings, 1995-2000

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Total * 3,464



4.3.3 France: Channel and Atlantic trawlers, < 30 m, composition by size and age, 2000 Size class Number GRT (1,000) kW (1,000) Age class Number GRT (1,000) kW (1,000)< 7 meters 10 0 1 1991 - 2001 50 2.7 147 – 9 meters 135 0.7 10 1981 - 1990 732 37 2139 – 12 meters 539 5.8 64 1980 and older 814 17.1 13912-16 meters 357 10.5 79 No information 25 1.6 716-24 meters 512 32.8 18724-40 meters 68 8.4 33> = 40 metersTotal 1,621 58.3 373 Total 1,621 58.3 373Sources : Ministry of Agriculture - DPMA, IFREMER, CAAM, CRTS.

Appendix 2 143

4.4.1 France: Channel and Atlantic trawlers, > 30 m, economic and capacity indicators, 1995-2000

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Value of landings 780Fuel costs 153Other running costs 58Vessel costs 115Crew share 224Gross cash flow 230Depreciation 83Interest 20Net profit 127Gross value added 569

Employment on board 892Invested capital (m FRF) 903Effort (1,000 days at sea)

Volume of landings (1,000 t)Fleet - number of vessels 71 71Fleet - total GRT (1,000) 29.1 29Fleet - total kW (1,000) 73 73* Provisional data. Based on IFREMER 2001 Economic Survey.** Ministry of Agriculture - DPMA, IFREMER, CAAM, CRTS




4.4.2 France: Channel and Atlantic trawlers, > 30 m, composition of landings, 1995-2000

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Total * 780* Provisional data. Based on IFREMER 2001 Economic Survey.


4.4.3 France: Channel and Atlantic trawlers, > 30 m, composition by size and age, 2000 Size class Number GRT (1,000) kW (1,000) Age class Number GRT (1,000) kW (1,000)< 7 meters 1991 - 2001 2 0.5 17 – 9 meters 1981 - 1990 21 7.4 209 – 12 meters 1980 and older 47 20.9 5112-16 meters No information 1 0.2 116-24 meters24-40 meters 45 10.6 30> = 40 meters 26 18.4 43Total 71 29 73 Total 71 29 73Sources : Ministry of Agriculture - DPMA, IFREMER, CAAM, CRTS.

Appendix 2 144

4.5.1 France: Channel and Atlantic non trawlers, 12-25 m, economic and capacity indicators, 1995-2000

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000



Volume of landings (1,000 t)Fleet - number of vessels 255 248Fleet - total GRT (1,000) 10.5 10.3Fleet - total kW (1,000) 63 61

** Ministry of Agriculture - DPMA, IFREMER, CAAM, CRTS





4.5.2 France: Channel and Atlantic trawlers, 12-25 m, composition of landings, 1995-2000

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000



4.5.3 France: Channel and Atlantic trawlers, 12-25 m, composition by size and age, 2000 Size class Number GRT (1,000) kW (1,000) Age class Number GRT (1,000) kW (1,000)< 7 meters 1991 - 2001 16 0.8 47 – 9 meters 1981 - 1990 129 5.2 349 – 12 meters 1980 and older 101 4.1 2212-16 meters 140 3.5 26 No information 2 0.1 116-24 meters 105 6.4 3324-40 meters 3 0.3 1> = 40 metersTotal 248 10.3 61 Total 248 10.3 61Sources : Ministry of Agriculture - DPMA, IFREMER, CAAM, CRTS.

Appendix 2 145

4.6.1 France: Mediterranean small vessels, economic and capacity indicators, 1995-2000 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000



Volume of landings (1,000 t)Fleet - number of vessels 1,373 1,351Fleet - total GRT (1,000) 4.4 4.4Fleet - total kW (1,000) 74 74* Provisional data. Based on IFREMER 2001 Economic Survey.** Ministry of Agriculture - DPMA, IFREMER, CAAM, CRTS. Excluded Corsica.




4.6.2 France: Mediterranean small vessels, composition of landings, 1995-2000

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000



4.6.3 France: Mediterranean small vessels, composition by size and age, 2000 Size class Number GRT (1,000) kW (1,000) Age class Number GRT (1,000) kW (1,000)< 7 meters 813 1.5 25 1991 - 2001 86 0.4 77 – 9 meters 342 1.2 24 1981 - 1990 449 1.4 319 – 12 meters 163 1.1 19 1980 and older 716 2.2 3112-16 meters 27 0.3 3 No information 100 0.4 616-24 meters 6 0.2 224-40 meters> = 40 metersTotal 1,351 4.4 74 Total 1,351 4.4 74Sources : Ministry of Agriculture - DPMA, IFREMER, CAAM, CRTS. Excluded Corsica.

Appendix 2 146

4.7.1 France: Mediterranean trawlers, economic and capacity indicators, 1995-2000 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000


Employment on board 589Invested capital (m FRF) 341Effort (1,000 days at sea)

Volume of landings (1,000 t)Fleet - number of vessels 133 132Fleet - total GRT (1,000) 7.2 7.3Fleet - total kW (1,000) 40 40* Provisional data. Based on IFREMER 2001 Economic Survey.** Ministry of Agriculture - DPMA, IFREMER, CAAM, CRTS. Excluded Corsica.




4.7.2 France: Mediterranean trawlers, composition of landings, 1995-2000

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Total * 385



4.7.3 France: Mediterranean trawlers, composition by size and age, 2000 Size class Number GRT (1,000) kW (1,000) Age class Number GRT (1,000) kW (1,000)< 7 meters 1991 - 2001 5 0.5 17 – 9 meters 1981 - 1990 15 1.2 59 – 12 meters 1980 and older 109 5.3 3312-16 meters 5 0.1 1 No information 3 0.3 116-24 meters 75 3.1 2324-40 meters 52 4.1 16> = 40 metersTotal 132 7.3 40 Total 132 7.3 40Sources : Ministry of Agriculture - DPMA, IFREMER, CAAM, CRTS. Excluded Corsica.

Appendix 2 147

5. Greece 5.0 Greece: Composition of the national fleet, 2000


Deep water Trawl

Coastal trawlers Other

Economic indicators

Value of landings (m Euro) 249.6 4.5 5.7 240.4

Gross value added (m Euro) 2.2 2.6

Gross cash flow (m Euro) 0.8 0.9

Net (financial) profit (m Euro) -0.02 -0.12


Employment on board (FTEs) 36,273 81 111 36,081

Invested capital (m Euro) 7.9 12.3

Effort (1000 days at sea) 4,072 3.8 7.0 4,061

Capacity indicators

Volume of landings (1000 t) 93.3 1.2 1.7 90.4

Fleet – number of vessels 19,644 20 37 19,587

Fleet - total GRT (1000) 102.3 1.6 2.7 98.0

Fleet - total kW (1000) 609.9 6.8 12.2 590.9


GRT 5.2 80 72

kW 31 341 332

Length, loa 7.3 27.4 24.2

Age 21 10 20

Source:Directory of Fisheries-Ministry of Agriculture, Cooperative of Trawlers of N.Mihaniona

Appendix 2 148

5.1.1 Greece: National fleet,economic and capacity indicators, 1995-2000 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Costs and earnings (bln GRD)


Fuel costs

Other running costs

Vessel costs

Crew share

Gross cash flow

Depreciation

Interest

Net profit

Gross value added


Employment on board (FTEs) 41,757 41,822 41,893 38,644 36,729 36,273

Invested capital (m GRD )

Effort (1000 days at sea) 4,285 3,930 3,970 4,210 4,072

Capacity indicators



Fleet - total GRT (1000) 112.0 111.6 111.2 108.6 103.7 102.3

Fleet - total kW (1000) 660.2 657.3 657.3 646.6 615.7 609.9

Sources: National Satistics Service, Directory of Fisheries- Ministry of Agriculture

5.1.2 Greece: National fleet,composition of landings, 1995-2000

Major species Value (bln GRD) Volume (1000 t)

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Hake 6.2 5.5 5.2 4.7 4.7 4.9 5.45 4.65 4.23 3.28 3.13 2.95

Anglerfish 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.8 1.51 0.94 0.90 0.79 0.74 0.89

Common shrimp 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 0.87 1.26 1.63 1.54 1.17 1.45

Shrimp 2.3 2.4 3.0 5.6 6.1 6.6 1.86 2.28 2.45 1.89 1.81 1.64

Crawfish 1.7 0.9 0.7 0.6 1.5 0.8 1.10 0.49 0.35 0.47 0.24 0.27

Stripped mullet 3.5 3.7 3.7 2.8 2.7 3.3 2.60 2.53 2.40 1.82 1.73 1.81

Anchovies 4.9 5.8 4.9 6.4 6.2 5.0 13.87 15.07 14.57 17.53 16.46 9.86

Bogues 2.8 3.3 3.2 3.0 2.9 2.6 6.84 6.74 5.94 4.46 4.67 4.1

Chub mackerel 2.3 3.0 2.6 1.4 1.1 1.4 6.47 6.52 5.65 2.23 1.85 2.29

Other 78.6 80.3 80.7 60.8 66.8 58.5 118.30 116.29 115.68 78.89 83.69 68

Total 103.7 106.2 105.5 86.9 93.7 85.0 158.87 156.77 153.80 112.9 115.49 93.26

Appendix 2 149

Sources:National Statistics Service of Greece,Wholesale Action markets of Pireaus, Thessaloniki, Kavala, Chalkida,Patra.

5.1.3 Greece: National fleet, composition by size and age,31-12-00

Size class Number GRT (1000) kW (1000) Age class Number GRT (1000) kW (1000)

5 < 15,789 27.8 241.6 1999-2000 141 1.1 6.7

5-49 2,853 37.6 235.7 1997-98 508 2.8 15.9

50 – 119 310 23.1 89.9 1995-96 766 4.1 23.5

120-199 23 3.5 10.5 1993-94 805 4.1 21.8

>200 26 10.3 21.6 1991-92 613 4.6 23.9

Uknown 643 10.7 1990 and older 16,568 84.5 510.9

Uknown 243 1.1 7.3

Total 19,644 102.3 609.9 Total 19,644 102.3 609.9

Sources:Directory of Fisheries - Ministry of Agriculture

5.2.1 Greece:Thermaikos deep water trawlers ,economic and capacity indicators,1995-20000

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Costs and earnings (mGRD)

Value of landings 994 1,128 1,241 1,464 1,496 1,518

Fuel costs 202 248 259 245 215 325


Vessel costs 87 164 190 191 158 138

Crew share 297 344 374 493 503 469

Gross cash flow 165 130 131 241 287 263

Depreciation 110 120 132 159 176 183

Interest 135 83 110 163 172 87

Net profit -80 -73 -111 -81 -61 -7



Employment on board (FTEs) 110 110 110 81 81 81

Invested capital (m GRD) 1,696 1,850 2,008 2,405 2,605 2,704


Capacity Indicators


Fleet – number of vessels 18 18 18 20 20 20

Fleet - total GRT (1000) 1.48 1.48 1.48 1.59 1.59 1.59

Fleet - total kW (1000) 6.15 6.15 6.15 6.82 6.82 6.82

Sources: Producers sales Invoices, Personal Interviews with producers,Department of Fisheries of Thessaloniki

Appendix 2 150

5.2.2 Greece: Thermaikos deep water trawlers,composition of landing, 1995-2000

Major species Value (mGRD) Volume (1000 t)

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 2000 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Shrimp 43 57 70 226 253 169 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.08 0.07 0.03

Crawfish 187 210 180 242 150 133 0.09 0.09 0.07 0.08 0.05 0.03

Common shrimp 45 127 152 232 199 141 0.05 0.18 0.23 0.24 0.22 0.21

Hake 130 162 229 277 257 354 0.09 0.11 0.13 0.19 0.17 0.2

Anglerfish 48 81 41 56 53 65 0.11 0.17 0.13 0.08 0.07 0.08

Stripped mullet 63 58 56 74 209 84 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.12 0.04

Other 478 433 514 356 376 572 0.64 0.56 0.50 0.56 0.52 0.63

Total 994 1,128 1,241 1,464 1,496 1,518 1.04 1.15 1.11 1.27 1.22 1.22

Sources:Wholesale Auction Fishmarket of Thessaloniki, Producers sales invoices

5.2.3 Greece: Thermaikos deep water trawlers, composition by size and age, 31-12-00


5 - 49 3 0.14 0.92 1999-2000 0 0 0

50 – 119 17 1.45 5.9 1997-98 2 0.16 0.68

120 – 149 1995-96 4 0.28 1.33

>200 1993-94 0 0 0

1991-92 3 0.18 0.85

1990 and older 11 0.97 3.96

Total 20 1.59 6.82 Total 20 1.59 6.82

Source:Cooperative of Trawlers of N.Mihaniona,Department of Fisheries of Thessaloniki

Appendix 2 151

5.3.1 Greece:Thermaikos coastal water trawlers, economic and capacity indicators, 1995-2000

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Costs and earnings (m GRD)

Value of landings 1,531 1,669 1,719 1,670 1,742 1,942

Fuel costs 354 383 401 233 287 467


Vessel costs 168 231 237 157 195 181

Crew share 439 535 539 620 580 600

Gross cash flow 185 199 186 356 269 302

Depreciation 159 172 192 190 203 210

Interest 253 159 213 259 266 135

Net profit -227 -132 -219 -93 -199 -43




Invested capital (m GRD) 3,188 3,548 3,881 3,826 4,033 4,197

Effort (1000 days at sea) 7.2 7.2 7.5 6.8 6.9 7

Capacity indicators



Fleet - total GRT (1000) 2.83 2.91 2.91 2.66 2.66 2.66

Fleet - total kW (1000) 12.89 13.46 13.46 12.22 12.22 12.22

Sources:Producers Sales Invoices, Personal Interviews with producers,Department of Fisheries of Thesssaloniki

5.3.2 Greece: Thermaikos coastal water trawlers, composition of landings, 1995-2000

Major species Value (mGRD) Volume (1000 t)

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Shrimp 223 414 417 416 355 418 0.08 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.1 0.09

Crawfish 170 177 172 90 136 124 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.03 0.04 0.03

Common shrimp 38 135 168 245 273 270 0.04 0.15 0.20 0.26 0.3 0.4

Hake 94 126 154 149 323 349 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.21 0.2

Anglerfish 66 94 99 55 50 144 0.15 0.20 0.21 0.08 0.06 0.17

Stripped Mullet 63 51 62 94 137 188 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.08 0.1

Other 876 671 647 622 469 449 1.04 0.78 0.97 0.72 0.69 0.71

Total 1,531 1,669 1,719 1,670 1,742 1,942 1.51 1.45 1.69 1.38 1.48 1.7

Sources:Wholesale Auction Fishmarket of Thessaloniki, Producers sales invoices

5.3.3 Greece: Thermaikos coastal trawlers, composition by size and age, 31-12-00

Appendix 2 152


5 - 49 6 0.31 1.75 1999-2000 1 0.03 0.21

50 – 119 31 2.35 10.47 1997-98 1 0.05 0.27

120 – 149 1995-96 2 0.16 0.81

>200 1993-94 1 0.06 0.31

1991-92 1 0.06 0.37

1990 and older 31 2.30 10.25

Total 37 2.66 12.22 Total 37 2.66 12.22

Source: Cooperative of Trawlers of N.Mihaniona,Department of Fisheries of Thessaloniki

Appendix 2 153

6. Ireland

6.0 Ireland: Composition of the national fleet, 2000


OFMP1 Polyvalent Beamer Pelagic Other

<20 metres

Economic indicators

Value of landings (mEUR) 219 59

Gross value added (mEUR) 22

Gross cash flow (mEUR) 0

Net (financial) profit (mEUR) -8


Employment on board (FTEs) 6,000 930

Invested capital (mEUR) 91

Effort (1000 days at sea) 28

Capacity indicators

Volume of landings (1000 t) 318 48

Fleet – number of vessels 1,331 137 1,036 6 22 130

Fleet - total GT (1000) 59 21 14 1 20 4

Fleet - total kW (1000) 194 71 64 5 37 17


GT 44 154 13 189 892 29

kW 146 516 61 855 1,698 131

Length, loa 12 25 9 31 41 14

Sources : ESRI, Department of the Marine and Natural Resources Vessel register

1: Offshore multi-purpose fleet

Appendix 2 154

6.1.1 Ireland: National fleet, economic and capacity indicators, 1995-2000

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Costs and earnings (mIEP)

Value of landings 121 133 145 166 166 172

Fuel costs

Other running costs

Vessel costs

Crew share

Gross cash flow

Depreciation

Interest

Net profit

Gross value added


Employment on board (FTEs) 5,500 6,300 6,000

Invested capital (mIEP)


Capacity indicators


Fleet numbers 1,385 1,249 1,198 1,112 1,709 1,331

Fleet - total GT (1000) 56 55 55 54 74 59

Fleet - total kW (1000) 198 191 191 187 255 194

Sources: ESRI estimations, Department of the Marine and the Natural Resources

6.1.2 Ireland: National fleet, composition of landings, 1995-2000

Major species Value (mIEP) Volume (1000 t)

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Mackerel 15 19 18 30 16 22 79 50 53 67 60 70

Horse Mackerel 16 18 16 14 16 12 178 128 75 74 58 55

Herring 8 12 8 8 7 8 47 72 57 58 45 42

Nephrops 10 7 9 10 12 13 4 3 3 4 5 5

Other 73 78 94 104 115 118 76 80 119 139 139 146

Total 121 133 145 166 166 172 384 332 308 343 307 318

Source: Department of the Marine and Natural Resources.

6.1.3 Ireland: National fleet, composition by size and age, 2000

Size class (GT) Number GT (1000) kW (1000) Age class Number GT (1000) kW (1000)

Appendix 2 155

0 – 10 847 2.9 30.6 1990-2000 68 16.6 36.0

10 – 25 128 1.8 11.6 1980-1989 453 12.7 44.6

25 – 50 85 3.1 12.0 1970-1979 500 19.4 72.0

50 – 100 131 10 35.9 1960-1969 198 6.8 28.1

100 – 200 81 11.2 36.3 1950-1959 51 2.3 7.7

>200 59 30.2 67.3 1949 and older 61 1.4 5.4

Total 1331 59.2 193.7 Total 1,331 59.2 193.7

Source: Department of Marine and Natural Resources. Includes only registered vessels

Appendix 2 156

6.2.1 Ireland: Offshore multi-purpose, economic and capacity indicators, 1995-2000

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Costs and earnings (mIEP)

Value of landings 28 30 39 44 44 47

Fuel costs 4 4 6 6 8 11


Vessel costs 7 7 10 10 12 7

Crew share 8 9 12 13 12 17

Gross cash flow 5 5 7 8 7 0


Interest 1 1 1 0 1 0

Net profit -2 -2 0 2 -1 -6



Employment on board (FTEs) 660 846 1,155 930

Invested capital (mIEP) 80 78 86 91

Effort (1000 days at sea) 28 28

Capacity indicators


Fleet – number of vessels 132 129 176 137

Fleet - total GT (1000) 19 18 26 21

Fleet - total kW (1000) 65 65 89 71

Sources: Department of the Marine and Natural Resources, ESRI cost and earnings survey, ESRI estimates

6.2.2 Ireland: Offshore multi-purpose, composition of landings, 1995-2000

Major species Value (mIEP) Volume (1000 t)

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Monk 2 3 4 5 6 5 1 1 2 3 3 2

Hake 2 2 5 4 6 3 1 1 2 1 1 1

Nephrops 5 3 4 5 5 6 2 1 1 2 2 2

Megrim 3 3 3 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2

Other 15 18 23 26 25 28 24 27 29 39 37 40

Total 28 30 39 44 44 47 29 32 35 47 45 48

Source: Department of the Marine and Natural Resources

6.2.3 Ireland: Offshore multi-purpose, composition by size and age, 2000


? 8 ? 5.8 1990-2000 3 0.2 0.7

Appendix 2 157

15 – 75 9 0.5 2.5 1980-1989 7 0.8 2.6

75 – 150 64 7.0 23.6 1970-1979 23 2.6 11.4

150 – 225 33 6.3 18.7 1960-1969 63 9.7 31.1

225 – 325 13 3.4 9.8 1950-1959 26 3.8 13.9

> 325 10 3.9 10.2 1949 and older 15 4.0 10.8

Total 137 21.1 70.6 Total 137 21.1 70.6

Source: Department of Marine and Natural Resources. Includes only registered vessels

Appendix 2 158

7. Italy 7.0 Italy: Position of the segments in national fleet, 2000

Fleet segments Total fleet

trawlers purse seiners

midwater pair

trawlers

dredgers multi-purpose trawlers

small scale

fisheries

tuna fisheries

swordfish fisheries

Economic indicators

Value of landings (mEUR) 1,558.2 496.0 66.9 42.1 67.4

324.6 497.4 40.7 23.0

Gross value added (mEUR) 995.1 269.4 47.5 27.0 53.7

182.0 377.4 25.0 13.1

Gross cash flow (mEUR) 496.2 102.7 22.5 10.3 31.5

69.2 249.5 5.1 5.4

Net (financial) profit (mEUR) 378.9 63.4 18.9 6.7 23.8

39.9 223.7 - 0.7 3.3

Employment on board (FTEs) 46,938 9,259 1,950 805 1,521

8,275 23,580 769 779

Invested capital (mEUR) 2,418.1 927.0 87.2 79.3 115.6

546.1 522.3 105.8 34.8

Capacity indicators

Fleet - number of vessels 18,390 2,210 198 130 730

2,853 11,884 215 170

Fleet - GRT (1000) 207.4 93.3 8.9 8.5 7.6

43.8 31.2 11.1 3.0

Fleet - kW(1000) 1,404.9 487.5 47.7 46.7 78.9

377.4 284.8 55.9 26.0


GRT 11 42 45 66 10

15 3 52 18

kW 76 221 241 359 108

132 24 260 153

Length 10 19 20 23 14

14 7 19 14

Age 25 27 25 24 17

22 27 21 23

Source: Irepa.

Appendix 2 159

7.1.1 Italy: National fleet, economic and capacity indicators, 1995-2000 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Costs and earnings (billion ITL)

Value of landings 3,059.4 3,160.8 3,145.1 3,351.6 3,000.3 3,017.1

Fuel costs 350.0 389.8 378.0 409.6 421.1 506.0

Other running costs 316.2 367.0 370.4 415.9 390.4 354.5

Vessel costs 226.7 279.7 272.8 289.3 257.1 229.7

Crew share 1,034.0 1,096.3 1,034.0 1,192.1 1,071.1 966.1

Gross cash flow 1,132.6 1,027.9 1,090.0 1,044.8 860.6 960.7

Depreciation 204.5 207.9 209.2 208.2 201.0 194.6

Interest 79.6 74.8 64.0 38.8 36.8 32.5

Net (financial) profit 848.5 745.2 816.8 797.8 622.8 733.6

Gross value added 2,166.6 2,124.2 2,124.0 2,236.9 1,931.6 1,926.9



Invested capital (billion ITL) 4,725.6 4,773.6 4,870.5 4,914.4 4,807.2 4,682.2

Effort (days 1000) 2,995.1 3,069.1 3,157.1 3,158.1 3,055.7 3,048.6

Capacity indicators


Fleet - number of vessels 18,832 18,989 19,244 19,607 19,075 18,390

Fleet - total GRT (1000) 244.5 232.8 235.7 228.4 219.5 207.4

Fleet - total kW (1000) 1,449.1 1,438.5 1,450.0 1,521.7 1,483.8 1,404.9

Source: Irepa.

7.1.2 Italy: National fleet, composition of landings, 1995-2000 Value (billion ITL) Volume (1000 t) Major species/

groups of species

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Anchovies 148.3 144.8 190.7 170.4 165.6 173.9 50.3 40.0 61.6 53.8 54.2 62.5

Pilchards 25.8 36.7 36.5 49.6 49.4 39.0 33.5 42.9 41.0 45.0 42.0 31.8

Other fish 1,715.6 1,756.6 1,732.6 2,047.4 1,704.6 1,526.0 226.9 232.9 221.0 258.8 195.9 170.7

Marine molluscs 592.1 548.9 613.9 552.7 559.2 676.3 107.9 98.3 96.1 83.5 91.8 91.1

Marine crustaceans 577.8 673.7 571.5 531.5 521.5 601.8 34.8 41.5 35.2 33.1 32.6 36.0

Total 3,059.4 3,160.7 3,145.1 3,351.6 3,000.3 3,017.1 453.5 455.6 454.9 474.3 416.5 392.2

Source: Irepa.

7.1.3 Italy: National fleet, composition by size and age, 2000

Size class (GRT)

Number GRT (1000) kW (1000) Age class Number GRT (1000) kW (1000)

0-2.99 8,796 14.4 108.2 1999-00 191 3.0 25.1

3-5.99 2,719 11.7 126.4 1998-99 164 2.5 20.2

6-9.99 3,827 33.9 404.7 1996-97 486 5.5 55.5

Appendix 2 160

10-20.99 589 9.2 82.5 1994-95 421 5.2 47.6

21-35.99 949 25.9 189.4 1992-93 453 5.4 49.8

36-50.99 549 23.8 136.1 1990-91 557 7.8 63.5

51-99.99 626 42.7 207.5 1988-89 1,018 11.2 92.6

100-199.99 324 43.2 140.0 1986-87 1,077 11.4 91.9

>199.99 11 2.7 10.2 older 14,023 155.4 958.7

Total 18,390 207.4 1,404.9 Total 18,390 207.4 1,404.9

Source: Irepa.

Appendix 2 161

7.2.1 Italy: Trawlers, economic and capacity indicators, 1995-2000 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000


Value of landings 1,001.6 970.1 987.0 1,041.8 946.5 960.3

Fuel costs 136.4 145.5 148.7 160.1 193.5 230.2


Vessel costs 98.9 98.7 92.7 98.6 97.5 83.4

Crew share 380.6 340.5 352.6 398.2 358.8 322.6

Gross cash flow 290.4 287.4 279.7 262.0 168.7 198.9

Depreciation 72.5 66.3 68.5 70.8 70.2 66.1

Interest 23.7 20.4 18.1 11.7 11.6 10.1


Gross value added 671.0 627.9 632.3 660.2 527.5 521.5



Invested capital (billion ITL) 1,862.7 1,709.1 1,786.2 1,883.2 1,873.4 1,794.8

Effort (days 1000) 404.3 382.9 382.4 409.9 381.8 391.5

Capacity indicators



Fleet - total GRT (1000) 110.3 96.6 99.6 102.8 100.3 93.3

Fleet -- total kW (1000) 508.5 470.6 484.8 516.4 516.5 487.5

Source: Irepa.

7.2.2 Italy: Trawlers, composition of landings, 1995-2000 Value (billion ITL) Volume (1000 t) Major species/

groups of species 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Anchovies 3.9 0.6 1.2 0.5 1.9 1.5 1.6 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.8 0.6

Pilchards 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.6 1.4 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.5

Other fish 482.5 466.1 474.9 534.0 470.9 467.4 75.0 71.1 72.2 80.0 61.6 55.9

Marine molluscs 186.0 167.0 192.7 169.5 150.3 151.4 28.4 23.6 26.5 22.3 17.9 19.2


Total 1,001.6 970.1 987.0 1,041.8 946.5 960.3 128.7 117.0 119.8 123.1 99.9 95.4

Source: Irepa.

7.2.3 Italy: Trawlers, composition by size and age, 2000

Size class (GRT)


0-2.99 3 0.0 0.1 1999-00 38 1.2 7.7

3-5.99 27 0.1 1.9 1998-99 34 1.2 8.3

Appendix 2 162

6-9.99 552 5.2 65.9 1996-97 59 2.0 12.4

10-20.99 160 2.6 23.3 1994-95 70 2.3 16.1

21-35.99 516 14.3 101.7 1992-93 59 1.7 12.5

36-50.99 358 15.5 86.5 1990-91 78 2.9 19.4

51-99.99 377 25.6 116.9 1988-89 65 2.7 16.3

100-199.99 214 29.4 88.8 1986-87 100 3.3 22.7

>199.99 3 0.7 2.4 older 1,707 75.9 372.1

Total 2,210 93.3 487.5 Total 2,210 93.3 487.5

Source: Irepa.

Appendix 2 163

7.3.1 Italy: Purse seiners, economic and capacity indicators, 1995-2000 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000



Fuel costs 6.8 10.9 12.0 11.4 9.4 13.5


Vessel costs 6.2 6.2 10.6 11.4 7.0 9.6

Crew share 46.7 48.5 59.8 64.7 50.2 48.4

Gross cash flow 27.8 30.3 42.9 28.9 45.7 43.6

Depreciation 9.6 9.0 9.2 8.5 6.8 6.1

Interest 3.9 3.2 2.8 1.5 1.1 0.9





Invested capital (billion ITL) 226.8 213.3 226.6 224.3 184.8 168.8

Effort (days 1000) 38.4 35.0 35.9 32.1 27.4 24.7

Capacity indicators



Fleet - total GRT (1000) 13.5 12.1 12.7 12.4 10.0 8.9

Fleet -- total kW (1000) 69.2 63.9 66.6 64.1 52.3 47.7

Source: Irepa.

7.3.2 Italy: Purse seiners, composition of landings, 1995-2000 Value (billion ITL) Volume (1000 t) Major species/ groups of

species 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Anchovies 76.1 73.7 112.5 98.3 89.3 79.5 19.3 16.1 29.3 24.4 23.5 24.1

Pilchards 6.8 11.4 12.0 13.1 9.7 11.8 9.8 12.4 14.0 14.3 13.0 10.5

Other fish 15.0 25.1 22.1 26.1 30.7 37.9 6.8 7.2 9.7 8.0 7.7 10.1

Marine molluscs 0.1 0.6 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Marine crustaceans 0.5 0.0

Total 97.9 111.3 146.7 137.5 130.0 129.5 35.9 35.8 53.0 46.7 44.2 44.7

Source: Irepa.

7.3.3 Italy: Purse seiners, composition by size and age, 2000

Size class (GRT)


0-2.99 1999-00

3-5.99 1998-99 1 0.1 0.4

6-9.99 45 0.4 5.2 1996-97

10-20.99 19 0.3 3.1 1994-95 4 0.1 1.0

Appendix 2 164

21-35.99 45 1.2 9.1 1992-93 8 0.2 1.4

36-50.99 20 0.8 5.0 1990-91 8 0.2 1.6

51-99.99 44 3.2 14.9 1988-89 14 0.4 3.2

100-199.99 25 2.9 10.4 1986-87 13 0.5 3.0

>199.99 older 150 7.3 37.0

Total 198 8.9 47.7 Total 198 8.9 47.7

Source: Irepa.

Appendix 2 165

7.4.1 Italy: Midwater pair trawlers, economic and capacity indicators, 1995-2000 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000



Fuel costs 9.1 9.8 12.1 11.3 10.5 13.6


Vessel costs 5.5 5.7 6.9 6.4 5.2 4.7

Crew share 25.7 29.1 30.3 28.7 28.1 32.4

Gross cash flow 28.0 26.6 22.2 15.4 13.5 19.9

Depreciation 5.8 6.2 7.7 6.7 6.0 5.9

Interest 2.2 2.3 2.3 1.3 1.2 1.0




Employment on board (FTEs) 907 758 1,017 951 874 805


Effort (days 1000) 24.3 23.2 28.0 27.1 21.6 22.7

Capacity indicators



Fleet – total GRT (1000) 8.8 9.0 10.9 9.7 8.9 8.5

Fleet – total kW (1000) 46.6 47.6 54.5 53.1 48.1 46.7

Source: Irepa.

7.4.2 Italy: Midwater pair trawlers, composition of landings, 1995-2000 Value (billion ITL) Volume (1000 t) Major species/ groups of

species 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Anchovies 48.0 53.6 55.8 43.2 37.4 50.7 23.1 18.5 25.9 21.5 21.2 25.9

Pilchards 15.8 19.6 17.2 18.4 18.5 17.7 19.2 25.9 22.5 21.5 18.1 15.2

Other fish 10.2 6.3 8.5 9.2 10.4 12.6 3.2 2.0 3.7 3.7 3.7 2.9

Marine molluscs 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Marine crustaceans 0.2

Total 73.9 79.7 81.5 70.7 66.4 81.5 45.5 46.4 52.1 46.7 43.0 44.0

Source: Irepa.

7.4.3 Italy: Midwater pair trawlers, composition by size and age, 2000 Size class

(GRT) Number GRT (1000) kW (1000) Age class Number GRT (1000) kW (1000)

0-2.99 1999-00

3-5.99 1998-99 1 0.0 0.3

6-9.99 12 0.1 1.7 1996-97 4 0.3 1.5

10-20.99 1 0.0 0.1 1994-95 6 0.3 1.8

Appendix 2 166

21-35.99 14 0.4 3.1 1992-93 9 0.4 3.5

36-50.99 26 1.1 8.4 1990-91 6 0.4 2.1

51-99.99 45 3.3 19.9 1988-89 10 0.5 3.6

100-199.99 32 3.6 13.6 1986-87 1 0.1 0.3

>199.99 older 93 6.5 33.5

Total 130 8.5 46.7 Total 130 8.5 46.7

Source: Irepa.

Appendix 2 167

7.5.1 Italy: Dredges, economic and capacity indicators, 1995-2000 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000



Fuel costs 6.4 6.2 6.6 6.0 7.8 11.5


Vessel costs 8.7 8.8 9.3 8.0 6.4 4.5

Crew share 38.3 27.0 27.8 34.8 38.5 43.1

Gross cash flow 56.5 23.1 35.9 42.0 35.8 60.9

Depreciation 12.9 14.5 13.7 13.2 12.6 12.5

Interest 6.6 6.7 5.3 3.0 2.8 2.4






Effort (days 1000) 84.4 83.2 75.9 73.0 87.5 85.1

Capacity indicators



Fleet - total GRT (1000) 13.5 12.1 12.7 8.3 7.8 7.6

Fleet - total kW (1000) 69.2 63.9 66.6 87.4 80.6 78.9

Source: Irepa.

7.5.2 Italy: Dredges, composition of landings, 1995-2000 Value (billion ITL) Volume (1000 t) Major species/

groups of species 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Anchovies

Pilchards

Other fish

Marine molluscs 113.3

69.1 83.0 93.9 91.6 130.6 42.9 32.6 25.3 26.0 37.6 31.0

Marine crustaceans

Total 113.3

69.1 83.0 93.9 91.6 130.6 42.9 32.6 25.3 26.0 37.6 31.0

Source: Irepa.

7.5.3 Italy: Dredges, composition by size and age, 2000 Size class


0-2.99 2 0.0 0.1 1999-00 5 0.0 0.4

3-5.99 12 0.1 0.9 1998-99 11 0.1 1.1

6-9.99 598 5.6 64.1 1996-97 22 0.2 2.2

Appendix 2 168

10-20.99 107 1.6 12.1 1994-95 30 0.3 2.9

21-35.99 9 0.2 1.4 1992-93 10 0.1 1.0

36-50.99 1 0.0 0.2 1990-91 37 0.4 3.7

51-99.99 1 0.1 0.3 1988-89 100 1.2 10.8

100-199.99 1986-87 117 1.3 12.9

>199.99 older 398 4.1 43.9

Total 730 7.6 78.9 Total 730 7.6 78.9

Source: Irepa.

Appendix 2 169

7.6.1 Italy: Multi-purpose trawling vessels, economic and capacity indicators, 1995-2000 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000


Value of landings 904.7 1,049.3 934.1 960.0 810.1 628.6

Fuel costs 130.4 137.5 119.7 138.4 125.1 146.1


Vessel costs 84.3 93.1 80.4 89.5 72.2 52.1

Crew share 343.6 439.0 353.5 364.7 333.5 218.4

Gross cash flow 215.5 236.4 262.9 228.7 153.6 134.0

Depreciation 41.1 49.8 48.3 48.7 51.6 47.8

Interest 17.5 19.5 16.1 10.1 10.5 9.0





Invested capital (billion ITL) 934.6 1,122.5 1,100.9 1,085.2 1,152.3 1057.4

Effort (days 1000) 438.1 487.7 544.4 543.9 522.4 452.4

Capacity indicators



Fleet - total GRT (1000) 44.7 52.1 49.0 45.4 48.2 43.8

Fleet - total kW (1000) 344.3 401.9 391.3 396.9 431.0 377.4

Source: Irepa.

7.6.2 Italy: Multi-purpose trawling vessels, composition of landings, 1995-2000

Value (billion ITL) Volume (1000 t) Major species/ groups of species

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Anchovies 20.2 16.5 18.0 28.4 21.1 13.3 6.3 5.1 5.6 7.7 5.7 6.3

Pilchards 2.5 3.0 3.3 17.9 15.0 4.0 3.1 3.0 3.2 9.0 7.1 1.9

Other fish 558.7 558.3 516.7 633.2 487.0 372.8 82.2 79.7 69.0 73.3 51.7 35.2

Marine molluscs 146.4 180.2 176.4 123.1 137.3 110.3 17.4 25.0 22.2 14.4 15.1 10.5


Total 904.7 1,049.3 934.1 960.0 810.1 628.6 116.6 128.4 112.5 115.1 90.1 63.2

Source: Irepa.

7.6.3 Italy: Multi-purpose trawling vessels, composition by size and age, 2000

Size class (GRT)


0-2.99 44 0.1 0.8 1999-00 65 1.5 11.3

3-5.99 446 2.0 23.9 1998-99 30 0.8 6.7

6-9.99 1,557 14.2 178.6 1996-97 93 1.7 16.9

10-20.99 262 4.1 37.9 1994-95 94 1.4 16.7

Appendix 2 170

21-35.99 302 8.1 60.1 1992-93 123 1.6 18.3

36-50.99 110 4.8 26.3 1990-91 119 1.7 17.9

51-99.99 102 6.7 35.6 1988-89 171 3.2 28.6

100-199.99 30 3.8 14.1 1986-87 173 3.2 27.5

>199.99 older 1,985 28.7 233.6

Total 2,853 43.8 377.4 Total 2,853 43.8 377.4

Source: Irepa.

Appendix 2 171

7.7.1 Italy: Small scale fisheries, economic and capacity indicators, 1995-2000

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000



Fuel costs 40.2 58.4 55.8 58.6 60.8 72.5


Vessel costs 28.8 45.4 51.7 55.0 57.1 63.9

Crew share 132.6 146.8 122.1 219.0 214.6 247.8

Gross cash flow 418.4 355.9 349.4 394.5 429.3 483.0

Depreciation 42.2 41.9 41.3 39.6 40.0 43.2

Interest 17.2 15.1 13.1 7.6 7.2 6.8





Invested capital (billion ITL) 936.0 930.6 927.0 905.3 923.7 1,011.4

Effort (days 1000) 1,916.6 1,957.1 1,985.0 1,978.5 1,977.4 2,029.1

Capacity indicators



Fleet - total GRT (1000) 32.6 31.0 30.4 29.0 29.2 31.2

Fleet - total kW (1000) 271.2 255.4 256.5 259.2 262.1 284.8

Source: Irepa.

7.7.2 Italy: Small scale fisheries, composition of landings, 1995-2000


1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Anchovies 0.0 0.4 3.2 0.0 15.9 16.7 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.0 3.0 2.5

Pilchards 0.0 2.5 3.7 0.0 5.7 3.3 0.0 1.4 1.0 0.0 3.2 2.0

Other fish 451.0 501.2 456.0 616.7 601.1 591.7 39.9 51.2 42.5 71.7 58.5 58.9

Marine molluscs 146.3 132.0 161.7 166.2 179.7 273.9 19.2 17.2 22.0 20.8 21.2 29.1


Total 669.8 681.8 658.4 819.4 851.4 963.2 63.9 73.7 68.3 94.6 88.9 97.3

Source: Irepa.

7.7.3 Italy: Small scale fisheries, composition by size and age, 2000

Size class (GRT)


0-2.99 8,717 14.2 106.8 1999-00 82 0.3 4.8

3-5.99 2,193 9.4 97.8 1998-99 87 0.2 3.4

6-9.99 961 7.5 78.5 1996-97 293 0.9 18.2

Appendix 2 172

10-20.99 12 0.1 1.7 1994-95 212 0.6 8.4

21-35.99 1 0.0 0.0 1992-93 236 0.7 9.8

36-50.99 1990-91 295 1.0 13.3

51-99.99 1988-89 622 1.8 20.9

100-199.99 1986-87 644 1.9 18.6

>199.99 older 9,413 23.7 187.5

Total 11,884 31.2 284.8 Total 11,884 31.2 284.8

Source: Irepa.

Appendix 2 173

7.8.1 Italy: Tuna fisheries, economic and capacity indicators, 1995-2000

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000



Fuel costs 2.8 2.3 3.0 4.2 4.9 8.4


Vessel costs 5.8 8.3 7.3 6.6 6.4 7.6

Crew share 18.8 17.7 25.6 30.9 28.6 38.5

Gross cash flow 14.0 16.0 15.6 15.8 5.8 9.9

Depreciation 9.2 8.8 9.3 10.1 9.3 9.5

Interest 3.7 3.3 2.8 1.9 1.7 1.7

Net (financial) profit 1.2 3.8 3.5 3.8 -5.2 -1.3





Effort (days 1000) 22.1 22.3 22.8 23.0 16.8 23.7

Capacity indicators



Fleet - total GRT (1000) 11.0 10.1 10.7 11.6 11.3 11.1

Fleet - total kW (1000) 54.4 51.8 48.6 54.7 57.4 55.9

Source: Irepa.

7.8.2 Italy: Tuna fisheries, composition of landings, 1995-2000


1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Anchovies

Pilchards

Other fish* 49.2 50.6 59.5 68.3 56.2 78.9 10.2 12.0 11.9 12.3 9.9 13.9

Marine molluscs

Marine crustaceans

Total 49.2 50.6 59.5 68.3 56.2 78.9 10.2 12.0 11.9 12.3 9.9 13.9

*Figures are referred to all species landed and not only to red tuna. The TAC for red tuna in 2000 was equal to 5,209 tonnes

Source: Irepa.

7.8.3 Italy: Tuna fisheries, composition by size and age, 2000

Size class (GRT)


0-2.99 7 0.0 0.1 1999-00 1 0.1 0.8

3-5.99 17 0.1 1.2 1998-99

Appendix 2 174

6-9.99 56 0.5 6.7 1996-97 15 0.4 4.3

10-20.99 10 0.2 1.5 1994-95 5 0.1 0.7

21-35.99 27 0.8 5.1 1992-93 7 0.6 3.1

36-50.99 21 0.9 5.3 1990-91 12 1.1 5.1

51-99.99 46 3.2 15.2 1988-89 18 0.7 4.2

100-199.99 23 3.5 13.0 1986-87 18 1.0 4.6

>199.99 8 2.0 7.8 older 139 7.2 33.1

Total 215 11.1 55.9 Total 215 11.1 55.9

Source: Irepa.

Appendix 2 175

7.9.1 Italy: Swordfish fisheries, economic and capacity indicators, 1995-2000 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000



Fuel costs 17.7 19.3 20.1 19.7 9.1 10.2


Vessel costs 14.5 13.5 14.0 13.8 5.3 3.9

Crew share 47.7 47.7 62.4 51.2 18.8 14.9

Gross cash flow 56.0 52.2 81.3 57.6 8.1 10.4

Depreciation 11.2 11.4 11.3 10.5 4.4 3.5

Interest 4.8 4.2 3.4 1.8 0.8 0.6




Employment on board (FTEs) 3,018 3,032 2,772 2,732 1,053 779


Effort (days 1000) 66.8 77.7 82.7 70.6 20.9 19.4

Capacity indicators



Fleet – total GRT (1000) 10.1 9.8 9.7 9.1 4.0 3.0

Fleet – total kW (1000) 85.6 83.4 81.1 89.9 35.8 26.0

Source: Irepa.

7.9.2 Italy: Swordfish fisheries, composition of landings, 1995-2000 Value (billion ITL) Volume (1000 t) Major species/ groups of

species 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Anchovies

Pilchards

Other fish 149.0 149.0 195.0 160.0 48.1 44.5 9.6 9.6 12.0 9.8 2.9 2.7

Marine molluscs

Marine crustaceans

Total 149.0 149.0 195.0 160.0 48.1 44.5 9.6 9.6 12.0 9.8 2.9 2.7

Source: Irepa.

7.9.3 Italy: Swordfish fisheries, composition by size and age, 2000 Size class


0-2.99 23 0.0 0.4 1999-00

3-5.99 24 0.1 0.8 1998-99

6-9.99 46 0.4 4.0 1996-97

10-20.99 18 0.3 2.8 1994-95

Appendix 2 176

21-35.99 35 0.9 8.9 1992-93 1 0.0 0.3

36-50.99 13 0.6 4.5 1990-91 2 0.1 0.4

51-99.99 11 0.6 4.7 1988-89 18 0.6 5.1

100-199.99 1986-87 11 0.3 2.2

>199.99 older 138 2.0 18.0

Total 170 3.0 26.0 Total 170 3.0 26.0

Source: Irepa.

Appendix 2 177

8. The Netherlands

8.1.0 The Netherlands, composition of the national fleet, 2000

Fleet segments Total fleet *

Shrimp/Eurocutter

191-221 kW

Beam trawlers

>811 kW

Other cutters Pelagic trawlers

Economic indicators

Value of landings (mEUR) 400 59 213 18 109

Gross value added (mEUR) 30 88 10

Gross cash flow (mEUR) 10 36 4

Net (financial) profit (mEUR) 0 1 1


Employment on board (FTEs) 2431 508 1127 196 600

Invested capital (mEUR) 83 336 16

Effort (1000 days at sea) 77 22 30 22 5

Capacity indicators

Volume of landings (1000 t) 467 17 68 6 376

Fleet - number of vessels **) 420 159 157 86 18

Fleet - total GRT (1000) 177 12 67 5 93

Fleet - total kW (1000) 418 35 260 19 104


GRT 421 75 427 58 5167

kW 995 220 1656 221 5778

Length, loa 33 22 41 21 106

Age 24 27 14 40 9

Source:LEI.

* Mussel - and cockle sector excluded; ** Active fleet.

Appendix 2 178

8.1.1 The Netherlands: national fleet, economic and capacity indicators, 1995-2000 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Costs and earnings (mNLG) Value of landings 796 798 785 856 908 879Fuel costs Other running costs Vessel costs Crew share Gross cash flow Depreciation Interest Net profit Gross value added

Employment on board (FTEs) 2530 2463 2347 2320 2341 2431Invested capital (mNLG) Effort (1000 days at sea) 88 79 81 78 76 77Capacity indicators Volume of landings (1000 t) 408 408 405 443 440 467Fleet - number of vessels 470 458 440 422 415 420Fleet - total GRT (1000) 147 145 140 146 153 177Fleet - total kW (1000) 417 411 394 386 400 418Sources: LEI.

8.1.2 The Netherlands: national fleet, composition of landings, 1995-2000 Major species/-groups of species

Value (mNLG) Volume (1000 t)

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Sole 295 295 248 261 264 294 21 17 11 16 17 15

Plaice 134 134 131 126 159 128 41 35 33 30 39 35

Cod 30 25 34 55 42 32 10 8 9 13 7 5

Pelagic fish 166 190 214 249 240 240 278 305 332 345 340 376

Other 171 154 158 165 203 185 58 43 47 39 37 36

Total 796 798 785 856 908 879 408 408 432 443 440 467

Sources: LEI.

8.1.3 The Netherlands: national fleet, composition by size and age, 2000 Number GRT (1000) kW (1000) Number GRT (1000) kW (1000)

5 - 49 GRT 97 3 17 1999-2000 16 4.2 12.7 50 - 119 GRT 111 8.7 24.9 1997-98 9 2.8 7.5120 - 149 GRT 10 1.4 3.7 1996-97 6 9 9150 - 200 GRT 16 2.5 4.7 1994-95 13 5 11 >200 GRT 186 161.4 367.7 1992-93 26 26 50 1990-91 25 12 27 1987and older 325 118 300.8Total 420 177 418 Total 420 177 418

Source: LEI.

Appendix 2 179

8.2.1 The Netherlands: Eurocutters 261-300 HP (191-221 kW): economic and capacity indicators, 1995-2000

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000Costs and earnings (mNLG) Value of landings 97 93 94 115 138 130Fuel costs 8 10 10 9 11 21Other running costs 18 19 20 21 23 24Vessel costs 14 15 15 16 17 18Crew share 36 33 33 43 51 46Gross cash flow 21 16 16 26 36 21Depreciation 11 12 12 14 13 15Interest 7 6 5 5 5 6Net profit 3 -2 -1 7 18 0Gross value added 57 49 49 69 87 67Other economic indicators Employment on board (FTEs) 445 460 464 476 481 508Invested capital (mNLG) 196 201 184 176 168 182Effort (1000 days at sea) 20 20 20 20 20 22Capacity indicators Volume of landings (1000 t) 17 16 19 20 19 17Fleet - number of vessels 130 135 140 142 143 159Fleet - total GRT (1000) 11 11 11 11 12Fleet - total kW (1000) 28 29 30 31 32 35Source: LEI.

8.2.2 The Netherlands: Eurocuttuer 261-300 HP(191-221 kW), composition of landings, 1995-2000

Major species/-groups Value (mNLG) Volume (1000 t) 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000Sole 27.8 27.5 17.2 36.7 36.3 41.6 2 1.6 0.7 2.2 2.2 2.1Plaice 8.1 10.7 10.8 11.7 12.6 9.3 2.4 2.7 2.7 2.7 3.4 2.5Cod 8.4 5.3 9.6 17.2 10.7 7.9 2.8 1.6 2.8 4.1 1.3 1.3Other 52.9 49.4 56.2 49.4 78.3 70.7 10.3 10.1 13.1 10.6 11.7 11Total 97.2 92.9 93.8 115 137.9 129.5 17.5 16 19.3 19.6 18.6 16.9

Source: LEI. 8.2.3 The Netherland: Eurocutters 261-300 HP (191-221 kW), composition by size and age, 2000

Size class Number GRT (1000) kW (1000)

Age class Number GRT (1000) kW (1000)

5 - 49 GRT 40 1.5 8.7 1999-2000 8 0.8 1.7 50 - 119 GRT 101 7.8 22.3 1997-98 4 0.45 1.2 120 - 149 GRT 5 0.7 1.1 1996-97 3 0.4 0.7 150 - 200 GRT 13 2 2.9 1994-95 4 0.4 0.9 >200 GRT 0 0 0 1992-93 4 0.5 0.9 1990-91 10 1.2 2.2 1987 and older 126 8.25 27.4 Total 159 12 35 Total 159 12 35 Source: LEI.

Appendix 2 180

Appendix 2 181

8.3.1 The Netherlands: Beam trawlers >811 kW, economic and capacity indicators, 1995-2000

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000Costs and earnings (mNLG) Value of landings 481 463 440 442 478 469Fuel costs 83 81 91 74 82 146Other running costs 82 74 76 80 79 79Vessel costs 60 58 54 53 50 51Crew share 136 132 118 126 139 113Gross cash flow 120 118 101 109 128 80Depreciation 82 76 72 65 62 61Interest 38 30 24 17 16 16Net profit 0 12 5 27 50 3Gross value added 256 250 219 235 267 193Other economic indicators Employment on board (FTEs) 1,328 1,266 1,188 1,138 1,127 1,127Invested capital (mNLG) 992 937 824 771 767 739Effort (1000 days at sea) 37 32 32 31 30 30Capacity indicators Volume of landings (1000 t) 99 76 71 68 74 68Fleet - number of vessels 192 184 172 163 159 157Fleet - total GT (1000) 76 74 70 67 66 67Fleet - total kW (1000) 301 293 278 269 262 260Source: LEI.

8.3.2 The Netherlands, beam trawlers >811 kW, composition of landings, 1995-2000 Major species Value (m NLG) Volume (1000 t)

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000Sole 263.4 263.6 230.5 223.4 228.6 252.3 19.1 15.0 9.9 13.3 14.5 13.3Plaice 123.5 119.8 118.3 111.9 144.1 118 38.1 31.5 30.0 26.6 34.9 32.2Cod 11.1 12.6 14.9 24.7 21.3 17.4 3.9 3.9 4.1 5.8 4.3 2.8Other 82.6 67.0 76.3 81.9 79.8 81.3 37.6 25.9 27.1 22.7 18.7 20.0Total 480.6 463.0 440.0 441.9 478 469 98.7 76.3 71.1 68.4 74 68.3Source: LEI.

8.3.3 The Netherland: Beam trawlers >811 kW, composition by size and age, 2000

Size class Number GT (1000) kW (1000) Age class Number GT (1000) kW (1000) 5 - 49 GT 0 0 0 1999-2000 6 3 8.8 50 - 119 GT 0 0 0 1997-98 4 2 5.9120 - 149 GT 0 0 0 1996-97 1 0.5 1.5150 - 200 GT 0 0 0 1994-95 6 3.1 8.8 >200 GT 157 66.7 260 1992-93 19 8.0 27.5

1990-91 11 4.9 16.1 1987 and older 116 48.2 200.2

Total 157 66.7 260 Total 157 66.7 260Sources: LEI.

Appendix 2 182

9. Portugal

9.0 Portugal : Composition of the national fleet, 2000


Trawl Purse seine NAFO Fleet Other

Economic indicators

Value of landings (mln Euro)* 299.5 50.7 48.4 24.2 176.3

Gross value added (mln Euro) 25.5 27.7 8.7

Gross cash flow (mln Euro) 12.7 4.4 2.9

Net (financial) profit (mln Euro) 6.8 1.7 0.4


Employment on board (000 FTEs)** 25.0 1.2 2.9 0.5 20.4

Invested capital (mln Euro) 43.0 17.4 8.6

Effort (1000 days at sea)*** 2,800.8 30.0 30.4 3.6 2,736.7

Capacity indicators

Volume of landings (1000 t) 166.1 20.9 75.2 12.8 57.2

Fleet – number of vessels 10,750.0 106.0 169.0 14.0 10,461.0

Fleet - total GRT (1000) 111.7 14.5 7.8 21.2 68.2

Fleet - total kW (1000) 402.1 52.2 37.5 28.1 284.4


GRT 10.4 136.9 46.1 1,512.8 6.5

kW 37.4 492.0 221.8 2,005.1 27.2

Length 27.5 20.2 76.0

Age 20.2 26.6 26.9

Source : INE, DGPA and our estimates based on inquiries to the Industry

* Value of auction sales. Includes salt, frozen and aquaculture. Our estimates for coasltal trawling and

NAFO vessels.

** Our estimates for coastal trawling, purse seining and NAFO vessels. Situation on 31 Dec 00

*** Our estimates

Appendix 2 183

9.1.1 Portugal: National fleet, economic and capacity indicators, 1995-2000

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Costs and earnings (mln PTE)

Value of landings* 61,528.2 56,161.4 58,156.8 64,171.4 64,030.0 60,038.9

Fuel costs

Other running costs

Vessel costs

Crew share

Gross cash flow

Depreciation

Interest

Net profit

Gross value added


Employment on board (000 FTEs)** 30.9 28.5 27.3 27.2 26.7 25.0

Invested capital (mln PTE)

Effort (1000 days at sea)*** 3,102.6 3,037.4 2,985.3 2,916.2 2,843.3 2,800.8

Capacity indicators



Fleet - total GRT (1000) 123.4 120.4 117.7 114.6 112.8 111.7

Fleet - total kW (1000) 399.4 395.3 396.6 394.0 397.9 402.1

Source : INE, DGPA and our estimates based on inquiries to the Industry

Value of auction sales. Includes salt, frozen and aquaculture.

9.1.2 Portugal: National fleet, composition of landings, 1995-2000

Major species/-groups of species

Value (mln PTE) Volume (1000 t)

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Sardine 5,142 6,844 6,499 8,444 7,835 7,439 82 83 76 80 69 63

Octopus 6,263 7,944 6,925 4,633 5,435 5,326 10 12 9 6 9 10

Horse mackerel 3,562 2,523 3,399 3,708 3,290 3,354 19 14 18 20 14 14

Chub mackerel 254 322 315 365 887 920 4 6 7 8 15 12

Black scabbardfish 1,640 1,624 1,928 2,251 2,525 2,816 8 7 8 8 7 7

Silver scabbardfish 3,028 2,676 2,428 1,983 1,578 41 9 8 8 5 3 0

Common sole 2,254 1,820 1,737 1,764 1,743 2,180 2 1 1 1 1 1

Grooved carpet 105 84 122 130 155 108 0 0 0 0 0 0

Hake 2,806 2,558 2,307 2,296 2,269 2,458 4 3 3 3 3 3

Pout 1,235 1,051 915 957 1,256 1,116 3 2 2 2 3 3

Tunas 3,364 3,070 3,187 3,110 2,403 2,354 22 17 12 12 7 4

Appendix 2 184

Blue jack mackerel 53 428 407 484 445 495 1 3 4 3 1 2

Other 19,500 18,876 18,331 20,793 21,463 21,828 49 46 37 40 37 33

Total 49,208 49,820 48,499 50,916 51,283 50,435 212 203 185 190 170 152

Sources: INE. These figures do not include salt, frozen and aquaculture products

9.1.3 Portugal: National fleet, composition by size and age, 2000


0 - 5 GRT 9069 13.4 92.2 1999-2000

5.01 - 25 GRT 985 10.9 64.9 1997-1998

25.01 - 50 GRT 285 9.7 47.1 1995-1996

50.01-100 GRT 162 10.8 45.5 1993-1994

> 100 GRT 249 66.9 152.4 1991-1992

1990 and older

Total 10750 111.691 402.116 Total

Sources: INE, DGPA

Appendix 2 185

9.2.1 Portugal: Coastal trawlers: economic and capacity indicators, 1995-2000

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000



Fuel costs* 1,147.7 1,227.6 1,432.4 1,321.7 1,598.4

Other running costs* 1,173.0 1,269.6 1,291.6 1,192.9 1,233.0

Vessel costs* 1,746.0 1,794.2 1,954.7 1,869.5 2,206.4

Crew share* 2,137.2 2,273.6 2,512.5 2,213.7 2,566.7

Gross cash flow* 1,822.1 2,226.2 2,027.4 1,926.7 2,551.2

Depreciation** 1,099.1 1,058.7 836.6 896.8 967.0

Interest** 191.1 130.9 94.0 249.5 220.8

Net profit** 531.9 1,036.6 1,096.8 780.4 1,363.4

Gross value added* 3,959.3 4,499.7 4,539.9 4,140.3 5,117.9


Employment on board (000 FTEs) ** 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2

Invested capital (000 PTE) 6,944.0 6,888.9 6,715.1 7,795.1 8,627.3


Capacity indicators


Fleet – number of vessels 114 113 108 107 106 106.0

Fleet - total GRT (1000) 15.2 15.1 14.5 14.3 14.4 14.5

Fleet - total kW (1000) 54.3 53.4 51.6 51.2 51.6 52.2

Sources: INE, DGPA, inquires and our estimates.

* Estimates based on data made available by PO's and vessel owners

**Our estimates

9.2.3 Portugal: Coastal trawlers, composition by size and age, 2000


0-50 GRT 7 0.2 1.0 1999-2000 12 1.4 5.2

50,01-100 GRT 9 0.6 3.1 1997-1998 4 0.6 1.9

100,01-150 GRT 44 5.5 18.0 1995-1996 5 0.6 2.0

150,01-200 GRT 44 7.7 28.1 1993-1994 3 0.4 1.5

>200 GRT 2 0.5 1.9 1991-1992 7 0.9 3.3

Older 75 10.6 38.3

TOTAL 106 14.5 52.2 TOTAL 106 14.5 52.2

Source: DGPA

9.3.1 Portugal: Coastal purse seiners: economic and capacity indicators, 1995-2000

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Appendix 2 186



Fuel costs* 428.1 477.9 514.7 525.1 533.8 560.6

Other running costs* 762.7 738.6 914.3 898.5 912.0 814.4

Vessel costs* 1,992.5 2,259.3 2,028.6 2,507.3 3,347.4 2,761.5

Crew share* 3,728.1 4,145.0 3,727.7 4,947.1 4,552.1 4,682.7

Gross cash flow* 871.8 1,068.8 813.2 1,652.1 1,448.5 879.3

Depreciation** 391.6 392.4 417.6 419.4

Interest** 111.6 44.06 111.7 113.2

Net profit** 310.0 1,215.6 919.2 346.7

Gross value added* 4,599.9 5,213.8 4,540.9 6,599.2 6,000.6 5,562.0


Employment on board (000FTEs)** 3.5 3.2 3.2 3.0 3.0 2.9

Invested capital (mln PTE) 3,186.1 3,149.6 3,490.9 3,483.5


Capacity indicators


Fleet – number of vessels 190 178 177 173 172 169.0

Fleet - total GRT (1000) 8.4 7.8 7.8 7.7 7.8 7.8

Fleet - total kW (1000) 39.1 36.3 36.8 36.7 37.5 37.5

Sources: INE,DGPA, Inquiries, PO's, J.Abrantes

* Estimates based on data made available by PO's and vessel owners

**Our estimates

9.3.2 Portugal: Coastal purse seiners, composition of landings, 1995-2000



1,995 1,996 1,997 1,998 1,999 2,000 1,995 1,996 1,997 1,998 1,999 2,000

Sardine 4,973 6,566 6,229 8,084 7,523 7,061 79 79 73 77 67 59

Horse mackerel 695 514 933 1,223 1,222 1,018 3 2 4 6 5 4

Chub mackerel 53 87 92 163 665 659 2 3 3 5 12 9

Atlantic mackerel 44 43 30 69 32 38 2 1 1 1 0 0

Blue jack mackerel 11 20 18 7 9 8 0 0 0 0 0 0

Bogue 11 11 10 8 12 18 0 0 0 0 0 0

Axillary seabream 157 108 47 47 127 208 0 0 0 0 0 0

Sargo 170 129 103 112 144 134 0 0 0 0 0 0

Anchovy (N.Att.) 450 746 221 323 433 118 2 3 1 2 1 0

Other 1,218 466 316 494 628 435 7 2 2 4 3 2

Total 7,783 8,690 7,999 10,530 10,794 9,699 95 91 85 95 90 75

Sources:INE

Appendix 2 187

9.3.3 Portugal: Coastal purse seiners, composition by size and age, 2000


0-50 GRT 94 2.9 15.8 1999-2000 7 0.4 2.2

50,01-100 GRT 73 4.6 20.8 1997-1998 5 0.3 1.4

100,01-150 GRT 2 0.2 0.9 1995-1996 7 0.4 1.8

150,01-200 GRT 0 0.0 0.0 1993-1994 1 0.1 0.2

>200 GRT 0 0.0 0.0 1991-1992 3 0.2 0.7

older 146 6.5 31.1

TOTAL 169 7.8 37.5 TOTAL 169 7.8 37.5

Source: DGPA

9.4.1 Portugal: NAFO vessels: economic and capacity indicators, 1995-2000

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000


Value of landings* 4,444.7 4,392.1 4,843.8

Fuel costs 622.3 614.9 1,017.2

Other running costs 311.1 307.4 532.8

Vessel costs 1,422.3 1,405.5 1,550.0

Crew share 1,155.6 1,141.9 1,162.5

Gross cash flow 933.4 922.3 581.3

Depreciation 480.0 480.0 451.7

Interest 30.2 60.8 43.1

Net profit 423.1 381.5 86.4

Gross value added 2,089.0 2,064.3 1,743.8


Employment on board (000 FTE) 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Invested capital (000 PTE) 2,160.0 1,900.0 1,724.8


Capacity indicators

Volume of landings (1000 t)* 13.4 13.5 12.8

Fleet – number of vessels 16 16 14 14 14.0 14.0

Fleet - total GRT (1000) 20.3 20.3 20.8 20.8 21.2 21.2

Fleet - total kW (1000) 26.0 26.0 26.6 26.6 28.1 28.1

Sources: INE,DGPA, Inquiries to vessel owners and our estimates

Frozen and salted products landed in national and foreign ports

Appendix 2 188

9.4.2 Portugal: NAFO vessels, composition of landings, 1995-2000



1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Cod 1,743 804 1,138 4 2 2

Redfish 1,375 1,896 1,455 5 6 5

Ray 95 123 41 0 1 0

American Plaice 107 212 112 1 1 0

Greenland Halibut 843 920 1,263 2 2 3

Yellowtail 38 98 45 0 0 0

Roundnose Granadier 43 91 48 0 1 0

Other 200 249 743 1 1 1

Total 4,445 4,392 4,844 13 14 13

Sources:DGPA and our estimates

**Situation on 31 Dec

9.4.3 Portugal: NAFO vessels, composition by size and age, 2000


0-900 GRT 0 0.0 0.0 1990-2000 2 2.0 2.9

900,01-1500 GRT 5 5.4 7.7 1970-1989 7 11.4 15.2

>1500 GRT 9 15.8 20.3 <1970 5 7.7 10.0

TOTAL 14 21.2 28.1 TOTAL 14 21.2 28.1

Source: DGPA

Appendix 2 189

10. Spain

10.0 Spain : Composition of the National Fleet, 1998-99


E.U. waters International-Third countries waters

Tuna Fleet

Artisanal

< 12 m.

Trawlers Fix gears

Seiners Mobile Gears

Fix gears

Tuna fleet

Economic indicators

Value of landings (m EUR) 1998* 2,071.8

Gross value added (m EUR)

Gross cash flow (m EUR)

Net (financial) profit (m EUR)


Employment on board (FTEs) ** 61,100

Invested capital (m EUR)


Capacity indicators

Volume of landings (1000 t) 1,198.9

Fleet – number of vessels * 17,187 12,493 2,000 1,032 799 460 363 40

Fleet - total GT (1000) * 535.5 22.9 128.6 48.8 46.1 160.0 51.6 77.6

Fleet - total kW (1000) * 1,371.0 193.5 373.8 145.3 172.2 271.1 99.3 115.8


GRT 31.2 1.8 64.3 47.3 57.7 347.8 142.1 1940.0

KW 79.8 15.5 186.9 140.8 215.5 589.3 273.6 2895.0

Length, loa

Age

Source: Ministerio de agricultura Pesca y alimentación (MAPA) and Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE).

* MAPA: Secretaría General de Pesca and Censo de la Flota pesquera Operativa a 31/12/99.

** INE: Encuesta de población activa. Data referred to active population.

Appendix 2 190

10.1.1 Spain: National Fleet, economic and capacity indicators, 1995-2000.

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Costs and earnings (m ESP)

Value of landings* 291,480 261,357 309,871 344,728

Fuel costs

Other running costs

Vessel costs

Crew share

Gross cash flow

Depreciation

Interest

Net profit

Gross value added


Employment on board (FTEs) ** 73,200 68,000 62,400 60,800 61,100 66,100

Invested capital (m ESP)


Capacity indicators

Volume of landings (1000 t) * 1,037.5 1,056.3 1,025.6 1,110.1 1,198.9

Fleet – number of vessels * 18,852 17,187 17,187

Fleet - total GRT (1000) * 546.8 535.5 535.5

Fleet - total kW (1000) * 1,717.8 1,371.0 1,371.0

Sources: * MAPA. and ** INE (Data referred to active population).

10.1.2 Spain: National fleet, composition of landings*, 1995-2000


Value

(1000 m ESP)

Volume

(1000 t)

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Hakes 52.0 36.1 33.9 39.3 93.0 73.1 59.3 55.6

Other demersal fish 24.5 16.9 20.6 20.4 72.0 73.2 88.6 76.2

Flat fish 4.8 3.9 7.5 9.8 9.1 7.8 9.3 14.2

Tunas 54.9 42.3 50.0 57.0 289.7 257.2 245.4 232.0

Other Blue fish 27.8 24.8 22.1 22.8 240.7 223.3 184.9 216.2

Crustaceans 31.7 34.3 39.3 64.7 25.8 28.4 35.0 53.2

Cephalopods 18.1 14.3 10.4 15.4 91.4 50.8 31.1 40.2

Other molluscs 18.2 25.2 27.8 34.1 41.5 47.7 49.2 68.7

Other species 58.7 62.5 97.3 79.9 163.9 181.8 222.8 244.1

Appendix 2 191

For industrial purposes

0.7 1.0 0.9 1.4 10.4 112.9 99.9 109.7

Total 291.5 261.4 309.9 344.7 1,037.5 1,056.3 1,025.6 1,110.1 1.198.9

Source: MAPA

*Only marine fish

10.1.3 Spain: National fleet, Composition by size and age, 1995


5 - 49 GRT 15,714 73 1992-97 751 47

50 – 119 GRT 1,050 76 1987-91 1,839 159

120 – 149 GRT 665 82 1982-86 2,245 56

150 – 249 GRT 541 105 1977-81 1,615 73

250 – 499 GRT 322 106 1976 and older 11,932 318

> 500 GRT 191 217 Unknown 101 5

Total 18,483 658 Total 18,483 658

Sources: EUROSTAT. Fisheries Yearly Statistics

Appendix 2 192

10.2.1 Spain-Atlantic: 300's fleet eec waters: Economic and capacity indicators, 1995-2000

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Costs and earnings (m ESP)


Fuel costs 2,449.7 3,035.9 3,254.2 2,608.7 2,273.2 4,354.9

Other running costs 5,030.0 2,054.7 1,830.8 2,893.0 3,144.3 2,875.5

Vessel costs 4,536.9 4,448.4 4,131.0 2,970.8 2,761.3 4,327.1

Crew share 13,630.9 12,932.9 11,955.3 10,457.6 10,290.0 12,194.9

Gross cash flow 3,629.1 5,442.8 4,916.9 6,399.2 7,198.2 6,108.7

Depreciation 2,453.8 2,293.2 3,436.8 3,406.8 3,553.9 3,576.0

Interest 249.2 156.5 202.7 136.0 391.5 315.0

Net profit 926.1 2,993.1 1,277.4 2,856.4 3,252.8 2,217.7

Gross value added 17,260.1 18,375.7 16,872.2 16,856.8 17,448.2 18,303.6



Invested capital (m ESP) 4,085.8 3,817.8 5,962.7 5,911.2 15,474.4 15,515.5


Capacity indicators



Fleet - total GRT (1000) 49.4 45.2 41.3 39.8 41.2 40.8

Fleet - total kW (1000) 148.2 135.6 120.2 115.7 114.9 114.5

Sources: Dpto. Economía Aplicada Univ. Vigo. For 2000, Dpto. Economía Aplicada Univ. Vigo and Fundación AZTI.

10.2.2 Spain-Atlantic: 300's fleet eec waters, composition of landings, 1995-2000

Major species/-groups of species Value (m ESP) *2 Volume (1000 t)

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Hake 15,840.0 16,340.0 16,087.5 19,100.0 23.9 15.5 17.6 17.2 19.5 20.6

Megrim 2,700.0 2,925.0 2,900.0 4,674.9 5.5 5.6 6.0 6.5 5.8 7.2

Anglerfish 2,100.0 3,800.0 4,320.0 3,550.8 2.3 2.1 3.0 3.8 3.6 3.2

Norway Lobster 720.0 600.0 900.0 918.1 1.0 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.4

Others*1 4,728.1 1,664.2 1,459.5 1,617.3 2.0 7.0 8.1 2.6 2.8 3.0

Total 29,276.6 27,916.7 26,088.1 25,329.2 25,667.0 29,861.1 34.6 30.7 35.3 30.6 32.2 34.4

Sources: Dpto. Economía Aplicada Univ. Vigo and MAPA.

*1 Others: Horse Mackerel, Blue Whiting, Pollack, Whiting, Mackerel, Sole, Haddock, etc.

*2 In 1997, 1998, 1999 and 2000 we assume the following prices in ESP/Kg.

1997: 900 for hake, 450 for megrim, 700 for anglerfish, 1,200 for Norway lobster and 583.7 for others species.

1998: 950 for hake, 450 for megrim, 1,000 for anglerfish, 1,200 for Norway lobster and 640 for others species.

Appendix 2 193



13.2.3 Spain-Atlantic area: 300´s fleet ecc waters composition by size and age, 2000*


< 200 GRT 99 16.4 39.5 < 5 years 30 5.2 10.8

200 – 250 GRT 61 13.2 37.6 5 – 10 years 16 2.6 6.2

> 250 GRT 41 11.2 37.3 10 – 25 years 35 8.0 27.1

> 25 years 121 25.0 70.4

Total 201 40.8 114.4 Total 201 40.8 114.5

Sources: Dpto. Economía Aplicada Univ. Vigo and Fundación AZTI.

* Data estimated from a sample of 120 vessels.

Appendix 2 194

11.Sweden

11.0 Sweden- National Fleet, 2000

Total fleet

Fleet segments

Pelagic >=20m

Pelagic <20m

Prawn Cod >=20m

Cod <20m

Nephrops

Net/

Hook

Economic indicators

Value of landings (mEUR) 112.8 43.5 3.2 14.4 23.2 8.8 11.2 4.3

Gross value added (mEUR) 17.1 1.6 8.8 9.4 4.7 5.5 2.8

Gross cash flow (mEUR) 5.7 1.2 4.6 3.2 2.6 2 1.5

Net (financial) profit (mEUR) 5.7 0.7 4.6 3.2 1.8 2 1.5


Employment on board (FTE) 2,500 420 104 207 190 92 234 102

Invested capital (mEUR) - 88.7 11.7 29.2 30.7 16.4 34.6 12.8

Effort (1000 days at sea) 143.7 12.8 3 10 7.1 5.1 12.3 6.6

Capacity indicators

Volume of landings (1000 t) 332.4 284.2 6.8 3 10.5 3 2.2 2.4

Fleet - number of vessels 1,955 60 52 69 38 46 117 51

Fleet - total GT (1000) 47.1 21.1 1.1 5.7 7 2.3 3.8 1.4

Fleet - total kW (1000) 239.2 62.5 9.3 23.3 20.8 12.1 23.9 8


GT 24 352 23 86 184 50 33 27

KW 122 1041 180 338 547 263 204 156

Length, loa 10 35 13 20 26 15 14 14

Age 25 25 24 38 25 19 27 31

Source: National Board of Fisheries (unpublished)

Appendix 2 195

11.1.1 Sweden- National Fleet, Economic and Capacity Indicators, 1995-2000

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Costs and earnings (mSEK)

Value of landings 878 984 1,011 1,045 962 955

Fuel costs

Other running costs

Vessel costs

Crew share

Gross cash flow

Depreciation

Interest

Net profit

Gross value added


Employment on board (FTE) 2500 2,500 2,500 2,500

Invested capital (mSEK)

Effort (1000 days at sea) 243.7 218.7 220.9 143.7

Capacity indicators


Fleet - number of vessels 2,541 2,504 2,305 2,132 1,977 1,955

Fleet - total GT (1000) 52.7 49.7 49.7 44.7 46.2 47.1

Fleet - total kW (1000) 270.2 255.9 248.3 234.5 231.5 239.2

Sources: National Board of Fisheries (unpublished) .

11.1.2 Sweden- National Fleet, Composition of Landings, 1995-2000

Major species Value (mSEK) Volume (1000 t)

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Cod 252 285 308 273 296 307 28.6 35.9 30.2 19.5 19.7 20.1

Herring - cons. 133 155 110 85 98 110 55.5 56.7 44.7 35.7 46.1 56.2

Fish for reduction 194 153 213 330 200 186 290.1 219.6 254.3 317 241.8 234.9

Pandalus Borealis 93 87 92 86 88 90 2.7 2.2 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.1

Nephrops 54 62 71 86 101 97 0.9 1.1 1.1 1,3 1.3 1.2

Total 726 742 794 860 783 790 377.8 315.5 332.7 375.8 311.2 314.5

Sources: Statistics Sweden.

11.1.3 Sweden- National Fleet, Composition by Size and Age, 2000

Appendix 2 196


0 - 49 1,760 9,6 119.7 2000- 14 2.9 12

50 – 119 87 6,7 28,2 1998-99 24 2.5 9.7

120 – 149 24 3,2 10,7 1996-97 36 1 7.6

150 - 200 17 3 10,8 1994-95 42 0.2 4.5

> 200 67 24.6 69.8 1992-93 32 0.8 3.8

1990-91 62 2 10.8

1988-89 96 1.5 12.1

1988 and older 1,649 36.2 178.7

Total 1,955 47.1 239.2 Total 1,955 47.1 239.2

Sources: National Board of Fisheries (unpublished).

Appendix 2 197

11.2.1 Sweden- Pelagic Vessels >= 20 m, Economic and Capacity Indicators, 1995-2000

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Costs and earnings (mSEK )

Value of landings 378.5 489.3 445.3 548 321 368.5

Fuel costs 57.9 74.9 68.1 70.1 45.9 63


Vessel costs 98.6 108.3 114.2 97.1 47.2 59.6

Crew share 98.4 127.2 115.8 142.0 84.7 96.2

Gross cash flow 63.8 101.6 76.8 139.1 71.6 48.4



Net profit 63.8 101.6 76.8 139.1 71.6 48.4

Gross value added 162.2 228.8 192.6 281 156.3 144.6


Employment on board (FTE) 423 385 355 414 372 420

Invested capital (mSEK) 706 608 838 608 763.1 750.8


Capacity indicators



Fleet - total GT (1000) 20.0 18.9 19 19.5 20.2 21.1

Fleet - total kW (1000) 62.3 58.4 57.6 56.2 57 62.5


11.2.2 Sweden- Pelagic Vessels >= 20 m, Composition of Landings, 1995-2000

Major species Value (mSEK ) Volume (1000 t)

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Herring 177.8 226 206.9 221.6 174.6 191.6 158.9 172.8 172.4 178.6 150.1 163.9

Sprat 79.4 70.9 94.0 140.4 85.7 75.7 118.5 101.3 111.9 135 103.3 82.3

Mackerel 23.2 40.4 38.3 24.7 25.0 25.8 6.2 5.2 4.7 5.1 5.2 5

Other 47 18.7 9.7 47.1 42.6 32.9

Total 482.9 583.0 556.4 593.9 285.3 293.1 330.6 298.0 298.7 365.8 301.2 284.1


11.2.3 Sweden- Pelagic Vessels >= 20 m, Composition by Size and Age, 2000

Size class (GT) Number GT (1000) kW (1000) Age class

Number GT (1000) kW (1000)

5 - 49 2000 3 2.3 8.5

Appendix 2 198

50 – 119 5 0.5 1.9 1998-99 2 1.7 5.4

120 – 149 6 0.8 2.7 1996-97 1 0.7 2.8

150 - 200 2 0.4 1.7 1994-95 1 0.2 0.5

>200 47 19.5 56.2 1992-93 1 0.4 0.9

1990-91 4 1.6 5

1988-89 1 0.1 0.4

1988 and older 47 14.1 39

Total 60 21.2 62.5 Total 60 21.2 62.5


Appendix 2 199

11.3.1 Sweden- Pelagic Vessels < 20 m, Economic and Capacity Indicators, 1995-2000

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000


Value of landings 47.5 31.5 38.5 34.0 27.3

Fuel costs 4.1 2.7 3.9 3.8 3.5

Other running costs 7.0 4.6 6.2 5.5 5.8

Vessel costs 17.5 3.4 0.2 6.5 4.7

Crew share 5.5 3.6 4.5 4.3 3.4

Gross cash flow 13.4 17.2 23.7 13.9 9.9

Depreciation 7.2 6.3 5.5 5.0 4

Interest 1.0 0.4 0 0.2 0

Net profit 5.2 10.5 18.2 8.7 5.9

Gross value added 18.9 20.8 28.2 18.2 13.3



Invested capital (mSEK) 180 157 97 137 126 99.4

Effort (1000 days at sea) 5.6 4.9 3

Capacity indicators



Fleet - total GT (1000) 1.9 1.4 1.3 1.7 1.5 1.1

Fleet - total kW (1000) 14.5 11.5 10.4 12.6 11.4 9.3


11.3.2 Sweden- Pelagic Vessels < 20 m, Composition of Landings, 1995-2000


1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Herring 24.2 14.3 13.2 12.6 9.8 6.6 10.1 5.2 5.4 5.3 4.6 3.4

Sprat 1.1 0.7 1.7 6.0 5.5 2.1 1.6 1.0 2.0 5.7 6.7 2.7

Other 2.2 1.3 1.1 0.8 0.7 0.7

Total 25.3 15.0 14.9 18.6 15.3 8.7 13.9 7.5 8.5 11.8 12.0 6.8


11.3.3 Sweden- Pelagic Vessels < 20 m, Composition by Size and Age, 2000


5 - 49 44 0.6 7.2 2000 1 0 0.2

50 – 119 8 0.5 2.1 1998-99

120 – 149 1996-97

150 - 200 1994-95 2 0.03 0.6

Appendix 2 200

>200 1992-93 1 0.01 0.2

1990-91 2 0.03 0.5

1988-89 3 0.02 0.6

1988 and older 43 1 7.2

Total 52 1.1 9.3 Total 52 1.1 9.3


Appendix 2 201

11.4.1 Sweden- Shrimp Trawlers, Economic and Capacity Indicators, 1995-2000

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000



Fuel costs 16.5 15.2 16.8 12.0 11.3 12.2


Vessel costs 0.5 4.8 12.2 3.7 12.8 12.6

Crew share 35 32.4 35.8 30.4 31.7 35

Gross cash flow 40.1 32.7 29.1 33.8 30.9 39.3



Net profit 40.1 32.7 29.1 33.8 30.9 39.3




Invested capital (mSEK) 274.8 251.6 252.4 221.9 229.2 247.3

Effort (1000 days at sea) 13.4 12.1 11.7 9.5 9.6 10

Capacity indicators

Volume of landings (1000 t) 10.2 4.0 3.1 2.8 2.8 3


Fleet - total GT (1000) 6.3 5.9 5.9 5.0 5.0 5.7

Fleet - total kW (1000) 25.6 23.6 23.2 20.7 20.7 23.3


11.4.2 Sweden- Shrimp Trawlers, Composition of Landings, 1995-2000


1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Prawn 82.2 79.7 87.3 79.2 79.1 87.5 2.4 2 2.3 2.1 2.1 2

Cod 7.8 5.4 2.6 2.5 3.6 3.9 0.9 0.7 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3

Nephrops 8.4 8.6 8.2 9.8 9.6 9.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

Other 6.8 1.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6

Total 98.4 93.7 98.1 91.5 92.3 100.6 10.2 4 3 2.8 2.8 3


11.4.3 Sweden- Shrimp Trawlers, Composition by Size and Age, 2000


5 - 49 30 0.7 5.5 2000 1 0.2 0.7

50 – 119 18 1.5 5.9 1998-99 1 0 0.2

Appendix 2 202

120 – 149 8 1 3.7 1996-97 1 0 0.06

150 - 200 8 1.4 5 1994-95

>200 5 1.1 3.2 1992-93

1990-91 1 0.02 0.4

1988-89 .1

1988 and older 65 5.5 22

Total 69 5.7 20.7 Total 69 5.7 23.3


Appendix 2 203

11.5.1 Sweden- Demersal Trawlers >=20m, Economic and Capacity Indicators, 1995-2000

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000



Fuel costs 20.1 23.3 25.8 16.2 17.7 17.7


Vessel costs 8.3 41.2 55.1 38.0 29.0 43.9

Crew share 28.2 32.6 36.2 26.5 36.7 51.8

Gross cash flow 53.3 30.2 24.2 16.9 36.1 27.5



Net profit 53.3 30.2 24.2 16.9 36.1 27.5




Invested capital (mSEK) 434.4 383.6 364 257.8 289 259.7


Capacity indicators



Fleet - total GT (1000) 10.6 9.6 9.1 6 7.7 7

Fleet - total kW (1000) 35 31.2 28.9 19.4 23.2 20.8


11.5.2 Sweden- Demersal Trawlers>=20m, Composition of Landings, 1995-2000


1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Cod 96.2 101.4 124.3 106.6 124.8 121.4 10.9 12.7 12.2 7.6 8.3 8

Nephrops 3.1 1.4 1.8 2 2.4 3.1 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04

Prawn 4.2 0 0 0 0.4 0 0.1 0 0 0 0.01 0

Other 14.1 11.7 4.1 3.5 3.1 2.5

Total 103.5 102.8 126.1 108.6 127.6 124.5 25.15 24.43 16.33 11.13 11.4 10.5


11.5.3 Sweden- Demersal Trawlers >=20m, Composition by Size and Age, 2000


5 - 49 2000

50 – 119 9 0.8 3.4 1998-99 2 0.6 1.5

120 – 149 7 0.9 3 1996-97 1 0.2 0.6

150 - 200 7 1.3 4.1 1994-95

Appendix 2 204

>200 15 4 10.3 1992-93

1990-91

1988-89 4 0.7 2.4

1988 and older 31 5.5 16.3

Total 38 7 20.8 Total 38 7 20.8


Appendix 2 205

11.6.1 Sweden- Demersal Trawlers <20m: Economic and Capacity Indicators, 1995-2000

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000



Fuel costs 14.5 9.5 8.0 5.0 6.1 9.3


Vessel costs 60.1 5.2 22.6 9.5 13.0 16.3

Crew share 35.7 23.2 19.7 14.4 17.3 17.9

Gross cash flow 17.5 45.2 20.2 21.2 24.7 21.9

Depreciation 0 0 0 4.3 5.4 5.5

Interest 0 0 0 0.4 0.7 0.9

Net profit 17.5 45.2 20.2 16.5 18.6 15.5






Capacity indicators

Volume of landings (1000 t) 7.6 4.7 4.7 3.0 3.2 3


Fleet - total GT (1000) 3.5 2.3 2.3 1.6 2.0 2.3

Fleet - total kW (1000) 18.9 12.7 11.6 8.9 11.5 12.1


11.6.2 Sweden- Demersal Trawlers <20m, Composition of Landings, 1995-2000


1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Cod 37.6 29.8 32.8 32 38.6 35.1 4.3 3.7 3.2 2.3 2.5 2.3

Nephrops 11.3 5.8 10.7 7.9 13.1 9.5 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1

Prawn 2.0 1.0 0 0 0.1 0.1 0.06 0.03 0 0 0 0

Other 3 0.8 1.3 0.6 0.5 0.5

Total 50.9 36.6 43.5 39.9 51.8 44.7 7.56 4.63 4.7 3 3.2 2.9


11.6.3 Sweden- Demersal trawlers <20m, Composition by Size and Age, 2000


5 - 49 24 0.6 4.4 2000 3 0.3 1.3

50 – 119 21 1.6 7.2 1998-99 3 0.2 1.1

Appendix 2 206

120 – 149 1 0.1 0.5 1996-97 1 0.1 0.3

150 - 200 1994-95

>200 1992-93 1 0.1 0.3

1990-91 3 0.2 1

1988-89 4 0.1 0.9

1988 and older 31 1.4 7.2

Total 46 2.3 12.1 Total 46 2.3 12.1


Appendix 2 207

11.7.1 Sweden- Nephrops Trawlers, Economic and Capacity Indicators, 1995-2000

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000



Fuel costs 7.5 11.2 13 14 14.3 11.8

Other running costs 13 19.6 22.6 34.5 33.8 27.8

Vessel costs 17.8 16.3 31.5 7.5 3.2 1.4

Crew share 16.1 24.1 27.9 36.7 41.7 37.4

Gross cash flow 10.7 26.5 18.1 45.1 54.7 42.8



Net profit 10.7 26.5 18.1 45.1 54.7 42.8

Gross value added 26.8 50.6 46 81.7 96.4 80.3



Invested capital (mSEK) 154.3 212.9 214.1 254 275.5 292.6


Capacity indicators



Fleet - total GT (1000) 2.3 3.1 2.7 3.1 3.5 3.8

Fleet - total kW (1000) 13.8 18.4 17.5 20.4 22.2 23.9


11.7.2 Sweden: Nephrops, composition of landings, 1995-2000


1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Cod 6.6 8.0 10 15.7 12.6 11.4 0.7 1.0 1.0 1.1 0.8 0.8

Nephrops 22.2 33.3 40 53.2 61.6 58.5 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.7

Prawn 3.8 3.5 1 1.4 0.6 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.01

Other 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6

Total 32.6 44.8 50.9 70.3 74.8 70.3 1.8 2.5 2.33 2.64 2.2 2.1


11.7.3 Sweden- Nephrops Trawlers, Composition by Size and Age, 2000


5 - 49 93 2.1 16.2 1996-97 1 0 0.1

50 - 119 23 1.6 7.1 1994-95 1 0 0.1

120 - 149 1 0.1 0.6 1992-93 1 0.1 0.3

Appendix 2 208

150 - 200 1990-91 2 0.03 0.3

>200 1988-89 12 0.4 2.8

1988 and older 100 3.3 20.3

Total 117 3.8 23.9 Total 117 3.8 23.9


Appendix 2 209

11.8.1 Sweden- Passive Gears, Demersal species, Economic and Capacity Iindicators, 1995-2000

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000


Value of landings 35.9 57 45.5 34.5 46.9 36.7

Fuel costs 2.6 4.1 3.3 2.2 2.5 1.8


Vessel costs 7.3 16.5 6 0.3 3.3 1.7

Crew share 6.5 10.4 8.3 5.5 9.7 10.4

Gross cash flow 11.7 13.6 18 18.3 17.1 13.1



Net profit 11.7 13.6 18 18.3 17.1 13.1

Gross value added 18.2 24 26.3 23.8 26.8 23.5




Effort (1000 days at sea) 4.4 8 10 8.4 6.9 6.6

Capacity indicators

Volume of landings (1000 t) 3.7 5.4 4.9 3 2.6 2.4


Fleet - total GT (1000) 2.6 2.6 2.7 1.9 1,4 1.4

Fleet - total kW (1000) 12.9 12.9 13.8 10.8 8.1 8

11.8.2 Sweden- Passive Gears, Demersal Species, Composition of Landings, 1995-2000


1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Cod 30.6 40.8 47.9 38 35.7 34 3.5 5.1 4.7 2.7 2.4 2.2

Herring 0.3 0.6 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

Turbot 1.2 2.8 2.5 2.8 2.5 1.4 0.04 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.04

Other 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.03 0.03

Total 32.1 44.2 50.6 41.1 38.4 35.6 3.67 5.41 4.92 2.93 2.6 2.4


11.8.3 Sweden- Passive Gears, Demersal Species, Composition by Size and Age, 2000


5 - 49 48 1.1 7.2 2000 1 0 0.1

50 – 119 2 0.1 0.4 1996-97 2 0.04 0.4

120 – 149 1 0.1 0.4 1994-95

Appendix 2 210

150 - 200 1992-93 1 0.2 0.4

>200 1990-91

1988-89 1 0.04 0.2

1988 and older 46 1.1 6.9

Total 51 1.4 8 Total 51 1.4 8


Appendix 2 211

12. The United Kingdom

12.0 United Kingdom: Position of segments in national fleet, 2000

Fleet segment Total fleet

Scottish demersal trawlers

North Sea

and west

of Scotland nephrop trawlers

Others

Economic indicators

Value of landings (mEUR) 908.0 205.1 82.5 620.5

Gross value added (mEUR) 46.9 31.5

Gross cash flow (mEUR) -9.6 6.1

Net (financial) result (mEUR) -31.4 -0.5


Employment on board 15,100 1,660 1,252 12,188

Invested capital (mEUR) 294.9 67.0

Effort (days-at-sea) 78,000 62,000

Capacity indicators

Volume of landings (000t) 748.1

Fleet - number of vessels (inc. <10m) 7,242 332 313 6,597

Fleet - total GRT (000s) 247.0 54.1 7.0 185.9

Fleet - total kW (000s) 938.0 149.8 45.5 742.7

Source: DEFRA, SEERAD, Sea Fish Industry Authority

Appendix 2 212

12.1.1 United Kingdom: National fleet, economic and capacity indicators, 1993-2000 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Costs and Earnings (mGBP)

Value of landings 526.0 561.4 590.1 636.5 621.9 661.5 590.5 550.3

Fuel costs

Other running costs

Vessel costs

Crew share

Gross cash flow

Depreciation

Interest

Net result

Gross value added

Other Economic Indicators

Employment on board N/A 20,703 19,921 19,044 18,604 17,847 15,961 15,121

Invested capital (mGBP)

Effort (days-at-sea)

Capacity Indicators

Volume of landings (000t) 857.6 874.9 911.8 892.3 881.9 923.8 829.4 748.1

Fleet – number of vessels *1 11,108 10,297 9,174 8,073 7,812 7,639 7,500 7,243

Fleet - Total GRT (000) 213.7 205.7 206.6 205.8 206.3 209.6 219.3 247.0

Fleet - Total kW (000) 938.0

Source: DEFRA, Sea Fish Industry Authority. *1 Includes <10m vessels

12.1.2 United Kingdom: National fleet, composition of landings, 1995-2000

Value (mGBP) Volume (1000 t) Group of species

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Haddock 55.4 54.7 45.4 57.7 59.9 51.6 86.3 89.7 83.4 83.4 72.0 50.7

Cod 70.3 74.2 71.4 83.9 68.4 56.5 78.7 79.8 74.6 77.2 51.7 41.8

Monks 45.1 57.2 56.1 45.9 39.4 37.7 24.5 32.2 29.8 21.7 17.0 16.6

Mackerel 40.4 58.8 61.7 87.6 42.0 60.8 218.5 148.2 149.5 179.7 166.7 193.8

Nephrops 63.1 58.9 65.0 58.1 75.0 61.5 31.9 29.7 31.7 29.2 31.3 28.5

Plaice 33.4 33.0 32.4 27.3 27.6 24.6 29.2 25.7 26.6 23.5 20.4 23.7

Scallops 24.3 27.0 27.6 30.2 29.2 30.8 15.7 17.1 18.7 20.1 19.1 19.7

Other 258.1 272.7 262.3 270.8 246.1 226.8 427.0 469.9 467.6 489.0 458.2 373.3

Total 590.1 636.5 621.9 661.5 587.6 550.3 911.8 892.3 881.9 923.8 836.2 748.1

Source: DEFRA

12.1.3 United Kingdom: National fleet, composition of the segment by age and size, 2000 Size Class (RT) Number RT (1000) kW (1000) Age Class Number RT (1000) kW (1000)

>20 613 8.5 76.9 2000 16 3.0 8.5

Appendix 2 213

20 – 149 903 54.8 224.0 1999 25 6.5 16.2

150 –249 238 44.7 118.0 1998 22 9.8 23.9

250 –349 100 29.0 72.9 1997 24 9.6 20.4

350 – 449 42 16.1 45.5 1996 - 1991 118 29.7 64.3

450 – 549 20 9.8 24.5 1990 - 1986 374 41.1 121.0

550 – 649 12 7.1 16.3 1985 - 1981 236 27.2 83.8

650 + 41 58.3 97.6 1980 - 1975 301 35.6 113.4

older than 1974 853 65.8 224.5

Total 1,969 228 676 Total 1,969 228 676

Source: DEFRA, Over 10m vessels only

Appendix 2 214

12.2.1 United Kingdom: Scottish demersal trawlers, economic and capacity indicators, 1994-2000

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000



Fuel costs 11.4 16.6 18.0 13.7 16.2 26.9


Vessel costs 38.1 43.4 39.2 41.0 39.7 40.0

Crew share 36.9 47.0 51.7 65.3 61.8 34.2

Gross cash flow 6.4 20.6 22.0 33.1 22.1 -5.8

Depreciation 14.5 17.5 18.3 9.9 9.8 9.7

Interest 6.3 5.4 15.5 2.1 3.4 3.3

Net result -14.4 -2.3 -11.8 21.0 8.9 -19.0


Other Economic Indicators

Employment on board 1,923 2,285 2,073 1,809 1,685 1,660.0

Invested capital (mGBP) 205.7 182.8 183.5 181.6 178.7

Effort (days-at-sea) 68,709 96,288 85,435 83,484 78,462 77956.0

Capacity Indicators Volume of landings (000t)

Fleet - number of vessels (inc. <10m) 362 408 371 341 337 332

Fleet - Total GRT (000s) 51.0 57.5 52.3 48.1 47.5 54.1

Fleet - Total kW (000s) 142.6 155.6 148.1 148.0 147.3 149.8

Source: DEFRA, Sea Fish Industry Authority.

12.2.2 United Kingdom: Scottish demersal trawlers (over 10m) (1), composition of landings 1995 - 2000 Major species Value (mGBP) Volume (1000 t)

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Haddock 38.8 44.8 48.0 46.2 41.9 30.2

Cod 21.7 23.7 24.2 24.0 16.6 15.4

Nephrops 4.9 3.6 8.6 6.0 7.5 7.9

Monks 13.5 17.8 16.8 11.6 8.4 8.7

Whiting 16.0 16.5 16.5 12.1 12.8 12.8

Ling 5.5 5.5 6.5 6.6 5.0 4.4

Others 38.0 38.9 37.0 32.9 33.1 33.0

Total 138.4 150.8 157.6 139.4 125.3 112.3

1. Vessel fishing methods - Demersal Pair Trawl; Demersal Trawl

12.2.3 United Kingdom, Scottish demersal trawlers, composition by size and age Size class Number RT (1000) kW (1000) Age class Number RT (1000) kW (1000)

<20 5 0.1 0.6 2000 9 2.6 6.7

Appendix 2 215

20-149 165 13.3 52.4 1999 7 2.6 7.1

150-249 105 19.9 50.6 1998 8 2.8 5.9

250-349 34 10.1 22.6 1997 6 2.5 4.6

350-449 13 5.0 10.3 1996 9 2.4 5.5

450-549 5 2.5 4.9 1995 5 1.2 3.5

550-649 4 2.4 6.5 1994 5 1.1 2.9

650 + 1 0.8 1.9 1993 3 0.4 1.1

1992 3 0.5 1.7

Other 277 38.0 110.8

Total 332 54.1 149.8 Total 332 54.1 149.8

Vessel fishing methods - Demersal Pair Trawl; Demersal Trawl

Appendix 2 216

12.3.1 United Kingdom: Scottish nephrops trawlers, economic and capacity indicators, 1994-2000

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000



Fuel costs 8.8 8.5 4.7 7.8 7.4 12.5


Vessel costs 26.9 24.5 11.8 11.4 11.4 11.6

Crew share 25.1 31.9 17.7 21.4 18.7 15.3

Gross cash flow 14.6 22.7 7.9 22.4 7.3 3.7

Depreciation 6.8 6.8 4.4 2.8 2.7 2.8

Interest 2.6 1.5 3.7 0.8 1.2 1.2

Net Result 5.2 14.5 -0.2 18.8 3.3 -0.3


Other Economic Indicators Employment on board 1,789 1,693 1,356 1,244 1,236 1,252

Invested capital (mGBP) 102.5 44.1 44.3 40.1 40.6

Effort (days-at-sea) 77,376 72,496 64,749 63,260 61,182 61,974

Capacity Indicators

Volume of landings (000t)

Fleet – number of vessels *1 416 368 339 311 309 313

Fleet - total GRT (000) 8.8 7.7 7.1 6.5 6.5 7.0

Fleet - Total kW (000) 59.5 52.6 48.5 44.5 44.2 45.5

Source: DEFRA, Sea Fish Industry Authority. *1 Includes <10m vessels

12.3.2 United Kingdom: Scottish nephrops trawlers (3), composition of landings, 1995 - 2000 Major species Value (mGBP) Volume (1000 t)

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Nephrops 12.9 12.6 9.9 10.7 10.8 9.5

Monks 1.2 1.8 0.4 0.7 0.6 0.3

Haddock 2.2 3.0 1.2 1.9 1.3 0.6

Cod 1.7 1.9 0.5 1 0.6 0.4

Scallops (4) 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.3 0.8

Sprats 3.4 1.6 2.7 2.3 3.3 2.0

Others 5.3 5.3 1.8 3.3 2.6 3.0

Total 27.7 27.1 17.3 20.6 19.5 16.7

3. Vessel fishing methods - Nephrops Trawl ( Single Rig) ; Twin/Mult Rig Nephrops Trawl 4. Includes Queen Scallops 12.3.2 United Kingdom: Scottish nephrops trawlers, composition by size and age Size class Number RT (1000) kW (1000) Age class Number RT (1000) kW (1000)

<20 185 2.1 20.0 2000 5 0.1 0.7

20-149 125 4.3 24.1 1999 7 0.1 0.7

Appendix 2 217

150-249 3 0.6 1.5 1998 6 0.1 0.9

250-349 - - - 1997 2 + 0.2

350-449 - - - 1996 1 + 0.3

450-549 - - - 1995 - - -

550-649 - - - 1994 1 + 0.1

650 + - - - 1993 - - -

1992 3 + 0.3

Other 288 6.7 42.3

Total 313 7.0 45.5 Total 313 7.0 45.5

4. Vessel fishing methods - Nephrops Trawl ( Single Rig) ; Twin/Mult Rig Nephrops Trawl

Appendix 2 218

13. Common Method

The following indicators have been commonly used in the different country contributions. Most of them are the same as have been developed during the Workshop on an Annual Economic Report, held in Brussels, 20-23 February 1995 6. The methodology of imputing capital cost follows the common method in Davidse et al. (1993) 7.

Value of landings

The volume of landed fish valued against actual market prices.

Gross value added (GVA)

Value of landings minus cost paid to other (supplying) industries. The remaining amount is the reward for labour and capital, employed in fisheries. It is the sum of cost of labour, depreciation, interest and the net profit. The gross value added is also expressed per employed, for reasons of comparison.

Gross cash-flow (GCF)

Value of landings minus all expenses, except depreciation and interest. This indicator shows the amount available for interest payments and repayments of loans and also for depreciation and interest regarding own capital.

Net profit

Value of landings minus all cost, including depreciation and an imputed interest amount. This balance is the reward for entrepreneurship.

Employment on board

The number of crew members measured as full time equivalents (FTE).

6 EC, Commission Staff Working Paper: Assessing the economic performances of selected fleet segments in the

EU, 1996, 7 W.P. Davidse et al., Costs and earnings of fishing vessels in four EC countries, LEI-DLO Research Report 110,

June 1993.

Appendix 2 219

Invested capital

The amount of capital invested in the vessel at a certain moment. Hence, not the annual investments in new buildings etc. The book value, based on the replacement value, is a measure for the invested capital; in a number of cases, the insured value of the vessel has been taken as an approach for the invested capital. The value of fishing rights has not been included.

Effort

Measured in days at sea, which may include days for travelling to and from the fishing grounds.

Other running cost

This cost item consists of cost of selling fish via the auction, cost of treatment of the fish, etc.

Vessel cost

Repair and maintenance cost form the biggest part of these cost. The amounts may be biased

by investments for equipment's, occurring in profitable years. These investments could not

always be separated from ‘real’ annual repair and maintenance cost.

Depreciation

Many different depreciation systems occur in the countries included in this report. Therefore a common method of depreciation has been developed. The replacement value of the vessel is the basis of this depreciation. The replacement value is equal to the current building costs of a similar new vessel.

The hull of the vessel is depreciated in 25 years, 4% per year (straight-line) on the basis of the replacement cost. After this period 2% of the replacement value is depreciated as an estimate for improvements on these older vessels.

Engines with heavy use are depreciated in ten years, 10% per year and 4% after this period. In cases of more light use the depreciation period is 15 years, 6.7% per year and 2.5% after this period. All percentages are applied on the replacement cost.

When the amount of the engine alone is not known a breakdown between hull and engine of 2:1 is assumed.

Appendix 2 220

Interest

The real interest cost per vessel differ widely due to differences in the level of loans. To eliminate these differences an imputed interest has been calculated which reflects the opportunity cost of the capital, invested in the vessel. Hence, this interest is independent of the way the vessel is financed.

Basis for this calculation is the book value of the vessel, which is derived from the above mentioned replacement value and the depreciation system.

The real interest rate, i.e. the difference between the rate for Government Bonds and the inflation rate, has been applied on this book value. This results in the imputed interest amount.

Appendix 2 221

14. Exchange rates and inflation indices

Exchange rates (Euro = …National currency)

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

BEF 41.593 40.471 39.657 38,552 39.299 40.530 40,620 40.34

DKK 7.809 7.594 7.543 7,328 7.359 7.484 7,499 7.436

DEM 2.020 1.936 1.925 1,874 1,910 1.964 1,969 1.956

GRD 247.03 268.6 288.0 3,03.0 3,05.5 3,09.4 3,307.3 325.76

ESP 149.12 158.92 163.00 163.00 160.75 165.89 167.18 166.39

FRF 6.848 6.634 6.583 6,525 6.493 6.593 6,601 6.56

IEP 0,761 0.800 0.794 0,816 0.793 0.748 0,786 0.788

ITL 1.595.5 1.841.2 1,915.1 2,130.1 1,959.0 1,929.3 1,943.7 1,936.3

NLG 2.275 2.175 2.158 2,099 2.40 2.211 2,220 2.204

ATS 14.217 13.624 13.540 13,182 13.435 13.820 13,850 13.76

PTE 174.71 188.37 196.90 196.10 195.76 198.59 201.70 200.48

FIM 5.807 6.696 6.191 5,709 5.828 5.881 5,983 5.946

SEK 7.533 9.122 9.163 9,332 8.515 8.651 8,916 8.808

GBP 0.738 0.780 0.776 0,829 0.814 0.692 0,676 0.659

IC 79.253 83.106 84,685 84.656 80.439 79,698 77.169

NO 8.310 8.374 8,286 8.197 8.019 8,466 8.31

USD 1.298 1.171 1.190 1,308 1.270 1.134 1,121 1.066

Source: Eurostat, European Economy.

Price deflator GDP at market prices

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

B 3.6 4.2 2.3 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.2

DK 3.2 0.6 1.6 2.0 1.9 2.7 2.7 1.1

D 5.6 4.0 2.4 2.1 1.0 0.6 1.2 0.7

EL 14.8 14.5 11.3 9.1 8.5 6.7 4.0 2.4

E 6.9 4.3 4.0 4.9 3.1 2.2 2.4 2.3

F 2.4 2.1 1.6 2.1 1.7 1.1 0.7 0.5

IRL 2.1 4.3 1.0 0.4 1.1 2.4 2.2 2.6

I 4.7 4.4 3.5 5.0 5.1 2.6 2.2 1.8

L 4.3 0.7 5.3 0.7 0.0 3.1 2.8 1.0

NL 2.3 1.9 2.3 1.6 1.3 2.0 2.2 2.1

A 4.3 2.8 2.8 2.1 2.1 1.4 1.5 0.5

P 10.6 6.0 5.9 5.1 2.4 2.0 2.8 2.2

FIN 0.7 2.4 1.3 2.4 1.3 1.2 2.0 1.3

S 1.0 2.6 2.5 3.7 1.0 1.2 2.0 0.5

UK 4.6 3.2 1.6 2.4 3.0 2.6 2.3 1.4

EUR 15 4.5 3.7 2.6 2.9 2.4 1.8 1.9 1.3

Appendix 2 222

EU 11 4.5 3.7 2.7 2.9 2.2 1.5 1.7 1.1

IC 3.8 4.1 1.5 1.7 2.3 1.8 1.7 3.4

NO 2.3 2.3 1.4 2.5 1.2 2.6 2.2 2.3

Appendix 2 223

15. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Economic indicators

GCF: Gross cash flow

GVA: Gross value added

NP Net profit

ROC: Return on capital

Currencies

BEF: Belgian francs

DEM: German marks

DKK: Danish krones

ESP: Spanish pesetas

EUR: Euros

FIM: Finnish marks

FRF: French francs

GBP: British pounds

GRD: Greek drachmes

IEP: Irish pounds

IRK: Icelandic krones

ITL: Italian lires

NLG: Dutch guilders

NOK: Norwegian krones

PTE: Portuguese escudos

SEK: Swedish krones

mln: million

Appendix 2 224

bln: billion

mEUR: million Euros

Appendix 2 225

ADDRESSES OF PARTICIPATING INSTITUTES AND CONTACT PERSONS

Institute / name

Address

Tel / Fax / E-mail

LEI

Pavel Salz (co-ordinator)

P.O. Box 29703

2502 LS Den Haag

The Netherlands

Tel: 31-(0)70-3358330/135/200

Fax: 31-(0)70-3615624

E-mail: [email protected]

SFIA

Jim Watson

18 Logie Mill

Logie Green Road

Edinburgh EH7 4HG,

UK

Tel: 44 131 558 3331

Fax: 44 131 558 1442


IREPA

Evelina Sabatella

Via S.Leonardo.

Traversa Migliaro

84131 Salerno,

Italy

Tel: 39 089 338 978

Fax: 39 089 330 835


IFREMER

Fabienne Daures

155. Rue J.-J. Rousseau

92318 Issy-les-Moulineaux Cedex France

Tel: 33 1 4648 2100

Fax: 33 1 4648 2276


SJFI

Kim Normark Andersen

Rolinghedsvej 25

DK-1958 Frederiksberg C

Denmark

Tel: 45 35 28 6800

Fax: 45 35 28 6801


FGFRI

Jarno Virtanen

P.O. Box 6

FIN-00721 Helsinki

Finland

Tel: 358 205 751 302

Fax: 358 205 751 201


Univ. of Vigo

Juan C. Suris-Regueiro

Dept. de Economía Aplicada

Facultad de Economía

36200 Vigo - Galicia,

Spain

Tel: 34 (9)86 812 400

Fax: 34 (9)86 812 401


Fiskeriverket

Tore Gustavsson

P.O. Box 423

S-401 26 Götenborg

Sweden

Tel: 46 31 743 0300

Fax: 46 31 743 0444


EPB Consult.

Eurico P. de Brito

Aerocondor

Aerodromo Cascais. Tires

2775 S. Domingos de Rana

Portugal

Tel: 351 21 444 6700 / 02 (direct)

Fax: 351 21 444 4444


ESRI

4 Burlington Road

Tel: 353 1 667 1525

Appendix 2 226

John Curtis Dublin 4

Ireland

Fax: 353 1 668 6231


Marfish

Dimitris Kohras

Agiou Nikolaou 46

N. Michaniona

Thessaloniki, 57004,

Greece

Tel: 30 392 35 855

Fax: 30 392 35 855


Appendix 3 1

APPENDIX 3 Multi-annual TACs (MATAC)

Appendix 3 2

1 MULTI-ANNUAL TACS (MATAC) SUMMARY OF THE REPORT ON AN ANALYSIS OF THE POSSIBILITIES OF LIMITING ANNUAL FLUCTUATIONS IN TACS FOR FLATFISH. DOCUMENT REFERENCE NO FISH-2000-02-01 3

1.1 INTRODUCTION 3 1.2 SIMULATION FRAMEWORK 3 1.3 MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES 5 1.4 RESULTS 5

1.4.1 Short-, medium- and long-term behaviour 6 1.4.2 Robustness to stock recruitment assumptions 9 1.4.3 Additional management strategies 11 1.4.4 Effect of lower and upper bounds only 13

1.5 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 18

Appendix 3 3

12 MULTI-ANNUAL TACS (MATAC) SUMMARY OF THE REPORT ON AN ANALYSIS OF THE POSSIBILITIES OF LIMITING ANNUAL FLUCTUATIONS IN TACS FOR FLATFISH. DOCUMENT REFERENCE NO FISH-2000-02-01

The report was prepared under contract by CEFAS (Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science UK) and RIVO (Netherlands Institute for Fisheries Research) on 1st August 2001. The project co-ordinator was Dr Laurence Kell. A summary of the report is provided here followed by comments from STECF.

12.1 INTRODUCTION The study was commissioned by the European Commission who had observed that

"The fishing industry has repeatedly pointed to the difficulties created by wide fluctuations in TACs from one year to the next, while experts have countered that total stability is impossible due to natural fluctuations in stocks and particularly in recruitment. Consequently, any attempts to maintain TACs at a constant level could threaten the sustainability of fishery resources, which would be at odds with the precautionary approach. Experts have also pointed out that even if it were possible to reduce annual fluctuations in TACs, it would be impossible to stabilise catches and exploitation levels (and thus fishing effort) at the same time and that compromises would therefore be necessary. Finally, they have stressed that stocks vary even more from one year to the next when exploitation levels are high."

The study used a simulation framework to evaluate the performance of multi-annual management strategies for the main flatfish stocks (plaice in the Skagerrak, North Sea, Irish Sea and the Eastern English Channel and sole in the North Sea, Irish Sea and the Eastern English Channel) within EU waters for which ICES has produced an analytical evaluation. Strategies were intended to balance the potentially conflicting objectives of limiting annual variation in catches whilst also ensuring the sustainability of the resource.

12.2 SIMULATION FRAMEWORK The performance of the various management strategies are investigated using a simulation framework developed to evaluate the response of fishery systems to management (Kell et al 1999a, 1999b, 2000). The framework models both the “true” and observed systems (data collected, assessment and reference points used to guide management) and is therefore an ideal tool to investigate the robustness of management strategies to both the intrinsic properties of natural systems and our ability to understand and monitor them. An additional advantage is that the framework considers the interactions between all system components and provides an integrated way to evaluate the relative importance of components to the overall success of management (Wilimovsky, 1985; De la Mare 1998; Holt 1998).

The framework also acknowledges a wider variety of sources of uncertainty than currently considered by ICES advice. Following the classification of Restrepo and Rosenberg (1995) these include, process error due to natural variation in dynamic processes (e.g. recruitment, somatic growth, natural mortality), measurement error (generated when collecting observations from a population), estimation error that arises from trying to model the dynamic process (during the assessment process) and

Appendix 3 4

implementation error since management actions are never implemented perfectly. However, in this study not all potential error sources were modelled.

The simulation model framework is illustrated in Figure 1. The “real” stock and fishery dynamics are represented as the true system, from which simulated data are sampled. These data are then used within an assessment procedure to assess the status of the stock and then, depending on perception of the stock, management controls are applied to the fishery. This makes it possible to evaluate the consequences of alternative management strategies before implementation. Here the simulations included natural variation in recruitment and growth a stochastic selection pattern, measurement/sampling error in catch at age and CPUE data, and estimation error through use of XSA assessment model. No management implementation error was included.

Figure 1. The simulation framework.

The true population was conditioned on working group estimates and therefore in the past stock status corresponds to the recent ICES estimates. The future population is generated for a assumed stock recruitment relationship and by fishing mortalities corresponding to the TACs as set by the management procedure in each year, starting in 2001 and continuing until 2030.

To evaluate the robustness of the strategies uncertainty about the true dynamics of the stocks experiments were conducted for five alternative hypotheses about the

Appendix 3 5

true stock recruitment relationships (Beverton and Holt with and without autocorrelation, Butterworth Bergh or “two line” with and without autocorrelation and that fitted by the working group). The assessment procedure is based on the sampling and assessment methodology of the relevant ICES working group. Yields from the fisheries correspond to the TAC set by the management procedure. However, to prevent unrealistic fishing mortalities being generated, fishing mortality are constrained so that, in any year, increases or absolute levels will never be more than twice the relevant historical maximum. When fishing mortality is constrained, the TAC will not be taken, in the recent past, yield is as reported to the working group.

Full details of the models and parameterisations are given in the report.

12.3 MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES Five target fishing mortalities were evaluated for each stock, chosen at equal intervals and spanning the lowest standard reference point (Fpa, Fmax or F0.1) to 1.2 times FBar1997-1999 or Fpa (rounded to 1 significant figure) whichever was the highest.

The multi-annual management strategies considered three main components

• A target fishing mortality for each stock

• An initial transition period during which fishing mortality is progressively reduced, by 10% to the target level. There is no transition period if the target mortality is greater than current fishing mortality.

• Limits on the annual fluctuations on TACs so that

Maximum(TACt+1) = TACt × (1 + α)

Minimum(TACt+1) = TACt × (1 - α)

Where α is either 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%

The effect of lower and upper limits separately and combined were investigated as well as the case where there were no bounds on inter-annual variation, giving thirteen combinations in all.

Additional "complementary strategies", which were modifications of the basic strategies were investigated

• A transition rate of 50%

• After the transition period if perceived SSB falls below Bpa then target F is reduced by (SSB - Blim ) / (Bpa - Blim)

• An upper bound on the TAC so that it never exceeded the maximum historical catch.

12.4 RESULTS The interaction between a target fishing mortality and constraining the inter-annual variations in TACs and the trade-offs between yield and sustainability are summarised in the form of contour plots (Figure 2).

F

0.4

0.5

$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

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Appendix 3 6

Figure 2. Contour plot contrasting target fishing mortality and TAC constraint. The probability of SSB being below or above BPA (relative to the inferred PA level indicated as the contour line) is represented by red and green shading respectively. In addition yield is plotted as a dollar sign, where the size of the dollar indicates the relative yield. The horizontal line represents the FPA level.

12.4.1 Short-, medium- and long-term behaviour Three periods were considered corresponding to the short- (2005), medium- (2006-2015) and long-terms (2016-2030) and the consequences of constraining both increases and decreases in TACs, for the different time periods are summarised in Figures 3a-b.

Appendix 3 7

Appendix 3 8

Appendix 3 9

In the short-term the effect of constraining TACs is dependent on the initial condition of a stocks relative to the equilibrium level implied by the target F. For stocks where current yield is below the implied target level TAC constraints stop catches increasing and so reduces the probability of SSB being less than Bpa at the expense of reduced yield. If current yield is above the equilibrium yield level then catches are prevented from decreasing and the probability of SSB being less than Bpa is increased. For Skagerrak plaice since yield is currently above the equilibrium level (due to a recent strong year-class) if TACs can not be reduced by more than 20% per year then fishing mortality is greater than the target level in the short- and medium-terms. This results in the probability of SSB being less than Bpa being greater than the PA level. In contrast, North Sea plaice yield is currently below the equilibrium level and SSB has a high probability of being below Bpa. Even with no TAC constraints SSB will not recover in the short-term. Yield for both Irish Sea and Eastern English Channel plaice is currently below the equilibrium level and SSB has a high probability of being greater than Bpa; constraining TACs has little effect. Although North Sea sole yield is currently higher than the equilibrium level, biomass is also currently high and in the short-term the stock has a very low probability of falling below Bpa. For sole stocks in the Irish Sea and Eastern English Channel yield is currently at the equilibrium level and constraining TACs has little effect in the short-term since both stocks have high probabilities of being below Bpa already.

Medium-term behaviour is related to the initial conditions to a less extent and is increasingly determined by the by the dynamics of the stock. Medium-term behaviour is therefore similar to the long-term behaviour for most stocks with the exception of Skagerrak plaice. In this case, the catch in 2000 was high due to a strong year-class and subsequently catches need to be reduced, however this is not possible under a TAC constraint of 10%.

In the long-term most of the stocks are in equilibrium and it is therefore possible to draw some general conclusions about the effect of constraining TACs. For Skagerrak plaice constraining TACs requires the target F to be reduced. Whilst for Irish Sea and Eastern English Channel plaice a similar but smaller effect is seen. For North Sea plaice there appears to be a small effect due to constraining TAC at the 10% level, mean yield, however, is larger if TAC constraints are less restrictive. For Irish Sea sole the VPA did not converge and the stock is underestimated resulting in low yields and a gradual increase in stock size beyond historical levels making the results difficult to interpret. In the case of Eastern English Channel sole 10% TAC constraints increase the probability of the stock falling below Bpa. In general an effect is seen at the 10 to 20% level.

12.4.2 Robustness to stock recruitment assumptions

To evaluate the robustness of the results to the stock recruitment assumptions the long-term results are summarised for each stock and stock recruitment model in Figure 4a-b

Appendix 3 10

For Skagerrak plaice including autocorrelation in recruitment (ρ = 0.5) increases the probability that SSB falls below Bpa and the maximum yield occurs at TAC constaints of 20-30% rather than at 10%. The consequences of working group assumption of a Ricker model are similar to assuming a Butterworth Bergh model, however, the maximum yield is observed at higher Fs. The results for North Sea and Irish Sea plaice are not sensitive to the stock recruitment assumptions. Whilst for Eastern English Channel plaice the main effect is for a Beverton and Holt model with autocorrelation when a 10% constraint level increases the probability of SSB falling below Bpa, maximum yield is below Fpa for all stock recruitment assumptions other than Beverton and Holt.

Appendix 3 11

For North Sea, Irish Sea and Eastern English Channel sole there is little difference due to the stock recruitment assumptions and so the management strategies are robust to the underlying stock recruit model.

12.4.3 Additional management strategies The effect of the alternative management strategies are summarised in Figure 5a-b, for plaice the only alternative management strategies that have an effect are reducing F if SSB is less than Bpa for North Sea plaice when the sustainability of the stock is increased at all TAC constraint levels and for Eastern English Channel plaice when a slight similar effect is seen for a TAC cap. For sole the only effect is seen for North Sea sole when, like North Sea plaice, reducing F if SSB is less than Bpa the sustainability of the stock is increased at all TAC constraint levels. This is because the target levels of SSB are very close to Bpa.

Appendix 3 12

Appendix 3 13

12.4.4 Effect of lower and upper bounds only

Relaxing the lower or upper bounds are investigated in Figure 6a-b for the short-term and Figure 7a-b for the long-term. Lower and upper bounds tend to reduce and increase respectively the probability of SSB being greater than Bpa at TAC constraints of 10 to 20%. The main exception is for North Sea plaice for which lower bounds increase the probability of SSB being less than Bpa for all constraint levels. This effect is more pronounced in the short-term due to a ratchet effect A lower bound increases the probability of SSB being below Bpa for smaller inter-annual variations in TACs.

Appendix 3 14

Appendix 3 15

Appendix 3 16

Appendix 3 17

Appendix 3 18

If a stock is not yet at the equilibrium SSB level constraining inter-annual variation in TACs may result in an increase in the time taken to reach equilibrium

Of the additional management strategies increasing the transition rate from 10 to 50% has little effect. This is because the transition rate only applies when F is to be reduced and is a long way from the target and in most cases Fpa is close to or above current F. Reducing F if SSB falls below Bpa however, can have a large effect for the reasons noted above.

For most stocks reducing the amount by which TACs can be reduced increases the time to equilibrium whilst reducing the amount by which TACs can be increased decreases it. The effect is most pronounced for constraint levels of 10% and in general constraint levels of 30% or greater have no effect (compared to the no constraint case).

12.5 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS In general restricting changes in TACs to about 10% once a stock has reached an appropriately chosen target level of SSB and appropriate assessment methods are used would appear to present acceptable levels of risks to the stock and would not be costly in terms of forgone yield.

In the short-term the consequences are dependent on current conditions relative to the target levels and will be important to develop appropriate rebuilding plans for overfished stocks on a case specific basis.

In the long-term interactions between management and stock assessment must be considered and management/assessment procedures that recognise the importance of feedback and reduce fluctuations in biomass should be developed.

In addition an analysis of historic variability in catches also showed that in many cases variability in catches is seldom greater than 30% and increases have tended to be larger than decreases. This might be due to management considerations but could also be due to the occurrence of occasional strong year-classes.

If target and/or limits can be set for SSB and Fbar then strategies of two types will be required; either aim to move stocks towards the targets or else to maintain stocks at the targets i.e.

• Rebuilding (development) strategies for stocks currently outside of targets

• Stable management strategies that endeavour to keep the stock and yields at target levels

The former will require a consideration of strategies that explicitly include rebuilding times for each stock. Once the stock had reached the target then the investigation of stable strategies could be performed.

However, the basis for setting limit and target reference points is not the same for all stocks. The Commission has commented that there is little uniformity as to the dangers associated with overshooting the limit references points Blim and Flim and expressed concern that the procedures used to define the precautionary references points (also sometimes used as targets) Bpa and Fpa, are not always clear. The Commission acknowledged that Blim and Flim should be set by biologists stressed that Bpa and Fpa should be worked out jointly by managers and scientists. The methods used in this study could be used to define sustainable levels of exploitation that are consistent across stocks and take account of important uncertainties that are currently ignored. For example comparing simulated results at Fpa across a range of plausible stock recruitment

Appendix 3 19

relationships provide a means for evaluating the robustness of Fpa. By using a range of F values this type of method could be extended to set Fpa. The current study accepted the values of Bpa as currently defined and evaluated the consequences of constraining TACs relative to these level.

The study also showed that successful strategies must consider four elements:

• Definition of management targets

• Ability to assess stock relative to targets

• Rebuilding plans to move towards targets

• Stable management regimes once a target has been achieved.

The definition of management targets is based upon the precautionary reference points of Fpa and Bpa. However, the study showed that they have not always been chosen consistently, even for the same species in different areas or similar species in the same fishery.

Once target levels have been established stock status must be monitored relative to these targets and it may be more important to reduce systematic bias rather than to improve precision. To develop robust management strategies the interactions between assessment and management and their influence on stock dynamics needs to be better understood.

For the flatfish stocks investigated if a stock is at an appropriately defined target SSB level then stability of yields could be achieved. However, this will also depend on our ability to detect when a stock is below sustainable levels. In which case the current framework could be used to develop appropriate rebuilding plans on a case specific basis and to evaluate the trade offs between stability of yield and risks to the stock.

Appendix 4 1

APPENDIX 4

STECF COMMENTS AND GUIDELINES FOR FURTHER ANALYSIS OF DEEP SEA FISHERIES IN

THE MEDITERRANEAN

Appendix 4 2

General The Mediterranean and the Atlantic are analysed separately in the report. Taking into account the connecting region formed by both areas around the Gibraltar Strait and mainly for the south Iberian peninsula, it might be advisable that the STECF could address in a future meeting the appropriateness for an integrated approach for all the species presents at both sides of the Gibraltar Strait. STECF thinks that the above issue is worth for further research actions to be taken in the area.

Comments for the Mediterranean:

General All the data sets used for the SGFEN report concerning the Mediterranean deep-sea resources are provided by scientific surveys that are carried out on a monitoring base. These results do not necessarily show the features of the commercial fisheries, which are carried out with various different types of trawl nets and, sometimes, not in the same area where the scientific surveys have been conducted.

Various EC projects were carried out in the ‘90s to provide data from scientific surveys and an overview also of the commercial fishery activities targeting the deep-sea resources in the Mediterranean Sea. These projects were carried out by using scientific observers on board, with specific tasks to identify the specific fleets targeting the deep-sea species, and to evaluate the yields, the discards, the size composition and the population dynamic of the target species, the selectivity of the nets and the economy of this specific fishery.

In particular, the EC reports MED92/005, MED92/010, MED92/015, MED97/0018, MED00/39 and INTERREG II includes a huge amount of detailed data related only to deep sea resources.

Data from various regional (COPEMED, ADRIAMED, MEDITS), national (GRUND) or local projects are also available. The data obtained by these and other studies provides a good picture of the deep-sea fishery in the central and western Mediterranean (including the north African Countries, Malta and the east Adriatic Countries). Unfortunately, although most of them have been included in the list of the reference documents, they have been only partially taken into consideration within the SGFEN report.

This fact results in statistics that are not updated and in partial data based on a minor part of the samples. The list of species is extremely poor, due to the fact that the above mentioned studies report a list of about 300 species. Even some important target species are lacking or poorly considered.

Some important species included in the WG report as Merluccius merluccius, Nephrops norvegicus, Aristeus antennatus and others had been evaluated in several Mediterranean regions. The results of such evaluations, available at national levels but also at the Sub Committee on Stocks Assessment of the GFCM should have been taken into consideration.

The SGFEN suggests four major sub-areas for the management of deep sea resources in the Mediterranean; the proposed sub-areas are slightly different from those proposed by the GFCM-SAC for non-demersal deep sea resources. In fact, while the latter is based on the previous three FAO areas (from 37.1 to 37.3), the SGFEN classification splits the 37.1 into two further sub-areas and moves southward the limit between 37.1 and 37.2. In addition, the two classifications are also based on a different mixture of species in fact, while the SGFEN include demersal and not demersal species, the SAC considers only

Appendix 4 3

non demersal deep sea species. Therefore, taking into account the above said differences and pending further refinements of the definition of deep sea resources and fisheries, the STECF believes that it is advisable to retain the sub-areas as defined by the Scientific Advisory Committee of the GFCM.

The method adopted to separate the deep-sea fishery from other demersal fishery (400 m) was based on the ICES criteria. This could create several problems in the proper understanding of the Mediterranean fisheries, because the environmental and morphological conditions are quite different from those of the North Sea and the Atlantic. STECF believes that a depth limit set at around 250 m might be more appropriate than that used by the SGFEN.

Even if the terms of reference provided to the subgroup did not include the economy of this segment, the importance of the economical factor is one of the key point for the deep-sea fishery and several data are available in some of the above mentioned reports.

A better use of all the available reports should have helped the STECF in providing a more general advice, taking into account even the various inputs from the commercial fishery.

Italy Fleet

The fleet data included in the report are related to the entire trawl fishing fleet (but without a clear reference to the year concerned), with no distinction for the vessel effectively fishing for deep-sea resources; only a general percentage is provided, from MED97/0018.

However, detailed data on the fleets targeting the deep-sea resources are available for the years 93, 94, 99 and 2000 on various EC reports.

Landings

Aggregated catches included in the report are updated to 1995, while disaggregated data per single species are available in MED97/0018, updated to 2000.

Catch rates

Only the two species of deep-shrimps are mainly considered as target species. Very poor information is provided about other important crustaceans target species (Nephrops norvegicus, Parapenaeus longirostris, etc.).

The very few data included in the report are based on the two scientific surveys GRUND and MEDITS, although only partially updated till 1999. Several data included in other GRUND and MEDITS reports were not taken into consideration. Detailed data sets would have been available also from the commercial fishery (from observers on board programmes), for most of the Italian areas and for all the commercial species, for the years 1993, 94, 99 and 2000 (MED92/005, MED92/010, MED92/015, MED97/0018).

Size composition

The report relates a very limited information about the several species caught by the Italian fishing fleet in deep areas. On the contrary, a huge amount of data is included in many published papers (most of them included in the literature of the report), in the GRUND reports and in the studies carried out with EC funds. Nothing is said about the correlation between particular oceanographic situation and the cyclic distribution of the species in some basins. At the same time, no population parameters (growth, mortality

Appendix 4 4

rates, etc.) have been reported, even if they are available, at least for the most important target species.

By-catch species

This chapter is extremely poor while, on the opposite, detailed data are available about the species, the yields, etc., included in several EC studies.

Discards

The information provided by the report on the discards is even here quite poor. It should be useful to use the very detailed information that also provides a better view in terms of the species concerned.

Spain Some Spanish fisheries, like the deep-shrimps (Aristus antennatus and Aristeomorpha foliacea) fishery in the Alboran Sea are carried out by specialised fleets from Almeria and Adra ports mainly. The existing statistical system at the landing ports, and the information and statistics obtained by the observers at landing should be very useful to a better knowledge of the fishing effort, captures and also for the fleet technical characteristics.

The IEO had a sampling program at some landing ports in 1991, as reported by the SGFEN, that reaches 7 main ports in 2000. Catch statistics, size composition data and information on the main species from the deep-sea fisheries could have been very useful for the work of the SGFEN. Several scientific surveys, carried out in the Alboran Sea during more than 10 years by the IEO, and surveys on board of commercial vessels could have been very useful in providing useful information to the SGFEN.

In particular, several pilot studies on commercial vessel fishing in deep waters around the Alboran Island are available at the IEO. These studies provide information on catch composition, catch rates, discards species, habitats components and other information collected.

by these studies should be used in the future

STECF believes that further work that takes into account all the above sources of information need to be done in the future by the STECF to give a more complete pictures of deep-sea fisheries in the area.

Current management measures

The last two rows should be revised, taking into account the availability of a large amount of reliable information.

Future research needs

The study of the commercial fishery (using observers on board) provides important information on the deep sea fisheries that complement and supplement the information obtained from the scientific surveys. STECF thinks that the following points should be included in the list of the research needs:

• Research is needed to understand the situation of some deep-species in the interchange areas, like in the region around the Strait of Gibraltar.

• Research is needed to better study the influence of the oceanographic conditions on the distribution and concentrations of some deep-sea resources in the basins where these factor are relevant.

Appendix 4 5

• Research is needed to monitor the commercial fishery activity targeting deep-sea resources.

• Research is needed to better assess the socio-economic importance and the problems of these fishing activities.

6

13 APPENDIX 5

14 ITEMS FOR SGMED WORKPLAN IN 2002

Appendix 4 7

15

MEDITERRANEAN STECF is requested to prepare a workplan for 2002 to:

• Provide a comprehensive and updated overview of shared stocks, both among EC Members and with Third Countries, by GFCM geographic areas. A scientific evaluation and critical review of the background information is expected;

• Provide a comprehensive and updated overview of Mediterranean fisheries that catch shared stocks, either as target or by catch species; all technological interactions should be highlighted. These fisheries should be briefly described in terms of target species or group of species, fishing gear, fishing regime, catch composition, size distribution of main target species, discards rate and its size composition, number of fishing vessels, economic performance, fleet dynamics and characteristics. Fishing grounds of the main target species or group of species should be mapped;

• Evaluate the relationships between fishing effort, fishing mortality, catch rates and fleet capacity for the most important fisheries that catch shared stocks

• Provide a comprehensive and updated overview of maturity ogives, by length and age, for the species identified as shared stocks;

• Provide a comprehensive overview, for the species identified as shared stocks, of spawning seasons (overall period and peak of spawning) and to map areas of major concentrations of juveniles (distinguishing between young of the year and other juveniles) and spawner

• Provide a comprehensive and updated overview, for the species identified as shared stocks, of lengths at first capture and selectivity parameters by mesh size, hook size, mesh shape, and taking into consideration material, hanging ratio and twine thickness;

• Provide an explicit ranking, by GFCM geographic area, of stocks which are at different level of risk according to the most updated evaluation.

• Evaluate and comment, as appropriate, inconsistencies of current mesh sizes and minimum landing sizes.

• Predict short and long-term results in catches, biomass and economic consequences under the assumption of increased mesh sizes, in appropriate Mediterranean fisheries catching shared stocks, to respect the current minimum landing size and to set the length at first capture to the length at first maturity.

• Consider, for each prediction, the yield and the biological and economic consequences of the adoption of a range of alternative minimum landing sizes consistent with the need to improve the exploitation pattern.

• Consider additional technical measures of assistance in protecting juvenile fish including, inter alia, mesh shape, twine thickness, escapement devices, closed areas, closed season and real time closures.

• Determine suitable precautionary references points for shared stocks

• Evaluate the possibility to set mixed-species decision-making rules

• Provide a summary of historical economic performances of the most important fisheries

EN · 2002-05-08 · 8053/02 fp 1 DGB III EN COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION Brussels, 17 April 2002 8053/02 PECHE 69 COVER NOTE from : For the Secretary-General of the European Commission

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