ROSEMAN HOLLOW ROLLER MOWERS

SOlDething goodby TORO

The New TORO Junior Tractora light-weight tractor that is areal factory job and a fittingrunning mate to the TOROStan-dard Five-Unit Golf Machine.Ample power to carry three 30-inchmowers for either fairway or rough cut-ting. Worm drive axle, with all gears fully

enclosed. Comes in a variety of ways, including front end mowing type-truck style with steel wheels; truck style with solid rubber tires; or truckstyle, plain, withpladorm, for use with pull type mowers. Most models canbe equipped with all steel dump box. A .substantial and good-looking

machine. The TORO Tee Mowersets a new standard among tee and approach mowers. Light in weight,with a high speed reel, it will do a clean, close job of cutting withone-half the physical strain required by old style lawn mowers.

Why not write today for new 1927 Catalogue, illustratingcomplete line of labor-saving equipment?

TOROMANUFACTURING CO. MinneapoUs, Minn.3042-3160 SNELLING AVENUE

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ROSEMAN TRACTOR MOWER COMPANY

ROSEMAN][-J[oRRow RoRRerMOWERS

6-8 East 46th St., New York City

810 Church St., Evanston, Ill.

ROSEMAN HOLLOWROLLER

Roseman Mowers are light,sturdy, and are deliveredwith a guarantee againstbreakage .

MOWERS•

Writ( for free booklet givinJ!. resultsof the Government's experiments.

1. Costs less.2. Better control.3. Does not burn the turf, even in excess.

After experimenting with ordinarv Brown-Patch remediesand 15 or 20 different chemicals, the United States Depart-ment of Agriculture found tha t Calomel was the mosteffective of all.

MACGREGOR COMPOST DISTRIBUTOR

\Ve put it on the market a year ago with theclaim of even and more economical topdressingof putting greens. The number of these ma-chines sold and the letters of commendationfrom satisfied users bear us out in our con-tention.An improvement has been made which elimi-nates the rolling of the material to one end ofdistributor on undulating greens.Are you interested in better greens and reduc-tion of maintenance costs? If so, \Vhy delay?\¥ rite for literature.

MACGREGOR COMPOST DISTRIBUTOR CO.P. O. Box 717 WHEATON IllinoisNew YorkMontrealPhiladelphia

MALLINCKRODTCHEMICAL WORKS

Best results depend upon the fineness, bulkiness and mer-cury content of the Calomel used. CALOGREEN (Mallin-ckrodt's Special Finely Powdered Calomel) is by far the mostfinely powdered Calomel on the ma rket. 1t is more thantwice as bulky as ordinary Calomel and contains 84.9%mercury.

CALOGREEN costs no more than ordinary Calomel

Government DiscoversEasier and Cheaper Wayto Control Brown-Patch

St Louis

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LYMAN CARRIERGRANGER, INDIANA or COQUILLE, OREGON

THELYMAN CARRIER PRODUCTS

For Better Turf

The vVashington strain of creeping bentfor vegetative planting. Satisfactoryturf guaranteed. Price of stolons re-duced.Nursery, Granger, Indiana.

Lecco, the complete grass food. 'rakesthe place of alnn10niun1 sulphate andcompost. lVlany clubs are reportingexcellent results from its use.Factory at Granger, Indiana.Cocoos creeping bent seed. 1'he last'word in fine turf.vVarehouse, Coquille, Oregon.Poa bulbosa, a \vinter green grass forthe South.vVarehouse, Coquille, Oregon.

TilEFATE-ROOT-HEATII

CO.825 Bell St.

Plymouth, Ohio

If You Would KeepGOOD TURF-Protect It!YOU have spent much time and money to get those

beautiful fairways and greens,-and well you knowhow easily they get damaged. It is not generallyknown, however, that dulllawnmower blades will pulland tear the turf, making bad spots easily noticeable.

The Peerless Lawnmower Sharpener is a simple Lutwonderful machine that sharpens all makes of Lawn-mowers scientifically-quickly-perfectly; does thework as nothing else can. Grinds a perfect bevel andclearance-mowers cut like a .pair of new shears.Operated by a Y.l H. P. motor-attach it to your lightsocket. Special Grimling Wheel for sharpening grassshears, sickles, scythes, axes, etc. Skate SharpenerAttachment included-sharpens all makes of skates.Will pay for itself the first season. Hundreds of Golf

Clubs, large and small.use the Peerless. Write forCatalog and list of users.

~erless?S ~nmowerharpenerv

Wide\\' orldPhotos

"Onp 01Our r:sera"

MerionCricket

ClubPhiladelphia

•Say you saw the ad in The National Greenkeeper 3

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Two views of beautiful Pebble Beach Country Club. Upper shows Number 9 green, and the lower Number 8

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•AUGUST, 1927 Single Copies Twenty-Five Cents.

Yearly Subscription to Members Two Dollars.Yearly Subscription to Non-Members Three Dollars.

The NATIONALGREENKEEPER

Official Organ of The National Association of Greenkeepers of America

Published monthly at 405 Caxton Building, Cleveland, Ohio.Contents copyright, 1927, by The National Greenkeeper, Inc., Publishers.

All Rights Reserved-None of the contents of this magazine, either wholly or in part, may be reprinted in any other magazine.

VOLUME 1.

Brown- Patch at Pebble BeachBy JOE P. !vIAYO, Greenkeeper

Pebble Beach Country Club, Pebble Beach, California.

No.8.

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ON an average, we have no rainfall for periodsof seven months, and therefore we are very de-

pendent on a good watering system. We follow thepolicy of early morning watering, and although this hasbeen done consistently for five years, we still havebrown-patch.

Weare troubled with this disease more on slightknolls and slopes facing south, and I agree with Mr.l\10nteith about moisture and temperature. We havemushrooms every month in the year, also brown-patch,and they come together. \Ve have an average tempera-ture of around sixty winter and summer. Vve can haveour steaks covered with mushrooms all the time,-thatis, of course, if we have the steaks. I have had a fewlarge brown spots, but not in the last three years, all ofthe small.

Bi-Chloride of Mercury as PreventiveFive years ago when I first came to Pebble Beach we

had worm casts, and I used bi-chloride of mercury atleast once a month in solution, and I remember of nobrown-patch. When the late Professor Piper was hereI remarked about not having any brown-pat~h. Thenext year I used one of the powdered worm killers andbrown-patch showed up. I think that is the reason thatsome of the older greenkeepers \\110 have always usedcorrosive sublimate never had brown-patch.

'vVe are using corrosive sublimate at least once a monthnow for angle worms and brown-patch, and it is work-ing fine except in the winter. Last winter was very wetand we could not use anything dissolved in water, andit was too wet to top dress, so just had to get along witha few spots, but I used some powdered worm killer forangle worms winter before last. 'vVe had to water greenspart of the time, "not enough rainfall" and the corrosivesublimate worked fine.

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Using Special Chemical DistributorI have not tried calomel, but will as sOOn as I use up

my supply of corrosive sublimate. I apply it in solution,also sulphate of ammonia. The accompanying photo ofoperation shows the syphon or distributor. It is one Ihave been using for three years, fool-proof. It puts onthe barrel of mixture with five to ten barrels of waterfrom hydrant according to the nozzle we use on end ofhose.

We use 10 to 14 ounces of corrosive sublimate (ac-cording to size of green) to ten barrels of water. That isabout as strong as we can put it on without turning greenslightly brown. The last two months we have been mix.:.

(Colltinued 01/ page 39)

.\

Joe P. Mayo using his special proportioning machine atPebble Beach

By CAPT AIN DAVID L. REESPresiclelit lvr etropolitan Association of Greenkeepers

Club Laborfor Finishing Touches

•Starter's oRice at Progress, built by club labor

of the bridges are trunks of thirty year old trees, the"roll' was achieved over hickory logs, the floors of thebridges are of split branches of three or four inchesdiameter, and the railings are of the gray or silver birch.From the accompanying photograph the method of con-struction is plain, while half a dozen of the remainingbirch trees can be seen around the bridge.

Using Stones from FairwaysOn the main course here it was a necessity to provide

four shelters and these again were made by the utilizationof my own labor. The. shelters are the usual open ones,providing against pretty well any wind that blows. Thefloors are of cobblestones secured from the hand-pickingof the fairways before seeding. The four corner postsare rough-hewn tree trunks, the two intersecting wallsare of sheathing, while finished boarding was used forthe seating space. The shelters are roofed with the samegreen shingles as those used on the pump house.

Silver Birch FencesThe fence around the first tee on the ladies' course

absorbed all that remained of our silver birch timber.This fence borders three ~ides of the tee which is fi fteenyards square, and for the upright posts we used the stoutlimbs, while for the rustic "pattern" of the' fence theuse of the thin limbs of birch resulted in a thing of thor-oughly utilitarian value and real beauty. Situated as itis beside one of the charming flower gardens maintainedby the club, this tee has become since the erection ofthe rustic fence, one of the beauty spots of the course.

The first tee of the main course had to be contentwith a prosaic fence of four-by-four posts supportingsteel chain. These posts were trimmed, driven, and

THERE must be veryfew courses where

there is no piece of workthat is, strictly speaking, ex-traneous to both golf coursecOl~struction and g 0 I fcourse maintenance andwhere such pieces of work

Captain David L. Rees are numerous, they will befound to be no small item of

expenditure. My present courses, for example-thoseof the Progress Country Club, New York, which I haveconstructed-have presenteclme with an unusual numberof such "odd jobs" as I refer to, notably the excavationof pond beds, the damming of three streams for a watersupply, and the installation of a centrifugal pump forwater distribution. Among my men I found one whohad had fair experience in concrete work and anotherwho had spent se\'eral years at carpentry, and togetherthey built a pump-house. It is of concrete, with greenshingle roofing. The men achieved a pleasingly artistictouch by utilizing for the pump-house a door and a win-dow salvaged from a building demolished to make roomfor the first fairway.

The concrete work was continued in the building of'retaining walls for a chain of small lakes. The photo-graph shows a sample of this work, a retaining wallwith a central spillway which extends to a stream. Thelast of the lakes was formerly a wide ravine with a faststream running through, so here a retaining wall of con-crete 30 inches thick was built with a spillway into theold natural stream bed.

Rustic BridgesThe streams feeding the lakes called for bridges at

several points throughout the course, and here again myown men proved equal to the task. \Ve decided therustic type of bridge would best fit in with the landscape,and for those we utilized timber felled at the commence-ment of construction. Of this, by the way, there wasabundance of one kind or another for in all 10,700 treeswere removed from the heavily wooded sections of thisproperty. \ \'here humanly possible I strained everyeffort to conserve the sih'er and the grey birches, becauseof their unusual beauty, but I was reluctantly compelledto uproot several of those trees and the limbs providedme with material for all the bridges. The foundations

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A ugu'st, 1927 THE NATIONAL GREENKEEPER 7

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Concrete retaining wall with central spillway

painted by one of the club laborers. In the accomp~nyingphotograph of this tee can b~ seen the starter office, alsobuilt by club labor. It is of clapboards, painted in lightgreen with white trimmings, and is shingled in green.

A previous owner of this property had indulged 111

Artistic concrete pump house

chicken raising and we found ourselves possessed 0 f anexceptionally well-built brooding house, 100 feet by30 feet, of clapboards with a roof of mottled slate. Sinceit stood squarely in the middle of what was to be ourfirst fairway we had a house-moving contractor place itby th~ first tee, and after our men had enlarged the win-

Shelter house with cobble stone floor

An excellent example of the beauty of a small rusticbridge

dows, altered the location of the door, built in countersand club-racks, and planed the floor, we boasted of anunusually attractive shop for Bobby Cruickshank. ourfamous little professional. The photograph shows theone-time brooding house as it now is, with some fine

Chicken house transformed into golf shop at Progress

specimens of fir trees in front of it, which trees wereremoved from fairways. etc., and transplanted here byclub labor.

The latest carpentry job undertaken ty my men is thef~shioning of twenty-seven tee benches. of which thepho'ograph shows a sample. The benches are of very

(Continued 011 page 34)

Silver birch rustic fence on ladies' course at Progress

Grass Seeds in a NutshellBy CHARLES C. CHANDERLIN

T HE inform~tion contain~d in this ~rticle is w~ittenwith the Idea of settmg forth m as preCIse a

manner as possible a brief history of various grass seeds,and their general usefulness in the construction and main-tenance of golf course turf. To be sure, many bookshave been written on the subject of Grass, but the majorityare of a rather technical nature, so as to be of very littleaid to the greens superintendent. In discussing thevarious grass seeds, we have constantly borne in mindthe fact that this article has not been prepared for pro-f essional seedsmen, but greens superintendents.

It is the sincere hope of the writer that this informa-tion will meet the demands of the busy greens superin-tedents, and that it will be of some benefit.

South German BentThis is an ideal grass for Putting Greens. German

l\/Iixed Bent seed, which is commonly used, comes froma small section in the southern part of Germany. Untilrecent years the seed has been threshed by hand, atwhich time the purities were not very high. Recentlyhowever, a more up-to-date method has been employedand it is now possible after rigidly recleaning the seedto obtain a purity as high as 90%. This at the same timereduces the weed seeds to a minimum, range of whichis .03 of 1 per cent to 1 per cent. This seed was sold byseedsmen throughout the country as Creeping Bent seeduntil the Green Section pointed out the fact to seedsmenthat this was a misnomer, the percentage of actualCreeping Bent seed contained in South German Bentbeing practically nil: only a small trace in each lot.l\Iixed South German Bent Seed contains several strainsof Bent, as a rule Rhode Island or Colonial Bent, andVel vet Bent.

It is used in the eastern part of the Gnited States,north of the Potomac and Ohio Rivers, and on the1\orthwest coast. It should be sown alone for best re-sults. However, where a club wishes to economize, a mix-ture of 50 per cent Redtop and 50 per cent ~lixed GermanBent may be used, or a mixture of 75 per cent SouthGerman Bent and 25 per cent Redtop, for PuttingGreens.

For quite a few years after the war, the price of SouthGerman :Mixed Bent ruled unusually high. Recentlyhowever, price has been materially reduced and this itemcan now be purchased at low prices considering the gen-eral use of this seed. Like all grasses in the Agrostisfamily, this seed is a lover of moisture and thrives bestin lowlands, and where it is possible to supply an abund-ance of moisture. Although it prefers moisture, it alsohas done very well on dry or sandy soil.

Rhode Island or Colonial BentRhode Island Bent is an abundant grass on well

drained soils and is found principally in New England.vVherever it is possible to obtain the true variety, it pro-duces as fine a Putting Green as any of the Bents. Re-cently, in the vicinity of Charlottestown, Prince EdwardIsland, Canada, they have taken up the growing ofRhode Island Bent, which is known under the name ofPrince Edward Island Bent seed. The seed is growncomparatively free of weeds, and it is quite creditable tothe growers of this seed how wonderfully well they areproducing a seed which has a purity of 95 per cent, anda germination of 90 per cent or better. It will pay themembers of the National Association to look further intothe use of thi~ seed and make inquiry of the U. S. G. A.

Kentucky BluegrassKentucky Bluegrass seed is produced in Kentucky and

:Missouri, the best seed however in recent years, hasbeen produced in :Missouri. The seed harvested in :Mis-souri is heavier, freer of chaff, and cleaner of weedseeds than the seed grown in Kentucky. Quality of Blue-grass seed is determined by the weight per bushel as wellas the purity and freeness from weed seeds. \\Thenmixed with Redtop, there is no better fairway seed thanKentucky Bluegrass. For instance a mixture of 65 percent Kentucky Bluegrass and 35 per cent Redtop, or80 per cent Kentucky Bluegrass and 20 per cent Redtop.Bluegrass is a limestone lover, but thrives exceptionallywell on other soils. For fairways, Bluegrass has prettywell demonstrated its use fulness, and there is not anothergrass we could name that is .better adapted for this pur-pose.

Red TopProbably no grass seed has a greater range of uses

than Red Top. This seed is produced in large quan-tities in Illinois. It has been known to produce excel-lent results under all sorts of climatic conditions andsoils. Red Top must at all times be closely mowed,or else it has a tendency to develop coarse and thickblades. However, if it is kept closely cut, coarse bladeswill not have a chance to develop.

There is no grass that we know of which can be used(Q more advantage on gol f courses. For instance, some-times a green becomes a little worn looking from con-siderable hard usage, and Red Top can be used forquick results in a top dressing along with Bent seed. Italso serves as a fairway grass and as a matter of factan all around grass.

(Note: Mr. Challlferlill has beell ill charge of the golf grassseed departmellt of the Philadelphia Seed Compall}! for a IlIImbcrof )'ears.)

(Continued in September issue)

The ABC of Turf Culture

O. ]. NoerEditor's Note: For the past

four years Mr. Noer has in-vestigated the value of variousfertilizers in relation to R'olfturf at the Soils Department.University of Wisconsin. undera fellowship established by theCity of Milwaukee.

By O. J. NOER

the soil. It enters the roots and passesup to the leaves through the stems. Theatmosphere always contains small quanti-ties of carbon dioxide gas. This entersthe leaf through small openings, general-ly most abundant on the under side ofthe leaf, and dissolves in the water con-tained in the leaf.

Since the products of photosynthesi3are so essential to the plant, and are pro-duced only in the leaf, sufficient leafsurface must be maintained to insuretheir production in sufficient amounts.This is most important in the fall whenreserves must be built up and stored inthe turf roots for use in the spring whilenew leaves are being formed. Raisingthe mower blades. but not enough to im-pair the playing condition of the turf.increases the leaf area and insures in-creased sugar production. Unless close-1y cut, vegetatively planted greens de-velop a decided and objectionable nap, sogreat care must be exercised in attempt-

ing to build up reserves by permitting longer fall growth.Sometimes all efforts to obtain turf on heavily wooded

areas fail. Even varieties of grass supposedly adaptedto shade refuse to produce turf. The dense leaf growthin the trees effectively absorbs all the light rays and theleaves of the grass below fail to receive sufficient energyrays to permit the production of much needed food.

Plants Require OxygenAll forms of life require energy. \Vithout it they are

as helpless as the engine without fuel. Combustion offuel supplies the energy which operates the engine. Ifoxygen is available plants and animals can release andutilize the energy stored in the products of photosynthesis.The animal obtains oxygen by breathing. This oxygenreacts with the carbonaceous material, sugar, releasesenergy and resolves the complex material ultimately intothe simple substances, water and carbon dioxide, whichare exhaled. These are the ultimate products producedwhen sugar burns. The same type of action takes placein the plant. The aerial portion of the plant can obtaillan unlimited supply of oxygen from the atmosphere,but the roots also demand oxygen. This must be ob-tained from the air existing in the interstices betweenthe soil particles. :\lost 0 f the beneficial soil bacteria

Essential Plant Food Elements and How Plants Feed

Plant Food Manufactured in LeafIt is in the leaf that the complex organic food mate-

rials are manu factured by the process called photosyn-thesis. The green color of the leaf is due to the presenceof a substance called chlorophyll. In its presence energyrays from the sun convert the raw materials, water andcarbon dioxide into a sugar which is water soluble. Thesugar is used either for the building of more complexmaterials, as a source of energy, or is stored for futureuse. \-Vhen stored it is generally converted into starchwhich is insoluble. During photosynthesis oxygen is re-leased as a by-product of the reaction and escapes intothe atmosphere.

The raw materials carbon dioxide and water art ob-tained from different sources. \Vater is obtained from

IN some respects the plant is a moreremarkable mechanism than the

animal. Its power to utilize simple chem-ical compounds and convert them intocomplex organic food materials is unique.The animal cannot maintain its Iifeprocesses by the use of simple chemicalmaterials, but lives at the expense oj

food materials originally manufacturedby the plant, consuming these directly, orthe flesh of other animals that originallysatisfied their food requirements by theconsumption of plant materials.

\Vhile the plant is a manufacturing es-tablishment capable of producing com-plex materials, the individual plant unitsor cells resemble the cells of animals inthat they require these manufacturedfoods for their existence. Thus the plantis a factory capable of producing com-plex organic food materials to supply thedemands of its various parts. An un-derstanding of the mechanism of plantgrowth is essential, and is the foundationupon which plant feeding is built.

Our knowledge regarding essential plant food elementsand their utilization in the plant has been accumulatedwithin the last eighty years. Prior to that time erroneoustheories existed because they were not properly tested byexperiment. The painstaking work of chemists and plantphysiologists is responsible for our present information.While many problems still await solution, the broad prin-ciples now known are sufficient for practical purposes.

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9

10 THE NATIONAL GREENKEEPER August, 1927

THE NATIONAL GREEN KEEPER

Containing Chapters

Don't Miss Back Numbers

ABC OF TURF CULTUREYou Should Keep a Complete File •

Cleveland405 Caxton Building,

This Series Started in the

January Number25c per copy

hydrates, sugar, starch and cellulose. The last named isthe essential constituent of the cell walls. It gives theplant form and rigidity.

All seven mineral elements are obtained from the soil.\\Thile the air contains enormous quantities of elementalnitrogen most plant's cannot draw upon this inexhaustiblesupply. Clovers and other legumes can however utilizeatmospheric nitrogen. The encroachment of clover inpoor fairways is often due to this fact. The impoverishedsoil does not supply the grasses with sufficient nitrogento permit active growth. The clover survives and spreadsbecause it can get needed nitrogen from the air.

The growing turf obtains its supply of essential plantfood elements from the soil. Plants can only utilize ma-terials which are dissolved in the soil water. Dissolvedmaterials are capable of passing through the walls of theroot and thus enter the plant. The soil water at anyonetime never contains enough plant food to satisfy theentire demand of the growing turf. Thus the rate atwhich the soil water is replenished with soluble plantfood from the insoluble soil materials distinguishes afertile from an infertile soil.

Approximate Composition of Turf GrassesFreshly cut grass clippings lose from 60 to 70 per

cent of their weight on drying. Thus they contain from60 to 70 per cent water and 30 to 40 per cent dry matter.

I f the dry grass is burned the ash remaining does notexceed five per cent. The volatile matter consistsprincipally of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. However,nitrogen and much of the sulphur also escape duringburning. The mineral constituents constitute the small-est portion of the plant material and of these nitrogen ispresent in largest amounts.

Practicall y all soils contain su fficient amounts 0 f allmineral elements except one or more of the followingthree, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. The sourcesand uses of these three essential fertilizer elements willbe dealt with in succeeding articles.

also require free oxygen. The air capacity of the soil isdependent upon its physical condition. Good turf cannotbe expected on tight or water-logged soils, because thesefail to provide the roots and bacteria with needed oxygen.Tight soils can be improved by the liberal use of organicmatter prior to seeding, and water-logged soils obviouslyneed drainage.

Carbon Cycle in NatureThe cycle of carbon is an example of the remarkable

balance provided by nature. It is released as carbondioxide gas when the living organism obtains energyf rom complex carbonaceous compounds. Green plantsunder the influence of light absorb the carbon dioxide gasand again build it into complex substances, releasing oxy-gen which escapes into the atmosphere. Plants accumu-late and store these complex materials, and hence absorbmore carbon dioxide gas than is released in their respira-tory processes. Animals depend upon plants for theircarbonaceous food requirements. During respiration oxy-gen is taken up and carbon dioxide exhaled, which ac-cumulates unless used by plants. If confined in a closedglass box an animal finally dies. Death occurs when theatmosphere becomes sufficiently. polluted with carbondioxide. In the presence of light a plant placed in thisvessel purifies the air. The carbon dioxide is taken upand converted into sugar and oxygen is released. Eventu-ally animal life is again possible. Under natural condi-t10ns this constant cycle mantains itself and as a resultthe atmosphere contains a relative constant though smallamount of carbon dioxide. Some of the carbon in ourbodies may have been a component part of some plantor animal many thousands of years ago.

Essential Mineral Plant Food ElementsBesides the carbon, hydrogen and oxygen used to build

sugar, and obtained from carbon dioxide and water turfgrasses, in common with all other plants, require sevenother chemical elments to produce normal growth.These are nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus, potassium, iron,magnesium and calcium.

~itrogen, sulphur and phosphorus, together with someof the products of photosynthesis are utilized in build-ing proteins, an exceedingly complex group of substances.The proteins are the essential constituent of the livingportion of the individual plant cells. The mechanism oftheir formation is not clearly understood. Apparentlyorganic acids are j)roduced during their formation. Theplant uses calcium to neutralize these acids and make theminsoluble. The presence of exceedingly small quantitiesof iron are essential to the formation of the green color-ing matter (chlorophyll) in the leaf. If absent, chloro-phyll is not produced. lVlagnesium also appears to be anessential constituent of chlorophyll. It is also foundas an essential constituent of complex substances in theseed. Potassium appears to affect production of carbo-