Rose

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INTRODUCTION

Protected cultivation is cultivating plants inside a structure

which protects plants from wind precipitation,execessive radiations, temperature extremes, insects and diseases.

WHAT IS PROTECTED CULTIVATION?????

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Better Quality of Produce

Higher Productivity

Nursery Raising and Hardening of

Plants

Better insect & disease control &

reduced use of pesticides

Off-season Cultivation

Efficient use of Resources

Why Protected Cultivation...

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Common name: Rose/Queen of flowerScientific Name :Rosa spp

Family : RosaceaeChromosome No.: 2n=14

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Why should one person prefer” Rose” for cultivation…..

Cut flowersGarden displayPot plantsPerfume and allied products Rose WaterRose oilGulkand (Equal proportion of petal and white sugar)Pankhuri(Dried rose petals ,used for preparing sweetened cold drinksGul-roghan( rose hair oil prepared from rose petal by enfleurge with wet sesamum sees)Sources of vitamins(Rose hips are good sources of Ascorbic acid(vit-C)Other uses such as pot-pourri

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SOIL A well drained soil of sand to gravelly

loam is required. pH of 6.5 to 7.0 is ideal

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CLIMATE ideal temperature for greenhouse rose cultivation is

15-270c. lower temperature around 15-16˚C improves flower

quality . Ideal humidity range for the rose is around 60-65

%.. How ever roses love sunshine and free ventilation.

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LONG STEM ROSES

• Stem length: 50-120cm

• Yield: 100-150 stems/mtr.sqr/yr

• Varieties: Vivaldi, first red, grand gala, confetti

MEDIUM STEM ROSES

• Stem length: 50-70cm

• Yield: 220stems/m2/year

• Varieties: Jaguar, golden times, maronesse, lambada, gabrella

Small flowered roses

• Stem length: 30-70cm

• Yield: 250-350

stems/m2/year• Varieties:

Motrea,coronette, calypso,carona

VARIETIES

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PROPAGATION Roses commercially propagated by

budding(T-budding and patch budding)

Chip budding

Budded root stock

Grafting

Layering

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BED PREPARATION Raised bed always preferred Bed size - length as per space availability x breath 1m x 45 c.m. height. During bed preparation soil should be sterilized with formaldehyde @o.3 %

and mixed with FYM.

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PLANTING CUTTING BACK THE

PLANTS Before planting,the plant must

be cut such that the length of the roots straight down.

The branches have to be cut back to a length of 10 cm.

The plants must be soaked before planting.

PLANTING DISTANCE The plants are planted 16 cm

from each other in 2 lines, which are placed 50 cm apart.

MANAGEMENT OF EXTERNAL FACTORS IN GREEN HOUSE

In temperate zones green house cultivation of roses require heating system to maintain the ideal temperature(15.6˚C) inside. A central heating system is more efficient than localized unit heaters in large green houses.Pipe coil heat distribution systems are used with high pressure hot water boiler.

Heating

CoolingIn warmer region summer cooling system is essential.In temperate climate cooling is often required during winter when days are bright.An evaporative cooling system known as fan pad cooling is used .It consists of pads on one wall,through which water is circulated and exhaust fans on the opposite wall. Air enters through the pads is 10-25 ˚C cooler than that of out side if the humidity is low

LIGHTIt is one of the most important factor influencing growth and flowering.This may vary with intencity,duration,and quality.Under high light intensity in summer growers cover the roof by shading material lowering light intensity from 10000-12000 to 6000-8000.To much shade also reduce the growth.Less light resulted in delayed maturity of buds.In mild winter, 1% more light increased flower yield by 0.6% in autumn and 0.8 % in spring.A reduction of 12% light intensity resulted in 14% less flower yield in cultivar Sonia and Illona.

SUPPLEMENT OF LIGHTThere are many lamps that can be used for light supplement in green house.Basically fall into 3 groups incandescent, fluorescent, and high intensity discharge(high pressure mercury, metal halide, low pressure sodium and high pressure sodium).

CO2

CO2 content of air is a limiting factor in photosynthesis.Rose cultivar Better Times grown in a atmosphere containing 1200-2000 ppm CO2 produced larger and grew more flowers than control plants.CO2 enriched plants of rose cv. Sonia yield 25% more marketable blooms over the period from DEC-MAR. than non-enriched plants.Scientist Zeroni & Gale found that tolerance increased at high CO2.

HUMIDITYInfluence of humidity on production of rose in green house controlled at 70 ±5 RH by high pressure fogging systemIn summer months there was significant increase in production both in number and size.

VENTILATIONAn exchange of air is desirable for normal growth and development of roses.It ensures an adequate supply of CO2 & oxygen for physiological processes occurring in the plants and also reduces RH which may cause serious

diseases.

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BENDING OF ROSESPECIAL PRACTICES…..

Bending helps in maintaining enough leaf area on the plants. The maximum leaf area is required to build up a strong root system. Leaves are important for producing carbohydrates

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DISBUDDING Disbudding is the practice of removing undesirable buds. It is

achieved by placing the bud between thumb and index.

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PINCHING AND REMOVAL OF WILD ROOT STOCK OF ROSE

Removal of part of terminal growing portion of stem is called pinching.This operation reduce plant height but promotes auxiliary branching.Maturity of flower bud was also prevented by this practice.Chemical pinching also done by using BA,Promilin(BA+GA3),ethephon,alar etc in some cultivars like sonia, marcedes.

REMOVAL OF FADED FLOWERSIf the spent blooms are not removed in time, there is a chance of developing fruits bearing seeds.Once hips are formed and reach the advance stage of development, growth and flowering are severely reduced during the season.Cutting of faded flowers forced strong laterals which produce good quality flowers.

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SUPPORT SYSTEM IN ROSE PLANTATION Support system makes intercultural operation

easy & protects the buds from being damaged, by not allowing the stems bend into the path.

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PRUNNING Pruning is the judicious removal of plant parts to

induce production of quality flowers and to maintain vigour of plant.

Generally pruning is done only once in a year after monsoons.

All cuts are made at an angle of 450 about 5cm above a strong eye.

Method of pruning adopted varies with type of rose. Pruning should be angled so that there should not

stagnation of moisture at the cut end. After every pruning cut ends must be treated with

Bordeaux paste solution.

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WINTERING IN ROSES

During the growing season the plant cells of a rose contain water. If a sudden drop in temperature occurs, this water can freeze.  The subsequent expansion ruptures the cells, damaging or even killing them.  On the other hand, if the rose is allowed to go slowly into dormancy, the cell walls thicken and the water is converted to a form that resists freezing.

Why it is so important????

Step to take in preparing roses for winterDon't fertilize after the end of August.Gradually reduce watering.Clean up dead leaves and debris from around the base of the roses.Apply a Dormant Oil spray to the canes and the soil surface( if your roses had serious insect problems during the summer)Avoid dehydration.Don't do any serious pruning.

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WATER MANAGEMENT INSIDE greenhouse Two systems mainly followed 1.nozzles(mist) 2.Drip irrigation. Sprinkler irrigation is not often used as it causes foliar diseases.

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NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT Greenhouse cultivation requires precise amount

of fertilizer. Organic mixtures @15 k.g./m2 added to soil at

time of bed preparation. Before planting a basal application of fertilizer

@2 kg SSP,1kg CAN,1/2 kg MOP incorporated to soil.

Nitrogen and Potash are applied through fertigation.

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WEED MANAGEMENT Weed may be controlled manually , mechanically

or chemically. Both organic and plastic mulches are used.

However white plastic mulches are effective now-a-days.

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Harvesting

Application of bud caps before harvesting

Harvesting with secateurs

Cut stages of roses for domestic and export

Different types of secateurs for harvest

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POST HARVEST HANDLING

Freshly harvested cut roses Grading of roses

Bunching of graded roses Packing of bunched roses

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Corrugated devider

Cushionedvase

Cushioned vase

Outer Corrugated box

Outer Corrugated box

ArrangementCable ties

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Tips to improve post harvest life and quality of Rose:

It restores the turgor of flowers wilted after harvest, storage or transport. Conditioning is done with demineralised water supplemented with germicides and acidified with citric acid. Some wetting agents like tween 20 @ 0.01-0.10% can be used for this purpose.

Treating the flowers with high concentration of sucrose and germicide for a short period of time, in order to improve the shelf life and to promote flower opening. Pulsing is beneficial especially for flowers destined for long storage period or long distance transportation.

Use of germicides, sucrose and hormonal solution to promote the opening of immature buds .

: After pulsing and storage flowers are held in a solution containing sucrose, germicide ethylene inhibitor and growth regulator. The flowers can be kept in holding solution either at wholesaler, retailer or consumer level

Holding:

Conditioning/Hardening:

Pulsing

Bud Opening:

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HYDROPONICS / SOILLESS CULTURE

Fertigation used in Hydroponics

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DISEASES

1.Dieback- Diplodia rosarum

2.Powdery mildew- Sphaerotheca pannosa.

3.Rust- Phragmidium mucronatum.

4.Downy mildew- Peronospora sparsa

PESTS1.Aphids- Macrosiphum rosae

2.Thrips- Scirtothrips dorsalis

3.Cottony cushion scale- Icerya purchasi

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Anthracnose Rose mosaic virus

Dieback

Rust

Powdery mildew Black spot

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Aphid Thrips

Cottony cushion scale Leaf cutting bee

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PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS

Blind shoot Proliferation of Roses

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