Rose production technology

welcome

PRESENTED BY:Anushri AgrawalVHM/13-02

INTRODUCTION The rose is one of the oldest flowers in cultivation and most popular of all garden flowers. The rose is an ornamental shrub with upright or climbing stem. Roses can be one of the more profitable flower crops to grow, but also one of the most Difficult.

IMPORTANCE AND USES

Cut flowers Garden display Pot plantsPerfume and allied products

• Rose water• Rose oil• Gulkand • Pankhuri• Gulroghan

BOTANICAL DESCRIPTIONOF ROSES

Rose belongs to family Rosaceae. All species of this flower with minor exception belongs to the genus Rosa. There are about 150 recognized and described species of roses. The genus Rosa is divided into 4 sub genera namely- Eurosa, Platyrhodon,

Hesperhodos, Hulthemia.

CLASSIFICATION OF ROSES

Hybrid tea:- (Hybrid perpetual x Tea roses)

First variety:- La France created in1867

Floribunda:-(H.T. x Poliantha)

Hybrid perpetual

First hybrid:- Princess Helene

Tea Roses(Tea scented china roses)

Grandifiora:-(H.T. x Floribunda)

First variety:-Buccaneer in 1952

Polyantha:-(R. multiflora x R.wichuriana) x R. indicaFirst cultivar :- La paquerette (1875)

Miniature rose :- popular as baby roses with small flowers.

Climbers and ramblers:- clusters of small, single or double

flowersChina roses:- (R.chinensis)Damask Rose:- (R. damascena)Bourbon rose:- (china rose x damask rose)

Cabbage rose:-(R. centifolia)

French rose:-

It has some medicinal properties

Musk rose:- (R.moschata)

R. rugosa:-cold resistant

IARI released varieties:

IIHR Released Variety

Arka Parimala

Export varieties

CULTIVARS SUITABLE FOR PROTECTED CULTIVATION

FLOWER COLOUR

RED

PINK

Bicolour

Orange

Purple

Salman

White

Copper

VARIETY

Grand Gala, First Red, Jaguar, Sasha, Happiness, Happy Days

Kiss, Europe, Roval, Nobles, Pink, Vanity Fair, Better Time, Prophyta

Amour, Rodeo, Confetti, Yellow Gloria

Indian Puma, Candid, Mercedes, Jazz, Orange Delight

Jakaranka, Souvenier

Lambada

Eskimo, White Pearl

Talisman

PROPAGATION

Commercial method:- T budding Dormant eyes on a scion of chosen variety are budded by T method on a rootstock. Scion:- any commercial variety. Rootstock:- R. multiflora is more suitable for southern parts as indicated by research done at IIHR. Bangalore. Budded plants take less time to build up and produce economic production in short time.

CLIMATE

The temperature should be maintained between 15-18 C.⁰

High temperature in polyhouse can be managed by simple ventilation, evaporative cooling from pad and fan system, micro sprinklers, foggers and misters.

Low temperature at night is more detrimental for growth and flowering of rose.

Humidity is maintained between 50-60% in poly house specially during hot summer months with the help of mist or sprinklers.

CO₂ level of 1000ppm is ideal for quality bloom production of rose.

In open field condition ideal temperature is 15-28 C ⁰ and humidity 75%.

INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENT PARAMETERS

Increase in temperature resulted in reduction in juvenile period, length of leafy shoots and fresh weight of shoot in Hybrid Tea rose.

Low temperature beyond 100C in polyhouse promote diseases.

At low temperature , growth and flower production become slow but the quality of flowers are better. (Ginzburg et al.,1983)

The stem and flower buds in some roses do not elongate or expand until there has been an exposure to cool temperature.

Winter chilling was found to be necessary for flower bud formation in R. damascena. (Staikov, 1955)

Very high humidity often result in condensation of low temperature encourage the incidence of diseases.

SOIL

An ideal soil should be rich loose and structurally stable with a depth of around 50 cm ensuring optimum drainage and aeration of the roots.

Roses do not tolerate water logging and high water table therefore an ideal soil must have a stable water table at the active root zone.

Roses can also be grown in soil less media like rock wool, peat, coco peat, perlite.

Soil pH should be slightly acidic 6.2-6.8.

Land Preparation

The soil should be dug to a depth of 60 cm. and incorporated with organic or inorganic additives to improve the soil structure.

Soil sterilizing is an important technique to prevent the soil from soil borne diseases.

Soil sterilizing techniques:-

Soil solarizationChemical sterilization:To control soil borne phytopthora,fusarium and pythiumFumigation with 2% Formeldehyde (or)Methyl bromide-30g/m2 (or)Recent chemical-Dazomate (Basaline)-30g/m2Covered with plastic sheet for 3 days

Manure and FertilizersRoses are gross feeder.The requirement of major nutrient are broadcasted on the beds and mixed into the upper 30 cm of soil.After establishment of plant nutrition is applied through irrigation system.

CONCENTRATED REQUIRED FOR FERTIGATION

NUTRIENTS SUMMER(PPM/L) WINTER(PPM/L)

NITROGEN 100-200 150-160

AMMONIUM 20-25 20-25

NITRATE 80-100 130-140

PHOSPHORUS 20-25 30-35

POTASSIUM 120-140 160-170

CALCIUM 60-80 90-100

MAGNESSIUM 30-35 35-40

SULPHUR 40-50 40-50

Effect of different Growing Media on plant growth parameters

Anderson et al.,(2005)

PLANTING

oIdeal method of planting of rose double row system

oPlant to plant distance -25 cm.

oRow to row distance-30 cm.

oLong stemmed varieties are planted at 25-26 cm.

oShort stemmed varieties are planted at 18-25 cm.

o Planting time: October- November

Plant growth regulators

Gibberellic Acid:-

Regulate the growth and floweringIncreases the length of shootsIncreases the number of nodesProlonged the period of flowering and enhanced the yield.

BA along with Adenine applied with lanolin paste : Induction of bud break and shoot development.

CCC(3%) solution caused dwarfing and improve flowering.

Effect of Growth Regulators on Plant Growth Parameters

Khan et al.,(2007)

Irrigation

Roses do not like water logging condition but need plenty of water for their growth and development.Frequency of irrigation depends on the water requirement of particular varieties.Ideal method-Drip irrigation systemAnother method of irrigation –Sub surface ,in which water is directly delivered at the root zone without any losses. Regular soil moisture is very essential for rose.

Deficiency of soil moisture can be detected by:

Marginal browning of leavesLeaf dropRolled and curled leaf Bent neck of flowers

Cultural Operation

Weed Management

Manual weed control is effective if done frequently.

Chemical control is economical, convenient and effective.

Diuron @ 2 kg ai/hac.

Oxyfluorofen @0.5 kg ai/hac.

Rice straw mulch is also effective.

Major weeds of rose :- Anagallis arvensis, Melilotus albums. Chinopodium alba,Poligonum etc.

Canopy management

Important technique for commercial production of rose.

The aim is to achieve a high performance production frame work.

Mulching

It conserve soil moisture.

Supply humus.

Suppress weeds.

It is done with paddy straw, dried leaves.

Also promotes growth and flowering.

It promotes physical properties of the soil.

Effect of Bending stage on Stem length

Kirubel et al., 2010

Effect of Bending height, Bending length and Flower removal on Stem thickness

Kirubel et al., 2010

Pruning

For cut flower production:-

First week of October (North Indian condition)Last week of June and again last week of November (Bangalore condition)The height of pruning varies from 30-45 cm. from ground.

For hybrid tea roses:-

A sharp cut should be given at an angle of about 45º above eye bud.

FLORIBUNDA:- Pruned lightly

POLYANTHAS:-Need thinning of over crowded branches.

CLIMBERS:-Removal of unwanted wood to control size and shape.

Disease Management:

Effects of different preservatives on the vase life of Rose cultivars (Trika and Whisky Mac)

Butt et al., 2004

Effects of pulsing solutions and varieties on Flower longevity and Flower head diameter

Tekalign et al.,2011

Transport from the farm to the customer

Cold store (Farm) ↓

Refrigerated truck to the airport ↓

Cold store (Airport) ↓

Loading the aircrafts direct from the cold store within 5-10 minutes ↓

Unloading to the cold store in the receiving country ↓

Refrigerated truck to the customer

Source: APEDA

YIELD

CUT FLOWER

Under protected cultivation ; 150-300 quality flower stems per m2 per year.

Under open field condition ; 10- 20 flower stems (Hybrid Tea )

LOOSE FLOWER

10-50 quintals/hactare (R. damascena)

REFERENCES:

Singh , A.K. (2006) Flower crops Cultivation and management .

Bose , T.K.,Yadav , L.P., Pal ,P. , Das,P. , Parthasarathy, V.A. Commercial flowers (Volume 1)

Randhawa , G.S. and Mukhopadhyay, A. Floriculture in India.

Internet sources.

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