Dr. Sukumar Nandi Indian Institute of Management Lucknow
Role of Transport in Economic Development
Nov 12, 2014
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Dr Sukumar NandiIndian Institute of Management Lucknow
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
2
About me
bull Sukuamr Nandibull MA ( Economics) MPhil ( Econ) Calcutta Universitybull PhD ( Economics) Utah State University Logan USAbull Positionbull Professor of Economics Dean ( Planning amp Development)bull Chief Editor METAMORPHOSHIS [ Journal of IIM Lucknow]
bull Past position Indian Institute of Foreign Trade New Delhibull National Institute of Bank Management Punebull Vidyasagar University WB
Calcutta university [ Economics Department]bull Massachusetts College of Liberal arts Mass USAbull Utah State university USA
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
3
Importance of Transport
bull Economicndash Good transport provides a clear competitive edge providing-
bull Easy accessbull Low congestion costsbull Good environment so
ndash Efficient transport facilitates economic growth BUTndash Congestion hinders business efficiency and impacts on regeneration
bull Environmentalndash Efficient transport helps provide high quality of life and address climate change BUT
ndash Unmanaged transport causes air quality problems noise and traffic accidents
bull Sustainable communitiesndash A good transport network enables equality of travel opportunity to all BUTndash Lack of transport provides a barrier to social inclusion particularly in areas of
persistent social disadvantage and workless ness
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
4
Ideal Transport System
A fully integrated safe transport network which supports social and economic regeneration and
ensures good access for all which is operated to the highest standards to protect the environment and ensure quality of life
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
5
Transportbull A statutory requirement set within the framework of National
Priorities
bull Removing Congestionbull Air quality and quality of lifebull Accessibilitybull Road safetybull Problems related to Climate change
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
6
Long Run StrategyManage for the growth of transport demand to provide
for the efficient movement of people and goods
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
7
Modern Transport System _ Dubai
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
8
Los Angeles Roadways
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
9
Los Angeles Highways
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
10
Some Recent Trend in Indian Context
bull Some increase in population esp city centrebull More employment but new demands for travel opportunity and bull Continuing problems of accessibility in areas of disadvantage
and workless nessbull Rising freight movement particularly to the portbull Increase in car ownership and use bull leading to
bull Rise in congestion levels and poor air qualitybull Reduction in walking and bus use ndash health and obesity time bombbull Increase in rail use leading to some overcrowding
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
11
How to Manage the city centre of Metro like Delhi
bull The heart of the city region bull Main business district should have easy accessbull Main economic growth areabull Growing importance of tourismbull Air Quality Management Area ndash
traffic levels largely responsiblebull Forecast 10 traffic growth
to the metro in morning peak
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
12
How to manage Traffic in City Centre
bull Aim to provide high quality environment for all users of the city centre
ndash reduce traffic in core centre to reduce vehicle speeds ndash improving air quality for all
ndash avoid fast through traffic to ensure a safe friendly and historic city centre
ndash improve access to all parts of the centre for all users - better signage and road layout
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
13
How to Manage
bull Managing traffic growth relies on ndash Managing the road networkndash Designated freight routesndash Managing parking demandndash Planning and development controlndash Increase in quality of public transport ndash partnership with
operators crucialndash Promoting walking and cycling
bull Using Travel Wise to work with employers to promote travel plans for major businesses health care sites and schools
bull Developing links with key players like different Chambers of Commerce and industrial houses
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
14
Planbull Government of India___ Effortsbull National Urban Transport Policybull 1048673Identifies the growing problembull 1048673Recognizes constitutional devolution to the statesbull 1048673but appreciates the importance of some central functions the need
for technical advicebull 1048673and therefore Advises on an issue by issue basis even on state
functions
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
15
National Transport Policy
bull The declared objectivesbull 1048673A four pronged approach ldquoto ensure easily accessible safe affordable
quick comfortable reliable and sustainable mobility for allrdquo tobull 1048673reduce the existing levels of congestionbull 1048673reduce the impact of motor vehicles on air pollutionbull 1048673improve road safety and foster sustainable technologies
bull National Urban Transport Policy-bull The identified issuesbull 1048673 Public vs Personal transportbull 1048673 Ownership vs usagebull 1048673 Public transport pricingbull 1048673 Public vs private provisionbull 1048673 Technologies for public transportbull 1048673 Choice of fuel and vehicle technologiesbull 1048673 Managing vehicles in-usebull 1048673 Local planningbull 1048673 Non-motorized transportbull 1048673 Financingbull 1048673 Institutional co-ordination
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
16
A Framework
Transport infrastructure improvement
Reduced distances Reduced congestion Other externalities
Cheaper more reliable transport services
Logistical improvements
Facilities consolidation
Location effects Value added effects
Transport infrastructure improvement
Reduced distances Reduced congestion Other externalities
Cheaper more reliable transport services
Logistical improvements
Facilities consolidation
Location effects Value added effects
Transport infrastructure improvement
Reduced distances Reduced congestion Other externalities
Cheaper more reliable transport services
Logistical improvements
Facilities consolidation
Location effects Value added effects
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
17
Transport and Rural Poverty
bull There are however good examples from Asia where Yao (2003) has documented the poverty reducing effects of rural roads in India and the Peoplersquos Republic of China
Xianbin Yao Infrastructure and poverty reduction Making Markets Work for the Poor May 2003 Asian Development Bank Bulletin
bull The elasticity estimates measure the percentage changes of the rural poverty incidence with respect to road infrastructure investments working through different channels
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
18
Effects of Rural Transport on Poverty Reduction
Poverty Reducing Effects Rural Road Investment
India
Elasticity Share
Peoples Republic of China
Elasticity ShareDirect effect throughincrease in agriculturalproductivity
-00119 1792 -00450 2846
Direct effect throughincrease in non-farmemployment
-00300 4518 -0417 2638
Direct effect throughincrease in rural wages
-00204 3072 -00399 2524
Indirect follow-on effectthrough higher economicgrowth
-00041 618 -00315 1992
Overall -00664 10000 -01581 10000
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
19
Effects on Poverty Reduction
3530
39
6468
38
19
52
23
11
25
39
59
29
20
40
8 1017
24
46
1713
29
01020304050607080
Public SectorEmployment
PrivateFormal
Employment
PrivateInformal
Employment
ExportFarming
Food CropFarming
Non-FarmSelf-
Empolyment
Non-Working
Ghana
Main Economic Activity
Incid
ence
(in
perc
ent)
199192 199899 200506
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
20
Trend in Passenger Transport in Industrial Countries
Passenger transport
0
20
40
60
80
100
EU-15 USA Japan
AirWaterborneTram metroRailwaysBuscoachPassenger car
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
21
Trend of Transport in Developed world
Motorization Level and Wealth in OECD Regions 1970-2000
0100200300400500600700800900
10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
GDP per capita (in 1995 US$ PPP)
Car
s pe
r 100
0 in
habi
tant
s
USA EU-15 Japan
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
22
Modes of Passenger Transport in the USA
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
billio
n pkm
US Passcars US Aviation Bus Railway
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
23
EUROPE Modes of Freight Transport
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Billio
n tkm
EU Road EU Short-sea EU Rail
EU Inland waters EUPipelines
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
24
FindingsThe analysis of historic trends shows that road transport is the driving factor of
transport demand (for passenger and freight) from 1970 to 2000 in the industrial countries
External costs of transport are high and mainly caused by road transport
Policy for decoupling has to focus on instruments addressing impacts from road transport
Taxes based on distance driven and the environmental performance of vehicles can encourage important modal shifts
They generate revenue for developing more environmentally friendly modes
The internalisation of external costs of transport leads to a decrease of transport activities and to a further reduction of externalities
Policies for decoupling need to combine a package of instruments including economic instruments and regulations
- About me
- Importance of Transport
- Ideal Transport System
- Transport
- Long Run Strategy
- Modern Transport System _ Dubai
- Los Angeles Roadways
- Los Angeles Highways
- Some Recent Trend in Indian Context
- How to Manage the city centre of Metro like Delhi
- How to manage Traffic in City Centre
- How to Manage
- Plan
- National Transport Policy
- A Framework
- Transport and Rural Poverty
- Effects of Rural Transport on Poverty Reduction
- Effects on Poverty Reduction
- Trend in Passenger Transport in Industrial Countries
- Trend of Transport in Developed world
- Modes of Passenger Transport in the USA
- EUROPE Modes of Freight Transport
- Findings
-
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
2
About me
bull Sukuamr Nandibull MA ( Economics) MPhil ( Econ) Calcutta Universitybull PhD ( Economics) Utah State University Logan USAbull Positionbull Professor of Economics Dean ( Planning amp Development)bull Chief Editor METAMORPHOSHIS [ Journal of IIM Lucknow]
bull Past position Indian Institute of Foreign Trade New Delhibull National Institute of Bank Management Punebull Vidyasagar University WB
Calcutta university [ Economics Department]bull Massachusetts College of Liberal arts Mass USAbull Utah State university USA
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
3
Importance of Transport
bull Economicndash Good transport provides a clear competitive edge providing-
bull Easy accessbull Low congestion costsbull Good environment so
ndash Efficient transport facilitates economic growth BUTndash Congestion hinders business efficiency and impacts on regeneration
bull Environmentalndash Efficient transport helps provide high quality of life and address climate change BUT
ndash Unmanaged transport causes air quality problems noise and traffic accidents
bull Sustainable communitiesndash A good transport network enables equality of travel opportunity to all BUTndash Lack of transport provides a barrier to social inclusion particularly in areas of
persistent social disadvantage and workless ness
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
4
Ideal Transport System
A fully integrated safe transport network which supports social and economic regeneration and
ensures good access for all which is operated to the highest standards to protect the environment and ensure quality of life
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
5
Transportbull A statutory requirement set within the framework of National
Priorities
bull Removing Congestionbull Air quality and quality of lifebull Accessibilitybull Road safetybull Problems related to Climate change
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
6
Long Run StrategyManage for the growth of transport demand to provide
for the efficient movement of people and goods
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
7
Modern Transport System _ Dubai
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
8
Los Angeles Roadways
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
9
Los Angeles Highways
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
10
Some Recent Trend in Indian Context
bull Some increase in population esp city centrebull More employment but new demands for travel opportunity and bull Continuing problems of accessibility in areas of disadvantage
and workless nessbull Rising freight movement particularly to the portbull Increase in car ownership and use bull leading to
bull Rise in congestion levels and poor air qualitybull Reduction in walking and bus use ndash health and obesity time bombbull Increase in rail use leading to some overcrowding
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
11
How to Manage the city centre of Metro like Delhi
bull The heart of the city region bull Main business district should have easy accessbull Main economic growth areabull Growing importance of tourismbull Air Quality Management Area ndash
traffic levels largely responsiblebull Forecast 10 traffic growth
to the metro in morning peak
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
12
How to manage Traffic in City Centre
bull Aim to provide high quality environment for all users of the city centre
ndash reduce traffic in core centre to reduce vehicle speeds ndash improving air quality for all
ndash avoid fast through traffic to ensure a safe friendly and historic city centre
ndash improve access to all parts of the centre for all users - better signage and road layout
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
13
How to Manage
bull Managing traffic growth relies on ndash Managing the road networkndash Designated freight routesndash Managing parking demandndash Planning and development controlndash Increase in quality of public transport ndash partnership with
operators crucialndash Promoting walking and cycling
bull Using Travel Wise to work with employers to promote travel plans for major businesses health care sites and schools
bull Developing links with key players like different Chambers of Commerce and industrial houses
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
14
Planbull Government of India___ Effortsbull National Urban Transport Policybull 1048673Identifies the growing problembull 1048673Recognizes constitutional devolution to the statesbull 1048673but appreciates the importance of some central functions the need
for technical advicebull 1048673and therefore Advises on an issue by issue basis even on state
functions
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
15
National Transport Policy
bull The declared objectivesbull 1048673A four pronged approach ldquoto ensure easily accessible safe affordable
quick comfortable reliable and sustainable mobility for allrdquo tobull 1048673reduce the existing levels of congestionbull 1048673reduce the impact of motor vehicles on air pollutionbull 1048673improve road safety and foster sustainable technologies
bull National Urban Transport Policy-bull The identified issuesbull 1048673 Public vs Personal transportbull 1048673 Ownership vs usagebull 1048673 Public transport pricingbull 1048673 Public vs private provisionbull 1048673 Technologies for public transportbull 1048673 Choice of fuel and vehicle technologiesbull 1048673 Managing vehicles in-usebull 1048673 Local planningbull 1048673 Non-motorized transportbull 1048673 Financingbull 1048673 Institutional co-ordination
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
16
A Framework
Transport infrastructure improvement
Reduced distances Reduced congestion Other externalities
Cheaper more reliable transport services
Logistical improvements
Facilities consolidation
Location effects Value added effects
Transport infrastructure improvement
Reduced distances Reduced congestion Other externalities
Cheaper more reliable transport services
Logistical improvements
Facilities consolidation
Location effects Value added effects
Transport infrastructure improvement
Reduced distances Reduced congestion Other externalities
Cheaper more reliable transport services
Logistical improvements
Facilities consolidation
Location effects Value added effects
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
17
Transport and Rural Poverty
bull There are however good examples from Asia where Yao (2003) has documented the poverty reducing effects of rural roads in India and the Peoplersquos Republic of China
Xianbin Yao Infrastructure and poverty reduction Making Markets Work for the Poor May 2003 Asian Development Bank Bulletin
bull The elasticity estimates measure the percentage changes of the rural poverty incidence with respect to road infrastructure investments working through different channels
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
18
Effects of Rural Transport on Poverty Reduction
Poverty Reducing Effects Rural Road Investment
India
Elasticity Share
Peoples Republic of China
Elasticity ShareDirect effect throughincrease in agriculturalproductivity
-00119 1792 -00450 2846
Direct effect throughincrease in non-farmemployment
-00300 4518 -0417 2638
Direct effect throughincrease in rural wages
-00204 3072 -00399 2524
Indirect follow-on effectthrough higher economicgrowth
-00041 618 -00315 1992
Overall -00664 10000 -01581 10000
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
19
Effects on Poverty Reduction
3530
39
6468
38
19
52
23
11
25
39
59
29
20
40
8 1017
24
46
1713
29
01020304050607080
Public SectorEmployment
PrivateFormal
Employment
PrivateInformal
Employment
ExportFarming
Food CropFarming
Non-FarmSelf-
Empolyment
Non-Working
Ghana
Main Economic Activity
Incid
ence
(in
perc
ent)
199192 199899 200506
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
20
Trend in Passenger Transport in Industrial Countries
Passenger transport
0
20
40
60
80
100
EU-15 USA Japan
AirWaterborneTram metroRailwaysBuscoachPassenger car
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
21
Trend of Transport in Developed world
Motorization Level and Wealth in OECD Regions 1970-2000
0100200300400500600700800900
10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
GDP per capita (in 1995 US$ PPP)
Car
s pe
r 100
0 in
habi
tant
s
USA EU-15 Japan
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
22
Modes of Passenger Transport in the USA
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
billio
n pkm
US Passcars US Aviation Bus Railway
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
23
EUROPE Modes of Freight Transport
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Billio
n tkm
EU Road EU Short-sea EU Rail
EU Inland waters EUPipelines
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
24
FindingsThe analysis of historic trends shows that road transport is the driving factor of
transport demand (for passenger and freight) from 1970 to 2000 in the industrial countries
External costs of transport are high and mainly caused by road transport
Policy for decoupling has to focus on instruments addressing impacts from road transport
Taxes based on distance driven and the environmental performance of vehicles can encourage important modal shifts
They generate revenue for developing more environmentally friendly modes
The internalisation of external costs of transport leads to a decrease of transport activities and to a further reduction of externalities
Policies for decoupling need to combine a package of instruments including economic instruments and regulations
- About me
- Importance of Transport
- Ideal Transport System
- Transport
- Long Run Strategy
- Modern Transport System _ Dubai
- Los Angeles Roadways
- Los Angeles Highways
- Some Recent Trend in Indian Context
- How to Manage the city centre of Metro like Delhi
- How to manage Traffic in City Centre
- How to Manage
- Plan
- National Transport Policy
- A Framework
- Transport and Rural Poverty
- Effects of Rural Transport on Poverty Reduction
- Effects on Poverty Reduction
- Trend in Passenger Transport in Industrial Countries
- Trend of Transport in Developed world
- Modes of Passenger Transport in the USA
- EUROPE Modes of Freight Transport
- Findings
-
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
3
Importance of Transport
bull Economicndash Good transport provides a clear competitive edge providing-
bull Easy accessbull Low congestion costsbull Good environment so
ndash Efficient transport facilitates economic growth BUTndash Congestion hinders business efficiency and impacts on regeneration
bull Environmentalndash Efficient transport helps provide high quality of life and address climate change BUT
ndash Unmanaged transport causes air quality problems noise and traffic accidents
bull Sustainable communitiesndash A good transport network enables equality of travel opportunity to all BUTndash Lack of transport provides a barrier to social inclusion particularly in areas of
persistent social disadvantage and workless ness
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
4
Ideal Transport System
A fully integrated safe transport network which supports social and economic regeneration and
ensures good access for all which is operated to the highest standards to protect the environment and ensure quality of life
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
5
Transportbull A statutory requirement set within the framework of National
Priorities
bull Removing Congestionbull Air quality and quality of lifebull Accessibilitybull Road safetybull Problems related to Climate change
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
6
Long Run StrategyManage for the growth of transport demand to provide
for the efficient movement of people and goods
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
7
Modern Transport System _ Dubai
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
8
Los Angeles Roadways
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
9
Los Angeles Highways
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
10
Some Recent Trend in Indian Context
bull Some increase in population esp city centrebull More employment but new demands for travel opportunity and bull Continuing problems of accessibility in areas of disadvantage
and workless nessbull Rising freight movement particularly to the portbull Increase in car ownership and use bull leading to
bull Rise in congestion levels and poor air qualitybull Reduction in walking and bus use ndash health and obesity time bombbull Increase in rail use leading to some overcrowding
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
11
How to Manage the city centre of Metro like Delhi
bull The heart of the city region bull Main business district should have easy accessbull Main economic growth areabull Growing importance of tourismbull Air Quality Management Area ndash
traffic levels largely responsiblebull Forecast 10 traffic growth
to the metro in morning peak
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
12
How to manage Traffic in City Centre
bull Aim to provide high quality environment for all users of the city centre
ndash reduce traffic in core centre to reduce vehicle speeds ndash improving air quality for all
ndash avoid fast through traffic to ensure a safe friendly and historic city centre
ndash improve access to all parts of the centre for all users - better signage and road layout
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
13
How to Manage
bull Managing traffic growth relies on ndash Managing the road networkndash Designated freight routesndash Managing parking demandndash Planning and development controlndash Increase in quality of public transport ndash partnership with
operators crucialndash Promoting walking and cycling
bull Using Travel Wise to work with employers to promote travel plans for major businesses health care sites and schools
bull Developing links with key players like different Chambers of Commerce and industrial houses
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
14
Planbull Government of India___ Effortsbull National Urban Transport Policybull 1048673Identifies the growing problembull 1048673Recognizes constitutional devolution to the statesbull 1048673but appreciates the importance of some central functions the need
for technical advicebull 1048673and therefore Advises on an issue by issue basis even on state
functions
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
15
National Transport Policy
bull The declared objectivesbull 1048673A four pronged approach ldquoto ensure easily accessible safe affordable
quick comfortable reliable and sustainable mobility for allrdquo tobull 1048673reduce the existing levels of congestionbull 1048673reduce the impact of motor vehicles on air pollutionbull 1048673improve road safety and foster sustainable technologies
bull National Urban Transport Policy-bull The identified issuesbull 1048673 Public vs Personal transportbull 1048673 Ownership vs usagebull 1048673 Public transport pricingbull 1048673 Public vs private provisionbull 1048673 Technologies for public transportbull 1048673 Choice of fuel and vehicle technologiesbull 1048673 Managing vehicles in-usebull 1048673 Local planningbull 1048673 Non-motorized transportbull 1048673 Financingbull 1048673 Institutional co-ordination
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
16
A Framework
Transport infrastructure improvement
Reduced distances Reduced congestion Other externalities
Cheaper more reliable transport services
Logistical improvements
Facilities consolidation
Location effects Value added effects
Transport infrastructure improvement
Reduced distances Reduced congestion Other externalities
Cheaper more reliable transport services
Logistical improvements
Facilities consolidation
Location effects Value added effects
Transport infrastructure improvement
Reduced distances Reduced congestion Other externalities
Cheaper more reliable transport services
Logistical improvements
Facilities consolidation
Location effects Value added effects
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
17
Transport and Rural Poverty
bull There are however good examples from Asia where Yao (2003) has documented the poverty reducing effects of rural roads in India and the Peoplersquos Republic of China
Xianbin Yao Infrastructure and poverty reduction Making Markets Work for the Poor May 2003 Asian Development Bank Bulletin
bull The elasticity estimates measure the percentage changes of the rural poverty incidence with respect to road infrastructure investments working through different channels
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
18
Effects of Rural Transport on Poverty Reduction
Poverty Reducing Effects Rural Road Investment
India
Elasticity Share
Peoples Republic of China
Elasticity ShareDirect effect throughincrease in agriculturalproductivity
-00119 1792 -00450 2846
Direct effect throughincrease in non-farmemployment
-00300 4518 -0417 2638
Direct effect throughincrease in rural wages
-00204 3072 -00399 2524
Indirect follow-on effectthrough higher economicgrowth
-00041 618 -00315 1992
Overall -00664 10000 -01581 10000
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
19
Effects on Poverty Reduction
3530
39
6468
38
19
52
23
11
25
39
59
29
20
40
8 1017
24
46
1713
29
01020304050607080
Public SectorEmployment
PrivateFormal
Employment
PrivateInformal
Employment
ExportFarming
Food CropFarming
Non-FarmSelf-
Empolyment
Non-Working
Ghana
Main Economic Activity
Incid
ence
(in
perc
ent)
199192 199899 200506
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
20
Trend in Passenger Transport in Industrial Countries
Passenger transport
0
20
40
60
80
100
EU-15 USA Japan
AirWaterborneTram metroRailwaysBuscoachPassenger car
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
21
Trend of Transport in Developed world
Motorization Level and Wealth in OECD Regions 1970-2000
0100200300400500600700800900
10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
GDP per capita (in 1995 US$ PPP)
Car
s pe
r 100
0 in
habi
tant
s
USA EU-15 Japan
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
22
Modes of Passenger Transport in the USA
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
billio
n pkm
US Passcars US Aviation Bus Railway
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
23
EUROPE Modes of Freight Transport
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Billio
n tkm
EU Road EU Short-sea EU Rail
EU Inland waters EUPipelines
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
24
FindingsThe analysis of historic trends shows that road transport is the driving factor of
transport demand (for passenger and freight) from 1970 to 2000 in the industrial countries
External costs of transport are high and mainly caused by road transport
Policy for decoupling has to focus on instruments addressing impacts from road transport
Taxes based on distance driven and the environmental performance of vehicles can encourage important modal shifts
They generate revenue for developing more environmentally friendly modes
The internalisation of external costs of transport leads to a decrease of transport activities and to a further reduction of externalities
Policies for decoupling need to combine a package of instruments including economic instruments and regulations
- About me
- Importance of Transport
- Ideal Transport System
- Transport
- Long Run Strategy
- Modern Transport System _ Dubai
- Los Angeles Roadways
- Los Angeles Highways
- Some Recent Trend in Indian Context
- How to Manage the city centre of Metro like Delhi
- How to manage Traffic in City Centre
- How to Manage
- Plan
- National Transport Policy
- A Framework
- Transport and Rural Poverty
- Effects of Rural Transport on Poverty Reduction
- Effects on Poverty Reduction
- Trend in Passenger Transport in Industrial Countries
- Trend of Transport in Developed world
- Modes of Passenger Transport in the USA
- EUROPE Modes of Freight Transport
- Findings
-
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
4
Ideal Transport System
A fully integrated safe transport network which supports social and economic regeneration and
ensures good access for all which is operated to the highest standards to protect the environment and ensure quality of life
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
5
Transportbull A statutory requirement set within the framework of National
Priorities
bull Removing Congestionbull Air quality and quality of lifebull Accessibilitybull Road safetybull Problems related to Climate change
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
6
Long Run StrategyManage for the growth of transport demand to provide
for the efficient movement of people and goods
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
7
Modern Transport System _ Dubai
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
8
Los Angeles Roadways
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
9
Los Angeles Highways
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
10
Some Recent Trend in Indian Context
bull Some increase in population esp city centrebull More employment but new demands for travel opportunity and bull Continuing problems of accessibility in areas of disadvantage
and workless nessbull Rising freight movement particularly to the portbull Increase in car ownership and use bull leading to
bull Rise in congestion levels and poor air qualitybull Reduction in walking and bus use ndash health and obesity time bombbull Increase in rail use leading to some overcrowding
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
11
How to Manage the city centre of Metro like Delhi
bull The heart of the city region bull Main business district should have easy accessbull Main economic growth areabull Growing importance of tourismbull Air Quality Management Area ndash
traffic levels largely responsiblebull Forecast 10 traffic growth
to the metro in morning peak
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
12
How to manage Traffic in City Centre
bull Aim to provide high quality environment for all users of the city centre
ndash reduce traffic in core centre to reduce vehicle speeds ndash improving air quality for all
ndash avoid fast through traffic to ensure a safe friendly and historic city centre
ndash improve access to all parts of the centre for all users - better signage and road layout
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
13
How to Manage
bull Managing traffic growth relies on ndash Managing the road networkndash Designated freight routesndash Managing parking demandndash Planning and development controlndash Increase in quality of public transport ndash partnership with
operators crucialndash Promoting walking and cycling
bull Using Travel Wise to work with employers to promote travel plans for major businesses health care sites and schools
bull Developing links with key players like different Chambers of Commerce and industrial houses
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
14
Planbull Government of India___ Effortsbull National Urban Transport Policybull 1048673Identifies the growing problembull 1048673Recognizes constitutional devolution to the statesbull 1048673but appreciates the importance of some central functions the need
for technical advicebull 1048673and therefore Advises on an issue by issue basis even on state
functions
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
15
National Transport Policy
bull The declared objectivesbull 1048673A four pronged approach ldquoto ensure easily accessible safe affordable
quick comfortable reliable and sustainable mobility for allrdquo tobull 1048673reduce the existing levels of congestionbull 1048673reduce the impact of motor vehicles on air pollutionbull 1048673improve road safety and foster sustainable technologies
bull National Urban Transport Policy-bull The identified issuesbull 1048673 Public vs Personal transportbull 1048673 Ownership vs usagebull 1048673 Public transport pricingbull 1048673 Public vs private provisionbull 1048673 Technologies for public transportbull 1048673 Choice of fuel and vehicle technologiesbull 1048673 Managing vehicles in-usebull 1048673 Local planningbull 1048673 Non-motorized transportbull 1048673 Financingbull 1048673 Institutional co-ordination
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
16
A Framework
Transport infrastructure improvement
Reduced distances Reduced congestion Other externalities
Cheaper more reliable transport services
Logistical improvements
Facilities consolidation
Location effects Value added effects
Transport infrastructure improvement
Reduced distances Reduced congestion Other externalities
Cheaper more reliable transport services
Logistical improvements
Facilities consolidation
Location effects Value added effects
Transport infrastructure improvement
Reduced distances Reduced congestion Other externalities
Cheaper more reliable transport services
Logistical improvements
Facilities consolidation
Location effects Value added effects
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
17
Transport and Rural Poverty
bull There are however good examples from Asia where Yao (2003) has documented the poverty reducing effects of rural roads in India and the Peoplersquos Republic of China
Xianbin Yao Infrastructure and poverty reduction Making Markets Work for the Poor May 2003 Asian Development Bank Bulletin
bull The elasticity estimates measure the percentage changes of the rural poverty incidence with respect to road infrastructure investments working through different channels
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
18
Effects of Rural Transport on Poverty Reduction
Poverty Reducing Effects Rural Road Investment
India
Elasticity Share
Peoples Republic of China
Elasticity ShareDirect effect throughincrease in agriculturalproductivity
-00119 1792 -00450 2846
Direct effect throughincrease in non-farmemployment
-00300 4518 -0417 2638
Direct effect throughincrease in rural wages
-00204 3072 -00399 2524
Indirect follow-on effectthrough higher economicgrowth
-00041 618 -00315 1992
Overall -00664 10000 -01581 10000
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
19
Effects on Poverty Reduction
3530
39
6468
38
19
52
23
11
25
39
59
29
20
40
8 1017
24
46
1713
29
01020304050607080
Public SectorEmployment
PrivateFormal
Employment
PrivateInformal
Employment
ExportFarming
Food CropFarming
Non-FarmSelf-
Empolyment
Non-Working
Ghana
Main Economic Activity
Incid
ence
(in
perc
ent)
199192 199899 200506
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
20
Trend in Passenger Transport in Industrial Countries
Passenger transport
0
20
40
60
80
100
EU-15 USA Japan
AirWaterborneTram metroRailwaysBuscoachPassenger car
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
21
Trend of Transport in Developed world
Motorization Level and Wealth in OECD Regions 1970-2000
0100200300400500600700800900
10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
GDP per capita (in 1995 US$ PPP)
Car
s pe
r 100
0 in
habi
tant
s
USA EU-15 Japan
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
22
Modes of Passenger Transport in the USA
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
billio
n pkm
US Passcars US Aviation Bus Railway
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
23
EUROPE Modes of Freight Transport
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Billio
n tkm
EU Road EU Short-sea EU Rail
EU Inland waters EUPipelines
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
24
FindingsThe analysis of historic trends shows that road transport is the driving factor of
transport demand (for passenger and freight) from 1970 to 2000 in the industrial countries
External costs of transport are high and mainly caused by road transport
Policy for decoupling has to focus on instruments addressing impacts from road transport
Taxes based on distance driven and the environmental performance of vehicles can encourage important modal shifts
They generate revenue for developing more environmentally friendly modes
The internalisation of external costs of transport leads to a decrease of transport activities and to a further reduction of externalities
Policies for decoupling need to combine a package of instruments including economic instruments and regulations
- About me
- Importance of Transport
- Ideal Transport System
- Transport
- Long Run Strategy
- Modern Transport System _ Dubai
- Los Angeles Roadways
- Los Angeles Highways
- Some Recent Trend in Indian Context
- How to Manage the city centre of Metro like Delhi
- How to manage Traffic in City Centre
- How to Manage
- Plan
- National Transport Policy
- A Framework
- Transport and Rural Poverty
- Effects of Rural Transport on Poverty Reduction
- Effects on Poverty Reduction
- Trend in Passenger Transport in Industrial Countries
- Trend of Transport in Developed world
- Modes of Passenger Transport in the USA
- EUROPE Modes of Freight Transport
- Findings
-
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
5
Transportbull A statutory requirement set within the framework of National
Priorities
bull Removing Congestionbull Air quality and quality of lifebull Accessibilitybull Road safetybull Problems related to Climate change
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
6
Long Run StrategyManage for the growth of transport demand to provide
for the efficient movement of people and goods
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
7
Modern Transport System _ Dubai
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
8
Los Angeles Roadways
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
9
Los Angeles Highways
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
10
Some Recent Trend in Indian Context
bull Some increase in population esp city centrebull More employment but new demands for travel opportunity and bull Continuing problems of accessibility in areas of disadvantage
and workless nessbull Rising freight movement particularly to the portbull Increase in car ownership and use bull leading to
bull Rise in congestion levels and poor air qualitybull Reduction in walking and bus use ndash health and obesity time bombbull Increase in rail use leading to some overcrowding
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
11
How to Manage the city centre of Metro like Delhi
bull The heart of the city region bull Main business district should have easy accessbull Main economic growth areabull Growing importance of tourismbull Air Quality Management Area ndash
traffic levels largely responsiblebull Forecast 10 traffic growth
to the metro in morning peak
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
12
How to manage Traffic in City Centre
bull Aim to provide high quality environment for all users of the city centre
ndash reduce traffic in core centre to reduce vehicle speeds ndash improving air quality for all
ndash avoid fast through traffic to ensure a safe friendly and historic city centre
ndash improve access to all parts of the centre for all users - better signage and road layout
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
13
How to Manage
bull Managing traffic growth relies on ndash Managing the road networkndash Designated freight routesndash Managing parking demandndash Planning and development controlndash Increase in quality of public transport ndash partnership with
operators crucialndash Promoting walking and cycling
bull Using Travel Wise to work with employers to promote travel plans for major businesses health care sites and schools
bull Developing links with key players like different Chambers of Commerce and industrial houses
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
14
Planbull Government of India___ Effortsbull National Urban Transport Policybull 1048673Identifies the growing problembull 1048673Recognizes constitutional devolution to the statesbull 1048673but appreciates the importance of some central functions the need
for technical advicebull 1048673and therefore Advises on an issue by issue basis even on state
functions
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
15
National Transport Policy
bull The declared objectivesbull 1048673A four pronged approach ldquoto ensure easily accessible safe affordable
quick comfortable reliable and sustainable mobility for allrdquo tobull 1048673reduce the existing levels of congestionbull 1048673reduce the impact of motor vehicles on air pollutionbull 1048673improve road safety and foster sustainable technologies
bull National Urban Transport Policy-bull The identified issuesbull 1048673 Public vs Personal transportbull 1048673 Ownership vs usagebull 1048673 Public transport pricingbull 1048673 Public vs private provisionbull 1048673 Technologies for public transportbull 1048673 Choice of fuel and vehicle technologiesbull 1048673 Managing vehicles in-usebull 1048673 Local planningbull 1048673 Non-motorized transportbull 1048673 Financingbull 1048673 Institutional co-ordination
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
16
A Framework
Transport infrastructure improvement
Reduced distances Reduced congestion Other externalities
Cheaper more reliable transport services
Logistical improvements
Facilities consolidation
Location effects Value added effects
Transport infrastructure improvement
Reduced distances Reduced congestion Other externalities
Cheaper more reliable transport services
Logistical improvements
Facilities consolidation
Location effects Value added effects
Transport infrastructure improvement
Reduced distances Reduced congestion Other externalities
Cheaper more reliable transport services
Logistical improvements
Facilities consolidation
Location effects Value added effects
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
17
Transport and Rural Poverty
bull There are however good examples from Asia where Yao (2003) has documented the poverty reducing effects of rural roads in India and the Peoplersquos Republic of China
Xianbin Yao Infrastructure and poverty reduction Making Markets Work for the Poor May 2003 Asian Development Bank Bulletin
bull The elasticity estimates measure the percentage changes of the rural poverty incidence with respect to road infrastructure investments working through different channels
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
18
Effects of Rural Transport on Poverty Reduction
Poverty Reducing Effects Rural Road Investment
India
Elasticity Share
Peoples Republic of China
Elasticity ShareDirect effect throughincrease in agriculturalproductivity
-00119 1792 -00450 2846
Direct effect throughincrease in non-farmemployment
-00300 4518 -0417 2638
Direct effect throughincrease in rural wages
-00204 3072 -00399 2524
Indirect follow-on effectthrough higher economicgrowth
-00041 618 -00315 1992
Overall -00664 10000 -01581 10000
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
19
Effects on Poverty Reduction
3530
39
6468
38
19
52
23
11
25
39
59
29
20
40
8 1017
24
46
1713
29
01020304050607080
Public SectorEmployment
PrivateFormal
Employment
PrivateInformal
Employment
ExportFarming
Food CropFarming
Non-FarmSelf-
Empolyment
Non-Working
Ghana
Main Economic Activity
Incid
ence
(in
perc
ent)
199192 199899 200506
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
20
Trend in Passenger Transport in Industrial Countries
Passenger transport
0
20
40
60
80
100
EU-15 USA Japan
AirWaterborneTram metroRailwaysBuscoachPassenger car
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
21
Trend of Transport in Developed world
Motorization Level and Wealth in OECD Regions 1970-2000
0100200300400500600700800900
10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
GDP per capita (in 1995 US$ PPP)
Car
s pe
r 100
0 in
habi
tant
s
USA EU-15 Japan
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
22
Modes of Passenger Transport in the USA
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
billio
n pkm
US Passcars US Aviation Bus Railway
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
23
EUROPE Modes of Freight Transport
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Billio
n tkm
EU Road EU Short-sea EU Rail
EU Inland waters EUPipelines
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
24
FindingsThe analysis of historic trends shows that road transport is the driving factor of
transport demand (for passenger and freight) from 1970 to 2000 in the industrial countries
External costs of transport are high and mainly caused by road transport
Policy for decoupling has to focus on instruments addressing impacts from road transport
Taxes based on distance driven and the environmental performance of vehicles can encourage important modal shifts
They generate revenue for developing more environmentally friendly modes
The internalisation of external costs of transport leads to a decrease of transport activities and to a further reduction of externalities
Policies for decoupling need to combine a package of instruments including economic instruments and regulations
- About me
- Importance of Transport
- Ideal Transport System
- Transport
- Long Run Strategy
- Modern Transport System _ Dubai
- Los Angeles Roadways
- Los Angeles Highways
- Some Recent Trend in Indian Context
- How to Manage the city centre of Metro like Delhi
- How to manage Traffic in City Centre
- How to Manage
- Plan
- National Transport Policy
- A Framework
- Transport and Rural Poverty
- Effects of Rural Transport on Poverty Reduction
- Effects on Poverty Reduction
- Trend in Passenger Transport in Industrial Countries
- Trend of Transport in Developed world
- Modes of Passenger Transport in the USA
- EUROPE Modes of Freight Transport
- Findings
-
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
6
Long Run StrategyManage for the growth of transport demand to provide
for the efficient movement of people and goods
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
7
Modern Transport System _ Dubai
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
8
Los Angeles Roadways
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
9
Los Angeles Highways
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
10
Some Recent Trend in Indian Context
bull Some increase in population esp city centrebull More employment but new demands for travel opportunity and bull Continuing problems of accessibility in areas of disadvantage
and workless nessbull Rising freight movement particularly to the portbull Increase in car ownership and use bull leading to
bull Rise in congestion levels and poor air qualitybull Reduction in walking and bus use ndash health and obesity time bombbull Increase in rail use leading to some overcrowding
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
11
How to Manage the city centre of Metro like Delhi
bull The heart of the city region bull Main business district should have easy accessbull Main economic growth areabull Growing importance of tourismbull Air Quality Management Area ndash
traffic levels largely responsiblebull Forecast 10 traffic growth
to the metro in morning peak
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
12
How to manage Traffic in City Centre
bull Aim to provide high quality environment for all users of the city centre
ndash reduce traffic in core centre to reduce vehicle speeds ndash improving air quality for all
ndash avoid fast through traffic to ensure a safe friendly and historic city centre
ndash improve access to all parts of the centre for all users - better signage and road layout
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
13
How to Manage
bull Managing traffic growth relies on ndash Managing the road networkndash Designated freight routesndash Managing parking demandndash Planning and development controlndash Increase in quality of public transport ndash partnership with
operators crucialndash Promoting walking and cycling
bull Using Travel Wise to work with employers to promote travel plans for major businesses health care sites and schools
bull Developing links with key players like different Chambers of Commerce and industrial houses
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
14
Planbull Government of India___ Effortsbull National Urban Transport Policybull 1048673Identifies the growing problembull 1048673Recognizes constitutional devolution to the statesbull 1048673but appreciates the importance of some central functions the need
for technical advicebull 1048673and therefore Advises on an issue by issue basis even on state
functions
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
15
National Transport Policy
bull The declared objectivesbull 1048673A four pronged approach ldquoto ensure easily accessible safe affordable
quick comfortable reliable and sustainable mobility for allrdquo tobull 1048673reduce the existing levels of congestionbull 1048673reduce the impact of motor vehicles on air pollutionbull 1048673improve road safety and foster sustainable technologies
bull National Urban Transport Policy-bull The identified issuesbull 1048673 Public vs Personal transportbull 1048673 Ownership vs usagebull 1048673 Public transport pricingbull 1048673 Public vs private provisionbull 1048673 Technologies for public transportbull 1048673 Choice of fuel and vehicle technologiesbull 1048673 Managing vehicles in-usebull 1048673 Local planningbull 1048673 Non-motorized transportbull 1048673 Financingbull 1048673 Institutional co-ordination
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
16
A Framework
Transport infrastructure improvement
Reduced distances Reduced congestion Other externalities
Cheaper more reliable transport services
Logistical improvements
Facilities consolidation
Location effects Value added effects
Transport infrastructure improvement
Reduced distances Reduced congestion Other externalities
Cheaper more reliable transport services
Logistical improvements
Facilities consolidation
Location effects Value added effects
Transport infrastructure improvement
Reduced distances Reduced congestion Other externalities
Cheaper more reliable transport services
Logistical improvements
Facilities consolidation
Location effects Value added effects
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
17
Transport and Rural Poverty
bull There are however good examples from Asia where Yao (2003) has documented the poverty reducing effects of rural roads in India and the Peoplersquos Republic of China
Xianbin Yao Infrastructure and poverty reduction Making Markets Work for the Poor May 2003 Asian Development Bank Bulletin
bull The elasticity estimates measure the percentage changes of the rural poverty incidence with respect to road infrastructure investments working through different channels
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
18
Effects of Rural Transport on Poverty Reduction
Poverty Reducing Effects Rural Road Investment
India
Elasticity Share
Peoples Republic of China
Elasticity ShareDirect effect throughincrease in agriculturalproductivity
-00119 1792 -00450 2846
Direct effect throughincrease in non-farmemployment
-00300 4518 -0417 2638
Direct effect throughincrease in rural wages
-00204 3072 -00399 2524
Indirect follow-on effectthrough higher economicgrowth
-00041 618 -00315 1992
Overall -00664 10000 -01581 10000
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
19
Effects on Poverty Reduction
3530
39
6468
38
19
52
23
11
25
39
59
29
20
40
8 1017
24
46
1713
29
01020304050607080
Public SectorEmployment
PrivateFormal
Employment
PrivateInformal
Employment
ExportFarming
Food CropFarming
Non-FarmSelf-
Empolyment
Non-Working
Ghana
Main Economic Activity
Incid
ence
(in
perc
ent)
199192 199899 200506
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
20
Trend in Passenger Transport in Industrial Countries
Passenger transport
0
20
40
60
80
100
EU-15 USA Japan
AirWaterborneTram metroRailwaysBuscoachPassenger car
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
21
Trend of Transport in Developed world
Motorization Level and Wealth in OECD Regions 1970-2000
0100200300400500600700800900
10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
GDP per capita (in 1995 US$ PPP)
Car
s pe
r 100
0 in
habi
tant
s
USA EU-15 Japan
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
22
Modes of Passenger Transport in the USA
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
billio
n pkm
US Passcars US Aviation Bus Railway
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
23
EUROPE Modes of Freight Transport
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Billio
n tkm
EU Road EU Short-sea EU Rail
EU Inland waters EUPipelines
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
24
FindingsThe analysis of historic trends shows that road transport is the driving factor of
transport demand (for passenger and freight) from 1970 to 2000 in the industrial countries
External costs of transport are high and mainly caused by road transport
Policy for decoupling has to focus on instruments addressing impacts from road transport
Taxes based on distance driven and the environmental performance of vehicles can encourage important modal shifts
They generate revenue for developing more environmentally friendly modes
The internalisation of external costs of transport leads to a decrease of transport activities and to a further reduction of externalities
Policies for decoupling need to combine a package of instruments including economic instruments and regulations
- About me
- Importance of Transport
- Ideal Transport System
- Transport
- Long Run Strategy
- Modern Transport System _ Dubai
- Los Angeles Roadways
- Los Angeles Highways
- Some Recent Trend in Indian Context
- How to Manage the city centre of Metro like Delhi
- How to manage Traffic in City Centre
- How to Manage
- Plan
- National Transport Policy
- A Framework
- Transport and Rural Poverty
- Effects of Rural Transport on Poverty Reduction
- Effects on Poverty Reduction
- Trend in Passenger Transport in Industrial Countries
- Trend of Transport in Developed world
- Modes of Passenger Transport in the USA
- EUROPE Modes of Freight Transport
- Findings
-
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
7
Modern Transport System _ Dubai
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
8
Los Angeles Roadways
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
9
Los Angeles Highways
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
10
Some Recent Trend in Indian Context
bull Some increase in population esp city centrebull More employment but new demands for travel opportunity and bull Continuing problems of accessibility in areas of disadvantage
and workless nessbull Rising freight movement particularly to the portbull Increase in car ownership and use bull leading to
bull Rise in congestion levels and poor air qualitybull Reduction in walking and bus use ndash health and obesity time bombbull Increase in rail use leading to some overcrowding
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
11
How to Manage the city centre of Metro like Delhi
bull The heart of the city region bull Main business district should have easy accessbull Main economic growth areabull Growing importance of tourismbull Air Quality Management Area ndash
traffic levels largely responsiblebull Forecast 10 traffic growth
to the metro in morning peak
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
12
How to manage Traffic in City Centre
bull Aim to provide high quality environment for all users of the city centre
ndash reduce traffic in core centre to reduce vehicle speeds ndash improving air quality for all
ndash avoid fast through traffic to ensure a safe friendly and historic city centre
ndash improve access to all parts of the centre for all users - better signage and road layout
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
13
How to Manage
bull Managing traffic growth relies on ndash Managing the road networkndash Designated freight routesndash Managing parking demandndash Planning and development controlndash Increase in quality of public transport ndash partnership with
operators crucialndash Promoting walking and cycling
bull Using Travel Wise to work with employers to promote travel plans for major businesses health care sites and schools
bull Developing links with key players like different Chambers of Commerce and industrial houses
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
14
Planbull Government of India___ Effortsbull National Urban Transport Policybull 1048673Identifies the growing problembull 1048673Recognizes constitutional devolution to the statesbull 1048673but appreciates the importance of some central functions the need
for technical advicebull 1048673and therefore Advises on an issue by issue basis even on state
functions
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
15
National Transport Policy
bull The declared objectivesbull 1048673A four pronged approach ldquoto ensure easily accessible safe affordable
quick comfortable reliable and sustainable mobility for allrdquo tobull 1048673reduce the existing levels of congestionbull 1048673reduce the impact of motor vehicles on air pollutionbull 1048673improve road safety and foster sustainable technologies
bull National Urban Transport Policy-bull The identified issuesbull 1048673 Public vs Personal transportbull 1048673 Ownership vs usagebull 1048673 Public transport pricingbull 1048673 Public vs private provisionbull 1048673 Technologies for public transportbull 1048673 Choice of fuel and vehicle technologiesbull 1048673 Managing vehicles in-usebull 1048673 Local planningbull 1048673 Non-motorized transportbull 1048673 Financingbull 1048673 Institutional co-ordination
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
16
A Framework
Transport infrastructure improvement
Reduced distances Reduced congestion Other externalities
Cheaper more reliable transport services
Logistical improvements
Facilities consolidation
Location effects Value added effects
Transport infrastructure improvement
Reduced distances Reduced congestion Other externalities
Cheaper more reliable transport services
Logistical improvements
Facilities consolidation
Location effects Value added effects
Transport infrastructure improvement
Reduced distances Reduced congestion Other externalities
Cheaper more reliable transport services
Logistical improvements
Facilities consolidation
Location effects Value added effects
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
17
Transport and Rural Poverty
bull There are however good examples from Asia where Yao (2003) has documented the poverty reducing effects of rural roads in India and the Peoplersquos Republic of China
Xianbin Yao Infrastructure and poverty reduction Making Markets Work for the Poor May 2003 Asian Development Bank Bulletin
bull The elasticity estimates measure the percentage changes of the rural poverty incidence with respect to road infrastructure investments working through different channels
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
18
Effects of Rural Transport on Poverty Reduction
Poverty Reducing Effects Rural Road Investment
India
Elasticity Share
Peoples Republic of China
Elasticity ShareDirect effect throughincrease in agriculturalproductivity
-00119 1792 -00450 2846
Direct effect throughincrease in non-farmemployment
-00300 4518 -0417 2638
Direct effect throughincrease in rural wages
-00204 3072 -00399 2524
Indirect follow-on effectthrough higher economicgrowth
-00041 618 -00315 1992
Overall -00664 10000 -01581 10000
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
19
Effects on Poverty Reduction
3530
39
6468
38
19
52
23
11
25
39
59
29
20
40
8 1017
24
46
1713
29
01020304050607080
Public SectorEmployment
PrivateFormal
Employment
PrivateInformal
Employment
ExportFarming
Food CropFarming
Non-FarmSelf-
Empolyment
Non-Working
Ghana
Main Economic Activity
Incid
ence
(in
perc
ent)
199192 199899 200506
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
20
Trend in Passenger Transport in Industrial Countries
Passenger transport
0
20
40
60
80
100
EU-15 USA Japan
AirWaterborneTram metroRailwaysBuscoachPassenger car
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
21
Trend of Transport in Developed world
Motorization Level and Wealth in OECD Regions 1970-2000
0100200300400500600700800900
10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
GDP per capita (in 1995 US$ PPP)
Car
s pe
r 100
0 in
habi
tant
s
USA EU-15 Japan
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
22
Modes of Passenger Transport in the USA
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
billio
n pkm
US Passcars US Aviation Bus Railway
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
23
EUROPE Modes of Freight Transport
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Billio
n tkm
EU Road EU Short-sea EU Rail
EU Inland waters EUPipelines
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
24
FindingsThe analysis of historic trends shows that road transport is the driving factor of
transport demand (for passenger and freight) from 1970 to 2000 in the industrial countries
External costs of transport are high and mainly caused by road transport
Policy for decoupling has to focus on instruments addressing impacts from road transport
Taxes based on distance driven and the environmental performance of vehicles can encourage important modal shifts
They generate revenue for developing more environmentally friendly modes
The internalisation of external costs of transport leads to a decrease of transport activities and to a further reduction of externalities
Policies for decoupling need to combine a package of instruments including economic instruments and regulations
- About me
- Importance of Transport
- Ideal Transport System
- Transport
- Long Run Strategy
- Modern Transport System _ Dubai
- Los Angeles Roadways
- Los Angeles Highways
- Some Recent Trend in Indian Context
- How to Manage the city centre of Metro like Delhi
- How to manage Traffic in City Centre
- How to Manage
- Plan
- National Transport Policy
- A Framework
- Transport and Rural Poverty
- Effects of Rural Transport on Poverty Reduction
- Effects on Poverty Reduction
- Trend in Passenger Transport in Industrial Countries
- Trend of Transport in Developed world
- Modes of Passenger Transport in the USA
- EUROPE Modes of Freight Transport
- Findings
-
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
8
Los Angeles Roadways
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
9
Los Angeles Highways
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
10
Some Recent Trend in Indian Context
bull Some increase in population esp city centrebull More employment but new demands for travel opportunity and bull Continuing problems of accessibility in areas of disadvantage
and workless nessbull Rising freight movement particularly to the portbull Increase in car ownership and use bull leading to
bull Rise in congestion levels and poor air qualitybull Reduction in walking and bus use ndash health and obesity time bombbull Increase in rail use leading to some overcrowding
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
11
How to Manage the city centre of Metro like Delhi
bull The heart of the city region bull Main business district should have easy accessbull Main economic growth areabull Growing importance of tourismbull Air Quality Management Area ndash
traffic levels largely responsiblebull Forecast 10 traffic growth
to the metro in morning peak
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
12
How to manage Traffic in City Centre
bull Aim to provide high quality environment for all users of the city centre
ndash reduce traffic in core centre to reduce vehicle speeds ndash improving air quality for all
ndash avoid fast through traffic to ensure a safe friendly and historic city centre
ndash improve access to all parts of the centre for all users - better signage and road layout
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
13
How to Manage
bull Managing traffic growth relies on ndash Managing the road networkndash Designated freight routesndash Managing parking demandndash Planning and development controlndash Increase in quality of public transport ndash partnership with
operators crucialndash Promoting walking and cycling
bull Using Travel Wise to work with employers to promote travel plans for major businesses health care sites and schools
bull Developing links with key players like different Chambers of Commerce and industrial houses
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
14
Planbull Government of India___ Effortsbull National Urban Transport Policybull 1048673Identifies the growing problembull 1048673Recognizes constitutional devolution to the statesbull 1048673but appreciates the importance of some central functions the need
for technical advicebull 1048673and therefore Advises on an issue by issue basis even on state
functions
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
15
National Transport Policy
bull The declared objectivesbull 1048673A four pronged approach ldquoto ensure easily accessible safe affordable
quick comfortable reliable and sustainable mobility for allrdquo tobull 1048673reduce the existing levels of congestionbull 1048673reduce the impact of motor vehicles on air pollutionbull 1048673improve road safety and foster sustainable technologies
bull National Urban Transport Policy-bull The identified issuesbull 1048673 Public vs Personal transportbull 1048673 Ownership vs usagebull 1048673 Public transport pricingbull 1048673 Public vs private provisionbull 1048673 Technologies for public transportbull 1048673 Choice of fuel and vehicle technologiesbull 1048673 Managing vehicles in-usebull 1048673 Local planningbull 1048673 Non-motorized transportbull 1048673 Financingbull 1048673 Institutional co-ordination
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
16
A Framework
Transport infrastructure improvement
Reduced distances Reduced congestion Other externalities
Cheaper more reliable transport services
Logistical improvements
Facilities consolidation
Location effects Value added effects
Transport infrastructure improvement
Reduced distances Reduced congestion Other externalities
Cheaper more reliable transport services
Logistical improvements
Facilities consolidation
Location effects Value added effects
Transport infrastructure improvement
Reduced distances Reduced congestion Other externalities
Cheaper more reliable transport services
Logistical improvements
Facilities consolidation
Location effects Value added effects
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
17
Transport and Rural Poverty
bull There are however good examples from Asia where Yao (2003) has documented the poverty reducing effects of rural roads in India and the Peoplersquos Republic of China
Xianbin Yao Infrastructure and poverty reduction Making Markets Work for the Poor May 2003 Asian Development Bank Bulletin
bull The elasticity estimates measure the percentage changes of the rural poverty incidence with respect to road infrastructure investments working through different channels
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
18
Effects of Rural Transport on Poverty Reduction
Poverty Reducing Effects Rural Road Investment
India
Elasticity Share
Peoples Republic of China
Elasticity ShareDirect effect throughincrease in agriculturalproductivity
-00119 1792 -00450 2846
Direct effect throughincrease in non-farmemployment
-00300 4518 -0417 2638
Direct effect throughincrease in rural wages
-00204 3072 -00399 2524
Indirect follow-on effectthrough higher economicgrowth
-00041 618 -00315 1992
Overall -00664 10000 -01581 10000
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
19
Effects on Poverty Reduction
3530
39
6468
38
19
52
23
11
25
39
59
29
20
40
8 1017
24
46
1713
29
01020304050607080
Public SectorEmployment
PrivateFormal
Employment
PrivateInformal
Employment
ExportFarming
Food CropFarming
Non-FarmSelf-
Empolyment
Non-Working
Ghana
Main Economic Activity
Incid
ence
(in
perc
ent)
199192 199899 200506
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
20
Trend in Passenger Transport in Industrial Countries
Passenger transport
0
20
40
60
80
100
EU-15 USA Japan
AirWaterborneTram metroRailwaysBuscoachPassenger car
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
21
Trend of Transport in Developed world
Motorization Level and Wealth in OECD Regions 1970-2000
0100200300400500600700800900
10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
GDP per capita (in 1995 US$ PPP)
Car
s pe
r 100
0 in
habi
tant
s
USA EU-15 Japan
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
22
Modes of Passenger Transport in the USA
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
billio
n pkm
US Passcars US Aviation Bus Railway
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
23
EUROPE Modes of Freight Transport
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Billio
n tkm
EU Road EU Short-sea EU Rail
EU Inland waters EUPipelines
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
24
FindingsThe analysis of historic trends shows that road transport is the driving factor of
transport demand (for passenger and freight) from 1970 to 2000 in the industrial countries
External costs of transport are high and mainly caused by road transport
Policy for decoupling has to focus on instruments addressing impacts from road transport
Taxes based on distance driven and the environmental performance of vehicles can encourage important modal shifts
They generate revenue for developing more environmentally friendly modes
The internalisation of external costs of transport leads to a decrease of transport activities and to a further reduction of externalities
Policies for decoupling need to combine a package of instruments including economic instruments and regulations
- About me
- Importance of Transport
- Ideal Transport System
- Transport
- Long Run Strategy
- Modern Transport System _ Dubai
- Los Angeles Roadways
- Los Angeles Highways
- Some Recent Trend in Indian Context
- How to Manage the city centre of Metro like Delhi
- How to manage Traffic in City Centre
- How to Manage
- Plan
- National Transport Policy
- A Framework
- Transport and Rural Poverty
- Effects of Rural Transport on Poverty Reduction
- Effects on Poverty Reduction
- Trend in Passenger Transport in Industrial Countries
- Trend of Transport in Developed world
- Modes of Passenger Transport in the USA
- EUROPE Modes of Freight Transport
- Findings
-
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
9
Los Angeles Highways
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
10
Some Recent Trend in Indian Context
bull Some increase in population esp city centrebull More employment but new demands for travel opportunity and bull Continuing problems of accessibility in areas of disadvantage
and workless nessbull Rising freight movement particularly to the portbull Increase in car ownership and use bull leading to
bull Rise in congestion levels and poor air qualitybull Reduction in walking and bus use ndash health and obesity time bombbull Increase in rail use leading to some overcrowding
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
11
How to Manage the city centre of Metro like Delhi
bull The heart of the city region bull Main business district should have easy accessbull Main economic growth areabull Growing importance of tourismbull Air Quality Management Area ndash
traffic levels largely responsiblebull Forecast 10 traffic growth
to the metro in morning peak
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
12
How to manage Traffic in City Centre
bull Aim to provide high quality environment for all users of the city centre
ndash reduce traffic in core centre to reduce vehicle speeds ndash improving air quality for all
ndash avoid fast through traffic to ensure a safe friendly and historic city centre
ndash improve access to all parts of the centre for all users - better signage and road layout
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
13
How to Manage
bull Managing traffic growth relies on ndash Managing the road networkndash Designated freight routesndash Managing parking demandndash Planning and development controlndash Increase in quality of public transport ndash partnership with
operators crucialndash Promoting walking and cycling
bull Using Travel Wise to work with employers to promote travel plans for major businesses health care sites and schools
bull Developing links with key players like different Chambers of Commerce and industrial houses
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
14
Planbull Government of India___ Effortsbull National Urban Transport Policybull 1048673Identifies the growing problembull 1048673Recognizes constitutional devolution to the statesbull 1048673but appreciates the importance of some central functions the need
for technical advicebull 1048673and therefore Advises on an issue by issue basis even on state
functions
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
15
National Transport Policy
bull The declared objectivesbull 1048673A four pronged approach ldquoto ensure easily accessible safe affordable
quick comfortable reliable and sustainable mobility for allrdquo tobull 1048673reduce the existing levels of congestionbull 1048673reduce the impact of motor vehicles on air pollutionbull 1048673improve road safety and foster sustainable technologies
bull National Urban Transport Policy-bull The identified issuesbull 1048673 Public vs Personal transportbull 1048673 Ownership vs usagebull 1048673 Public transport pricingbull 1048673 Public vs private provisionbull 1048673 Technologies for public transportbull 1048673 Choice of fuel and vehicle technologiesbull 1048673 Managing vehicles in-usebull 1048673 Local planningbull 1048673 Non-motorized transportbull 1048673 Financingbull 1048673 Institutional co-ordination
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
16
A Framework
Transport infrastructure improvement
Reduced distances Reduced congestion Other externalities
Cheaper more reliable transport services
Logistical improvements
Facilities consolidation
Location effects Value added effects
Transport infrastructure improvement
Reduced distances Reduced congestion Other externalities
Cheaper more reliable transport services
Logistical improvements
Facilities consolidation
Location effects Value added effects
Transport infrastructure improvement
Reduced distances Reduced congestion Other externalities
Cheaper more reliable transport services
Logistical improvements
Facilities consolidation
Location effects Value added effects
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
17
Transport and Rural Poverty
bull There are however good examples from Asia where Yao (2003) has documented the poverty reducing effects of rural roads in India and the Peoplersquos Republic of China
Xianbin Yao Infrastructure and poverty reduction Making Markets Work for the Poor May 2003 Asian Development Bank Bulletin
bull The elasticity estimates measure the percentage changes of the rural poverty incidence with respect to road infrastructure investments working through different channels
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
18
Effects of Rural Transport on Poverty Reduction
Poverty Reducing Effects Rural Road Investment
India
Elasticity Share
Peoples Republic of China
Elasticity ShareDirect effect throughincrease in agriculturalproductivity
-00119 1792 -00450 2846
Direct effect throughincrease in non-farmemployment
-00300 4518 -0417 2638
Direct effect throughincrease in rural wages
-00204 3072 -00399 2524
Indirect follow-on effectthrough higher economicgrowth
-00041 618 -00315 1992
Overall -00664 10000 -01581 10000
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
19
Effects on Poverty Reduction
3530
39
6468
38
19
52
23
11
25
39
59
29
20
40
8 1017
24
46
1713
29
01020304050607080
Public SectorEmployment
PrivateFormal
Employment
PrivateInformal
Employment
ExportFarming
Food CropFarming
Non-FarmSelf-
Empolyment
Non-Working
Ghana
Main Economic Activity
Incid
ence
(in
perc
ent)
199192 199899 200506
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
20
Trend in Passenger Transport in Industrial Countries
Passenger transport
0
20
40
60
80
100
EU-15 USA Japan
AirWaterborneTram metroRailwaysBuscoachPassenger car
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
21
Trend of Transport in Developed world
Motorization Level and Wealth in OECD Regions 1970-2000
0100200300400500600700800900
10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
GDP per capita (in 1995 US$ PPP)
Car
s pe
r 100
0 in
habi
tant
s
USA EU-15 Japan
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
22
Modes of Passenger Transport in the USA
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
billio
n pkm
US Passcars US Aviation Bus Railway
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
23
EUROPE Modes of Freight Transport
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Billio
n tkm
EU Road EU Short-sea EU Rail
EU Inland waters EUPipelines
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
24
FindingsThe analysis of historic trends shows that road transport is the driving factor of
transport demand (for passenger and freight) from 1970 to 2000 in the industrial countries
External costs of transport are high and mainly caused by road transport
Policy for decoupling has to focus on instruments addressing impacts from road transport
Taxes based on distance driven and the environmental performance of vehicles can encourage important modal shifts
They generate revenue for developing more environmentally friendly modes
The internalisation of external costs of transport leads to a decrease of transport activities and to a further reduction of externalities
Policies for decoupling need to combine a package of instruments including economic instruments and regulations
- About me
- Importance of Transport
- Ideal Transport System
- Transport
- Long Run Strategy
- Modern Transport System _ Dubai
- Los Angeles Roadways
- Los Angeles Highways
- Some Recent Trend in Indian Context
- How to Manage the city centre of Metro like Delhi
- How to manage Traffic in City Centre
- How to Manage
- Plan
- National Transport Policy
- A Framework
- Transport and Rural Poverty
- Effects of Rural Transport on Poverty Reduction
- Effects on Poverty Reduction
- Trend in Passenger Transport in Industrial Countries
- Trend of Transport in Developed world
- Modes of Passenger Transport in the USA
- EUROPE Modes of Freight Transport
- Findings
-
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
10
Some Recent Trend in Indian Context
bull Some increase in population esp city centrebull More employment but new demands for travel opportunity and bull Continuing problems of accessibility in areas of disadvantage
and workless nessbull Rising freight movement particularly to the portbull Increase in car ownership and use bull leading to
bull Rise in congestion levels and poor air qualitybull Reduction in walking and bus use ndash health and obesity time bombbull Increase in rail use leading to some overcrowding
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
11
How to Manage the city centre of Metro like Delhi
bull The heart of the city region bull Main business district should have easy accessbull Main economic growth areabull Growing importance of tourismbull Air Quality Management Area ndash
traffic levels largely responsiblebull Forecast 10 traffic growth
to the metro in morning peak
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
12
How to manage Traffic in City Centre
bull Aim to provide high quality environment for all users of the city centre
ndash reduce traffic in core centre to reduce vehicle speeds ndash improving air quality for all
ndash avoid fast through traffic to ensure a safe friendly and historic city centre
ndash improve access to all parts of the centre for all users - better signage and road layout
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
13
How to Manage
bull Managing traffic growth relies on ndash Managing the road networkndash Designated freight routesndash Managing parking demandndash Planning and development controlndash Increase in quality of public transport ndash partnership with
operators crucialndash Promoting walking and cycling
bull Using Travel Wise to work with employers to promote travel plans for major businesses health care sites and schools
bull Developing links with key players like different Chambers of Commerce and industrial houses
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
14
Planbull Government of India___ Effortsbull National Urban Transport Policybull 1048673Identifies the growing problembull 1048673Recognizes constitutional devolution to the statesbull 1048673but appreciates the importance of some central functions the need
for technical advicebull 1048673and therefore Advises on an issue by issue basis even on state
functions
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
15
National Transport Policy
bull The declared objectivesbull 1048673A four pronged approach ldquoto ensure easily accessible safe affordable
quick comfortable reliable and sustainable mobility for allrdquo tobull 1048673reduce the existing levels of congestionbull 1048673reduce the impact of motor vehicles on air pollutionbull 1048673improve road safety and foster sustainable technologies
bull National Urban Transport Policy-bull The identified issuesbull 1048673 Public vs Personal transportbull 1048673 Ownership vs usagebull 1048673 Public transport pricingbull 1048673 Public vs private provisionbull 1048673 Technologies for public transportbull 1048673 Choice of fuel and vehicle technologiesbull 1048673 Managing vehicles in-usebull 1048673 Local planningbull 1048673 Non-motorized transportbull 1048673 Financingbull 1048673 Institutional co-ordination
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
16
A Framework
Transport infrastructure improvement
Reduced distances Reduced congestion Other externalities
Cheaper more reliable transport services
Logistical improvements
Facilities consolidation
Location effects Value added effects
Transport infrastructure improvement
Reduced distances Reduced congestion Other externalities
Cheaper more reliable transport services
Logistical improvements
Facilities consolidation
Location effects Value added effects
Transport infrastructure improvement
Reduced distances Reduced congestion Other externalities
Cheaper more reliable transport services
Logistical improvements
Facilities consolidation
Location effects Value added effects
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
17
Transport and Rural Poverty
bull There are however good examples from Asia where Yao (2003) has documented the poverty reducing effects of rural roads in India and the Peoplersquos Republic of China
Xianbin Yao Infrastructure and poverty reduction Making Markets Work for the Poor May 2003 Asian Development Bank Bulletin
bull The elasticity estimates measure the percentage changes of the rural poverty incidence with respect to road infrastructure investments working through different channels
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
18
Effects of Rural Transport on Poverty Reduction
Poverty Reducing Effects Rural Road Investment
India
Elasticity Share
Peoples Republic of China
Elasticity ShareDirect effect throughincrease in agriculturalproductivity
-00119 1792 -00450 2846
Direct effect throughincrease in non-farmemployment
-00300 4518 -0417 2638
Direct effect throughincrease in rural wages
-00204 3072 -00399 2524
Indirect follow-on effectthrough higher economicgrowth
-00041 618 -00315 1992
Overall -00664 10000 -01581 10000
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
19
Effects on Poverty Reduction
3530
39
6468
38
19
52
23
11
25
39
59
29
20
40
8 1017
24
46
1713
29
01020304050607080
Public SectorEmployment
PrivateFormal
Employment
PrivateInformal
Employment
ExportFarming
Food CropFarming
Non-FarmSelf-
Empolyment
Non-Working
Ghana
Main Economic Activity
Incid
ence
(in
perc
ent)
199192 199899 200506
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
20
Trend in Passenger Transport in Industrial Countries
Passenger transport
0
20
40
60
80
100
EU-15 USA Japan
AirWaterborneTram metroRailwaysBuscoachPassenger car
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
21
Trend of Transport in Developed world
Motorization Level and Wealth in OECD Regions 1970-2000
0100200300400500600700800900
10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
GDP per capita (in 1995 US$ PPP)
Car
s pe
r 100
0 in
habi
tant
s
USA EU-15 Japan
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
22
Modes of Passenger Transport in the USA
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
billio
n pkm
US Passcars US Aviation Bus Railway
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
23
EUROPE Modes of Freight Transport
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Billio
n tkm
EU Road EU Short-sea EU Rail
EU Inland waters EUPipelines
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
24
FindingsThe analysis of historic trends shows that road transport is the driving factor of
transport demand (for passenger and freight) from 1970 to 2000 in the industrial countries
External costs of transport are high and mainly caused by road transport
Policy for decoupling has to focus on instruments addressing impacts from road transport
Taxes based on distance driven and the environmental performance of vehicles can encourage important modal shifts
They generate revenue for developing more environmentally friendly modes
The internalisation of external costs of transport leads to a decrease of transport activities and to a further reduction of externalities
Policies for decoupling need to combine a package of instruments including economic instruments and regulations
- About me
- Importance of Transport
- Ideal Transport System
- Transport
- Long Run Strategy
- Modern Transport System _ Dubai
- Los Angeles Roadways
- Los Angeles Highways
- Some Recent Trend in Indian Context
- How to Manage the city centre of Metro like Delhi
- How to manage Traffic in City Centre
- How to Manage
- Plan
- National Transport Policy
- A Framework
- Transport and Rural Poverty
- Effects of Rural Transport on Poverty Reduction
- Effects on Poverty Reduction
- Trend in Passenger Transport in Industrial Countries
- Trend of Transport in Developed world
- Modes of Passenger Transport in the USA
- EUROPE Modes of Freight Transport
- Findings
-
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
11
How to Manage the city centre of Metro like Delhi
bull The heart of the city region bull Main business district should have easy accessbull Main economic growth areabull Growing importance of tourismbull Air Quality Management Area ndash
traffic levels largely responsiblebull Forecast 10 traffic growth
to the metro in morning peak
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
12
How to manage Traffic in City Centre
bull Aim to provide high quality environment for all users of the city centre
ndash reduce traffic in core centre to reduce vehicle speeds ndash improving air quality for all
ndash avoid fast through traffic to ensure a safe friendly and historic city centre
ndash improve access to all parts of the centre for all users - better signage and road layout
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
13
How to Manage
bull Managing traffic growth relies on ndash Managing the road networkndash Designated freight routesndash Managing parking demandndash Planning and development controlndash Increase in quality of public transport ndash partnership with
operators crucialndash Promoting walking and cycling
bull Using Travel Wise to work with employers to promote travel plans for major businesses health care sites and schools
bull Developing links with key players like different Chambers of Commerce and industrial houses
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
14
Planbull Government of India___ Effortsbull National Urban Transport Policybull 1048673Identifies the growing problembull 1048673Recognizes constitutional devolution to the statesbull 1048673but appreciates the importance of some central functions the need
for technical advicebull 1048673and therefore Advises on an issue by issue basis even on state
functions
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
15
National Transport Policy
bull The declared objectivesbull 1048673A four pronged approach ldquoto ensure easily accessible safe affordable
quick comfortable reliable and sustainable mobility for allrdquo tobull 1048673reduce the existing levels of congestionbull 1048673reduce the impact of motor vehicles on air pollutionbull 1048673improve road safety and foster sustainable technologies
bull National Urban Transport Policy-bull The identified issuesbull 1048673 Public vs Personal transportbull 1048673 Ownership vs usagebull 1048673 Public transport pricingbull 1048673 Public vs private provisionbull 1048673 Technologies for public transportbull 1048673 Choice of fuel and vehicle technologiesbull 1048673 Managing vehicles in-usebull 1048673 Local planningbull 1048673 Non-motorized transportbull 1048673 Financingbull 1048673 Institutional co-ordination
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
16
A Framework
Transport infrastructure improvement
Reduced distances Reduced congestion Other externalities
Cheaper more reliable transport services
Logistical improvements
Facilities consolidation
Location effects Value added effects
Transport infrastructure improvement
Reduced distances Reduced congestion Other externalities
Cheaper more reliable transport services
Logistical improvements
Facilities consolidation
Location effects Value added effects
Transport infrastructure improvement
Reduced distances Reduced congestion Other externalities
Cheaper more reliable transport services
Logistical improvements
Facilities consolidation
Location effects Value added effects
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
17
Transport and Rural Poverty
bull There are however good examples from Asia where Yao (2003) has documented the poverty reducing effects of rural roads in India and the Peoplersquos Republic of China
Xianbin Yao Infrastructure and poverty reduction Making Markets Work for the Poor May 2003 Asian Development Bank Bulletin
bull The elasticity estimates measure the percentage changes of the rural poverty incidence with respect to road infrastructure investments working through different channels
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
18
Effects of Rural Transport on Poverty Reduction
Poverty Reducing Effects Rural Road Investment
India
Elasticity Share
Peoples Republic of China
Elasticity ShareDirect effect throughincrease in agriculturalproductivity
-00119 1792 -00450 2846
Direct effect throughincrease in non-farmemployment
-00300 4518 -0417 2638
Direct effect throughincrease in rural wages
-00204 3072 -00399 2524
Indirect follow-on effectthrough higher economicgrowth
-00041 618 -00315 1992
Overall -00664 10000 -01581 10000
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
19
Effects on Poverty Reduction
3530
39
6468
38
19
52
23
11
25
39
59
29
20
40
8 1017
24
46
1713
29
01020304050607080
Public SectorEmployment
PrivateFormal
Employment
PrivateInformal
Employment
ExportFarming
Food CropFarming
Non-FarmSelf-
Empolyment
Non-Working
Ghana
Main Economic Activity
Incid
ence
(in
perc
ent)
199192 199899 200506
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
20
Trend in Passenger Transport in Industrial Countries
Passenger transport
0
20
40
60
80
100
EU-15 USA Japan
AirWaterborneTram metroRailwaysBuscoachPassenger car
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
21
Trend of Transport in Developed world
Motorization Level and Wealth in OECD Regions 1970-2000
0100200300400500600700800900
10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
GDP per capita (in 1995 US$ PPP)
Car
s pe
r 100
0 in
habi
tant
s
USA EU-15 Japan
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
22
Modes of Passenger Transport in the USA
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
billio
n pkm
US Passcars US Aviation Bus Railway
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
23
EUROPE Modes of Freight Transport
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Billio
n tkm
EU Road EU Short-sea EU Rail
EU Inland waters EUPipelines
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
24
FindingsThe analysis of historic trends shows that road transport is the driving factor of
transport demand (for passenger and freight) from 1970 to 2000 in the industrial countries
External costs of transport are high and mainly caused by road transport
Policy for decoupling has to focus on instruments addressing impacts from road transport
Taxes based on distance driven and the environmental performance of vehicles can encourage important modal shifts
They generate revenue for developing more environmentally friendly modes
The internalisation of external costs of transport leads to a decrease of transport activities and to a further reduction of externalities
Policies for decoupling need to combine a package of instruments including economic instruments and regulations
- About me
- Importance of Transport
- Ideal Transport System
- Transport
- Long Run Strategy
- Modern Transport System _ Dubai
- Los Angeles Roadways
- Los Angeles Highways
- Some Recent Trend in Indian Context
- How to Manage the city centre of Metro like Delhi
- How to manage Traffic in City Centre
- How to Manage
- Plan
- National Transport Policy
- A Framework
- Transport and Rural Poverty
- Effects of Rural Transport on Poverty Reduction
- Effects on Poverty Reduction
- Trend in Passenger Transport in Industrial Countries
- Trend of Transport in Developed world
- Modes of Passenger Transport in the USA
- EUROPE Modes of Freight Transport
- Findings
-
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
12
How to manage Traffic in City Centre
bull Aim to provide high quality environment for all users of the city centre
ndash reduce traffic in core centre to reduce vehicle speeds ndash improving air quality for all
ndash avoid fast through traffic to ensure a safe friendly and historic city centre
ndash improve access to all parts of the centre for all users - better signage and road layout
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
13
How to Manage
bull Managing traffic growth relies on ndash Managing the road networkndash Designated freight routesndash Managing parking demandndash Planning and development controlndash Increase in quality of public transport ndash partnership with
operators crucialndash Promoting walking and cycling
bull Using Travel Wise to work with employers to promote travel plans for major businesses health care sites and schools
bull Developing links with key players like different Chambers of Commerce and industrial houses
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
14
Planbull Government of India___ Effortsbull National Urban Transport Policybull 1048673Identifies the growing problembull 1048673Recognizes constitutional devolution to the statesbull 1048673but appreciates the importance of some central functions the need
for technical advicebull 1048673and therefore Advises on an issue by issue basis even on state
functions
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
15
National Transport Policy
bull The declared objectivesbull 1048673A four pronged approach ldquoto ensure easily accessible safe affordable
quick comfortable reliable and sustainable mobility for allrdquo tobull 1048673reduce the existing levels of congestionbull 1048673reduce the impact of motor vehicles on air pollutionbull 1048673improve road safety and foster sustainable technologies
bull National Urban Transport Policy-bull The identified issuesbull 1048673 Public vs Personal transportbull 1048673 Ownership vs usagebull 1048673 Public transport pricingbull 1048673 Public vs private provisionbull 1048673 Technologies for public transportbull 1048673 Choice of fuel and vehicle technologiesbull 1048673 Managing vehicles in-usebull 1048673 Local planningbull 1048673 Non-motorized transportbull 1048673 Financingbull 1048673 Institutional co-ordination
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
16
A Framework
Transport infrastructure improvement
Reduced distances Reduced congestion Other externalities
Cheaper more reliable transport services
Logistical improvements
Facilities consolidation
Location effects Value added effects
Transport infrastructure improvement
Reduced distances Reduced congestion Other externalities
Cheaper more reliable transport services
Logistical improvements
Facilities consolidation
Location effects Value added effects
Transport infrastructure improvement
Reduced distances Reduced congestion Other externalities
Cheaper more reliable transport services
Logistical improvements
Facilities consolidation
Location effects Value added effects
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
17
Transport and Rural Poverty
bull There are however good examples from Asia where Yao (2003) has documented the poverty reducing effects of rural roads in India and the Peoplersquos Republic of China
Xianbin Yao Infrastructure and poverty reduction Making Markets Work for the Poor May 2003 Asian Development Bank Bulletin
bull The elasticity estimates measure the percentage changes of the rural poverty incidence with respect to road infrastructure investments working through different channels
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
18
Effects of Rural Transport on Poverty Reduction
Poverty Reducing Effects Rural Road Investment
India
Elasticity Share
Peoples Republic of China
Elasticity ShareDirect effect throughincrease in agriculturalproductivity
-00119 1792 -00450 2846
Direct effect throughincrease in non-farmemployment
-00300 4518 -0417 2638
Direct effect throughincrease in rural wages
-00204 3072 -00399 2524
Indirect follow-on effectthrough higher economicgrowth
-00041 618 -00315 1992
Overall -00664 10000 -01581 10000
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
19
Effects on Poverty Reduction
3530
39
6468
38
19
52
23
11
25
39
59
29
20
40
8 1017
24
46
1713
29
01020304050607080
Public SectorEmployment
PrivateFormal
Employment
PrivateInformal
Employment
ExportFarming
Food CropFarming
Non-FarmSelf-
Empolyment
Non-Working
Ghana
Main Economic Activity
Incid
ence
(in
perc
ent)
199192 199899 200506
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
20
Trend in Passenger Transport in Industrial Countries
Passenger transport
0
20
40
60
80
100
EU-15 USA Japan
AirWaterborneTram metroRailwaysBuscoachPassenger car
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
21
Trend of Transport in Developed world
Motorization Level and Wealth in OECD Regions 1970-2000
0100200300400500600700800900
10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
GDP per capita (in 1995 US$ PPP)
Car
s pe
r 100
0 in
habi
tant
s
USA EU-15 Japan
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
22
Modes of Passenger Transport in the USA
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
billio
n pkm
US Passcars US Aviation Bus Railway
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
23
EUROPE Modes of Freight Transport
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Billio
n tkm
EU Road EU Short-sea EU Rail
EU Inland waters EUPipelines
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
24
FindingsThe analysis of historic trends shows that road transport is the driving factor of
transport demand (for passenger and freight) from 1970 to 2000 in the industrial countries
External costs of transport are high and mainly caused by road transport
Policy for decoupling has to focus on instruments addressing impacts from road transport
Taxes based on distance driven and the environmental performance of vehicles can encourage important modal shifts
They generate revenue for developing more environmentally friendly modes
The internalisation of external costs of transport leads to a decrease of transport activities and to a further reduction of externalities
Policies for decoupling need to combine a package of instruments including economic instruments and regulations
- About me
- Importance of Transport
- Ideal Transport System
- Transport
- Long Run Strategy
- Modern Transport System _ Dubai
- Los Angeles Roadways
- Los Angeles Highways
- Some Recent Trend in Indian Context
- How to Manage the city centre of Metro like Delhi
- How to manage Traffic in City Centre
- How to Manage
- Plan
- National Transport Policy
- A Framework
- Transport and Rural Poverty
- Effects of Rural Transport on Poverty Reduction
- Effects on Poverty Reduction
- Trend in Passenger Transport in Industrial Countries
- Trend of Transport in Developed world
- Modes of Passenger Transport in the USA
- EUROPE Modes of Freight Transport
- Findings
-
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
13
How to Manage
bull Managing traffic growth relies on ndash Managing the road networkndash Designated freight routesndash Managing parking demandndash Planning and development controlndash Increase in quality of public transport ndash partnership with
operators crucialndash Promoting walking and cycling
bull Using Travel Wise to work with employers to promote travel plans for major businesses health care sites and schools
bull Developing links with key players like different Chambers of Commerce and industrial houses
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
14
Planbull Government of India___ Effortsbull National Urban Transport Policybull 1048673Identifies the growing problembull 1048673Recognizes constitutional devolution to the statesbull 1048673but appreciates the importance of some central functions the need
for technical advicebull 1048673and therefore Advises on an issue by issue basis even on state
functions
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
15
National Transport Policy
bull The declared objectivesbull 1048673A four pronged approach ldquoto ensure easily accessible safe affordable
quick comfortable reliable and sustainable mobility for allrdquo tobull 1048673reduce the existing levels of congestionbull 1048673reduce the impact of motor vehicles on air pollutionbull 1048673improve road safety and foster sustainable technologies
bull National Urban Transport Policy-bull The identified issuesbull 1048673 Public vs Personal transportbull 1048673 Ownership vs usagebull 1048673 Public transport pricingbull 1048673 Public vs private provisionbull 1048673 Technologies for public transportbull 1048673 Choice of fuel and vehicle technologiesbull 1048673 Managing vehicles in-usebull 1048673 Local planningbull 1048673 Non-motorized transportbull 1048673 Financingbull 1048673 Institutional co-ordination
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
16
A Framework
Transport infrastructure improvement
Reduced distances Reduced congestion Other externalities
Cheaper more reliable transport services
Logistical improvements
Facilities consolidation
Location effects Value added effects
Transport infrastructure improvement
Reduced distances Reduced congestion Other externalities
Cheaper more reliable transport services
Logistical improvements
Facilities consolidation
Location effects Value added effects
Transport infrastructure improvement
Reduced distances Reduced congestion Other externalities
Cheaper more reliable transport services
Logistical improvements
Facilities consolidation
Location effects Value added effects
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
17
Transport and Rural Poverty
bull There are however good examples from Asia where Yao (2003) has documented the poverty reducing effects of rural roads in India and the Peoplersquos Republic of China
Xianbin Yao Infrastructure and poverty reduction Making Markets Work for the Poor May 2003 Asian Development Bank Bulletin
bull The elasticity estimates measure the percentage changes of the rural poverty incidence with respect to road infrastructure investments working through different channels
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
18
Effects of Rural Transport on Poverty Reduction
Poverty Reducing Effects Rural Road Investment
India
Elasticity Share
Peoples Republic of China
Elasticity ShareDirect effect throughincrease in agriculturalproductivity
-00119 1792 -00450 2846
Direct effect throughincrease in non-farmemployment
-00300 4518 -0417 2638
Direct effect throughincrease in rural wages
-00204 3072 -00399 2524
Indirect follow-on effectthrough higher economicgrowth
-00041 618 -00315 1992
Overall -00664 10000 -01581 10000
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
19
Effects on Poverty Reduction
3530
39
6468
38
19
52
23
11
25
39
59
29
20
40
8 1017
24
46
1713
29
01020304050607080
Public SectorEmployment
PrivateFormal
Employment
PrivateInformal
Employment
ExportFarming
Food CropFarming
Non-FarmSelf-
Empolyment
Non-Working
Ghana
Main Economic Activity
Incid
ence
(in
perc
ent)
199192 199899 200506
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
20
Trend in Passenger Transport in Industrial Countries
Passenger transport
0
20
40
60
80
100
EU-15 USA Japan
AirWaterborneTram metroRailwaysBuscoachPassenger car
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
21
Trend of Transport in Developed world
Motorization Level and Wealth in OECD Regions 1970-2000
0100200300400500600700800900
10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
GDP per capita (in 1995 US$ PPP)
Car
s pe
r 100
0 in
habi
tant
s
USA EU-15 Japan
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
22
Modes of Passenger Transport in the USA
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
billio
n pkm
US Passcars US Aviation Bus Railway
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
23
EUROPE Modes of Freight Transport
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Billio
n tkm
EU Road EU Short-sea EU Rail
EU Inland waters EUPipelines
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
24
FindingsThe analysis of historic trends shows that road transport is the driving factor of
transport demand (for passenger and freight) from 1970 to 2000 in the industrial countries
External costs of transport are high and mainly caused by road transport
Policy for decoupling has to focus on instruments addressing impacts from road transport
Taxes based on distance driven and the environmental performance of vehicles can encourage important modal shifts
They generate revenue for developing more environmentally friendly modes
The internalisation of external costs of transport leads to a decrease of transport activities and to a further reduction of externalities
Policies for decoupling need to combine a package of instruments including economic instruments and regulations
- About me
- Importance of Transport
- Ideal Transport System
- Transport
- Long Run Strategy
- Modern Transport System _ Dubai
- Los Angeles Roadways
- Los Angeles Highways
- Some Recent Trend in Indian Context
- How to Manage the city centre of Metro like Delhi
- How to manage Traffic in City Centre
- How to Manage
- Plan
- National Transport Policy
- A Framework
- Transport and Rural Poverty
- Effects of Rural Transport on Poverty Reduction
- Effects on Poverty Reduction
- Trend in Passenger Transport in Industrial Countries
- Trend of Transport in Developed world
- Modes of Passenger Transport in the USA
- EUROPE Modes of Freight Transport
- Findings
-
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
14
Planbull Government of India___ Effortsbull National Urban Transport Policybull 1048673Identifies the growing problembull 1048673Recognizes constitutional devolution to the statesbull 1048673but appreciates the importance of some central functions the need
for technical advicebull 1048673and therefore Advises on an issue by issue basis even on state
functions
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
15
National Transport Policy
bull The declared objectivesbull 1048673A four pronged approach ldquoto ensure easily accessible safe affordable
quick comfortable reliable and sustainable mobility for allrdquo tobull 1048673reduce the existing levels of congestionbull 1048673reduce the impact of motor vehicles on air pollutionbull 1048673improve road safety and foster sustainable technologies
bull National Urban Transport Policy-bull The identified issuesbull 1048673 Public vs Personal transportbull 1048673 Ownership vs usagebull 1048673 Public transport pricingbull 1048673 Public vs private provisionbull 1048673 Technologies for public transportbull 1048673 Choice of fuel and vehicle technologiesbull 1048673 Managing vehicles in-usebull 1048673 Local planningbull 1048673 Non-motorized transportbull 1048673 Financingbull 1048673 Institutional co-ordination
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
16
A Framework
Transport infrastructure improvement
Reduced distances Reduced congestion Other externalities
Cheaper more reliable transport services
Logistical improvements
Facilities consolidation
Location effects Value added effects
Transport infrastructure improvement
Reduced distances Reduced congestion Other externalities
Cheaper more reliable transport services
Logistical improvements
Facilities consolidation
Location effects Value added effects
Transport infrastructure improvement
Reduced distances Reduced congestion Other externalities
Cheaper more reliable transport services
Logistical improvements
Facilities consolidation
Location effects Value added effects
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
17
Transport and Rural Poverty
bull There are however good examples from Asia where Yao (2003) has documented the poverty reducing effects of rural roads in India and the Peoplersquos Republic of China
Xianbin Yao Infrastructure and poverty reduction Making Markets Work for the Poor May 2003 Asian Development Bank Bulletin
bull The elasticity estimates measure the percentage changes of the rural poverty incidence with respect to road infrastructure investments working through different channels
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
18
Effects of Rural Transport on Poverty Reduction
Poverty Reducing Effects Rural Road Investment
India
Elasticity Share
Peoples Republic of China
Elasticity ShareDirect effect throughincrease in agriculturalproductivity
-00119 1792 -00450 2846
Direct effect throughincrease in non-farmemployment
-00300 4518 -0417 2638
Direct effect throughincrease in rural wages
-00204 3072 -00399 2524
Indirect follow-on effectthrough higher economicgrowth
-00041 618 -00315 1992
Overall -00664 10000 -01581 10000
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
19
Effects on Poverty Reduction
3530
39
6468
38
19
52
23
11
25
39
59
29
20
40
8 1017
24
46
1713
29
01020304050607080
Public SectorEmployment
PrivateFormal
Employment
PrivateInformal
Employment
ExportFarming
Food CropFarming
Non-FarmSelf-
Empolyment
Non-Working
Ghana
Main Economic Activity
Incid
ence
(in
perc
ent)
199192 199899 200506
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
20
Trend in Passenger Transport in Industrial Countries
Passenger transport
0
20
40
60
80
100
EU-15 USA Japan
AirWaterborneTram metroRailwaysBuscoachPassenger car
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
21
Trend of Transport in Developed world
Motorization Level and Wealth in OECD Regions 1970-2000
0100200300400500600700800900
10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
GDP per capita (in 1995 US$ PPP)
Car
s pe
r 100
0 in
habi
tant
s
USA EU-15 Japan
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
22
Modes of Passenger Transport in the USA
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
billio
n pkm
US Passcars US Aviation Bus Railway
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
23
EUROPE Modes of Freight Transport
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Billio
n tkm
EU Road EU Short-sea EU Rail
EU Inland waters EUPipelines
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
24
FindingsThe analysis of historic trends shows that road transport is the driving factor of
transport demand (for passenger and freight) from 1970 to 2000 in the industrial countries
External costs of transport are high and mainly caused by road transport
Policy for decoupling has to focus on instruments addressing impacts from road transport
Taxes based on distance driven and the environmental performance of vehicles can encourage important modal shifts
They generate revenue for developing more environmentally friendly modes
The internalisation of external costs of transport leads to a decrease of transport activities and to a further reduction of externalities
Policies for decoupling need to combine a package of instruments including economic instruments and regulations
- About me
- Importance of Transport
- Ideal Transport System
- Transport
- Long Run Strategy
- Modern Transport System _ Dubai
- Los Angeles Roadways
- Los Angeles Highways
- Some Recent Trend in Indian Context
- How to Manage the city centre of Metro like Delhi
- How to manage Traffic in City Centre
- How to Manage
- Plan
- National Transport Policy
- A Framework
- Transport and Rural Poverty
- Effects of Rural Transport on Poverty Reduction
- Effects on Poverty Reduction
- Trend in Passenger Transport in Industrial Countries
- Trend of Transport in Developed world
- Modes of Passenger Transport in the USA
- EUROPE Modes of Freight Transport
- Findings
-
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
15
National Transport Policy
bull The declared objectivesbull 1048673A four pronged approach ldquoto ensure easily accessible safe affordable
quick comfortable reliable and sustainable mobility for allrdquo tobull 1048673reduce the existing levels of congestionbull 1048673reduce the impact of motor vehicles on air pollutionbull 1048673improve road safety and foster sustainable technologies
bull National Urban Transport Policy-bull The identified issuesbull 1048673 Public vs Personal transportbull 1048673 Ownership vs usagebull 1048673 Public transport pricingbull 1048673 Public vs private provisionbull 1048673 Technologies for public transportbull 1048673 Choice of fuel and vehicle technologiesbull 1048673 Managing vehicles in-usebull 1048673 Local planningbull 1048673 Non-motorized transportbull 1048673 Financingbull 1048673 Institutional co-ordination
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
16
A Framework
Transport infrastructure improvement
Reduced distances Reduced congestion Other externalities
Cheaper more reliable transport services
Logistical improvements
Facilities consolidation
Location effects Value added effects
Transport infrastructure improvement
Reduced distances Reduced congestion Other externalities
Cheaper more reliable transport services
Logistical improvements
Facilities consolidation
Location effects Value added effects
Transport infrastructure improvement
Reduced distances Reduced congestion Other externalities
Cheaper more reliable transport services
Logistical improvements
Facilities consolidation
Location effects Value added effects
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
17
Transport and Rural Poverty
bull There are however good examples from Asia where Yao (2003) has documented the poverty reducing effects of rural roads in India and the Peoplersquos Republic of China
Xianbin Yao Infrastructure and poverty reduction Making Markets Work for the Poor May 2003 Asian Development Bank Bulletin
bull The elasticity estimates measure the percentage changes of the rural poverty incidence with respect to road infrastructure investments working through different channels
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
18
Effects of Rural Transport on Poverty Reduction
Poverty Reducing Effects Rural Road Investment
India
Elasticity Share
Peoples Republic of China
Elasticity ShareDirect effect throughincrease in agriculturalproductivity
-00119 1792 -00450 2846
Direct effect throughincrease in non-farmemployment
-00300 4518 -0417 2638
Direct effect throughincrease in rural wages
-00204 3072 -00399 2524
Indirect follow-on effectthrough higher economicgrowth
-00041 618 -00315 1992
Overall -00664 10000 -01581 10000
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
19
Effects on Poverty Reduction
3530
39
6468
38
19
52
23
11
25
39
59
29
20
40
8 1017
24
46
1713
29
01020304050607080
Public SectorEmployment
PrivateFormal
Employment
PrivateInformal
Employment
ExportFarming
Food CropFarming
Non-FarmSelf-
Empolyment
Non-Working
Ghana
Main Economic Activity
Incid
ence
(in
perc
ent)
199192 199899 200506
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
20
Trend in Passenger Transport in Industrial Countries
Passenger transport
0
20
40
60
80
100
EU-15 USA Japan
AirWaterborneTram metroRailwaysBuscoachPassenger car
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
21
Trend of Transport in Developed world
Motorization Level and Wealth in OECD Regions 1970-2000
0100200300400500600700800900
10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
GDP per capita (in 1995 US$ PPP)
Car
s pe
r 100
0 in
habi
tant
s
USA EU-15 Japan
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
22
Modes of Passenger Transport in the USA
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
billio
n pkm
US Passcars US Aviation Bus Railway
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
23
EUROPE Modes of Freight Transport
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Billio
n tkm
EU Road EU Short-sea EU Rail
EU Inland waters EUPipelines
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
24
FindingsThe analysis of historic trends shows that road transport is the driving factor of
transport demand (for passenger and freight) from 1970 to 2000 in the industrial countries
External costs of transport are high and mainly caused by road transport
Policy for decoupling has to focus on instruments addressing impacts from road transport
Taxes based on distance driven and the environmental performance of vehicles can encourage important modal shifts
They generate revenue for developing more environmentally friendly modes
The internalisation of external costs of transport leads to a decrease of transport activities and to a further reduction of externalities
Policies for decoupling need to combine a package of instruments including economic instruments and regulations
- About me
- Importance of Transport
- Ideal Transport System
- Transport
- Long Run Strategy
- Modern Transport System _ Dubai
- Los Angeles Roadways
- Los Angeles Highways
- Some Recent Trend in Indian Context
- How to Manage the city centre of Metro like Delhi
- How to manage Traffic in City Centre
- How to Manage
- Plan
- National Transport Policy
- A Framework
- Transport and Rural Poverty
- Effects of Rural Transport on Poverty Reduction
- Effects on Poverty Reduction
- Trend in Passenger Transport in Industrial Countries
- Trend of Transport in Developed world
- Modes of Passenger Transport in the USA
- EUROPE Modes of Freight Transport
- Findings
-
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
16
A Framework
Transport infrastructure improvement
Reduced distances Reduced congestion Other externalities
Cheaper more reliable transport services
Logistical improvements
Facilities consolidation
Location effects Value added effects
Transport infrastructure improvement
Reduced distances Reduced congestion Other externalities
Cheaper more reliable transport services
Logistical improvements
Facilities consolidation
Location effects Value added effects
Transport infrastructure improvement
Reduced distances Reduced congestion Other externalities
Cheaper more reliable transport services
Logistical improvements
Facilities consolidation
Location effects Value added effects
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
17
Transport and Rural Poverty
bull There are however good examples from Asia where Yao (2003) has documented the poverty reducing effects of rural roads in India and the Peoplersquos Republic of China
Xianbin Yao Infrastructure and poverty reduction Making Markets Work for the Poor May 2003 Asian Development Bank Bulletin
bull The elasticity estimates measure the percentage changes of the rural poverty incidence with respect to road infrastructure investments working through different channels
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
18
Effects of Rural Transport on Poverty Reduction
Poverty Reducing Effects Rural Road Investment
India
Elasticity Share
Peoples Republic of China
Elasticity ShareDirect effect throughincrease in agriculturalproductivity
-00119 1792 -00450 2846
Direct effect throughincrease in non-farmemployment
-00300 4518 -0417 2638
Direct effect throughincrease in rural wages
-00204 3072 -00399 2524
Indirect follow-on effectthrough higher economicgrowth
-00041 618 -00315 1992
Overall -00664 10000 -01581 10000
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
19
Effects on Poverty Reduction
3530
39
6468
38
19
52
23
11
25
39
59
29
20
40
8 1017
24
46
1713
29
01020304050607080
Public SectorEmployment
PrivateFormal
Employment
PrivateInformal
Employment
ExportFarming
Food CropFarming
Non-FarmSelf-
Empolyment
Non-Working
Ghana
Main Economic Activity
Incid
ence
(in
perc
ent)
199192 199899 200506
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
20
Trend in Passenger Transport in Industrial Countries
Passenger transport
0
20
40
60
80
100
EU-15 USA Japan
AirWaterborneTram metroRailwaysBuscoachPassenger car
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
21
Trend of Transport in Developed world
Motorization Level and Wealth in OECD Regions 1970-2000
0100200300400500600700800900
10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
GDP per capita (in 1995 US$ PPP)
Car
s pe
r 100
0 in
habi
tant
s
USA EU-15 Japan
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
22
Modes of Passenger Transport in the USA
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
billio
n pkm
US Passcars US Aviation Bus Railway
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
23
EUROPE Modes of Freight Transport
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Billio
n tkm
EU Road EU Short-sea EU Rail
EU Inland waters EUPipelines
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
24
FindingsThe analysis of historic trends shows that road transport is the driving factor of
transport demand (for passenger and freight) from 1970 to 2000 in the industrial countries
External costs of transport are high and mainly caused by road transport
Policy for decoupling has to focus on instruments addressing impacts from road transport
Taxes based on distance driven and the environmental performance of vehicles can encourage important modal shifts
They generate revenue for developing more environmentally friendly modes
The internalisation of external costs of transport leads to a decrease of transport activities and to a further reduction of externalities
Policies for decoupling need to combine a package of instruments including economic instruments and regulations
- About me
- Importance of Transport
- Ideal Transport System
- Transport
- Long Run Strategy
- Modern Transport System _ Dubai
- Los Angeles Roadways
- Los Angeles Highways
- Some Recent Trend in Indian Context
- How to Manage the city centre of Metro like Delhi
- How to manage Traffic in City Centre
- How to Manage
- Plan
- National Transport Policy
- A Framework
- Transport and Rural Poverty
- Effects of Rural Transport on Poverty Reduction
- Effects on Poverty Reduction
- Trend in Passenger Transport in Industrial Countries
- Trend of Transport in Developed world
- Modes of Passenger Transport in the USA
- EUROPE Modes of Freight Transport
- Findings
-
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
17
Transport and Rural Poverty
bull There are however good examples from Asia where Yao (2003) has documented the poverty reducing effects of rural roads in India and the Peoplersquos Republic of China
Xianbin Yao Infrastructure and poverty reduction Making Markets Work for the Poor May 2003 Asian Development Bank Bulletin
bull The elasticity estimates measure the percentage changes of the rural poverty incidence with respect to road infrastructure investments working through different channels
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
18
Effects of Rural Transport on Poverty Reduction
Poverty Reducing Effects Rural Road Investment
India
Elasticity Share
Peoples Republic of China
Elasticity ShareDirect effect throughincrease in agriculturalproductivity
-00119 1792 -00450 2846
Direct effect throughincrease in non-farmemployment
-00300 4518 -0417 2638
Direct effect throughincrease in rural wages
-00204 3072 -00399 2524
Indirect follow-on effectthrough higher economicgrowth
-00041 618 -00315 1992
Overall -00664 10000 -01581 10000
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
19
Effects on Poverty Reduction
3530
39
6468
38
19
52
23
11
25
39
59
29
20
40
8 1017
24
46
1713
29
01020304050607080
Public SectorEmployment
PrivateFormal
Employment
PrivateInformal
Employment
ExportFarming
Food CropFarming
Non-FarmSelf-
Empolyment
Non-Working
Ghana
Main Economic Activity
Incid
ence
(in
perc
ent)
199192 199899 200506
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
20
Trend in Passenger Transport in Industrial Countries
Passenger transport
0
20
40
60
80
100
EU-15 USA Japan
AirWaterborneTram metroRailwaysBuscoachPassenger car
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
21
Trend of Transport in Developed world
Motorization Level and Wealth in OECD Regions 1970-2000
0100200300400500600700800900
10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
GDP per capita (in 1995 US$ PPP)
Car
s pe
r 100
0 in
habi
tant
s
USA EU-15 Japan
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
22
Modes of Passenger Transport in the USA
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
billio
n pkm
US Passcars US Aviation Bus Railway
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
23
EUROPE Modes of Freight Transport
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Billio
n tkm
EU Road EU Short-sea EU Rail
EU Inland waters EUPipelines
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
24
FindingsThe analysis of historic trends shows that road transport is the driving factor of
transport demand (for passenger and freight) from 1970 to 2000 in the industrial countries
External costs of transport are high and mainly caused by road transport
Policy for decoupling has to focus on instruments addressing impacts from road transport
Taxes based on distance driven and the environmental performance of vehicles can encourage important modal shifts
They generate revenue for developing more environmentally friendly modes
The internalisation of external costs of transport leads to a decrease of transport activities and to a further reduction of externalities
Policies for decoupling need to combine a package of instruments including economic instruments and regulations
- About me
- Importance of Transport
- Ideal Transport System
- Transport
- Long Run Strategy
- Modern Transport System _ Dubai
- Los Angeles Roadways
- Los Angeles Highways
- Some Recent Trend in Indian Context
- How to Manage the city centre of Metro like Delhi
- How to manage Traffic in City Centre
- How to Manage
- Plan
- National Transport Policy
- A Framework
- Transport and Rural Poverty
- Effects of Rural Transport on Poverty Reduction
- Effects on Poverty Reduction
- Trend in Passenger Transport in Industrial Countries
- Trend of Transport in Developed world
- Modes of Passenger Transport in the USA
- EUROPE Modes of Freight Transport
- Findings
-
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
18
Effects of Rural Transport on Poverty Reduction
Poverty Reducing Effects Rural Road Investment
India
Elasticity Share
Peoples Republic of China
Elasticity ShareDirect effect throughincrease in agriculturalproductivity
-00119 1792 -00450 2846
Direct effect throughincrease in non-farmemployment
-00300 4518 -0417 2638
Direct effect throughincrease in rural wages
-00204 3072 -00399 2524
Indirect follow-on effectthrough higher economicgrowth
-00041 618 -00315 1992
Overall -00664 10000 -01581 10000
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
19
Effects on Poverty Reduction
3530
39
6468
38
19
52
23
11
25
39
59
29
20
40
8 1017
24
46
1713
29
01020304050607080
Public SectorEmployment
PrivateFormal
Employment
PrivateInformal
Employment
ExportFarming
Food CropFarming
Non-FarmSelf-
Empolyment
Non-Working
Ghana
Main Economic Activity
Incid
ence
(in
perc
ent)
199192 199899 200506
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
20
Trend in Passenger Transport in Industrial Countries
Passenger transport
0
20
40
60
80
100
EU-15 USA Japan
AirWaterborneTram metroRailwaysBuscoachPassenger car
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
21
Trend of Transport in Developed world
Motorization Level and Wealth in OECD Regions 1970-2000
0100200300400500600700800900
10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
GDP per capita (in 1995 US$ PPP)
Car
s pe
r 100
0 in
habi
tant
s
USA EU-15 Japan
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
22
Modes of Passenger Transport in the USA
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
billio
n pkm
US Passcars US Aviation Bus Railway
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
23
EUROPE Modes of Freight Transport
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Billio
n tkm
EU Road EU Short-sea EU Rail
EU Inland waters EUPipelines
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
24
FindingsThe analysis of historic trends shows that road transport is the driving factor of
transport demand (for passenger and freight) from 1970 to 2000 in the industrial countries
External costs of transport are high and mainly caused by road transport
Policy for decoupling has to focus on instruments addressing impacts from road transport
Taxes based on distance driven and the environmental performance of vehicles can encourage important modal shifts
They generate revenue for developing more environmentally friendly modes
The internalisation of external costs of transport leads to a decrease of transport activities and to a further reduction of externalities
Policies for decoupling need to combine a package of instruments including economic instruments and regulations
- About me
- Importance of Transport
- Ideal Transport System
- Transport
- Long Run Strategy
- Modern Transport System _ Dubai
- Los Angeles Roadways
- Los Angeles Highways
- Some Recent Trend in Indian Context
- How to Manage the city centre of Metro like Delhi
- How to manage Traffic in City Centre
- How to Manage
- Plan
- National Transport Policy
- A Framework
- Transport and Rural Poverty
- Effects of Rural Transport on Poverty Reduction
- Effects on Poverty Reduction
- Trend in Passenger Transport in Industrial Countries
- Trend of Transport in Developed world
- Modes of Passenger Transport in the USA
- EUROPE Modes of Freight Transport
- Findings
-
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
19
Effects on Poverty Reduction
3530
39
6468
38
19
52
23
11
25
39
59
29
20
40
8 1017
24
46
1713
29
01020304050607080
Public SectorEmployment
PrivateFormal
Employment
PrivateInformal
Employment
ExportFarming
Food CropFarming
Non-FarmSelf-
Empolyment
Non-Working
Ghana
Main Economic Activity
Incid
ence
(in
perc
ent)
199192 199899 200506
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
20
Trend in Passenger Transport in Industrial Countries
Passenger transport
0
20
40
60
80
100
EU-15 USA Japan
AirWaterborneTram metroRailwaysBuscoachPassenger car
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
21
Trend of Transport in Developed world
Motorization Level and Wealth in OECD Regions 1970-2000
0100200300400500600700800900
10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
GDP per capita (in 1995 US$ PPP)
Car
s pe
r 100
0 in
habi
tant
s
USA EU-15 Japan
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
22
Modes of Passenger Transport in the USA
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
billio
n pkm
US Passcars US Aviation Bus Railway
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
23
EUROPE Modes of Freight Transport
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Billio
n tkm
EU Road EU Short-sea EU Rail
EU Inland waters EUPipelines
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
24
FindingsThe analysis of historic trends shows that road transport is the driving factor of
transport demand (for passenger and freight) from 1970 to 2000 in the industrial countries
External costs of transport are high and mainly caused by road transport
Policy for decoupling has to focus on instruments addressing impacts from road transport
Taxes based on distance driven and the environmental performance of vehicles can encourage important modal shifts
They generate revenue for developing more environmentally friendly modes
The internalisation of external costs of transport leads to a decrease of transport activities and to a further reduction of externalities
Policies for decoupling need to combine a package of instruments including economic instruments and regulations
- About me
- Importance of Transport
- Ideal Transport System
- Transport
- Long Run Strategy
- Modern Transport System _ Dubai
- Los Angeles Roadways
- Los Angeles Highways
- Some Recent Trend in Indian Context
- How to Manage the city centre of Metro like Delhi
- How to manage Traffic in City Centre
- How to Manage
- Plan
- National Transport Policy
- A Framework
- Transport and Rural Poverty
- Effects of Rural Transport on Poverty Reduction
- Effects on Poverty Reduction
- Trend in Passenger Transport in Industrial Countries
- Trend of Transport in Developed world
- Modes of Passenger Transport in the USA
- EUROPE Modes of Freight Transport
- Findings
-
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
20
Trend in Passenger Transport in Industrial Countries
Passenger transport
0
20
40
60
80
100
EU-15 USA Japan
AirWaterborneTram metroRailwaysBuscoachPassenger car
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
21
Trend of Transport in Developed world
Motorization Level and Wealth in OECD Regions 1970-2000
0100200300400500600700800900
10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
GDP per capita (in 1995 US$ PPP)
Car
s pe
r 100
0 in
habi
tant
s
USA EU-15 Japan
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
22
Modes of Passenger Transport in the USA
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
billio
n pkm
US Passcars US Aviation Bus Railway
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
23
EUROPE Modes of Freight Transport
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Billio
n tkm
EU Road EU Short-sea EU Rail
EU Inland waters EUPipelines
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
24
FindingsThe analysis of historic trends shows that road transport is the driving factor of
transport demand (for passenger and freight) from 1970 to 2000 in the industrial countries
External costs of transport are high and mainly caused by road transport
Policy for decoupling has to focus on instruments addressing impacts from road transport
Taxes based on distance driven and the environmental performance of vehicles can encourage important modal shifts
They generate revenue for developing more environmentally friendly modes
The internalisation of external costs of transport leads to a decrease of transport activities and to a further reduction of externalities
Policies for decoupling need to combine a package of instruments including economic instruments and regulations
- About me
- Importance of Transport
- Ideal Transport System
- Transport
- Long Run Strategy
- Modern Transport System _ Dubai
- Los Angeles Roadways
- Los Angeles Highways
- Some Recent Trend in Indian Context
- How to Manage the city centre of Metro like Delhi
- How to manage Traffic in City Centre
- How to Manage
- Plan
- National Transport Policy
- A Framework
- Transport and Rural Poverty
- Effects of Rural Transport on Poverty Reduction
- Effects on Poverty Reduction
- Trend in Passenger Transport in Industrial Countries
- Trend of Transport in Developed world
- Modes of Passenger Transport in the USA
- EUROPE Modes of Freight Transport
- Findings
-
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
21
Trend of Transport in Developed world
Motorization Level and Wealth in OECD Regions 1970-2000
0100200300400500600700800900
10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
GDP per capita (in 1995 US$ PPP)
Car
s pe
r 100
0 in
habi
tant
s
USA EU-15 Japan
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
22
Modes of Passenger Transport in the USA
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
billio
n pkm
US Passcars US Aviation Bus Railway
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
23
EUROPE Modes of Freight Transport
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Billio
n tkm
EU Road EU Short-sea EU Rail
EU Inland waters EUPipelines
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
24
FindingsThe analysis of historic trends shows that road transport is the driving factor of
transport demand (for passenger and freight) from 1970 to 2000 in the industrial countries
External costs of transport are high and mainly caused by road transport
Policy for decoupling has to focus on instruments addressing impacts from road transport
Taxes based on distance driven and the environmental performance of vehicles can encourage important modal shifts
They generate revenue for developing more environmentally friendly modes
The internalisation of external costs of transport leads to a decrease of transport activities and to a further reduction of externalities
Policies for decoupling need to combine a package of instruments including economic instruments and regulations
- About me
- Importance of Transport
- Ideal Transport System
- Transport
- Long Run Strategy
- Modern Transport System _ Dubai
- Los Angeles Roadways
- Los Angeles Highways
- Some Recent Trend in Indian Context
- How to Manage the city centre of Metro like Delhi
- How to manage Traffic in City Centre
- How to Manage
- Plan
- National Transport Policy
- A Framework
- Transport and Rural Poverty
- Effects of Rural Transport on Poverty Reduction
- Effects on Poverty Reduction
- Trend in Passenger Transport in Industrial Countries
- Trend of Transport in Developed world
- Modes of Passenger Transport in the USA
- EUROPE Modes of Freight Transport
- Findings
-
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
22
Modes of Passenger Transport in the USA
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
billio
n pkm
US Passcars US Aviation Bus Railway
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
23
EUROPE Modes of Freight Transport
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Billio
n tkm
EU Road EU Short-sea EU Rail
EU Inland waters EUPipelines
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
24
FindingsThe analysis of historic trends shows that road transport is the driving factor of
transport demand (for passenger and freight) from 1970 to 2000 in the industrial countries
External costs of transport are high and mainly caused by road transport
Policy for decoupling has to focus on instruments addressing impacts from road transport
Taxes based on distance driven and the environmental performance of vehicles can encourage important modal shifts
They generate revenue for developing more environmentally friendly modes
The internalisation of external costs of transport leads to a decrease of transport activities and to a further reduction of externalities
Policies for decoupling need to combine a package of instruments including economic instruments and regulations
- About me
- Importance of Transport
- Ideal Transport System
- Transport
- Long Run Strategy
- Modern Transport System _ Dubai
- Los Angeles Roadways
- Los Angeles Highways
- Some Recent Trend in Indian Context
- How to Manage the city centre of Metro like Delhi
- How to manage Traffic in City Centre
- How to Manage
- Plan
- National Transport Policy
- A Framework
- Transport and Rural Poverty
- Effects of Rural Transport on Poverty Reduction
- Effects on Poverty Reduction
- Trend in Passenger Transport in Industrial Countries
- Trend of Transport in Developed world
- Modes of Passenger Transport in the USA
- EUROPE Modes of Freight Transport
- Findings
-
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
23
EUROPE Modes of Freight Transport
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Billio
n tkm
EU Road EU Short-sea EU Rail
EU Inland waters EUPipelines
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
24
FindingsThe analysis of historic trends shows that road transport is the driving factor of
transport demand (for passenger and freight) from 1970 to 2000 in the industrial countries
External costs of transport are high and mainly caused by road transport
Policy for decoupling has to focus on instruments addressing impacts from road transport
Taxes based on distance driven and the environmental performance of vehicles can encourage important modal shifts
They generate revenue for developing more environmentally friendly modes
The internalisation of external costs of transport leads to a decrease of transport activities and to a further reduction of externalities
Policies for decoupling need to combine a package of instruments including economic instruments and regulations
- About me
- Importance of Transport
- Ideal Transport System
- Transport
- Long Run Strategy
- Modern Transport System _ Dubai
- Los Angeles Roadways
- Los Angeles Highways
- Some Recent Trend in Indian Context
- How to Manage the city centre of Metro like Delhi
- How to manage Traffic in City Centre
- How to Manage
- Plan
- National Transport Policy
- A Framework
- Transport and Rural Poverty
- Effects of Rural Transport on Poverty Reduction
- Effects on Poverty Reduction
- Trend in Passenger Transport in Industrial Countries
- Trend of Transport in Developed world
- Modes of Passenger Transport in the USA
- EUROPE Modes of Freight Transport
- Findings
-
040823 Transport and Economic Development __ S Nandi
24
FindingsThe analysis of historic trends shows that road transport is the driving factor of
transport demand (for passenger and freight) from 1970 to 2000 in the industrial countries
External costs of transport are high and mainly caused by road transport
Policy for decoupling has to focus on instruments addressing impacts from road transport
Taxes based on distance driven and the environmental performance of vehicles can encourage important modal shifts
They generate revenue for developing more environmentally friendly modes
The internalisation of external costs of transport leads to a decrease of transport activities and to a further reduction of externalities
Policies for decoupling need to combine a package of instruments including economic instruments and regulations
- About me
- Importance of Transport
- Ideal Transport System
- Transport
- Long Run Strategy
- Modern Transport System _ Dubai
- Los Angeles Roadways
- Los Angeles Highways
- Some Recent Trend in Indian Context
- How to Manage the city centre of Metro like Delhi
- How to manage Traffic in City Centre
- How to Manage
- Plan
- National Transport Policy
- A Framework
- Transport and Rural Poverty
- Effects of Rural Transport on Poverty Reduction
- Effects on Poverty Reduction
- Trend in Passenger Transport in Industrial Countries
- Trend of Transport in Developed world
- Modes of Passenger Transport in the USA
- EUROPE Modes of Freight Transport
- Findings
-
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