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Road Trip USA: Exploring the Musical History of Six American Cities Keith McCuaig Carleton University Learning in Retirement Program
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Road Trip USA: the Musical History of Six American Cities · Exploring the Musical History of Six American Cities ... • Riffs and chants ... Jerry Lee Lewis ...

Apr 16, 2018

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Page 1: Road Trip USA: the Musical History of Six American Cities · Exploring the Musical History of Six American Cities ... • Riffs and chants ... Jerry Lee Lewis ...

Road Trip USA: Exploring the Musical History 

of Six American Cities

Keith McCuaigCarleton University 

Learning in Retirement Program

Page 2: Road Trip USA: the Musical History of Six American Cities · Exploring the Musical History of Six American Cities ... • Riffs and chants ... Jerry Lee Lewis ...

New Orleans, Louisiana

Mardi Gras,Circa 1910

Page 3: Road Trip USA: the Musical History of Six American Cities · Exploring the Musical History of Six American Cities ... • Riffs and chants ... Jerry Lee Lewis ...

Features of Most Jazz Styles

• Fusion of African and European influences

• Wind instruments as primary soloists

• Syncopation

• Improvisation

Page 4: Road Trip USA: the Musical History of Six American Cities · Exploring the Musical History of Six American Cities ... • Riffs and chants ... Jerry Lee Lewis ...

Pre‐jazz influences

• Ring Shouts• Work Songs• Folk Blues• Tin Pan Alley Pop• Marches• Piano Ragtime

Page 5: Road Trip USA: the Musical History of Six American Cities · Exploring the Musical History of Six American Cities ... • Riffs and chants ... Jerry Lee Lewis ...

Ring Shouts• African‐American folk musicEx: Willis Proctor and the Georgia Sea Island Singers – “One of These Days”  (c.1959‐1960)• Leader/group structure• Heterophony• Riffs and chants• Body as percussion• Improvisation• Open‐ended structure (form as the result of process: work, dance, march, etc.)

Page 6: Road Trip USA: the Musical History of Six American Cities · Exploring the Musical History of Six American Cities ... • Riffs and chants ... Jerry Lee Lewis ...

Work SongsEx: “Old Alabama” 

‐ unknown prisoners (c.1947‐1948)• Slave/prison labour• Slow enough for the weakest to keep up• Hammer/axe percussion

Page 7: Road Trip USA: the Musical History of Six American Cities · Exploring the Musical History of Six American Cities ... • Riffs and chants ... Jerry Lee Lewis ...

Folk Blues

• Acoustic guitar• Post‐Civil War (1865)Ex: Robert Johnson – “Me and the Devil Blues” (1936)• Complex blues man image• Church and juke joint social dynamic• New family and community stresses

Page 8: Road Trip USA: the Musical History of Six American Cities · Exploring the Musical History of Six American Cities ... • Riffs and chants ... Jerry Lee Lewis ...

Tin Pan Alley Pop• Beginning of pop music as we know it (c. 1890s)• Songwriters: mainly central European Jewish background

Ex: Judy Garland – “Over the Rainbow” (1939)• AABA form/32 Bar Chorus Form/TPA Ballad form

• Importance to jazz: many “jazz standards” are TPA pop tunes

• The AABA form is also very common

Page 9: Road Trip USA: the Musical History of Six American Cities · Exploring the Musical History of Six American Cities ... • Riffs and chants ... Jerry Lee Lewis ...

MarchesEx: Henry Fillmore –

“His Excellency” (composed 1909)• March form or Strain form:

AABBCCDDEE, etc.• Training, instruments • Elaborating and decorating a basic melody with fills and variations

• 2/4 time, two step feel

Page 10: Road Trip USA: the Musical History of Six American Cities · Exploring the Musical History of Six American Cities ... • Riffs and chants ... Jerry Lee Lewis ...

Piano Ragtime• Hugely popular late 19th century• Began as black piano style• Became a style of band performance• “Piano Professor”Ex: Scott Joplin – “Maple Leaf Rag” (composed 1899)

Ex: Jelly Roll Morton – “Maple Leaf Rag” (1938)

Page 11: Road Trip USA: the Musical History of Six American Cities · Exploring the Musical History of Six American Cities ... • Riffs and chants ... Jerry Lee Lewis ...

Tin Pan Alley Ragtime

Ex: “Alexander’s Ragtime Band” – Irving Berlin (1911)• Stride bass, syncopated feel• For commercial reasons, publishers often added word “rag” to anything with syncopation

• Ragtime was as much a dance craze as a musical style

Page 12: Road Trip USA: the Musical History of Six American Cities · Exploring the Musical History of Six American Cities ... • Riffs and chants ... Jerry Lee Lewis ...

New Orleans and Early Jazz• Founded by French, 1718• Code Noir enacted 1724• Acadians arrived in Louisiana, 1755• Ceded to Spain, 1763• Sold to France, 1800• USA, 1803• LOTS of diverse cultural influences

Page 13: Road Trip USA: the Musical History of Six American Cities · Exploring the Musical History of Six American Cities ... • Riffs and chants ... Jerry Lee Lewis ...

New Orleans and Early JazzCongo Square• Est. 1817• African‐derived dance and music forms and styles

Segregation Code: 1894

Storyville, 1897‐1917

Page 14: Road Trip USA: the Musical History of Six American Cities · Exploring the Musical History of Six American Cities ... • Riffs and chants ... Jerry Lee Lewis ...

New Orleans and Early JazzEx: Ed and Lonnie Young – “Oree” (1959‐ish)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m6mRdPP6wRo&list=PLgkxKSMqHrc9yQurZVa7l5M9QWsSLpeHL

• Fife and drum

Multiple cultural influences: • African drumming, improvisation• Syncopation• Fife= military march

Page 15: Road Trip USA: the Musical History of Six American Cities · Exploring the Musical History of Six American Cities ... • Riffs and chants ... Jerry Lee Lewis ...

New Orleans Marching Bands• Important to social life, as with everywhere in USUnique features:• Hatian‐flavoured drum line• People not in the procession join in behind the parade and dance (second line)

• ImprovisationEx: Eureka Brass Band Funeral Marchhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8N‐kXBAP_WY

Page 16: Road Trip USA: the Musical History of Six American Cities · Exploring the Musical History of Six American Cities ... • Riffs and chants ... Jerry Lee Lewis ...

New Orleans and Early Jazz• Term “Jazz” was originally used to describe way of playing (“jazzing” a song, like “ragging”)

• Involves “hot” playing, swing, improvisation• Repertoire was marches, rags, pop and dance songs, blues

• Most distinctive element: polyphony• breaks/stops in time also common

Page 17: Road Trip USA: the Musical History of Six American Cities · Exploring the Musical History of Six American Cities ... • Riffs and chants ... Jerry Lee Lewis ...

Buddy Bolden (1877‐1931)• First person identified as N.O. jazz performer• No recordings or transcriptions• Only verbal and written accounts• Peak c. 1905

Page 18: Road Trip USA: the Musical History of Six American Cities · Exploring the Musical History of Six American Cities ... • Riffs and chants ... Jerry Lee Lewis ...

Original Dixieland Jass Band• Billed as “creators of jazz”• All white• First use of the term “Dixieland”

Ex: ODJB – “Livery Stable Blues” (1917)• Considered first jazz recording

Page 19: Road Trip USA: the Musical History of Six American Cities · Exploring the Musical History of Six American Cities ... • Riffs and chants ... Jerry Lee Lewis ...

New Orleans Jazz• Dixieland as a sub‐genre

• By 1914 many black jazz musicians moved to Chicago (more on Great Migration later)

• Chicago became an important jazz centre by late 1910s/early 1920s

Page 20: Road Trip USA: the Musical History of Six American Cities · Exploring the Musical History of Six American Cities ... • Riffs and chants ... Jerry Lee Lewis ...

• B. Louisiana; Cornet, composer

Ex: King Oliver’s Creole Jazz Band – “Dippermouth Blues” (1923)

• Leading N.O. jazz band, based in Chicago• Louis Armstrong on cornet• Earliest black jazz recording• 12 bar blues form

Joe “King” Oliver (1885‐1938)

Page 21: Road Trip USA: the Musical History of Six American Cities · Exploring the Musical History of Six American Cities ... • Riffs and chants ... Jerry Lee Lewis ...

King Oliver’s Creole Jazz Band

Page 22: Road Trip USA: the Musical History of Six American Cities · Exploring the Musical History of Six American Cities ... • Riffs and chants ... Jerry Lee Lewis ...

Early N.O. JazzStandardized instrumental lineupRhythm section: • piano, drums, bass (usually brass), other horns, banjo

Clarinet on lead

• Similar to marching bands, but smaller (only one of each instrument)

Page 23: Road Trip USA: the Musical History of Six American Cities · Exploring the Musical History of Six American Cities ... • Riffs and chants ... Jerry Lee Lewis ...

Limitations of Recording Technology

• Tinny sound and frequency response• Live vs. recordings• Balancing volumes tricky (louder instruments farther away from “microphone“)

• Acoustic recording technology

Page 24: Road Trip USA: the Musical History of Six American Cities · Exploring the Musical History of Six American Cities ... • Riffs and chants ... Jerry Lee Lewis ...

Other important early N.O. jazz musicians

• Like, King Oliver, these musicians recorded and were based in Chicago (and they will be included in that city’s section)

• Jelly Roll Morton• Louis Armstrong

Page 25: Road Trip USA: the Musical History of Six American Cities · Exploring the Musical History of Six American Cities ... • Riffs and chants ... Jerry Lee Lewis ...

Memphis, Tennessee

Page 26: Road Trip USA: the Musical History of Six American Cities · Exploring the Musical History of Six American Cities ... • Riffs and chants ... Jerry Lee Lewis ...

First, what is “Genre”?

Absolute?Grey areas?Changing?

What purpose?Historically

Page 27: Road Trip USA: the Musical History of Six American Cities · Exploring the Musical History of Six American Cities ... • Riffs and chants ... Jerry Lee Lewis ...

Blues• Very important to North American popular music history. Influenced all genres, especially rock and roll. 

• Blues as we know it, stated after 1865 (what is the significance of this date?)

• Not recorded until 1920s, so there are many unknown aspects about the music.

Page 28: Road Trip USA: the Musical History of Six American Cities · Exploring the Musical History of Six American Cities ... • Riffs and chants ... Jerry Lee Lewis ...

• Old saying “Having the blues”

• May come from “blue devils,” a term from Elizabethan England

• C1900 “Blues” used to describe music, not just what we think of as blues music

Page 29: Road Trip USA: the Musical History of Six American Cities · Exploring the Musical History of Six American Cities ... • Riffs and chants ... Jerry Lee Lewis ...

Delta Blues

• Earliest form of blues

• Geographic origins of name

• Mississippi plantations

Page 30: Road Trip USA: the Musical History of Six American Cities · Exploring the Musical History of Six American Cities ... • Riffs and chants ... Jerry Lee Lewis ...
Page 31: Road Trip USA: the Musical History of Six American Cities · Exploring the Musical History of Six American Cities ... • Riffs and chants ... Jerry Lee Lewis ...

The State of Mississippi

(Memphis on top)

Page 32: Road Trip USA: the Musical History of Six American Cities · Exploring the Musical History of Six American Cities ... • Riffs and chants ... Jerry Lee Lewis ...

Delta Blues

• Often solo performers, usually men• Acoustic guitar, sometimes banjo, mandolin• Piano?• Itinerant performers – travelling around from plantation to plantation

Page 33: Road Trip USA: the Musical History of Six American Cities · Exploring the Musical History of Six American Cities ... • Riffs and chants ... Jerry Lee Lewis ...

Robert Johnson (1911‐1938)• b. Hazlehurst, Mississippi

• One of the most well known delta blues singers

• Influence

• Crossroads legend, death

Ex: Robert Johnson –“Me and the Devil Blues” (1937)   see lyrics

Page 34: Road Trip USA: the Musical History of Six American Cities · Exploring the Musical History of Six American Cities ... • Riffs and chants ... Jerry Lee Lewis ...
Page 35: Road Trip USA: the Musical History of Six American Cities · Exploring the Musical History of Six American Cities ... • Riffs and chants ... Jerry Lee Lewis ...

Robert Johnson (1911‐1938)• “Who’s the other guitar player?” (Keith Richards)• Thumb and finger style (guitar demo)

• Ex: Robert Johnson –“Sweet Home Chicago” (1936)  see lyrics

• 2 recording sessions:• 1936 San Antonio, Texas hotel room• 1937 Dallas, Texas, makeshift studio

Page 36: Road Trip USA: the Musical History of Six American Cities · Exploring the Musical History of Six American Cities ... • Riffs and chants ... Jerry Lee Lewis ...

12 Bar Blues Form

• Beats and bars as measures of musical time.

• What is a chord • What do we mean by chord changes

(a.k.a. harmony).

Page 37: Road Trip USA: the Musical History of Six American Cities · Exploring the Musical History of Six American Cities ... • Riffs and chants ... Jerry Lee Lewis ...

12 Bar Blues FormBar 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Chords I IV I V IV (T)

Lyrics a a b

Guitar Res. Res. Res.

Page 38: Road Trip USA: the Musical History of Six American Cities · Exploring the Musical History of Six American Cities ... • Riffs and chants ... Jerry Lee Lewis ...

Sam Phillips (1923‐2003)

• DJ, studio owner, producer

• Memphis Recording Service– Field recordings – Vanity recordings– License recordings for other labels

• Sun Records opens c. 1952

Page 39: Road Trip USA: the Musical History of Six American Cities · Exploring the Musical History of Six American Cities ... • Riffs and chants ... Jerry Lee Lewis ...

Sun RecordsInitially lots of black blues singers:• Howlin’ Wolf• BB King• Rufus Thomas

Then focused on white singers:• Elvis Presley• Jerry Lee Lewis • Johnny Cash• Roy Orbison

Page 40: Road Trip USA: the Musical History of Six American Cities · Exploring the Musical History of Six American Cities ... • Riffs and chants ... Jerry Lee Lewis ...

BB King• 1925‐2015

• b. Bernclair, Mississippi

• Endless tours

Ex: BB King – “She’s Dynamite” (1951)

Page 41: Road Trip USA: the Musical History of Six American Cities · Exploring the Musical History of Six American Cities ... • Riffs and chants ... Jerry Lee Lewis ...

Blues/R&B/Early Rock n Roll

• Blues origins

• White and Black originators

• Race and Genre labels

• Credit

Page 42: Road Trip USA: the Musical History of Six American Cities · Exploring the Musical History of Six American Cities ... • Riffs and chants ... Jerry Lee Lewis ...

R&B/Early Rock n Roll

Ex: Ike Turner’s Kings of Rhythm –“Rocket 88” (1951) • originally credited to “Jackie Brenston and His Delta Cats” (JB was Ike’s sax player and sang this song)

• Sun Records• 1st Rock ‘n’ Roll song?• Distorted guitar

Page 43: Road Trip USA: the Musical History of Six American Cities · Exploring the Musical History of Six American Cities ... • Riffs and chants ... Jerry Lee Lewis ...

Elvis Presley (1935‐1977)• B. Tupelo, Mississippi• Moved to Memphis 1948• Wide range of influences• Vanity record for mama• Marion Keisker

Page 44: Road Trip USA: the Musical History of Six American Cities · Exploring the Musical History of Six American Cities ... • Riffs and chants ... Jerry Lee Lewis ...

Elvis (cont.)• Callback was an audition and recording• Starlite Wranglers

– Scotty Moore (guitar)– Bill Black (bass)

Ex: Elvis Presley – “That’s All Right” (1954)–Dewey Phillips

Page 45: Road Trip USA: the Musical History of Six American Cities · Exploring the Musical History of Six American Cities ... • Riffs and chants ... Jerry Lee Lewis ...

Elvis (cont.)• “That’s All Right” needed a B‐sideEx: Bill Monroe – “Blue Moon of Kentucky” (1946)Ex: Elvis Presley – “Blue Moon of Kentucky” (1954)

• Sold 20,000 as a local record• Sun trend of having an R&B and country side• 10 Elvis singles, each sells more than last• R&B or country?

Page 46: Road Trip USA: the Musical History of Six American Cities · Exploring the Musical History of Six American Cities ... • Riffs and chants ... Jerry Lee Lewis ...

Slapback echo

• Regularily used by Sam Phillips• Recording is played back right away for a quick, single echo

Ex: Elvis Presley – “Blue Moon” (1954)• Pop aesthetic, vulnerable vocals

Page 47: Road Trip USA: the Musical History of Six American Cities · Exploring the Musical History of Six American Cities ... • Riffs and chants ... Jerry Lee Lewis ...

Jerry Lee Lewis (1935‐)• Sun’s other big star• Wild man of rock ‘n’ roll• Piano master

Ex: Jerry Lee Lewis “Whole Lotta Shakin’ Goin’ On” (1957)

Page 48: Road Trip USA: the Musical History of Six American Cities · Exploring the Musical History of Six American Cities ... • Riffs and chants ... Jerry Lee Lewis ...

Johnny Cash (1932‐2003)

• One of the most influential country singers• Other genres• “Original gangsta rapper” – Snoop Dogg

Ex: Johnny Cash – “Folsom Prison Blues” (1957)