We know that DNA is the genetic material and its sequence of nucleotide bases carry some sort of code. This code holds instructions that tell a cell how to build proteins, which in turn help to determine an organism’s characteristics. But how does a cell understand and read this code to make proteins?
We know that DNA is the genetic material and its sequence of nucleotide bases carry some sort of code. This code holds instructions that tell a cell how to build proteins, which in turn help to determine an organism’s characteristics. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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We know that DNA is the genetic material and its sequence of nucleotide bases carry some sort of code. This code holds instructions that tell a cell how to build proteins, which in turn help to determine an organism’s characteristics.
But how does a cell understand and read this code to make proteins?
RNA Chapter 13
What is RNA? Ribonucleic acid Can be thought of as a disposable copy
of a piece of DNA
What is RNA’s job? To make proteins (Protein Synthesis)
Recall that…
Segments of genes in our DNA contain a code for proteins that determine our traits
DNA is confined to the nucleus
Protein synthesis takes place in the ribosomes
Proteins are made up of amino acids
Why RNA? RNA can travel outside of the nucleus (via the
nuclear membrane’s pores) and carry DNA’s code to the ribosomes
Ribosomes piece together amino acids based on the RNA code to build the proteins
The DNA stays safe inside the nucleus and the RNA can travel to do the rest of the work!
DNA- Contains the “master plan” with all information needed to build a protein.
RNA- The “builder”, who works from a blueprint, or disposable copy, of the master plan.
The cell uses the DNA’s “master plan” to prepare RNA “blueprints”.
Structure of RNA Single stranded Ribose Sugar Phosphate group Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine
Types of RNA Three main types Messenger RNA (mRNA) – Carries DNA
code to ribosomes for translation. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) – Ribosomes are
made of rRNA and protein. Transfer RNA (tRNA) – brings amino
acids to ribosomes for protein synthesis.
rRNA- Structure of ribosomes
tRNA- Carries amino acids to ribosomes
mRNA-Carries message to ribosomes- Made during transcription
Transcription (RNA Synthesis) Segments of DNA serve as templates to
produce complementary RNA molecules
1. RNA Polymerase binds to DNA at the promoter site Promotor: Region of DNA that shows
enzymes where to attach.
2. RNA polymerase separates DNA strands by breaking hydrogen bonds
3. One strand of DNA is used as a template to form a strand of RNA
DNA’s Adenine pairs with RNA’s Uracil DNA’s Thymine pairs with RNA’s Adenine Guanine and Cytosine pair normally
4. RNA polymerase eventually reaches a terminator signaling it to stop transcription
5. mRNA strand un-attaches, and travels through nuclear membrane’s pores to the ribosome
The ribosome will read this code and make proteins from it- a process known as translation (which we will get to later on)
RNA strands are edited before they’re translated Some parts are removed and others are
expressed Introns- Portions cut out and discarded Exons- Expressed genes
Why? Makes it possible for a single gene to produce
many different forms of RNA Evolution- Small changes in sequences cause
dramatic effects on the cellular functioning of genes