Rizal and His Time

RIZAL AND HIS TIMERIZAL AND HIS TIMEPROLOGUEPROLOGUE

The world of Rizal’s TimesThe world of Rizal’s Times

ObjectivesObjectives 1. Discuss the historical background of 1. Discuss the historical background of

the world and of the Philippines during the world and of the Philippines during Rizal’s time.Rizal’s time.

2. Identify the different evils done by 2. Identify the different evils done by the Spanish authorities in the the Spanish authorities in the Philippines.Philippines.

3. Appreciate the events that led to the 3. Appreciate the events that led to the positive change in the lives of the positive change in the lives of the Filipinos.Filipinos.

Before the birth of Rizal.Before the birth of Rizal.

Feb. 19, 1861 – the liberal Czar Feb. 19, 1861 – the liberal Czar Alexander II issued a proclamation Alexander II issued a proclamation emancipating 22,500,000 serfs to emancipating 22,500,000 serfs to appease the rising discontent of the appease the rising discontent of the Russian masses.Russian masses.

June 19, 1861 the birth of Rizal, the June 19, 1861 the birth of Rizal, the American Civil war was raging American Civil war was raging furiously in the United States on the furiously in the United States on the negro Slavery.negro Slavery.

April 12, 1861 the negro slavery in April 12, 1861 the negro slavery in the United States erupted.the United States erupted.

September 22, 1863, President September 22, 1863, President Lincoln issued his famous Lincoln issued his famous Emancipation Proclamation.Emancipation Proclamation.

June 1, 1861, Benito Juarez, a full June 1, 1861, Benito Juarez, a full blooded Zapotec Indian was blooded Zapotec Indian was elected president of Mexico.elected president of Mexico.

Emperor Napoleon III of the Emperor Napoleon III of the Second French Empire with his Second French Empire with his imperialistic desire to secure a imperialistic desire to secure a colonial stake in Latin America colonial stake in Latin America invaded and conquered Mexico. invaded and conquered Mexico. He installed Archduke Maximilian He installed Archduke Maximilian of Austria as puppet emperor of of Austria as puppet emperor of Mexico on June 12, 1864.Mexico on June 12, 1864.

Because of the raging American Because of the raging American Civil War President Juarez cannot Civil War President Juarez cannot obtain military aid from his friend obtain military aid from his friend president Lincoln.president Lincoln.

Battle of Queretaro – President Battle of Queretaro – President Juarez with the help of the US Juarez with the help of the US troops defeated the Maximilian troops defeated the Maximilian forces and executed Emperor forces and executed Emperor Maximilian. Thus fizzled out Maximilian. Thus fizzled out Napoleon’s ambition to colonize Napoleon’s ambition to colonize Latin America.Latin America.

The Birth of RizalThe Birth of Rizal Italians and Germans succeeded in Italians and Germans succeeded in

unifying their own countriesunifying their own countries The Italians under the leadership of The Italians under the leadership of

Count Cavour and of Garibaldi and his Count Cavour and of Garibaldi and his army of “Red Shirts” drove out the army of “Red Shirts” drove out the Austrians and French armies from Italy Austrians and French armies from Italy and proclaimed the Kingdom of Italy and proclaimed the Kingdom of Italy under King Victor Emmanuel with under King Victor Emmanuel with Rome as Capital.Rome as Capital.

The Prussians led by Otto von The Prussians led by Otto von Bismarck, the “Iron Chancellor” Bismarck, the “Iron Chancellor” defeated France in the Franco-defeated France in the Franco-Prussian war and established the Prussian war and established the German Empire on Jan. 18, 1871, German Empire on Jan. 18, 1871, with King Wilhelm of Prussia as the with King Wilhelm of Prussia as the First Kaiser of the German Empire.First Kaiser of the German Empire.

With the defeat of Emperor Napoleon With the defeat of Emperor Napoleon his Second French Empire Collapsed his Second French Empire Collapsed and over its ruin the Third French and over its ruin the Third French Republic arose, with Adolph Thiers Republic arose, with Adolph Thiers as first President.as first President.

The times of Rizal saw the flowering The times of Rizal saw the flowering of Western Imperialism.of Western Imperialism.

England emerged as the world’s England emerged as the world’s leading imperialist power.leading imperialist power.

During glorious reign of Queen During glorious reign of Queen Victoria the British people asserted: Victoria the British people asserted: Britannia Rules the Waves.”Britannia Rules the Waves.”

Britain won in the First Opium war Britain won in the First Opium war (1840-1842) against the tottering (1840-1842) against the tottering Chinese Empire under the Manchu Chinese Empire under the Manchu dynasty, and acquired the island of dynasty, and acquired the island of HongKong (Fragrant Harbor)HongKong (Fragrant Harbor)

In the Second Opium War (1856-In the Second Opium War (1856-1860) Britain won again and 1860) Britain won again and forced the Manchu Dynasty to forced the Manchu Dynasty to cede Kowloon Peninsula.cede Kowloon Peninsula.

After suppressing the Indian After suppressing the Indian Rebellion and dismantling the Rebellion and dismantling the Mogul Empire, she imposed her raj Mogul Empire, she imposed her raj (rule) over the sub-continent of (rule) over the sub-continent of India. (India, Pakistan and India. (India, Pakistan and Bangladesh)Bangladesh)

By winning the Three Anglo-By winning the Three Anglo-Burmese war, she conquered Burmese war, she conquered Burma. Burma.

Other lands in Asia that became Other lands in Asia that became British colonies:British colonies:

Ceylon (Sri Lanka), Maldives, Ceylon (Sri Lanka), Maldives, Aden, Malaya, Singapore and Aden, Malaya, Singapore and Egypt.Egypt.

In South Pacific they were able to In South Pacific they were able to get Australia and New Zealand.get Australia and New Zealand.

Other Imperialist countries that Other Imperialist countries that followed Britain’s example:followed Britain’s example:

France – Vietnam, annexed France – Vietnam, annexed Cambodia and Laos. Then Cambodia and Laos. Then merged all these countries into a merged all these countries into a federated colony under the name federated colony under the name French Indochina.French Indochina.

Dutch – colonized the vast and Dutch – colonized the vast and rich archipelago of the East Indies rich archipelago of the East Indies and named it the Netherlands East and named it the Netherlands East Indies (now Indonesia).Indies (now Indonesia).

Czarist Russia – conquered Czarist Russia – conquered Siberia, Kamchatka, Kuriles, and Siberia, Kamchatka, Kuriles, and Alaska ( which she sold in 1867 Alaska ( which she sold in 1867 to the U.S. for $7,200,000.to the U.S. for $7,200,000.

She also conquered the Muslim She also conquered the Muslim Khanates of Bokhara, Khiva, and Khanates of Bokhara, Khiva, and Kokand in Central Asia.Kokand in Central Asia.

They also acquired Manchuria They also acquired Manchuria and as a “sphere of influence” and as a “sphere of influence” they were able to build the 5,800-they were able to build the 5,800-mile Trans-Siberian Railway, mile Trans-Siberian Railway, reputed to be “the world’s longest reputed to be “the world’s longest railroad” linking Vladivostok and railroad” linking Vladivostok and Moscow.Moscow.

July 8, 1853, an American squadron July 8, 1853, an American squadron under the command of Commodore under the command of Commodore Mathew C. Perry re-opened Japan to Mathew C. Perry re-opened Japan to the world. (214-year isolation)the world. (214-year isolation)

Emperor Meiji (Mutsuhito) Emperor Meiji (Mutsuhito) modernized Japan by freely accepting modernized Japan by freely accepting Western Influences, including Western Influences, including Imperialism. Fought against the weak Imperialism. Fought against the weak China in the Sino-Japanese war, China in the Sino-Japanese war, grabbed Formosa (Taiwan), grabbed Formosa (Taiwan), Pescadores and later annexed Korea.Pescadores and later annexed Korea.

Germany was late in scramble for Germany was late in scramble for colonies in Asia and Africa, colonies in Asia and Africa, turned to the Islands in the Mid-turned to the Islands in the Mid-Pacific world.Pacific world.

Ilties a German warship entered Ilties a German warship entered the harbor of Yap (an island in the the harbor of Yap (an island in the Carolines) seized the island and Carolines) seized the island and hoisted the German flag.hoisted the German flag.

Strangely, the Spanish Governor of the Strangely, the Spanish Governor of the Carolines (Don Enrique Capriles) was Carolines (Don Enrique Capriles) was present in the island but showed no present in the island but showed no resistance.resistance.

The German seizure of Yap island The German seizure of Yap island enraged Spain who claimed enraged Spain who claimed sovereignty over the Carolines and sovereignty over the Carolines and Palaus by right of discovery by Palaus by right of discovery by Francisco Lezcano who named it Francisco Lezcano who named it Carolina in Honor of King Charles II.Carolina in Honor of King Charles II.

To abort the brewing conflict To abort the brewing conflict between the two country, both between the two country, both submitted the Carolina Question submitted the Carolina Question to Pope leo XIII for arbitration .to Pope leo XIII for arbitration .

The Holy father recognized The Holy father recognized Spain’s sovereignty over the Spain’s sovereignty over the island but gave two concessions to island but gave two concessions to Germany:Germany:

the right to trade in the disputed the right to trade in the disputed islandsislands

the right to establish a coaling the right to establish a coaling station in Yap for German navy.station in Yap for German navy.

Rizal was in Barcelona when Rizal was in Barcelona when these things are happening and he these things are happening and he even wrote an article on the even wrote an article on the Carolina Question at La Carolina Question at La Publicidad, a newspaper owned Publicidad, a newspaper owned by Don Miguel Morayta.by Don Miguel Morayta.

While imperialist powers were While imperialist powers were enjoying the fruits of their enjoying the fruits of their colonial rule Spain who was once colonial rule Spain who was once upon a time the “Mistress of the upon a time the “Mistress of the World”, was stagnating as a World”, was stagnating as a world power. world power.

She lost her rich colonies in Latin She lost her rich colonies in Latin America (Paraguay, Argentina, America (Paraguay, Argentina, Chile, Colombia and Ecuador.Chile, Colombia and Ecuador.

The Central American countries The Central American countries (Costa Rica, Honduras, (Costa Rica, Honduras, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Guatemala, El Salvador, and Nicaragua, Venezuela, Peru, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Peru, Bolivia and Uruguay)Bolivia and Uruguay)

Colonies that remained under her Colonies that remained under her rule was Cuba, Puerto Rico and rule was Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines. the Philippines.

The Philippines of Rizal’s TimesThe Philippines of Rizal’s Times

During the times of Rizal, the During the times of Rizal, the sinister shadows of Spain’s sinister shadows of Spain’s decadence darkened the decadence darkened the Philippine Skies.Philippine Skies.

Evils during the Spanish rule in the Evils during the Spanish rule in the PhilippinesPhilippines

Instability of Colonial Instability of Colonial administrationadministration

Corrupt OfficialdomCorrupt Officialdom No Philippine representation in No Philippine representation in

the Spanish Cortesthe Spanish Cortes Human rights denied to FilipinosHuman rights denied to Filipinos

No equality before the lawNo equality before the law Maladministration of justiceMaladministration of justice Racial AdministrationRacial Administration FrailocracyFrailocracy Forced laborForced labor Haciendas owned by the friarsHaciendas owned by the friars Guardia civilGuardia civil