Revisiting one of the largest aquifer tests in history: Implications for fault zone hydrogeology and the declining groundwater supply in Northeastern Illinois Daniel R. Hadley, PG and Daniel B. Abrams, PhD Illinois State Water Survey, University of Illinois GSA North-Central Meeting 2018 Well 2- April, 1941
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Revisiting one of the largest aquifer tests in history: Implications for fault zone hydrogeology and the declining groundwater supply in
Northeastern Illinois
Daniel R. Hadley, PG and Daniel B. Abrams, PhD
Illinois State Water Survey,University of Illinois
GSA North-Central Meeting 2018
Well 2- April, 1941
Hydrostratigraphy
Kane
Kendall
Will
Grundy
DuPage
DeKalb
Lee
Ogle
RECHARGE AREAS
• St. Peter Sandstone• Ironton-Galesville Sandstone
• High Angle Normal Fault
• 85 miles long, 1-2 miles wide
• Variable displacement, as much as 800 feet of offset
Sandwich Fault Zone
Will
Kendall
Kane
DeKalb
DuPage
Cook
Grundy
McHenryLake
Fault zone modeled as a flow barrier with low hydraulic conductivity (K) zone (A HUGE UNKNOWN)
Arsenal Aquifer Test
• WWII ammunition plant needed large water supply
• 10 Deep Sandstone Wells (evenly spaced)
• Open to both St. Peter and Ironton-Galesville Sandstones
• Conducted 37 day aquifer test in 1942
• 9 wells pumping over 9 MGD on average
• 1 St. Peter only observation well (5)
• Observations at adjacent plants and towns
• Daily withdrawal rates and water levels recorded
• 25 days of recovery observations
• Perhaps the largest aquifer test in North American history?
Questions
• What can this aquifer test tell us about the fault?
• What can this aquifer test tell us about model parameters?
Need for transient model
75
125
175
225
275
325
375
425
475
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65
Hea
d (
ft A
MSL
)
Days
KOW #1KOW #2KOW #3KOW #4KOW #5KOW #6KOW #7KOW #8KOW #9KOW #10
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65
Wit
hd
raw
als
(ft3
/day
)
Days
KOW #1KOW #2KOW #3KOW #4KOW #5KOW #6KOW #7KOW #8KOW #9KOW #10
Model Setup• Illinois Groundwater Model
• 21 layers (10 quaternary and 11 bedrock)
• 2500 ft2 Grid
• 1863 to present (and future scenarios)
• Arsenal wells and observation wells simulated as CLN wells
• MODFLOW-USG
• Inner Fault Core/Outer Damage Zone
• Varied sandstone hydraulic conductivity (Kh)
• Ranged from no change in comparison to host rock to 3 orders of magnitude decreases in Kh
• 23 different model runs so far
Fault Zone Conceptualization
Initial Calibration
• Initial analytic analysis using Theiscurve
• Kh = 5 ft/day for sandstones
• Specific Storage (Ss) = 5.5e-7 ft-1
SP
SP
SP
Calibration Targets
• 9 Pumping Wells
• 7 Observation Wells (3 St. Peter only wells and 4 multiaquifer wells)
• Overall Drawdown
• Slope of drawdown curves
• Regional historic calibration to heads, needs updated locally
• Confined conditions throughout the test
Calibration- K of Fault Zone
• Well 10 and 9 have low specific capacities and slowest recovery (closest to fault)
• Slope of drawdown curve affected by fault hydraulic conductivity
• Order of magnitude decrease (Kh=0.5 ft/day) seems just right
• Arsenal wells (and especially far observation wells) insensitive to fault flow resistance
• Fault Zone has large impact locally (within 1-3 miles), much less influence beyond that
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
393767 393777 393787 393797 393807 393817 393827
Dra
wd
ow
n (
ft)
Model Time
KOW #10
Calculated (K=5.0)
Calculated (K=0.5)
Calculated (K=0.05)
Observed
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
393767 393777 393787 393797 393807 393817 393827
Dra
wd
ow
n (
ft)
Model Time
KOW #4
Calculated (SF=0)
Calculated (SF=5)
Observed
Calibration-Skin Factor
Halford and Hanson, 2002, USGS MNW User Guide, Open File Report 02-293
• Skin Factors simulate well inefficiency
• Needed to match observed drawdowns
• Particular to each well
• Positive skin factor- Kaquifer > Kskin
• Does not affect slope of drawdown
Pumping Wells (Run #23)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
393767 393787 393807 393827
Dra
wd
ow
n (
ft)
Model Time
KOW #7
Calculated
Observed
0
10
20
30
40
50
393767 393787 393807 393827
Dra
wd
ow
n (
ft)
Model Time
Wilmington 1
Calculated
Observed
Observation Wells (Run #23)
Calculated Observed Residual
KOW 1 259 244 15
KOW 2 249 273 -24
KOW 3 271 265 6
KOW 4 269 292 -23
KOW 6 268 223 45
KOW 7 259 252 7
KOW 8 249 250 -1
KOW 9 275 311 -36
KOW 10 252 270 -18
Mean 261 264 -3
Calculated Observed Residual
Wilmington 1 16.5 22 -5.5
Wilmington 2 17.5 20 -2.5
Minooka 2 8.6 4 4.6
Braidwood 1 3.3 2.5 0.8
Mean -2.6
Calculated Observed Residual
KOW 5 119 101 18.0
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Implications for groundwater supply
19642016
• Joliet withdraws ~ 17 MGD from their 21 deep sandstone wells (as of 2015)• Most population growth projected on western side of municipal boundary, likely
place of new wells• Extreme drawdown (1100-1200 feet of depth to water), pumps in danger of
breaking suction!!• Crisis prompting communities to switch to alternative supplies
Projected Growth
Conclusions/Future Work
• Unprecedented size and duration of the Arsenal Test allows regional insight into hydrogeology of vertical fault zone
• Used slope of drawdown curves as calibration targets for wells near fault
• Skin factors needed at CLN wells to match observed data, but do not change slope of drawdown curves
• Order of magnitude decrease in Kh of sandstones within core of fault zone (Kh
around 0.5 ft/day)
• Far targets insensitive to influence of fault zone
• Joliet center of pumping moving closer to fault zone, decreasing specific capacities and less recharge to wells
• Quadtree refinement around fault zone, updating model geology
Questions?
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