revised final environmental assessment - Hawaii.gov

KŪLANIHĀKOʻI BRIDGE REPLACEMENT Project No. BR-3100 (015) District of Wailuku, Island of Maui, State of Hawaiʻi

REVISED FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT – FINDING OF NO SIGNIFICANT IMPACT

Prepared By:

March 2016

Prepared For:

COUNTY OF MAUI

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS

Revised Final Environmental Assessment - Finding of No Significant Impact

KŪLANIHĀKO‘I BRIDGE REPLACEMENT

Project No. BR-3100 (015) District of Wailuku, Island of Maui, State of Hawai‘i

Prepared for: County of Maui

Department of Public Works 200 South High Street, 4th Floor

Wailuku, Hawai‘i 96793

Prepared by: Wilson Okamoto Corporation

1907 South Beretania Street, Suite 400 Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96826 WOC Job No. 8256-01

March 2016

Kūlanihāko‘i Bridge Replacement Revised Final Environmental Assessment

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page

PREFACE ......................................................................................................................... P-1

SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................ S-1

1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 1-1 1.1 Project Location ......................................................................................... 1-1

1.1.1 Existing Uses .................................................................................. 1-1 1.1.2 Surrounding Uses ........................................................................... 1-1

2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION .................................................................................. 2-1 2.1 Project Purpose and Need ......................................................................... 2-1 2.2 Project Description ..................................................................................... 2-1 2.3 Project Cost and Schedule ....................................................................... 2-12

3. DESCRIPTION OF EXISTING ENVIRONMENT, IMPACTS, AND MITIGATION MEASURES ........................................................................................................ 3-1 3.1 Climate ....................................................................................................... 3-1 3.2 Physiography ............................................................................................. 3-1

3.2.1 Geology and Topography ............................................................... 3-1 3.2.2 Soils ................................................................................................ 3-2

3.3 Hydrology ................................................................................................... 3-6 3.3.1 Surface Water ................................................................................. 3-6 3.3.2 Wetlands......................................................................................... 3-8 3.3.3 Groundwater ................................................................................. 3-10 3.3.4 Coastal Waters ............................................................................. 3-10

3.4 Natural Hazards ....................................................................................... 3-12 3.4.1 Flood and Tsunami Hazard ........................................................... 3-12

3.5 Natural Environment ................................................................................. 3-12 3.5.1 Flora ............................................................................................. 3-12 3.5.2 Fauna ........................................................................................... 3-15

3.6 Historic and Archaeological Resources .................................................... 3-18 3.7 Air Quality ................................................................................................ 3-22 3.8 Noise ........................................................................................................ 3-23 3.9 Traffic ....................................................................................................... 3-24 3.10 Visual Resources ..................................................................................... 3-26 3.11 Socio-Economic Characteristics ............................................................... 3-27 3.12 Public Services and Facilities ................................................................... 3-29

3.12.1 Police and Fire Protection ............................................................. 3-29 3.12.2 Health Care Services .................................................................... 3-29 3.12.3 Education...................................................................................... 3-30 3.12.4 Recreational Facilities ................................................................... 3-30 3.12.5 Solid Waste Collection and Disposal ............................................. 3-31

3.13 Infrastructure and Utilities ......................................................................... 3-31 3.13.1 Water System ............................................................................... 3-31 3.13.2 Wastewater System ...................................................................... 3-32


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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Page

3.13.3 Drainage System .......................................................................... 3-32 3.13.4 Electrical and Communications Systems ...................................... 3-33

4. RELATIONSHIP TO PLANS, POLICIES, AND CONTROLS .............................. 4-1

4.1 State Land Use Plans and Policies ............................................................. 4-1 4.1.1 Hawai‘i State Plan ........................................................................... 4-1 4.1.2 State Land Use District ................................................................... 4-3 4.1.3 Hawai‘i Coastal Zone Management Program .................................. 4-3 4.1.4 Complete Streets, Act 54 Session Laws of Hawai‘i 2009 .............. 4-16

4.2 County of Maui Land Use Plans and Policies ........................................... 4-17 4.2.1 County of Maui General Plan 2030 ............................................... 4-17

4.2.1.1 Countywide Policy Plan .................................................. 4-17 4.2.1.2 Maui Island Plan ............................................................. 4-19 4.2.1.3 Kīhei-Mākena Community Plan ...................................... 4-20

4.2.2 County of Maui Zoning .................................................................. 4-25 4.2.3 County of Maui Special Management Area ................................... 4-25

4.3 Permits and Approvals ............................................................................. 4-27 5. ALTERNATIVES ................................................................................................. 5-1

5.1 No Action Alternative .................................................................................. 5-1 5.2 Alternative 1: Construction of Four (4) 6-Feet Wide and 4-Feet High

Culverts ...................................................................................................... 5-1 5.3 Alternative 2: Construction of Eight (8) 6-Feet Wide and 4-Feet High

Culverts ...................................................................................................... 5-1 5.4 Alternative 3: Construction of Larger Culverts or Construction of a

Bridge over South Kīhei Road to Accommodate the 100-Year Storm ......... 5-2 5.5 Alternative 4: Increasing Drainage Channel Capacity ................................ 5-3 5.6 Alternative 5: Installation of Upstream Detention ....................................... 5-3 5.7 Alternative 6: Diversion of Upstream Flows to Another Drainage District ... 5-4

6. ANTICIPATED DETERMINATION OF FONSI .................................................... 6-1 7. CONSULTATION ................................................................................................ 7-1

7.1 Pre-Assessment Consultation .................................................................... 7-1 7.2 Draft Environmental Assessment Consultation ........................................... 7-2

8. REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 8-1


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LIST OF FIGURES Page

Figure 1-1 Location Map .............................................................................................. 1-2 Figure 1-2 Tax Map Key 3-9-001: 015, 147, and 162 .................................................. 1-3 Figure 1-3 Existing South Kīhei Road Photos .............................................................. 1-5 Figure 1-4 Existing Kūlanihākoʻi Bridge Photos ........................................................... 1-6 Figure 1-5 Surrounding Land Use Map ........................................................................ 1-7 Figure 2-1 Demolition Plan .......................................................................................... 2-3 Figure 2-2 Box Culvert Plan and Profile ....................................................................... 2-5 Figure 2-3 Box Culvert Plan ........................................................................................ 2-7 Figure 2-4 Typical Sections ......................................................................................... 2-9 Figure 2-5 Bypass Road Plan and Profile .................................................................. 2-13 Figure 2-6 Bypass Road Plan and Longitudinal Section ............................................ 2-15 Figure 2-7 Temporary Bridge Cross Section View ..................................................... 2-17 Figure 3-1 Soil Survey Map ......................................................................................... 3-3 Figure 3-2 Dune Delineation Map ................................................................................ 3-5 Figure 3-3 Flood Insurance Rate Map ....................................................................... 3-13 Figure 3-4 Tsunami Evacuation Map ......................................................................... 3-14

Figure 4-1 State Land Use Districts Map ..................................................................... 4-4 Figure 4-2 Kīhei-Mākena Community Plan ................................................................ 4-21 Figure 4-3 Special Management Area Map ............................................................... 4-26

LIST OF TABLES Page

Table 3-1 Existing and Interim LOS Traffic Operating Conditions ............................. 3-25 Table 3-2 Existing and Year 2015 Traffic Operating Conditions ............................... 3-25 Table 3-3 Demographic Characteristics ................................................................... 3-28


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LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix A Dune Investigation, Kūlanihākoʻi Bridge. Sea Engineering, Inc. August 2012, Appendix B Water Quality and Biological Surveys for a Bridge Repair on Lower

Kūlanihākoʻi Gulch in Kīhei, Maui. AECOS, Inc. March 2013. Appendix C An Archaeological Literature Review and Field Inspection for Kūlanihākoʻi

Bridge Replacement Project, Kaʻonoʻulu Ahupuaʻa, Wailuku District, Maui Island, TMK: (2) 3-9-001: 999, 015, 147, 162 (pors). Cultural Surveys Hawaiʻi. October 2012.

Appendix D An Archaeological Inventory Survey for the Proposed Kūlanihāko‘i Bridge

Replacement Project. Ka‘ono‘ulu Ahupua‘a, Wailuku District, Maui Island, TMK: (2) 3-9-001:999, 162, 143 (pors). Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i, June 2013.

Letter from State Historic Preservation Division to Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i,

Inc., June 25, 2014. Appendix E Traffic Assessment Report for the Kūlanihākoʻi Bridge Replacement. Wilson

Okamoto Corporation. December 2012. Appendix F Drainage Report for Kūlanihākoʻi Bridge Replacement South Kīhei Road,

Kīhei, Maui, Hawaiʻi. Wilson Okamoto Corporation. March 2013. Appendix G Pre-Assessment Consultation Comment and Response Letters Appendix H Draft Environmental Assessment Comment and Response Letters Appendix I Additional Comment and Response Letters Included in Revised Final

Environmental Assessment


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PREFACE This Draft Revised Final Environmental Assessment (RFEA) / Anticipated Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI) has been prepared pursuant to Chapter 343, Hawai‘i Revised Statutes (HRS), and Title 11, Chapter 200, Hawai‘i Administrative Rules (HAR), Department of Health, State of Hawai‘i. The County of Maui, Department of Public Works (DPW) is proposing to replace and upgrade the Kūlanihāko‘i Bridge in the Kīhei District of the Island of Maui. The project requires the use of County funds and lands, therefore, the project is subject to the State environmental review process. In addition to using County funds, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) funds will also be used. Separate documentation will be prepared for the proposed project to satisfy the requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969, as amended. Although the Final Environmental Assessment/Finding of No Significant Impact (FEA-FONSI) was published in the December 8, 2015 edition of the Environmental Notice, the County of Maui DPW withdrew the FEA-FONSI to address two comment letters and applicable responses which were inadvertently omitted from the December 8, 2015 publication. In addition, an agency comment letter received after the filing of the FEA-FONSI is included in the RFEA-FONSI. The proposed action assessed herein is for the replacement of the Kūlanihāko‘i Bridge. The replacement bridge will be longer and wider than the existing bridge and will also involve several roadway improvements including installation of guardrails, and a dedicated paved walkway and bikeway on the mauka side of the roadway. Also associated with the project is a temporary bridge and bypass road that will be constructed on the mauka side of the Kūlanihākoʻi Bridge to accommodate traffic while the bridge is being replaced. It is anticipated that a This RFEA is proposing a Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI) as no significant impacts are anticipated as a result of implementing the proposed project. will be issued and filed with the State Office of Environmental Quality Control (OEQC) by the approving agency following public review of the Draft EA.


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SUMMARY Proposing Agency: County of Maui, Department of Public Works Approving Agency: County of Maui, Department of Public Works Location: Kīhei, Maui, Hawaiʻi Tax Map Keys (TMKs): (2) 3-9-001: 015 (por.), 147 (por.), 162 (por.) and South Kīhei

Road Right-of-Way (por.) Recorded Fee Owner: County of Maui and Kenranes Ltd. Valley Isle Ventures, LLC Existing Use: Public roadway with shoulders and a four (4) cell culvert bridge

supporting the road over the Kūlanihāko‘i Gulch. State Land Use Classification: Urban Community Plan Designation: Open Space and Park County Zoning Designation: Drainage (DR), Park (PK), and Apartment (A-1) Proposed Action: The proposed action assessed herein is for the replacement of

the Kūlanihāko‘i Bridge. The replacement bridge will be longer and wider than the existing bridge and will also involve several roadway improvements including installation of guardrails, and a dedicated paved walkway and bikeway on the mauka side of the roadway. Also associated with the project is a temporary bridge and bypass road that will be constructed on the mauka side of the Kūlanihākoʻi Bridge to accommodate traffic while the bridge is being replaced.

Impacts: No significant impacts are anticipated from the construction and

operation of the proposed improvements. Construction activities are anticipated to have short-term noise, traffic, and air quality impacts in the surrounding area. Construction noise and air quality impacts will be minimized by compliance with applicable State Department of Health Rules. No significant long-term environmental or community impacts in the vicinity of the project site are anticipated.

Anticipated Determination: Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI)


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Parties Consulted During Pre-Assessment:

Federal Agencies U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE) U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) –

National Marine Fisheries Service State Agencies Department of Accounting and General Services Department of Business, Economic Development & Tourism (DBEDT) DBEDT, Land Use Commission DBEDT, Office of Planning Department of Education Department of Health (DOH) DOH, Clean Water Branch DOH, Environmental Management Division DOH, Environmental Planning Office DOH, Office of Environmental Quality Control Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR) DLNR, Engineering Division DLNR, Land Division DLNR, State Historic Preservation Division DLNR, Office of Conservation and Coastal Lands Department of Transportation Office of Hawaiian Affairs

County of Maui Agencies Department of Environmental Management Department of Fire and Public Safety Department of Parks and Recreation Department of Planning Department of Public Works Department of Transportation Department of Water Supply Police Department

Other Interested Parties and Individuals Kīhei Community Association

Draft Environmental Assessment Consultation:

The Draft Environmental Assessment for the Kūlanihāko‘i Bridge Replacement was published in the Office of Environmental Quality Control Environmental Notice of July 8, 2013. Publication initiated a 30-day public review period ending on August 7, 2013.


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The Draft Environmental Assessment was distributed to the following agencies, organizations and interested parties and individuals for review. Federal Agencies U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE)

COE, Civil Works Technical Branch COE, Regulatory Branch

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service U.S. Geological Survey National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Marine Fisheries Service

State Agencies Department of Business, Economic Development, and Tourism (DBEDT) DBEDT, Office of Planning Department of Health (DOH) DOH, Clean Water Branch DOH, Environmental Planning Office DOH, Office of Environmental Quality Control Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR) DLNR, Engineering Division DLNR, Land Division DLNR, Office of Conservation and Coastal Lands DLNR, State Historic Preservation Division Office of Hawaiian Affairs University of Hawaiʻi Environmental Center Department of Transportation

County of Maui Department of Environmental Management Department of Fire and Public Safety Department of Parks and Recreation Department of Planning Department of Public Works Department of Transportation Department of Water Supply Police Department

Utility Companies Maui Electric Company Oceanic Time Warner Cable Hawaiʻi Gas Hawaiian Telcom

Other Interested Parties and Individuals


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Kīhei Community Association Kenranes, Ltd.


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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project Location The County of Maui, Department of Public Works (DPW) proposes to replace and upgrade the Kūlanihāko‘i Bridge, which spans Kūlanihāko‘i Gulch, in Kīhei, Maui, Hawai‘i. Kūlanihāko‘i Bridge is located on South Kīhei Road approximately 200 feet south of the South Kīhei Road and Ka‘ono‘ulu Street intersection (see Figure 1-1). The project area is further identified as Tax Map Key (TMK) (2) 3-9-001:015 (por.), 147 (por.) and 162 (por.), and a portion of the South Kīhei Road right-of-way (see Figure 1-2). 1.1.1 Existing Uses South Kīhei Road, in the vicinity of Kūlanihāko‘i Bridge currently consists of two (2) 10-foot wide travel lanes (one lane in each direction) with shoulders ranging from 4.2 to 5.6 feet wide. Currently, there are temporary concrete barriers placed along both sides of the bridge (see Figure 1-3). The bridge is a four-cell concrete box culvert system and each cell is six (6) feet wide and four (4) feet high by 38-feet across South Kīhei Road. South Kīhei Road extends 27-feet and nine inches over the four cell box culvert. Since the box culverts span more than 20-feet, it is considered a “bridge” (see Figure 1-4). 1.1.2 Surrounding Uses The project site is bounded by Ka‘ono‘ulu Street to the north, Kīhei Bay Vista and the Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary to the south, the Kūlanihāko‘i Gulch to the east, and Kalepoleopo Beach Park to the west (see Figure 1-5). In addition, there are various resorts and residential areas mauka of the project site, including the Aston Maui Lu Resort to the northeast, the Ka‘ono‘ulu Estates to the east, and the Kīhei Bay Vista and Kīhei Bay Surf to the southeast.

Legend

Project Site Ü0 1,000 2,000500

Feet

1 inch = 1,000 feet

ISLAND OF MAUI

¦

Source: U.S.G.S. Topo Map, State Offie of Planning

PROJECT SITEPROJECT SITEPROJECT SITE

PROJECTVICINITY

Pi i lani H

ighway

Kihei R

oad

Kaonoulu St.

Kulanihakoi St.

Keolio Rd.

Ohukai Rd.

Kaiola Pl.

LOCATION MAPFIGURE

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KULANIHAKOI BRIDGE REPLACEMENT

W:\8256-01\Planning\Graphics\Working

PROJECT SITEPROJECT SITE

TAX MAP KEY 3-9-001

KULANIHAKOI BRIDGE REPLACEMENTFIGURE

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1-4


Photograph 1: View of South Kihei Road looking south

Photograph 2: View of South Kihei Road looking north

g p gg p g

Photograph 2: View of South Kihei Road looking north

EXISTING SOUTH KIHEI ROAD PHOTOSFIGURE

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Photograph 3: View of Kulanihakoi Bridge inlet looking northeast

Photograph 4: View of Kulanihakoi Bridge outlet looking southeast

Photograph 3: View of Kulanihakoi Bridge inlet looking northeast

Photograph 4: View of Kulanihakoi Bridge outlet looking southeast

EXISTING KULANIHAKOI BRIDGE PHOTOSFIGURE

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Legend

Project Site

Ü0 500 1,000 1,500

Feet

1 inch = 1,000 feetSource: State Offie of Planning

PROJECTPROJECTSITESITE

PROJECTSITE

Pi i lani H

ighway

Pi i lani H

ighway

Kihei R

oadK

ihei Road

Kaonoulu St.

Kaonoulu St.

Kulanihakoi St.Kulanihakoi St.

Keolio Rd.

Keolio Rd.

Ohukai Rd.

Ohukai Rd.

Kaiola Pl.

Kaiola Pl.

Pi i lani H

ighway

Kihei R

oad

Kaonoulu St.

Kulanihakoi St.

Keolio Rd.

Ohukai Rd.

Kaiola Pl.

Kihei R

oadK

ihei Road

Kihei R

oad

Kihei CharterSchool

MontessoriHale O Keiki

KalepolepoPark

KiheiBeach Park

Mai Poina Oe LauMemorial Park

Kaipukaihina

Kalepolepo

WaiakoaHomesteads

Waiohuli KeokeaHomesteads

Koa Resort

MenehuneShores

AstonMaui LuResort

ParadiseGardens

Kihei Bay Surf

Kihei Bay Vista

SouthPointeKihei Holiday

State OP, Google Maps

SURROUNDING LAND USE MAPFIGURE

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2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.1 Project Purpose and Need The existing culverts are structurally deficient and in advanced stages of deterioration. The County of Maui bridge inspection report, dated January 2011, notes that the culverts and retaining walls are in critical condition. There are numerous delaminations, spalls with exposed rebar, and rebar that has been corroded away in the 4-cell reinforced concrete culvert. There are also major problems with embankment erosion and adequacy of opening. A more recent bridge inspection report, dated March 2012, notes that Kūlanihāko‘i Bridge is in a very deteriorated condition, with exposed reinforcement and crumbling concrete, severe spalling and advanced corrosion of the reinforcing of the top slab of the culvert. The report recommends that immediate repairs or shoring of the top slab be implemented. If left unrepaired there is a risk of possible collapse of the existing culverts due to vehicles traversing over it. Based on the results of the bridge inspection report, the sufficiency rating of the bridge is rated 2.0 on a scale of 0 to 100 with 100 representing a bridge fully meeting current design standards. The recommendation of the inspection report is to replace the bridge. In addition, the existing traffic safety features of the bridge do did not meet current standards. Currently, only Only temporary concrete barriers are were located along both sides of the bridge on South Kīhei Road. There are were no approach guardrails or transitions at either ends of the bridge. This results resulted in the ends of the portable bridge parapets to be exposed to traffic. Since the existing culverts are in very deteriorated condition, the County implemented an emergency temporary repair which involved construction of an emergency temporary steel bridge over the existing culverts to avoid the risk of possible collapse. Separate permits and approvals were obtained for the emergency repair. Roadway In the long-term, roadway improvements to South Kīhei Road are also necessary as there is a need for enhanced safety for vehicles, pedestrians and bicyclists. Currently Prior to the emergency repair, pedestrians and bicyclists share shared existing paved roadway shoulders on both sides of South Kīhei Road ranging in width from approximately 4.2 to 5.6 feet.

2.2 Project Description The proposed project involves the replacing the existing bridge as well as various roadway improvements. The proposed improvements are described below (see Figures 2-1 to 2-4): The existing Kūlanihāko‘i Bridge, which is comprised of four culverts, will be replaced with a longer and wider bridge consisting of six (6) culverts. Prior to construction of the new culverts, the existing emergency temporary bridge and guardrails will need to be removed. Then, the existing four (4) culverts will need to be demolished and removed along with the existing inlet and outlet headwalls and temporary concrete barriers. Once the existing four (4) culverts are removed, the foundation for the new culverts will need to be installed. The


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base would be excavated to accommodate an 8-inch thick gravel layer or similar structural fill. The replacement bridge will be constructed with six (6) new culverts; each approximately six (6) feet wide, four (4) feet high and 50 feet across South Kīhei Road. The pre-cast concrete culverts will be approximately one (1) foot thick. Thus, the new bridge will extend approximately 50-feet across South Kīhei Road. The six (6) culverts, placed side by side, would extend approximately 48-feet within the South Kīhei Road right-of-way. The culverts will be cast at an off-site location and then trucked to the project site where a crane will be used to lower the culverts into place. The invert of the culverts will sit at sea level. Inlet and outlet head walls will also be constructed. The inlet and outlet head walls will be one foot thick, constructed of concrete rubble masonry and will be cast-in-place. The roadway section over the replacement bridge will be widened from two (2), 10-foot travel lanes with paved shoulders to two (2) 12-foot travel lanes, one in each direction, a 5-foot wide bike lane, a 5-foot wide paved walkway, and a 2.5-foot wide curb and gutter separating the walkway from the roadway on both sides of the bridge. A 4-foot tall traffic rated bridge wall will be constructed on top of the culverts on each side as a traffic barrier for safety purposes. The bridge wall will be constructed of stone masonry and would be 1-foot thick. The temporary concrete barriers will be replaced with permanent Permanent guardrails and end connections, will also be installed and designed to comply with current standards. Roadway improvements to South Kīhei Road in the vicinity of the bridge include widening the roadway on the mauka side to accommodate a 5-foot wide bike lane and a 5-foot wide paved walkway with a 2.5-foot wide curb and gutter separating the walkway from the roadway. There is an existing paved walkway that terminates at the northern end of the Kīhei Bay Vista property approximately 100 feet south of the bridge. From this point, the project intends to extend the paved walkway over the new bridge until it reaches Ka‘ono‘ulu Street where it connects with an existing paved shoulder. The curb and gutter and the bike lane would follow the same route as the proposed walkway. From the bridge, the proposed improvements extend along the mauka side of the road, approximately 300 linear feet. The proposed improvements will include a 5-foot wide bike lane and a 5-foot wide paved walkway on the makai side of the bridge. Since there are no existing sidewalk connections on the makai side of the road in close proximity of the bridge, there are limited extensions, approximately 50 feet north and 100 feet south. If and when future improvements are pursued on the makai side of South Kīhei Road, further curb, gutter, sidewalk and bike lane improvements can be implemented. Due to the widening of the roadway, installation of a new 24-inch drain line on the mauka side of the roadway, north of the bridge, will be required to replace the existing dirt swale which currently collects runoff from the road. However, this swale would be paved over to accommodate the proposed widening. The proposed 24-inch drain line would collect the runoff from a headwall inlet that would be constructed on the mauka side of the roadway near the intersection of South Kīhei Road and Kaʻonoʻulu Street. From there it would connect to a manhole and then traverse beneath the roadway until it reaches the bridge where it would connect with the northern most culvert. There is also an existing 30-inch drain line on the mauka and south side of the bridge which collects road runoff from an area


GRAPHIC SCALEGRAPHIC SCALE

1” = 40’

DEMOLITION PLAN


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2-4


BOX CULVERT PLAN AND PROFILE


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2-6


GRAPHIC SCALEGRAPHIC SCALE

1” = 40’

BOX CULVERT PLAN


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2-8


TYPICAL SECTIONS


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2-10



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near Kīhei Bay Vista that will be left in place. However, a new outlet into the southernmost culvert will be needed. Widening of the roadway will also require the relocation of two (2) electrical utility poles as the poles are currently located in the area planned for the paved walkway. The poles will be relocated near their existing location, but closer to the mauka edge of the road right-of-way. The relocation of the electrical poles will be coordinated with the Maui Electric Company (MECO) prior to construction. In addition, as the new culverts extend farther across South Kīhei Road than the existing culverts, a portion of an existing 12-inch waterline located on the mauka side of the existing bridge will need to be relocated under the new culverts. The relocated waterline is proposed to be encased in a concrete jacket.

During construction of the replacement bridge, that portion of South Kīhei Road would not be usable. Thus, prior to the removal of the existing culverts and the construction of the replacement bridge, a temporary bridge and bypass road will need to be constructed on the mauka side of the existing bridge to accommodate traffic along South Kīhei Road during construction. Construction of the temporary bridge and bypass road is described below (see Figure 2-5 and Figure 2-6). The temporary steel panel bridge and bypass road will be constructed on the mauka side of the existing bridge. The temporary bridge will be approximately 31-feet wide and span approximately 70-feet over the drainageway. The steel panels on each side of the bridge are approximately 3.5-feet wide, leaving enough room to accommodate two, 12-foot travel lanes, one in each direction. The mauka side of the temporary bridge will include a 5-foot wide suspended walkway (see Figure 2-7). Prior to construction of the temporary steel bridge, an area on both sides of the temporary bridge will need to be cleared and excavated to construct the concrete footings that will support the temporary bridge. The area of the footings would not exceed 20-feet by 38-feet on each side of the bridge. The depth of excavation is expected to exceed 3.5-feet. The bridge will be assembled in sections off-site and trucked over to the project site for installation. Construction of the temporary bypass road on both sides of the temporary bridge will also include two, 12-foot travel lanes, one in each direction and a temporary 5-foot wide temporary sidewalk on the mauka side of the roadway (refer back to Figure 2-4). The route of the bypass road is currently undeveloped and covered with vegetation that would need to be removed prior to roadway construction (refer back to Figure 2-1). In addition, the slope of the ground in this area varies slightly and will require cut and fill activities to create a level area for the temporary road.

After completion of the permanent culvert improvements, the temporary bridge and bypass road would be removed. It should be noted that there is another set of emergency temporary bridge improvements being proposed were recently completed in January 2015 as an emergency temporary repair. This was prompted by the March 2012 County of Maui Bridge Inspection Report which showed accelerated deterioration of the existing culverts. The report recommends that


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immediate repairs or shoring of the top slab of the existing bridge be implemented to eliminate the risk of possible collapse of the existing culverts due to vehicles traversing over it. Therefore, in response to this recommendation, while waiting for the new bridge to be constructed, the DPW has decided to construct an emergency temporary steel bridge over the existing culverts to avoid such risk. This has been prompted by the accelerated deterioration of the existing bridge as well as the projection that design, permitting, and construction for the temporary bridge and bypass road mauka of the existing bridge is not expected to be completed until 2015 2019 assuming all applicable approvals are obtained. An emergency temporary bridge over the road is less complicated regarding permitting and can be constructed by 2013. Because of the need to expedite construction of the emergency temporary bridge over South Kīhei Road, a Special Management Area (SMA) Assessment has been was granted on March 4, 2013. However, since the construction of the replacement bridge will need sufficient space for the new culverts to be installed by crane, the temporary bridge and bypass road on the mauka side of the existing bridge would still be necessary. Once the temporary bridge and bypass road mauka of the existing bridge is constructed, the emergency temporary bridge over the existing culverts would be disassembled and removed. It is noted that the project involves the installation of six (6) new culverts rather than four (4) culverts as the six (6) culverts will provide an incremental increase in drainage capacity from approximately 204 cfs to 306 cfs (assuming the outlet is not blocked) while still remaining feasible. However, ocean wave action results in sand plugs of varying heights and sizes which blocks the ocean outlet. When substantial storm flows occur, this may be sufficient to open the plug. However, it is noted that the drainageway immediately mauka of the proposed project is relatively flat and undefined. Thus, substantial storm flows overtop the relatively flat drainageway and provides a limitation to provision of greater additional capacity. Moreover, the existing built environment provides limitations on increasing drainage volume horizontally and vertically under South Kīhei Road. While the proposed project does slightly increase drainage capacity and decrease flood risk, it is not intended to address flooding issues on a regional basis.

2.3 Project Cost and Schedule Construction of the proposed project is anticipated to commence by the first quarter of 2015 2019 with completion approximately nine (9) months later. The project cost is estimated at $3.6 million, which will be funded by the County and FHWA.

BYPASS ROAD PLAN AND PROFILE


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2-14


BYPASS ROAD PLAN AND LONGITUDINAL SECTION


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2-16


Source: Acrow Corporation of America

TEMPORARY BRIDGE REPRESENTATIONAL CROSS SECTION VIEW


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3. DESCRIPTION OF EXISTING ENVIRONMENT, IMPACTS, AND MITIGATION MEASURES

3.1 Climate Maui’s climate varies by terrain but is relatively uniform year round with mild temperatures, moderate humidity, and relatively consistent northeasterly trade winds. Regional topography and climatic conditions attribute to a variety of micro-climates found across the island. The project site is located in the semi-arid Kīhei-Mākena region. The mean annual temperature of the island of Maui, near sea level, is approximately 75 degrees Fahrenheit (°F). The Kīhei coast is known to be sunny, warm, and dry throughout the year. Annual temperatures for the Kīhei region average in the mid to high 70s. During the summer months and dry season, average daily temperatures in Kīhei range from 77.0°F to 77.6°F. Average rainfall distribution in the Kīhei-Mākena region varies from under 10 inches per year along the coastline to more than 20 inches per year in the higher elevations. Rainfall in the Kīhei-Mākena region is highly seasonal with most of the precipitation occurring during the winter months. Trade winds out of the northeast average 10 to 15 miles per hour (mph) in the Kīhei-Mākena region during the afternoon. Typically, lighter winds are felt during the morning and evening. Storms are infrequent and generally occur during the winter months in Hawai‘i, although tropical storms and hurricanes occasionally approach the island between June and November.

Impacts and Mitigation Measures No significant impacts on climate in the project area are anticipated. Construction and operation of the proposed project are not anticipated to affect temperatures, wind, or rainfall levels in the project area.

3.2 Physiography

3.2.1 Geology and Topography The Island of Maui was formed by the merging of two volcanoes, Haleakalā, and the West Maui Mountains. The merging of these volcanoes created the second largest island in the Hawaiian island chain. Dominating East Maui, Haleakalā is a dormant volcano rising 10,025 feet above sea level. The western and northern slopes are relatively smooth but are sloping to moderately steep. The land is rough and rocky near the summit of Haleakalā Crater and on the eastern and southwestern slopes. The West Maui Mountains are a deeply dissected volcano rising 5,788 feet. Canyons and steep ridges comprise the central area of West Maui making it not easily accessible. The project site is located near the makai terminus of Kūlanihāko‘i Gulch, a major geomorphic feature along the south slope of Haleakalā. The drainage watershed which feeds into Kūlanihāko‘i Gulch starts at the approximately 9,600 foot elevation near the summit of Haleakalā. The southwestern slope of Haleakalā is characterized by widely spaced erosional gullies. While slopes can be quite extreme at upper elevations, the project site is located within the relatively flat coastal plain. The elevation of South Kīhei Road at the project site is approximately 5.5 feet above sea level. The inverts of the existing culverts


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range from between sea level to 1 foot above sea level. Immediately upstream and downstream of the culverts, the invert of the drainageway usually holds standing water. The elevations of the swale in the immediate vicinity range from 0.5 to 1.6 feet above sea level. Downstream of the swale, a sand plug is formed by wave action. Elevations may range between 0.5 to 4.5 feet. This may be quite variable depending on wind and wave action.

Impacts and Mitigation Measures In the short- and long-term, no significant impacts on geology or topography are anticipated during construction or operation of the proposed project. Construction of the proposed project will require cut and fill activities for grading and excavations for the new culverts as well as the road widening. None of the proposed cuts involve further excavation into the dune system on the makai side of the bridge. Grading within the project site will slightly alter the existing topography, however, graded and excavated areas will be backfilled to restore the topography similar to existing conditions.

3.2.2 Soils According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resource Conservation Service, soils within the project site are classified as Dune Land (DL) and Keālia Silt Loam (KMW) (see Figure 3-1). Dune Land (DL) consists of hills and ridges of sand-size particles drifted and piled by wind. The hills and ridges are actively shifting or are so recently fixed or stabilized that no soil horizons have developed. The sand is dominantly coral and seashells with elevations ranging from seal level to 150 feet. Keālia Silt Loam (KMW) consists of deep, poorly drained soils that formed in alluvium. Keālia soils are on nearly level coastal flats that are affected by a fluctuating salt water table and can be found in elevations ranging from sea level to 10 feet. Ponding occurs in low areas after heavy rain and when the soil dries, salt crystals form on the surface. Slope of the soil varies between 0 to 1 percent. Permeability is moderately rapid. Hazard of water erosion is slight, but can be severe when dry and windy. A Dune Investigation Report was prepared by Sea Engineering, Inc. in August 2012 to determine the location of the coastal dune in relation to the project site to comply with the Maui County Grading Ordinance Section 20.08.035 (I) which prohibits the grading of coastal dunes. The report is included in Appendix A and is summarized below. The County ordinance defines a coastal dune as “one of possibly several continuous or nearly continuous mounds or ridges of unconsolidated sand contiguous and parallel to the beach, situated so that it may be accessible to storm waves and seasonal high waves for release to the beach or offshore waters.” Thus, there are three main criteria that are used to establish the presence or limits of a dune: unconsolidated sandy soil, a mound or ridge formation, and the possible reach of storm or seasonal high waves.

WID2

AaB

DL

BS

KMW

DL

Legend

Project SiteAaBBSDLKMWWID2

Ü0 250 500 750 1,000125Feet

1 inch = 750 feetSource: U.S.G.S. Topo Map, State Offie of Planning

PROJECT SITEPROJECT SITEPROJECT SITE

Pi i lani H

ighway

Pi i lani H

ighway

Kihei R

oadK

ihei Road

Kaonoulu St.Kaonoulu St.


Keolio Rd.

Keolio Rd.

Ohukai Rd.Ohukai Rd.

Kaiola Pl.

Kaiola Pl.

Pi i lani H

ighway

Kihei R

oad

Kaonoulu St.

Kulanihakoi St.

Keolio Rd.

Ohukai Rd.

Kaiola Pl.

Kihei R

oad

Kihei R

oad

Kihei R

oad

Alae sandy loam, 3-7% slope,slow runoff

Beaches

Dune land

Kealia silt loam, 0-1% slope

Waikoa extremely stonysilty clay loam, 3-25% slope, erodedWID2

BS

SOIL SURVEY MAPFIGURE

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However, the limits of a coastal dune may not always be definitive. Sometimes there is no clearly defined break in slope, sometimes the terrain is obscured by heavy underbrush, or there may be several lines of dunes. In heavily used areas the coastal dune structure can be obscured by terrain alteration due to vehicle or foot traffic, or by previous grading and construction activities. Kūlanihāko‘i Gulch is an intermittently flowing stream channel, which during heavy rains erodes a stream channel through the beach and discharges runoff waters into the ocean. When the rain stops, and flow ceases, a beach berm reforms in front of the stream, and a muliwai typically forms. A muliwai is the Hawaiian word for brackish water pools near the mouths of streams created by seasonal barriers of sand or sediment. The muliwai and stream channel occupy the zone immediately seaward of the bridge and road for a distance of approximately 160 feet north and 130 feet south of the bridge. When the stream is not flowing, a visible low elevation swale is present in the beach and backshore marking the location of the channel. Seaward of Kūlanihāko‘i Bridge is Kalepolepo Beach, a sand beach approximately 750 feet long extending from the revetment fronting the Maui Lu Hotel in the north, to the Kalepolepo Fishpond in the south. Dune formation is active in this area as the prevailing tradewinds are modified by the local effects of Haleakalā and blow strongly from the northwest in the afternoons, transporting dry beach sand inland. Coastal dunes up to 16 feet high are present to the north and the south of the stream channel/swale. The north coastal dune lies seaward of the muliwai, and forms the north side of the stream channel. The landward limit of the north dune is located at the base of the slope along the seaward waterline of the muliwai. The south dune forms the south side of the stream channel. The landward limit of the south dune follows the south edge of the stream channel/swale, and then along the edge of South Kīhei Road to the south. The edges of the dunes are illustrated by the red lines in Figure 3-2. A beach berm lies between the dunes and stream channel, and the ocean.

Impacts and Mitigation Measures Construction activities will involve land-disturbing activities, such as grubbing, clearing, grading, and excavation that may result in some soil erosion and potential construction-related impacts to the quality of surface and coastal waters in the greater project vicinity. Various mitigative measures will be incorporated into the project’s construction plan to minimize soil disturbances and potential short-term erosion impacts during construction activities. Excavation and grading activities associated with construction of the proposed improvements will be regulated by the County’s grading ordinance. A DOA Nationwide Permit, pursuant to Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and a WQC, issued by the DOH, pursuant to Section 401 of the Clean Water Act will be required. In conjunction with the Section 401 and 404 permits, a BMP plan will be prepared for construction activities within the project site. Erosion and sediment control measures will be instituted in accordance with site specific assessments, incorporating appropriate structural and/or non-structural BMPs such as minimizing time of exposure between construction and landscaping, and implementing erosion

Edge of Dune

Edge of Dune

Topographic Map of the Project Site Showing Coastal Morphologies and the Edge of the Dunes.


Edge of Dune

Project Site

Legend

DUNE DELINEATION MAP


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control measures such as silt fences and filter berms. Specific BMPs may include, but may not be limited to the following:

1. Minimizing soil loss and erosion by revegetation and stabilization of slopes and

disturbed areas of soil, possibly using hydromulch, geotextiles, or other applicable alternatives, as soon as possible after working;

2. Minimizing time of exposure between construction and landscaping; 3. Application of protective covers to soil and material stockpiles; 4. Minimizing disturbance of soil during periods of heavy rain; 5. Implementing erosion control measures by emplacement of structural controls

such as silt fences, filter berms, gravel bags, fiber rolls, sandbag barriers and other barriers in order to retard and prevent the loss of sediment from the site;

6. Phasing of the project to disturb the minimum area of soil at a particular time; 7. Use of drip pans beneath vehicles not in use in order to trap vehicle fluids; 8. Routine maintenance of BMPs by adequately trained personnel; 9. Significant leaks or spills, if they occur, shall be properly cleaned up and disposed

of at an approved site. Following construction, exposed soils at the project site will have been built over, paved over, or re-vegetated to control erosion. Dewatering may be required for the proposed project. Should dewatering be deemed necessary, the contractor will be responsible to obtaining all applicable permits including, but not limited to, a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Permit for Dewatering Activities. The permit application will require a BMP plan, an erosion control plan, and a water quality monitoring plan. Water quality impacts associated with the disposal of dewatering effluent will also be addressed in the BMP plan, including appropriate characterization of any potential pollutants such as sediments and nutrients in the effluent. Based on the findings of the dune study, the proposed limits of construction of the project do not extend to the coastal sand dune, as defined by the County grading ordinance.

3.3 Hydrology

3.3.1 Surface Water The project site traverses near the Kūlanihāko‘i Gulch ocean outlet. The Kūlanihāko‘i Gulch originates at the 9,600 foot elevation contour near summit of Haleakalā, extending downslope and westward approximately 16-miles to its Pacific Ocean outlet adjacent to Kalepolepo Beach Park on Mā‘alaea Bay. At the project site, the gulch is a broad, flat open area with minimal relief and a substratum of dark sand. Surface water is present at the project site where the outlet is blocked by a deposit of sand (Kalepolepo Beach), forming a muliwai (brackish water pond or estuary) extending inland through the project site. For the majority of the time, this area of the gulch is permanently wet, estuarine, and tidal.


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A Water Quality and Biological Survey for the project site was prepared by AECOS Inc. in March 2013 and revised January 20, 2015. The survey extended from 115 feet upstream of South Kīhei Road to just offshore of Kalepolepo Beach. The revised Water Quality and Biological Survey is included as Appendix B and a summary of the water quality findings are summarized below. Based on the Water Quality Survey, it was determined that the brackish gulch waters near the project site were nutrient, sediment, and chlorophyll laden, relative to State of Hawai‘i water quality criteria for estuaries. The results indicate that generally poor water quality conditions were present during the survey, however, it is not an unusual situation for a muliwai. Kūlanihāko‘i Gulch appears on the DOH, 2012 list of impaired waters in Hawai‘i, prepared under the Clean Water Act. The listing indicates that the water body may not meet State of Hawai‘i water quality criteria for estuaries. The estuary is listed as impaired for total nitrogen, nitrate+nitrate, turbidity, and chlorophyll. It has been assigned a low priority for total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) studies. The coastal waters fronting Kūlanihāko‘i Gulch may also be impaired. Nearshore marine waters fronting the gulch were nutrient, sediment and cholorophyll laden, well oxygenated, and had a pH near 8.10.

Impacts and Mitigation Measures In the short- and long-term, no significant impacts on surface waters in the project vicinity are anticipated during construction or operation of the proposed project as the proposed project is not anticipated to adversely affect the already poor water quality of the muliwai at the site. A DOA Nationwide Permit, pursuant to Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and a WQC, issued by the DOH, pursuant to Section 401 of the Clean Water Act will be required. In conjunction with the Section 401 and 404 permits, a BMP plan will be prepared for construction activities within the project site. Erosion and sediment control measures will be instituted in accordance with site specific assessments, incorporating appropriate structural and/or non-structural BMPs such as minimizing time of exposure between construction and landscaping, and implementing erosion control measures such as silt fences and filter berms. Specific BMPs may include, but may not be limited to the following:





6. Phasing of the project to disturb the minimum area of soil at a particular time; 7. Use of drip pans beneath vehicles not in use in order to trap vehicle fluids;


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8. Routine maintenance of BMPs by adequately trained personnel; 9. Significant leaks or spills, if they occur, shall be properly cleaned up and disposed

of at an approved site.

In addition, the proposed project will also require a DOA permit pursuant to Section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899, which regulates work within, over and beneath navigable waters of the U.S. Following construction, exposed soils at the project site will have been built over, paved over, or re-vegetated to control erosion. Dewatering may be required for the proposed project. Should dewatering be deemed necessary, the contractor will be responsible to obtaining all applicable permits including, but not limited to, an NPDES Permit for Dewatering Activities. The permit application will require a BMP plan, an erosion control plan, and a water quality monitoring plan. Water quality impacts associated with the disposal of dewatering effluent will also be addressed in the BMP plan, including appropriate characterization of any potential pollutants such as sediments and nutrients in the effluent.

3.3.2 Wetlands According to the Water Quality and Biological Study prepared by AECOS Inc. in March 2013 and revised in January 2015 (refer to Appendix B), the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), National Wetland Inventory (NWI) ;”Wetlands Mapper” shows the area of the muliwai classified as PUBHh: diked or impounded, permanently flooded, freshwater wetland (palustrine) with unconsolidated (sand or mud) bottom; and a much larger area extending to the south thorough through several resort complexes as PEM1C: seasonally flooded freshwater wetland with persistent emergent vegetation. The AECOS study updates these findings. The AECOS study found that the muliwai should be classified as E1UB2: estuarine subtidal with sand bottom; as the area is not “dike” or unnaturally impounded. In addition, the wetland corresponding to the area in the NWI as PEM1C is no longer present as the area is now a fully developed landscape. The study also attempted to delineate the wetland boundary using soil sampling and certain species of vegetation as key indicators of a wetland environment. However, the vegetation in the project area is limited and its use as an indicator problematic because the area is a part of a native plant restoration project where the “natural” distribution of pickleweed (Batis maritima) has been removed and the native ʻākulikuli encouraged to thrive. ʻĀkulikuli is considered a facultative wetland species that is nearly always found around the margins of coastal wetlands in sand material. Consequently, the area surveyed, with the exception of the muliwai, is difficult to demarcate as a wetland. There are two possible wetland delineations for the project area. The first is based on the acceptance that the soils and plants found at the project site are generally indicative of a coastal wetland, and therefore the boundary of the ʻākulikuli demarcates the wetland area. The second is based on the acceptance that the soils and plants are not natural and have been affected by the native plant restoration efforts in the area, therefore they are not good


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indications of a wetland and thus the clearest boundary is that of the muliwai shore. While a wetland delineation is not official until accepted by the Corps of Engineers, it is believed that the historical distribution of the wetlands at the mouth of the gulch could be supported based upon the existing topography and distribution of the native coastal plant, ‘ākulikuli.

Impacts and Mitigation Measures In the long-term, no significant impacts to wetland resources associated with the project site are anticipated during construction or operation of the proposed project.

During construction, as it is difficult to demarcate the boundary of the wetland and jurisdictional waters are uncertain, the County will need to work with the applicable agencies to determine appropriate permitting requirements. the The area of the proposed bypass road based on the distribution of ‘ākulikuli through the two different wetland boundaries would be on the order of 600 square feet (muliwai only) to 4,600 square feet (dune sand dominated by ʻākulikuli). The existing culverts are located within the area designated as the muliwai. A DOA Nationwide Permit, pursuant to Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and a WQC, issued by the DOH, pursuant to Section 401 of the Clean Water Act will be required. In conjunction with the Section 401 and 404 permits, a BMP plan will be prepared for construction activities within the project site. Erosion and sediment control measures will be instituted in accordance with site specific assessments, incorporating appropriate structural and/or non-structural BMPs such as minimizing time of exposure between construction and landscaping, and implementing erosion control measures such as silt fences and filter berms. Specific BMPs may include, but may not be limited to the following:






of at an approved site. Dewatering may be required for the proposed project. Should dewatering be deemed necessary, the contractor will be responsible to obtaining all applicable permits including, but not limited to, an NPDES Permit for Dewatering Activities. The permit application will require a BMP plan, an erosion control plan, and a water quality monitoring plan. Water quality impacts associated with the disposal of dewatering


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effluent will also be addressed in the BMP plan, including appropriate characterization of any potential pollutants such as sediments and nutrients in the effluent. Following construction, the wetland area is areas affected by the temporary road and bridge are proposed to be restored to its existing conditions.

3.3.3 Groundwater The State Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR), Commission on Water Resource Management (CWRM) has established a groundwater hydrologic unit and coding system for groundwater resource management. The proposed project site is located within the Central Aquifer Sector Area which is comprised of four (4) Aquifer System Areas identified as Kahului, Pāʻia, Makawao, and Kamʻaole. The project site is located within the Kamaʻole Aquifer System (60304) area which is a regionally extensive brackish aquifer extending from North Kīhei to Mākena. The Kamaʻole Aquifer System yields 11 million gallons per day (mgd).

Impacts and Mitigation Measures In the short- or long-term, no significant impacts to groundwater resources associated with the project site are anticipated during construction or operation of the proposed project. Construction activities are not likely to introduce to, nor release from the soil any materials which could adversely affect groundwater. Construction material wastes will be appropriately disposed of to prevent leaching.

3.3.4 Coastal Waters The nearest coastal water offshore of the project site is Māʻalaea Bay, located approximately 0.05-miles west of the project site. Pursuant to Hawai‘i Administrative Rules (HAR) Title 11, Chapter 54, Water Quality Standards, the coastal waters in the vicinity of the project site are classified as Class A marine waters. Class A marine waters are recognized as waters to be used for “recreational purposes and aesthetic enjoyment to be protected. These waters shall not act as receiving waters for any discharge which has not received the best degree of treatment or control compatible with the criteria established for this class”. A Water Quality and Biological Survey report was prepared by AECOS Inc. in March 2013 (revised January 2015) for the proposed project site (refer to Appendix B). In addition to surveying the water quality of Kūlanihāko‘i Gulch, coastal waters directly offshore of Kalepolepo Beach were also surveyed. It was determined that the coastal waters fronting Kūlanihāko‘i Gulch may also be impaired. The water quality, as monitored by DOH Station Kalepolepo Beach (ID H1000141), just south of the gulch mouth is reported as impaired for total nitrogen, nitrate+nitrite, ammonia, turbidity, and chlorophyll. Water quality data from 2008 to present show that marine waters fronting the gulch were nutrient, sediment, and chlorophyll laden, well oxygenated and had a pH near 8.10.

Impacts and Mitigation Measures No short- or long-term significant impacts on coastal waters in the project vicinity are anticipated during construction or operation of the proposed project. Construction activities will involve land-disturbing activities, such as grubbing, clearing, grading, and excavation that may result in some soil erosion and potential


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construction-related impacts to the quality of surface and coastal waters in the greater project vicinity. Various mitigative measures will be incorporated into the project’s construction plan to minimize soil disturbances and potential short-term erosion impacts during construction activities. Excavation and grading activities associated with construction of the proposed improvements will be regulated by the County’s grading ordinance. A DOA Nationwide Permit, pursuant to Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and a WQC, issued by the DOH, pursuant to Section 401 of the Clean Water Act will be required. In conjunction with the Section 401 and 404 permits, a BMP plan will be prepared for construction activities within the project site. Erosion and sediment control measures will be instituted in accordance with site specific assessments, incorporating appropriate structural and/or non-structural BMPs such as minimizing time of exposure between construction and landscaping, and implementing erosion control measures such as silt fences and filter berms. Specific BMPs may include, but may not be limited to the following:






of at an approved site. Following construction, exposed soils at the project site will have been built over, paved over, or re-vegetated to control erosion. Dewatering may be required for the proposed project. Should dewatering be deemed necessary, the contractor will be responsible to obtaining all applicable permits including, but not limited to, an NPDES Permit for Dewatering Activities. The permit application will require a BMP plan, an erosion control plan, and a water quality monitoring plan. Water quality impacts associated with the disposal of dewatering effluent will also be addressed in the BMP plan, including appropriate characterization of any potential pollutants such as sediments and nutrients in the effluent. In the long-term, as the proposed culverts will be constructed at a 0.5% slope, the drainage capacity will increase slightly from essentially 204 cfs to 306 cfs. In the event of a 100-year storm, this increase in capacity will increase the likelihood of storm flows breaking through the sand plug. This could slightly relieve some of the upstream flooding, but may slightly increase flows past the sand plug.


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3.4 Natural Hazards

3.4.1 Flood and Tsunami Hazard According to the Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) (Community Panel Numbers 1500030586F and 1500030567F, Effective Date: September 19, 2012) prepared by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), the project site is designated Zone VE and Zone AE (see Figure 3-3). Zone VE includes areas with a 1% or greater chance of flooding and have an additional hazard associated with storm waves. In general, these areas have a 26% chance of flooding over the life of a 30-year mortgage. Zone AE is characterized as a “special flood hazard area subject to inundation by the 1% annual chance flood.” Zone AE is also a “floodway,” in which “the channel of the stream plus any adjacent floodplain areas that must be kept free of the encroachment so that the 1% annual chance flood can be carried without substantial increases in flood height.” The 1% annual flood is also commonly referred to as the 100-year flood or the base flood. According to the Tsunami Evacuation Zone maps for Maui, the project site lies entirely within the tsunami evacuation zone (see Figure 3-4).

Impacts and Mitigation Measures In the short- and long-term, no significant impacts on flood hazards in the project area are anticipated as the proposed improvements are not anticipated to increase flood risks or cause any adverse flood-related impacts at the project site or lower elevation properties. Construction activities within the respective flood hazard districts will be conducted in accordance with regulations set forth in Section 19.62.060, Maui County Code. Before construction of any development begins within any flood hazard area, flood-related erosion hazard area, or mudslide area, a special flood hazard area development permit shall be obtained from the Director of the Department of Planning. The project will also comply with the rules and regulations for the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) present in Title 44, of the Code of Federal Regulations (44CFR), as the project is within a Special Flood Hazard Area.

3.5 Natural Environment

3.5.1 Flora A Water Quality and Biological Survey for the project site was conducted by AECOS Inc. in March 2013 (revised January 2015) (refer to Appendix B). The findings of the botanical survey are summarized below. The botanical survey found that plant growth is sparse over much of the area, or otherwise consists of a ground cover of ʻākulikuli (Sesuvium portulacastrum) that is dense in some

Source: FEMA, FIRMSource: FEMA, FIRMPanel #s: 1500030586F and 1500030567FPanel #s: 1500030586F and 1500030567Fdated on Septembe 19, 2012dated on Septembe 19, 2012

Source: FEMA, FIRMPanel #s: 1500030586F and 1500030567Fdated on Septembe 19, 2012


PROJECTSITE

NOT TO SCALE

FLOOD INSURANCE RATE MAP


3-3


Legend

Project SiteTsunami Evacuation Area

Ü0 375 750 1,125

Feet

1 inch = 750 feetSource: State Offie of Planning

KiheiBeach Park

Kalepolepo Park

Mai Poina Oe LauPark

PROJECTSITE

Pi i lani H

ighway

Pi i lani H

ighway

Kihei R

oadK

ihei Road

Kaonoulu St.

Kaonoulu St.


Keolio Rd.

Keolio Rd.

Ohukai Rd.

Ohukai Rd.

Kaiola P

l.K

aiola Pl. Pi i lani H

ighway

Kihei R

oad

Kaonoulu St.

Kulanihakoi St.

Keolio Rd.

Ohukai Rd.

Kaiola P

l.

Kihei R

oadK

ihei Road

Kihei R

oad

TSUNAMI EVACUATION MAPFIGURE

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locations. Less prominent and mostly south of the muliwai, is an area with seaside heliotrope (Heliotropium curssavicum). A total of 15 plant species were identified in the project vicinity and all were identified as flowering plants. It is important to note that typically in most lowland areas on Maui, the native and Polynesian plant numbers are not more than 10 to 16 percent of the total species identified from a location. At the Kūlanihāko‘i Gulch mouth, 60 percent are native or early Polynesian introduced plants. While this situation is unusual, it is due to the area being maintained as a native plant restoration project. The area is served by a pipe irrigation system with sprinkler heads, suggesting some current or prior level of artificial watering. While native ʻākulikuli and ʻakiʻaki are plants associated with coastal dune and muliwai environments, it is unknown to what extent the vegetation patterns have been influenced to their present state by the native planting and maintenance activities. It would be expected that the estuarine area would be dominated by pickleweed (Batis maritimus), as this non-native species is found throughout the Kīhei area as coastal wetlands, however, it is noted as rare in the project area. The dune areas support ʻakiʻaki (Sporobolus virginicus), a native grass common to this habitat. Non-native species are uncommon or rare in the survey area except for a grove of kiawe (Prosopis pallida) located on the makai side of South Kīhei Road. The native ʻākia (Wikstroemia usa-urvi) has been planted on a low dune.

Impacts and Mitigation Measures No short- or long-term significant impacts on flora species are anticipated due to the construction and operation of the proposed project as there are no rare, threatened, or endangered flora species located within or adjacent to the project site. There are also no federally designated Critical Habitats within or adjacent to the project site. However, as the area is being cared for by a community group with a strong interest in preserving the native flora at this location, it is recommended that the bypass road area be restored back to the appropriate native plants once construction is completed and the temporary bypass road removed.

3.5.2 Fauna A Water Quality and Biological Survey for the project site was conducted by AECOS Inc. in March 2013 (revised January 2015) (refer to Appendix B). The findings of the biological survey are summarized below. Aquatic Resources: The aquatic biota observed during the September 2012 survey of Kūlanihāko‘i Gulch estuary included a mixture of native and naturalized (non-native) species. Native species observed included āholehole, ‘ama‘ama (Mugil cephalus), and ‘alamihi crab (Metopograspus thuhukar). Non-native species included mixed Mixed schools of Cuban mollies (Limia vittata) and hybrid mollies (Poecilia sp.), swim just beneath the water surface near the South Kīhei Road crossing. Blackchin tilapia (Sarotherodon melanotheron), and Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis massambicus) and mullet (Mugil cephalus) are also present in schools throughout the muliwai. Shore crabs (Metopograpsus thuhukar) crawl among the ‘ākulikuli along the muliwai margins and on the culverts. All these species are common inhabitants of estuarine waters in the main Hawaiian Islands. Rambur's forktail (Ischnura ramburi), a naturalized damselfly typically common at low elevations, also utilizes the project area.


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Though the reach of the gulch typically containing water is short, it is possible that native ‘o‘opu ‘akupa (Eleotris sandwicensis) and ‘ōpaekala‘ole (Macrobrachium grandimanus) not observed during the survey may utilize the brackish environment near the project site. Any population present is likely limited in size by the continual blockage of the gulch mouth by deposited sand, as these diadromous species need passage to the open ocean as larva and passage upstream to brackish waters as post‐larva to carry out their life cycle. Avian Resources: The findings of the survey are consistent with the location of the property, and the habitats present on and adjacent to the site. A total of 23 individual six water obligate avian species, of six different species, representing six separate families, were recorded during the survey. All but one of the six water bird species detected are native species. One of these species, the Hawaiian Stilt (Himantopus mexicanus knudseni), is an endangered endemic sub‐species protected under both federal and state endangered species statutes. One stilt was recorded foraging in the muliwai approximately 30 feet makai of the culvert just behind the beach. Thirteen others were recorded flying over the site from north‐to‐south. Another of these species, the Black‐crowned Night‐Heron (Nycticoraxnycticorax hoactli), is a resident indigenous species found widespread across the islands that utilizes a wide range of waterside environments. The three others, the Pacific Golden‐Plover (Pluvialis fulva), the Ruddy Turnstone (Arenaria interpres) and the Wandering Tattler (Tringa incana) are indigenous migratory shorebird species that nest in the high Arctic during the late spring and summer months, returning to Hawai‘i and the Tropical Pacific to spend the fall and winter months each year. They usually leave Hawai‘i for the trip back to the Arctic in late April or the very early part of May each year. The remaining species, the Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis), is alien to the Hawaiian Islands. Although no seabirds were detected during this survey, it is probable that both endangered Hawaiian Petrel (Pterodroma sandwichensis) and threatened endemic sub‐species of Newell’s Shearwater (Puffinus auricularis newelli) overfly the project area between April and the middle of December each year. Both species have been recorded flying to and from their nesting colonies located in the mountains mauka of the project site. Both of these pelagic seabird species nest high in the mountains in burrows excavated under thick vegetation, especially uluhe (Dicranopteris linearis) fern. There is no suitable nesting habitat for either of these seabird species on or close to the project site. It is also probable that Wedge‐tailed Shearwaters (Puffinus pacificus) may occasional overfly the site during the breeding season as they nest in coastal areas in the general Kīhei area. Wedge‐tailed Shearwaters are not protected under the endangered species act, but are protected under the federal Migratory Bird Treaty Act as well as under the State of Hawai‘i Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR) Division of Forestry and Wildlife’s Administrative Rules Chapter 13, Section 124, which prohibits injuring or killing indigenous wildlife.


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Mammalian Resources: No mammalian species currently protected or proposed for protection under either the federal or State of Hawai‘i endangered species programs were detected during the course of the survey. The findings of the mammalian survey are consistent with the location of the property and the habitat currently present on the site. Although no rodents were recorded it is likely that some, if not all, of the four established alien muridae found on Maui, roof rat (Rattus r. rattus), Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus), and possibly Polynesian rats (Rattus exulans hawaiiensis) and European house mice (Mus musculus domesticus) use various resources found within the general project area on a seasonal basis. All of these introduced rodents are deleterious to native ecosystems and the native faunal species dependent on them. No Hawaiian hoary bats were detected during the course of this survey. Given the habitat present on the site, any usage of the area by this species would be of an incidental foraging nature as there are no suitable roosting trees for this species on or within the vicinity of the project site.

Impacts and Mitigation Measures No long-term impacts to fauna are anticipated as a result of the construction and operation of the proposed project. Aquatic Resources: No impacts on aquatic or marine biota are anticipated as a result of the construction and operation of the proposed project. No rare, threatened or endangered aquatic species are located within or adjacent to the project site. There are also no federally designated Critical Habitats within or adjacent to the project site. Avian Resources: Potential impacts to listed avian species include temporary disturbance by construction activity of individual birds that may be attracted to the area to forage, and although very unlikely, possibly nest. Nesting may occur in areas away from the construction footprint mauka of the culvert and may be disturbed by construction activities to the point of abandoning the nest which is considered harassment under the Endangered Species Act. The probability of this scenario can be lessened by constructing the bypass road outside of the nesting season, forcing discriminating reproductive pairs to locations upslope of the temporary road. The primary cause of mortality in the three aforementioned seabirds is thought to be predation by alien mammalian species at the nesting colonies. Collision with man‐made structures is considered to be a second significant cause of mortality of these seabird species in Hawai‘i. Nocturnally flying seabirds, especially fledglings on their way to sea in the summer and fall, can become disoriented by exterior lighting on the ground. When disoriented, these birds may collide with manmade structures, and if not killed outright, become injured and easy targets of opportunity for feral mammals. The two main areas that outdoor lighting could pose a threat to these nocturnally flying seabirds is if, 1) during construction it is deemed expedient, or necessary to conduct nighttime construction activities, 2) following build‐out, the potential operation of streetlights and security lighting during the seabird nesting season. As the proposed project does not involve the installation of any new street


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lighting nor is any night work anticipated during the construction of the project, no significant impacts to seabirds are anticipated as a result of the construction and operation of the proposed project. If night‐time construction activity or equipment maintenance is proposed during the construction phases of the project, all associated lights should be properly shielded, and when large flood/work lights are used, they should be placed on poles that are high enough to allow the lights to be pointed directly at the ground. Immediately prior to the initiation of construction a qualified biologist should survey the areas mauka of the project site to determine if any nesting stilt are present. If nesting stilt are found, the project will need to consult with the USFWS over appropriate measures and or conditions that may need to be met to ensure that construction activity does not harm or harass nesting stilts. Mammalian Resources: The principal potential impact that development activities pose to bats is during the clearing and grubbing phases of construction as vegetation is removed. The removal of vegetation within a construction project site may temporarily displace individual bats, which may use the vegetation as a roosting location. During the pupping season, females carrying their pups may be less able to rapidly vacate a roost site while the vegetation is being cleared. Additionally, adult female bats sometimes leave their pups in the roost tree when they forage. Very small pups may be unable to flee a tree that is being felled. Potential adverse effects from such disturbance can be avoided or minimized by not clearing woody vegetation taller than 4.6 meters (15‐feet), between June 15 and September 15, the period in which bats are potentially at risk from vegetation clearing. As there is no suitable bat roosting habitat within or close to the project site, it is not expected that the proposed project will result in impacts to this listed species.

3.6 Historic and Archaeological Resources An Archaeological Literature Review and Field Inspection for the project site was conducted by Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i, Inc. in October 2012 to evaluate the presence of significant historic properties within the project site. The archaeological literature review included studies of archival sources, historic maps, Land Commission Awards (LCA) and previous archaeological reports to construct a history of land use and to determine if archaeological resources have been recorded on or near the project site. A field inspection of the project area followed to identify any surface archaeological resources and to investigate and assess the potential for impact to such sites. The inspection also sought to identify any sensitive areas that may require further investigation or mitigation before the project proceeds. The Archaeological Literature Review and Field Inspection report is included in Appendix C and is summarized below. Archaeological projects in the vicinity of the project site identified both pre-Contact and post-Contact site types, many of which were associated with the sugar plantation era and plantation camps, ranching and World War II (WWII) periods in history. Pre-Contact archaeological sites associated with traditional Hawaiian agriculture have also been discovered in the vicinity surrounding the project site.


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Previous archaeological studies have led to archaeological interpretation based on the division of the settlement pattern for Maui into three zones: 1) coastal; 2) barren or transitional; and 3) inland. The coastal zone is an approximately one-fourth of a mile wide band running along the shoreline. The inland zone begins approximately five to seven miles from the shoreline and is characterized by larger rainfall accumulation and more lush vegetation. The transitional or barren zone is classified as the area between the edge of the coastal zone and the beginning of the inland zone and characterized by brush/scrub vegetation and low annual rainfall accumulation. Based on available archaeological evidence and interpretations, and as a result of the settlement pattern, site types expected for coastal zones, where temporary habitations related to marine exploration may be present, may include stacked-stone enclosures, and possibly smaller ceremonial structures, such as stacked-stone fishing shrines. It is possible that human burials would have been interred in the coastal sand dunes where present. The current project area has experienced ground disturbances as a result of construction of the South Kīhei Road and natural events associated with the surrounding stream and wetland environment, including periodic flooding. In particular, flooding events have caused repeated and extensive damage to the existing bridge over the years. As a result of these disturbances, the likelihood of locating intact cultural deposits or archeological remains would be low. Conversely, the project area borders Kalepolepo and may have been considered part of a village once located there. Kalepolepo village became a major hub of historic activity in the mid-1800’s. Several historically significant places, such as the Koa House, the David Malo Memorial Church, and the Kalepolepo fishpond were located there. Portions of the fishpond have recently been restored. Additionally, due to the coastal location and dune sand environment, human remains could be present in sandy deposits of the project area. Field inspections were conducted in August 2012. The area inspected included the immediate area of Kūlanihāko‘i Bridge located at the mouth of Kūlanihāko‘i Stream along South Kīhei Road as well as an area approximately 500 feet north and 500 feet south of the bridge along South Kīhei Road and approximately 574 feet upstream and 272 feet downstream from the bridge. The Kalepolepo fishpond is located directly south of the stream mouth in the near shore ocean waters. In recent history, the surrounding area has been transformed by the development of resorts and condominiums along the shoreline. During the field inspection, scattered remains of two domestic cows (Bos taurus) were observed in the flood plain, however, no historically significant cultural material was visible on the ground surface. Based on the background research and the results of the field inspection, it was concluded that the area has been heavily disturbed and modified by natural flooding events as well as historic and modern activities. During a field visit on December 13, 2012 with Theresa Donham (Archaeology Branch Chief), an archaeological inventory survey of the lands covering the extent of the APE of the proposed detour bridge was recommended. An archaeological inventory survey was


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conducted by Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i, Inc. dated June 2013. A copy is included as Appendix D. Findings are summarized below. The survey included shovel testing and pipe coring which enabled mapping a general stratigraphy of the project to a depth of approximately 10 feet below ground surface. Two soil samples were submitted for pollen analysis. One historic property within the project area is the Kūlanihāko‘i Bridge itself. The bridge has been given a site number (SIHP 50-50-10-7606). The bridge was constructed in 1911 and consisted of four individual reinforced concrete box culverts. The paving surface over the existing culverts was applied in the 1930’s. This included some shoring-up of the edge of the roadway using a historic construction style attributed to pre-1940’s plantation masons. The present day Kūlanihāko‘i Bridge appears to consist of two sections of prefabricated concrete culvert welded together to form the length of the existing bridge. A more modern construction style probably occurred because of the many repairs the bridge had undergone due to storm damage. Presently, the northern and southern wing walls have different construction styles. The northern wall is constructed of water rounded large basalt cobbles with a coarse concrete mortar typical of early 1900’s construction methods while the southern wall is a modern day rip-rap construction style where the basalt has been cut to form a level surface and modern concrete has replaced original material. Through shovel testing and pipe coring, a general stratigraphy of the project to a depth of 10 feet below ground surface was formulated. Pollen analysis of two samples collected from Stratum IV and VI in Pipe Core 1 provide a record of earlier vegetation. Poaceae pollen is dominant in both samples, accompanied by moderate quantities of various types of Asteraceae pollen indicating that the area may, indeed, be best described as having been a grassland that also supported many plants in the sunflower family (Asteraceae). Prosopis pollen was observed in both samples. Pollen representing other alien plants including Australian pine, filaree, and koa haole, was present only in stratum IV. The pollen record is one of vegetation typical in dry areas and may best be described as mixed grassland. The presence of Sporormiella dung fungal spores in Stratum IV reflects use of some of the land on the leeward slopes of Haleakalā for grazing. The Stratum VI sample contained Zea mays pollen which is evidence of the growth of corn in the Kula area of Maui. Corn was grown as a field crop for horses and cattle on Maui, particularly in the Kula District. Pests and mosaic disease, as well as the fact that corn was not well integrated into the local diet, eventually led to a reduction in acres devoted to this crop after 1928. Corn grown at higher elevations and then transported down the Kūlanihāko‘i Gulch with the sediment is probably responsible for recovery of this pollen. The study was able to establish that at least the first 10 feet of sediment can be attributed to historic alluvium from Kūlanihāko‘i Gulch. This is generally consistent with the information


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collected by Geolabs, the geotechnical engineer, for this project. They recorded a dark gray clay silt to a depth of 10 feet above the grayish tan coralline sand.

Impacts and Mitigation Measures Based on the field inspection findings and background research from the Archaeological Literature Review and Field Inspection Report, there is a low potential for the discovery of previously unidentified historic properties beyond the historic era itself. The area surrounding the bridge includes the Kūlanihāko‘i Stream mouth, a natural wetland and associated flood plain. While impacts by flooding episodes and modifications associated with road construction and maintenance have greatly altered sediments of the project areas, the possibility of encountering intact subsurface cultural deposits, including human burials, should not be underestimated. Therefore, archaeological monitoring is recommended for all ground disturbing activities during all phases of the temporary bridge and bypass road work and bridge replacement. It is also recommended that a monitoring report be generated after the construction of the temporary bridge and bypass road and the replacement bridge. A As noted earlier, a site inspection was conducted on December 13, 2012 by SHPD and Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i. Based on the site inspection, SHPD requested that an Archaeological Inventory Survey (AIS) be prepared for the project site. The AIS is currently pending and will be submitted to SHPD for approval when it has been completed. Subsequent consultation with SHPD, by letter dated February 1, 2013, indicated that they have concerns that the project area is located within a zone of beach sand dune and Aeolian sand deposits which are known to contain human burial features and historic habitation sites. It is therefore likely that historic properties, including human remains, may be present beneath the previously disturbed road grade and sub-grade or within previously unaffected areas of the right-of-way. SHPD requested that all project associated excavations be monitored by a qualified archaeologist in order to identify and mitigate any subsurface cultural features and deposits. They further recommend that an archaeological monitoring plan be submitted to their office for review and approval prior to initiation of this project. Should any significant archeological, cultural, or historic resources be found during construction activities, all work will cease in the vicinity of the find and SHPD will be notified immediately to determine appropriate mitigation measures.

With regard to the bridge itself, the structure was constructed in 1911 and is now 102 105 years old. It is therefore considered a historic property and recordation of the bridge would be required under Chapter 13-275, Hawai‘i Administrative Rules if deemed eligible based on SHPD’s evaluation of the bridge’s significance. Consultation with SHPD, by letter dated December 20, 2012, indicated that while the bridge is unique due to age and represents the first generation of concrete bridges in the islands, it is literally falling apart and has lost any distinguishing architectural characteristics. On this basis SHPD has determined that the bridge has lost its integrity and is not eligible to be recorded on the State Inventory of Historic Properties. Therefore, the proposed project will have no effect on historic property.


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The archaeological inventory survey noted that the Kūlanihāko‘i Bridge (SIHP 50-50-10-7606) has yielded information important to the understanding of the first generation of concrete bridges in the Hawaiian Islands. SIHP -7606 is thus considered significant under Criterion D. Sufficient information concerning SIHP -7606 was collected during the investigation. Based on the additional research, no further work is recommended for the bridge. The archaeological inventory survey also noted that while subsurface testing was not done beneath South Kīhei Road, boring logs from the Geolabs report recorded the presence of coralline sand around 12 feet below the surface of the road. The presence of this type of sediment deposit may present the potential for encountering sensitive cultural resources in a subsurface context. Monitoring of the culvert removal by a qualified archaeologist is thus recommended. By letter dated June 25, 2014, the SHPD noted that the archaeological inventory survey meets the requirements of Hawai‘i Administrative Rule Section 13-276 and is accepted as final. Refer to Appendix D.

3.7 Air Quality The State of Hawai‘i Department of Health (DOH), Clean Air Branch, monitors the ambient air in the State for various gaseous and particulate air pollutants. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has set national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) for six criteria pollutants: carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, lead, ozone, and particulate matter (PM10 and PM2). Hawai‘i has also established a state ambient air standard for hydrogen sulfide. The primary purpose of the statewide monitoring network is to measure ambient air concentrations of these pollutants and ensure that these air quality standards are met. Air pollution in Hawai‘i is caused by many different man-made and natural sources. There are industrial sources of pollution, such as power plants and petroleum refineries; mobile sources, such as cars, trucks and buses; agricultural sources, such as sugar cane burning, and natural sources, such as windblown dust and volcanic activity. The DOH Clean Air Branch is responsible for regulating and monitoring pollution sources to ensure that the levels of criteria pollutants remain well below the State and federal ambient air quality standards. The State maintains two air monitoring stations on the island of Maui, one in Kīhei and one in Pāʻia. Both stations monitor for particulate matter (PM2.5) less than or equal to 2.5 micrograms per cubic meter (µg/m3). Current readings from the Kīhei station indicate that the concentration of PM2.5 is well below Federal air quality standards. There are no State standards for PM2.5. Although there is very little information available, air quality at the project site is generally considered to be good due to the presence of abundant tradewinds throughout most of the year.

Impacts and Mitigation Measures In the short-term, during construction of the proposed project, two potential types of air pollution emissions will likely occur, resulting in air quality impacts: 1) airborne dust


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from construction activities such as grading and excavation within the project site; and 2) exhaust emissions from construction vehicles and equipment from the project site.

Potential air quality impacts during construction of the Preferred Alternative will be mitigated by complying with the State DOH Administrative Rules, Title 11, Chapter 60 “Air Pollution Control”. The construction contractor is responsible for complying with the State DOH regulations which prohibit visible dust emissions at property boundaries. Compliance with State regulations will require adequate measures to control airborne dust by methods such as water spraying and sprinkling of loose or exposed soil or ground surface areas and dust-generating equipment during construction. As may be deemed appropriate, planting of landscaping as soon as possible on completed areas will also help to control dust. Increased vehicular emissions due to disruption of traffic by construction equipment and/or commuting construction workers can be alleviated by moving the equipment and personnel to the site during off-peak hours. Exhaust emissions from construction vehicles are anticipated to have negligible impact on air quality in the project vicinity as the emissions would be relatively small and readily dissipated. In the long-term, operation of the project will have no significant long-term impact on ambient air quality in the project vicinity. Air quality levels would be most affected by vehicular emissions generated by project-related traffic, however, the elevated vehicular emission concentrations are anticipated to dissipate.

3.8 Noise Ambient noise in the project area is predominantly attributed to vehicular traffic traveling along South Kīhei Road and adjacent roadways. Also contributing to the acoustic environment is noise from low pitch sounds of waves along the coast, wind and birds.

Impacts and Mitigation Measures In the short-term, noise from construction activities such as excavation, grading, cutting, and paving will be unavoidable. The increase in noise level will vary according to the particular phase of construction. Noise may also increase as a result of operation of heavy vehicles and other power equipment during the construction period. Construction noise impacts will be mitigated by compliance with provisions of the State DOH Administrative Rules, Title 11, Chapter 46, “Community Noise Control” regulations. These rules require a noise permit if the noise levels from construction activities are expected to exceed the allowable levels stated in the DOH Administrative Rules. It shall be the contractor’s responsibility to minimize noise by properly maintaining noise mufflers and other noise-attenuating equipment, and to maintain noise levels within regulatory limits. Also, the guidelines for heavy equipment operation and noise curfew times, as set forth by the DOH noise control rules, will be adhered to; or if necessary, a noise permit shall be obtained. In the long-term, no significant noise impacts are anticipated once the construction of the proposed project has been completed. Since the project is not expected to


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increase roadway capacity or travel demand, ambient noise levels in the vicinity should not change significantly.

3.9 Traffic In the vicinity of the project site, South Kīhei Road is a predominantly two-lane, two-way roadway generally oriented in the north-south direction that provides access through Kīhei. A Traffic Assessment Report (TAR) was prepared for the proposed project by Wilson Okamoto Corporation in December 2012. The purpose of the TAR is to assess traffic operating conditions resulting from the proposed project, and to identify recommendations, if appropriate, that would mitigate the traffic impacts. The TAR is included in Appendix D and is summarized below. Field investigations were conducted in October 2012 and consisted of a 24-hour mechanical count survey near the existing Kūlanihāko‘i Bridge. The highway capacity analysis performed in this TAR is based on procedures presented in the “Highway Capacity Manual”, Transportation Research Board, 2010, and the “Highway Capacity Software”, developed by the Federal Highway Administration. The analysis is based on the concept of Level of Service (LOS), a quantitative and qualitative assessment of traffic operations. LOS are defined by LOS “A” through “F”, with LOS “A” representing ideal or free-flow traffic operating conditions and LOS “F” representing unacceptable or potentially congested traffic operating conditions. “Volume to Capacity” (v/c) ratio is another measure indicating the relative traffic demand to the road carrying capacity. A v/c ratio of one (1.00) indicates that the roadway is operating at near capacity. A v/c ratio greater than 1.00 indicated that the traffic demand exceeds the road’s carry capacity. In the vicinity of the project site, the morning peak hour of traffic generally occurs between 7:15 and 8:15 AM while the afternoon peak hour generally occurs between 4:30 and 5:30 PM. Near the existing Kūlanihāko‘i Bridge, South Kīhei Road carries 574 vehicles northbound and 443 vehicles southbound during the AM peak period. During the PM peak period, traffic volumes are higher with 657 vehicles traveling northbound and 581 vehicles traveling southbound. The northbound direction of traffic operates at LOS “D” during both peak periods with a v/c ratio of 0.37 and 0.40 during the AM and PM peak periods, respectively. The southbound direction of traffic operates at LOS “C” with a v/c ratio of 0.29 during the AM peak period and at a LOS “D” with a v/c ratio of 0.35 during the PM peak period.

Impacts and Mitigation Measures Traffic conditions were forecasted to year 2015, the anticipated completion date of the project. Prior to the removal of the existing bridge, a two-lane, two-way temporary bypass road and bridge will be constructed mauka of the existing bridge to accommodate traffic along South Kīhei Road during construction. The peak hour traffic conditions


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during this interim construction period are summarized in Table 3-1. The existing LOS is provided for comparison purposes. Under interim conditions, traffic operations along South Kīhei Road are generally expected to remain similar to existing conditions due to the maintenance of the existing number of travel lanes. The northbound direction of traffic is expected to continue operating at LOS “D” during both peak periods with v/c ratios similar to existing conditions. The southbound direction of traffic is expected to operate at a slightly lower LOS”D” during the AM peak period, but the v/c ratios for that direction are expected to remain similar to existing conditions during both peak periods.

Table 3-1 Existing and Interim LOS Traffic Operating Conditions

Direction of Travel AM PM Existing Interim Existing Interim

Northbound LOS D D D D v/c ratio 0.37 0.37 0.40 0.40 Southbound LOS C D D D v/c ratio 0.29 0.29 0.35 0.35

The replacement of Kūlanihāko‘i Bridge is expected to be completed by the Year 2015. The 2015 peak traffic conditions with the new bridge are summarized in Table 3-2. The existing levels of service are provided for comparison purposes.

Table 3-2 Existing and Year 2015 Traffic Operating Conditions

Direction of Travel AM PM Existing Year 2015 Existing Year 2015

Northbound LOS D D D D v/c ratio 0.37 0.4 0.40 0.43 Southbound LOS C D D D v/c ratio 0.29 0.31 0.35 0.38

Under Year 2015 conditions, traffic operations along South Kīhei Road are generally expected to remain similar to existing conditions despite the anticipated ambient growth in traffic due to the provision of wider travel lanes and shoulder areas along this segment of South Kīhei Road. The northbound direction of traffic is expected to continue operating at LOS “D” during both peak hours with v/c ratios of 0.40 and 0.43 during the AM and PM peak periods, respectively. The southbound direction of traffic


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is also expected to operate at LOS “D” during both peak periods with v/c ratios of 0.31 and 0.38 during the AM and PM peak periods, respectively. Based on the analysis of the traffic data, the following recommendations should be implemented in conjunction with the proposed project:

1. Provide sufficient sight distances for motorists to safely navigate the proposed temporary bypass road and bridge.

2. Provide sufficient turning radii along the temporary bypass road and bridge to accommodate all anticipated vehicle types. If the provision of these radii is not technically feasible, consider restriction of larger vehicles along this segment of South Kīhei Road and the provision of a detour utilizing Piʻilani Highway.

3. Prepare a Construction Traffic Management Plan to minimize the impact of construction activities on the surrounding roadways.

Traffic operations during the interim construction period and once the project is complete in Year 2015 are anticipated to remain similar to existing conditions. As such, the proposed project is not expected to have a significant impact on traffic in the project vicinity. In addition, recommendations have been provided to ensure that the temporary detour road and bridge can safely accommodate existing traffic during construction and minimize the impact of construction activities on the surrounding roadways. The proposed temporary bridge and bypass road on the mauka side of South Kīhei Road has been designed to accommodate larger vehicles such as buses and fire trucks. However, there are limitations to semi-trailers which would need to be re-routed during construction of the replacement bridge. The replacement bridge will be designed to accommodate all vehicle types. During the construction of the tie-in between the temporary bypass road and the existing South Kīhei Road there will be a period of time (approximately two weeks) when South Kīhei Road will need to be closed. During this time, vehicles are planned to be detoured through Piʻilani Highway.

3.10 Visual Resources Hawai‘i’s visual resources are an important component of the state’s tourism industry and of the quality of life enjoyed by the state’s residents. The state’s visual resources include a broad range of natural and developed areas and a tremendous variety of land uses, water bodies, and vegetation types. The slopes of Haleakalā are visible from the project site, with the West Maui Mountains visible to the northwest. The County of Maui’s Maui Island Plan identifies South Kīhei Road in the vicinity of the project site as a “medium” scenic corridor.

Impacts and Mitigation Measures In the short-term, a temporary bypass road and bridge are being proposed on the mauka side of the existing roadway. This use will be generally similar in visual


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character to that of the emergency temporary bridge over the existing culverts. Compared to the existing culverts, the temporary bridge on the mauka side of South Kīhei Road would provide a higher view object (approximately 14 feet) for individuals utilizing South Kīhei Road or in close proximity to this portion of the road. However, the temporary bridge and bypass road are necessary in order to maintain usage of this portion of South Kīhei Road during construction of the replacement Kūlanihāko‘i Bridge. Once the new bridge is constructed, the temporary bypass road and bridge will be removed. In the long-term, the proposed replacement bridge is not anticipated to have significant impacts on notable view planes nor adversely affect important public viewing points or visual resources. As an already existing roadway and bridge, the project will not significantly change the scenic and visual character of the surrounding area.

3.11 Socio-Economic Characteristics The project site is located within the Kīhei Census Designated Place (CDP). Demographic and other information was reviewed from the U.S. Census 2010 for the Kīhei CDP and the County of Maui and is shown on Table 3-3. Based upon the data shown on the table, Kīhei CDP has a slightly younger population than the County of Maui. The median age of the population for Kīhei CDP was 38.4 versus 39.6 for the County. By racial mix, the Kīhei CDP has a higher percentage of Whites (50.7%) than the County (34.4%). Kīhei CDP also has a slightly lower percentage of Asians (21.7%) and those of two or more races (16.3%) than the County (28.8% and 23.5%, respectively). These three races (Whites, Asians and those with two or more races) make up the majority of the population. Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islanders comprise a slightly lower proportion than the County as a whole, with 6.5% and 10.4%, respectively. According to the 2010 Census, Kīhei CDP has a slightly lower housing occupancy rate, 67.5%, than the County, 76.6%. Housing units in this region are evenly occupied by both renters (52.0%) and owners (48.0%). The County data differs slightly to that of the Kīhei CDP data in that the proportion of housing units are occupied more by owners than renters (55.8% and 44.2%, respectively).

Impacts and Mitigation Measures In the short- term, construction expenditures will provide positive benefits to the local economy. This would include creation of some construction and construction support jobs, and the purchase of materials from local suppliers, as well as indirect benefits to local retail businesses resulting from construction activities.


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Table 3-3 Demographic Characteristics

Subject Kīhei CDP County of Maui Number Percent Number Percent

TOTAL POPULATION 20,881 100 154,834 100 AGE

Under 5 years 1,273 6.1 10,020 6.5 5-19 years 3,694 17.7 29,117 18.8 20-64 years 13,832 66.2 95,894 61.9 65 years and over 2,082 10.0 19,803 12.8 Median age (years) 38.4 --- 39.6 ---

RACE

White 10,582 50.7 53,336 34.4 Black or African American 244 1.2 870 0.6 American Indian and Alaskan Native 134 0.6 603 0.4 Asian 4,533 21.7 44,595 28.8 Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander 1,359 6.5 16,051 10.4 Two or more races 3,396 16.3 36,328 23.5 Other 633 3.0 3,051 2.0

HOUSEHOLD (BY TYPE)

TOTAL HOUSEHOLDS 8,095 100 53,886 100 Family households (families) 4,736 58.5 35,498 65.9

Married-couple family 3,439 42.5 25,408 47.2 With own children under 18 years 1,409 17.4 10,185 18.9

Female householder, no children 823 10.2 6,623 12.3 With own children under 18 years 470 5.8 3,427 6.4

Nonfamily household 3,359 41.5 18,388 34.1

Average household size 2.6 --- 2.82 --- HOUSING OCCUPANCY AND TENURE

TOTAL HOUSING UNITS 11,994 100 70,397 100 Occupied Units 8,095 67.5 53,886 76.6

By owner 3,889 48.0 3,005 55.8 By renter 4,206 52.0 23,831 44.2

Vacant Units 3,899 32.5 16,493 23.4


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In the long-term, the proposed project will replace the existing deteriorating bridge, which will create safer access over Kūlanihāko‘i Bridge. In addition, the roadway improvements to South Kīhei Road will create safer pedestrian and bicycle access that will benefit the public who travel along this route.

3.12 Public Services and Facilities

3.12.1 Police and Fire Protection Police protection in the project area is provided by the County of Maui Police Department (MPD). The project area is a part of District VI, which covers the Kīhei-Mākena region and is was served by a substation located at the Kīhei Town Center, approximately 2.2 miles from the project site. In addition, MPD is currently located within the proposing a new Kīhei Police Station to be located mauka of Piʻilani Highway near its intersection with Kanani Road approximately 3.3 miles from the project site. Fire prevention, protection is provided by the County of Maui, Department of Fire and Public Safety. The project area is served by the Kīhei Fire Station located on South Kīhei Road near Kalama Park approximately 2.1 miles south of the project site. The Wailea Fire Station, located approximately 4.9 miles to the south of the project site, provides back up support for the Kīhei Station when required.

Impacts and Mitigation Measures In the short- and long-term, no significant impacts or increased demand on police and fire services resulting from the project are anticipated. The proposed project will replace the current, deteriorating bridge and enhance safety for motorists, bicyclists and pedestrians along this section of roadway. No additional vehicular lanes are proposed that could increase roadway capacity or traffic flow. Therefore, the project is not anticipated to induce population growth and associated demands on police and fire protection. During construction of the temporary bypass road and bridge and the new Kūlanihāko‘i Bridge, access through South Kīhei Road will be maintained at existing levels of service, therefore, the proposed project is not anticipated to have significant impacts on fire and police access through the project site.

3.12.2 Health Care Services The only major medical facility on the island is the Maui Memorial Medical Center, which is located in Wailuku, approximately 11.3 miles from the project site. The 231 bed facility provides general, acute, and emergency care services. Various clinics and physician’s offices are situated throughout the Kīhei and Wailea areas, however, these facilities provide medical services on a smaller scale. Clinics within the project vicinity include Kīhei Clinic and Wailea Medical Services, Kīhei Pediatric Clinic, Kīhei Physicians, Kīhei-Wailea Medical Center, Maui Medical Group, and Kaiser Permanente.


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Impacts and Mitigation Measures In the short- and long-term, no significant impacts or increased demand on medical services are anticipated. The proposed project will replace the current, deteriorating bridge and enhance safety for motorists, bicyclists and pedestrians along this section of roadway. No additional vehicular lanes are proposed that could increase roadway capacity or traffic flow. Therefore, the project is not anticipated to induce population growth and associated demands on medical facilities and services.

3.12.3 Education The project site is located within the State Department of Education’s (DOE) Baldwin-Kekaulike-Maui complex area which includes Kamali‘i Elementary School, Kīhei Elementary School, Lokelani Intermediate, and Kīhei Public Charter School. The closest education facility to the project site is Kīhei Public Charter School located 0.7 miles northeast from the project site. Kīhei Public Charter School serves children from kindergarten to 12th grade. The other schools within the project vicinity are all located over one mile away from the project site.

Impacts and Mitigation Measures In the short- and long-term, no significant impacts or increased demand on educational facilities are anticipated. The proposed project will replace the current, deteriorating bridge and enhance safety for motorists, bicyclists and pedestrians along this section of roadway. No additional vehicular lanes are proposed that could increase roadway capacity or traffic flow. Therefore, the project is not anticipated to induce population growth and associated demands on medical facilities and services. During construction of the temporary bypass road and bridge and the new Kūlanihāko‘i Bridge, access through South Kīhei Road will be maintained at existing levels of service, therefore, the proposed project is not anticipated to have significant impacts on students who travel along this route to and from school.

In the long-term, safer pedestrian and bicycle access over Kūlanihāko‘i Bridge will benefit students who travel along this route.

3.12.4 Recreational Facilities The County has several parks located in the project vicinity. The nearest County recreational facility to the project site is the 1.5 acre Kalepolepo Beach Park, located approximately 500 feet west of the project site along South Kīhei Road. Located approximately 0.25 miles north of the project site is the 5.3 acre Mai Poina Oʻe Iaʻu Beach Park. Amenities available at this park include parking, picnic areas, and restrooms. Further south of the project site is the 20.22 acre Kīhei Beach Reserve, also known as Waipu‘ilani Park located approximately 0.5 miles from the project site. Amenities available at this park include restrooms, a soccer field, and tennis courts. Other recreational facilities in the project vicinity include the Kīhei Community Center and Aquatic Center, as well as resort affiliated, world-class golf courses and tennis centers.


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Impacts and Mitigation Measures In the short- and long-term, no significant impacts or increased demand on recreational facilities in the project vicinity are anticipated. The proposed project will replace the current, deteriorating bridge and enhance safety for motorists, bicyclists and pedestrians along this section of roadway. No additional vehicular lanes are proposed that could increase roadway capacity or traffic flow. Therefore, the project is not anticipated to induce population growth and associated demands on recreational facilities and parks.

3.12.5 Solid Waste Collection and Disposal The County of Maui, Environmental Management Solid Waste Division Refuse Collection Program collects residential solid waste in the project vicinity. On an island-wide basis, solid waste from residential properties is disposed at three landfill locations: Central Maui Sanitary Landfill, Olowalu residential Recycling & Refuse Convenience Center, and Hāna Sanitary Landfill. Construction waste is disposed at Maui Construction & Demolition Landfill. Refuse collection for non-single family residential properties are provided by private refuse companies.

Impacts and Mitigation Measures In the short- and long-term, no significant impacts to municipal solid waste collection and disposal facilities are anticipated during the construction of the proposed project. Construction of the proposed project will generate solid waste typical of roadway construction related activities over the short-term. The contractor will be required to remove all debris from the site, and properly dispose of it at the Maui Construction and Demolition Landfill in conformance with County regulations.

3.13 Infrastructure and Utilities

3.13.1 Water System Water service in the Kīhei-Mākena area is provided by the County of Maui Department of Water Supply (DWS). The DWS serves five main sections within the County; Central Maui, Upcountry Maui, West Maui, East Maui, and Molokaʻi. The project area is a part of the Central Maui system which includes Wailuku, Pāʻia, Kahului, Puʻunēnē, and Kīhei. Within the project site, there is an existing 12-inch waterline located within the right-of-way of South Kīhei Road.

Impacts and Mitigation Measures In the short-term, as the new culverts extend further across South Kīhei Road than the existing culverts, a portion of the existing 12-inch waterline will need to be replaced under the new culverts. All relocation work will be coordinated with DWS prior to construction. In the long-term, the project is not anticipated to result in increased demand on the water system in the area. The proposed project will replace the current, deteriorating bridge and enhance safety for motorists, bicyclists and pedestrians along this section of roadway. No additional vehicular lanes are proposed that could increase roadway


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capacity or traffic flow. Therefore, the project is not anticipated to induce population growth and associated demand on water. The proposed project is not anticipated to require using water on a regular basis.

3.13.2 Wastewater System Wastewater service in the Kīhei area is provided by the County of Maui Department of Environmental Management. The Kīhei Wastewater Reclamation facility is responsible for handling all wastewater needs in the Kīhei area. Wastewater flows from the area are conveyed through a series of force mains, pump stations, and gravity lines to the reclamation facility for processing. Within the vicinity of the project site there is a 30-foot wide sewer line easement located adjacent to the South Kīhei Road right-of-way. Within the easement lies a 27-inch sewer pipeline.

Impacts and Mitigation Measures In the short- and long-term, the proposed project is not anticipated to result in increased demand on the wastewater system in the area. The proposed project will replace the current, deteriorating bridge and enhance safety for motorists, bicyclists and pedestrians along this section of roadway. No additional vehicular lanes are proposed that could increase roadway capacity or traffic flow. Therefore, the project is not anticipated to induce population growth and associated demand on the wastewater system. The proposed project will not generate any wastewater and the existing wastewater pipeline is not proposed to be altered. Construction plans for the project will be circulated to the Department of Environmental Management for review.

3.13.3 Drainage System According to the County of Maui’s Draft Report, Kīhei Drainage Master Plan Waiakoa Gulch to Kilohana Drive Existing Conditions, dated April 2009, there are eight different flood districts in the Kīhei region. The Kūlanihāko‘i Bridge is located in the Kūlanihāko‘i District, which is the largest district in the region that extends from an area adjacent to the summit of Haleakalā down to the ocean. For the Kūlanihāko‘i District, runoff flows from a 100-year storm event are contributed by six drainage areas; Piʻilani Basins 5, 6, 7, and 8 and Makai Basins Kula 2_1 and Kula 2_2. All runoff flows eventually discharge into Kūlanihāko‘i Gulch where they continue to flow toward South Kīhei Road and the existing four culverts. For a 100-year storm event, at the point where the flows reach the existing culverts, the total flow for the 100-year storm event is approximated at 14,148 cfs. In addition, sand dunes which accumulate downstream of the gulch cause flooding problems and backwater effects during heavy storm events. A Drainage Report for the project site was prepared by Wilson Okamoto Corporation in March 2013. The Drainage Report is included in Appendix E and is summarized below. For a 100-year storm event, calculations show that the downstream elevations of the existing culverts are slightly higher than the upstream elevations, which may be caused by the accumulating sand dunes which prevent runoff from flowing out to the ocean and causing backwater effects that flood neighboring properties. Results also show that the existing culverts are not capable of handling large volumes of runoff which leads to runoff overtopping


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the roadway. The existing culverts currently have no drainage capacity as they are essentially level with the surrounding area. This in turn, along with the presence of the sand plug, creates a pooling effect in which water rises and fills the area rather than allowing the water to flow.

Impacts and Mitigation Measures In the short- and long-term, no significant impacts are anticipated on the existing storm drainage system as a result of the construction and operation as the proposed project itself will not generate any additional runoff In the short-term, the temporary bridge on the mauka side of the existing bridge would have a drainage capacity of 705 cfs as the finished grade of the temporary bypass bridge would be approximately three feet above the top bank of the existing drainageway. Based on this runoff value, it was determined that the largest storm event that the temporary bypass bridge could handle would be a 1-year, 24 hour storm event. The location and the elevation of the temporary bridge is constrained due to the physical location of the project area, making it difficult to raise the bridge over the drainageway to accommodate a greater volume of flow. For a 100-year storm event, the temporary bridge is likely to be flooded due to large amounts of runoff flowing from upstream. In addition, the sand dunes would continue to impede the ability of the runoff to flow out to the ocean and continue to cause backwater effects that flood neighboring properties. For the temporary bridge to accommodate a 100-year storm event, the bridge would have to be raised. However, due to the physical constraints of the project site, raising the bridge would increase the slope of the bypass road, making it too steep for vehicles to travel on. In the long-term, as the project involves increasing the number of culverts from four to six culverts and constructing them at a 0.5% slope, the proposed replacement bridge will provide an incremental increase in drainage capacity from 204 cfs to 306 cfs. This increase in drainage capacity would not be enough to accommodate the 100-year storm event. The new culverts would still be incapable of handling large volumes of runoff from severe storm events. In addition, the sand dunes would continue to impede the ability of the runoff to flow out to the ocean. Though the proposed project does slightly increase drainage capacity, the purpose of the project is to replace the deteriorating culverts and is not intended to address flooding issues on a regional basis.

3.13.4 Electrical and Communications Systems Electrical power on the island of Maui is provided by Maui Electric Company (MECO), a subsidiary of Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc. The electrical source for the project area is the Māʻalaea Power Plant. Telephone service in the Kīhei area, like the rest of the State, is provided by Hawaiian Telcom. Oceanic Time Warner Cable of Hawai‘i is the local CATV provider in the region.


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Within the project site, two electrical overhead utility poles are located in the right-of-way on the mauka side of South Kīhei Road.

Impacts and Mitigation Measures In the short-term, the two electrical poles will need to be relocated as they are currently located where the paved walkway is being proposed. All relocation work will be coordinated with MECO prior to construction. In the long-term, the proposed project is not anticipated to significantly impact or increase demand on electrical and communication systems in the area. The proposed project will replace the current, deteriorating bridge and enhance safety for motorists, bicyclists and pedestrians along this section of roadway. No additional vehicular lanes are proposed that could increase roadway capacity or traffic flow. Therefore, the project is not anticipated to induce population growth and associated demand for electric and communication services. The proposed project is not anticipated to require electrical and communication services for its operation.


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4. RELATIONSHIP TO PLANS, POLICIES, AND CONTROLS

This section discusses the State and County of Maui land use plans, policies and controls relating to the proposed project.

4.1 State Land Use Plans and Policies

4.1.1 Hawai‘i State Plan The Hawai‘i State Plan, Chapter 226, HRS, provides goals, objectives, policies, and priorities for the State. The Hawai‘i State Plan also provides a basis for determining priorities, allocating limited resources, and improving coordination of State and County Plans, policies, programs, projects, and regulatory activities. It establishes a set of themes, goals, objectives, and policies that are meant to guide the State’s long-range growth and development activities. The proposed project is consistent with the following applicable objectives and policies: Sec. 226-11 Objectives and policies for the physical environment – land-based, shoreline, and marine resources.

(a) Planning for the State’s physical environment with regard to land-based shoreline, and marine resources shall be directed towards achievement of the following objectives:

(1) Prudent use of Hawai‘i’s land-based, shoreline, and marine resources. (2) Effective protection of Hawai‘i’s unique and fragile environmental

resources. (b) To achieve the land-based, shoreline, and marine resources objectives, it shall be

the policy of this State to:

(3) Take into account the physical attributes of areas when planning and designing activities and facilities.

(4) Manage natural resources and environs to encourage their beneficial and

multiple use without generating costly or irreparable environmental damage.

(6) Encourage the protection of rare or endangered plant and animal species

and habitats native to Hawai‘i. (8) Pursue compatible relationships among activities, facilities, and natural

resources. Discussion: Construction activities will involve land-disturbing activities, such as grubbing, clearing, grading, and excavation that may result in some soil erosion and potential construction-related impacts to the quality of surface and coastal waters in the greater project vicinity. Various mitigative measures will be incorporated into the project’s construction plan


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to minimize soil disturbances and potential short-term erosion impacts during construction activities. Excavation and grading activities associated with construction of the proposed improvements will be regulated by the County’s grading ordinance. A DOA Nationwide Permit, pursuant to Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and a WQC, issued by the DOH, pursuant to Section 401 of the Clean Water Act will be required. In conjunction with the Section 401 and 404 permits, a BMP plan will be prepared for construction activities within the project site. Erosion and sediment control measures will be instituted in accordance with site specific assessments, incorporating appropriate structural and/or non-structural BMPs such as minimizing time of exposure between construction and landscaping, and implementing erosion control measures such as silt fences and filter berms. Specific BMPs may include, but may not be limited to the following:

1. Minimizing soil loss and erosion by revegetation and stabilization of slopes and disturbed areas of soil, possibly using hydromulch, geotextiles, or other applicable alternatives, as soon as possible after working;

2. Minimizing time of exposure between construction and landscaping; 3. Application of protective covers to soil and material stockpiles; 4. Minimizing disturbance of soil during periods of heavy rain; 5. Implementing erosion control measures by emplacement of structural controls such

as silt fences, filter berms, gravel bags, fiber rolls, sandbag barriers and other barriers in order to retard and prevent the loss of sediment from the site;

6. Phasing of the project to disturb the minimum area of soil at a particular time; 7. Use of drip pans beneath vehicles not in use in order to trap vehicle fluids; 8. Routine maintenance of BMPs by adequately trained personnel; 9. Significant leaks or spills, if they occur, shall be properly cleaned up and disposed of

at an approved site. The proposed project is not anticipated to have any long-term impacts to land-based, shoreline, and marine resources. Following construction, exposed soils at the project site will have been built over, paved over, or re-vegetated to control erosion. Dewatering may be required for the proposed project. Should dewatering be deemed necessary, the contractor will be responsible to obtaining all applicable permits including, but not limited to, an NPDES Permit for Dewatering Activities. The permit application will require a BMP plan, an erosion control plan, and a water quality monitoring plan. Water quality impacts associated with the disposal of dewatering effluent will also be addressed in the BMP plan, including appropriate characterization of any potential pollutants such as sediments and nutrients in the effluent. Sec. 226-17 Objective and policies for facility systems – transportation.

(a) Planning for the State’s facility systems with regard to transportation shall be directed towards the achievement of the following objectives:

(1) An integrated multi-modal transportation system that services statewide needs and promotes the efficient, economical, safe, and convenient movement of people and goods.


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Discussion: The proposed project will replace the current, deteriorating bridge and enhance safety for motorists, bicyclists, and pedestrians along this section of roadway by providing an exclusive bike lane and paved walkway on the mauka side of the road. In addition, the makai side of the bridge and immediately adjacent areas will accommodate a bike lane and paved walkway. Improvements to additional segments can be implemented if and when future improvements are pursued on the makai side of South Kīhei Road.

4.1.2 State Land Use District The State Land Use Law, Chapter 205, HRS, is intended to preserve, protect and encourage the development of lands in the State for uses that are best suited to the public health and welfare of Hawai‘i’s people. Under Chapter 205, HRS all lands in the State of Hawai‘i are classified by the State Land Use Commission (LUC) into four major categories referred to as State Land Use Districts. These districts are identified as the Urban District, Agricultural District, Conservation District, and Rural District.

The LUC’s Land Use District Boundary map for the Island of Maui depicts the lands within the project area as being designated within the State Urban District (see Figure 4-1). Permitted uses within the State Urban district are prescribed under Title 12, Chapter 205 (Land Use Commission), HRS, and the State Land Use Commission’s Administrative Rules prescribed under Title 15, Subtitle 3, Chapter 15 HAR. Pursuant to §15-15-24, HAR, pertaining to permissible uses within the Urban District, permitted uses include any and all uses permitted by the counties, either by ordinances or rules, and are subject to any conditions imposed by the Land Use Commission pursuant to Section 205-4.5, HRS. Since roadways, such as the proposed project, are considered an incidental use that is permitted in each of the County’s zoning districts, the proposed project is a permitted use within the Urban District.

4.1.3 Hawai‘i Coastal Zone Management Program The National Coastal Zone Management (CZM) Program was created through passage of the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972. Hawai‘i’s CZM Program, adopted as Chapter 205A, HRS, provides a basis for protecting, restoring and responsibly developing coastal communities and resources. The Hawai‘i CZM area includes all lands within the State and the areas seaward to the extent of the State’s management jurisdiction. Hence, the proposed project site is located in the CZM area. A discussion of the project’s consistency with the objectives and policies of the CZM Program is provided below. (1) Recreational Resources

Objective: Provide coastal recreational opportunities accessible to the public.

Policies: (A) Improve coordination and funding of coastal recreational planning and

management; and

U

A

A

R

RLegend

Project SiteAgricultural (A)Conservative (C)Rural (R)Urban (U)

Ü0 375 750 1,125Feet


PROJECTSITE

Pi i lani H

ighway

Pi i lani H

ighway

Kihei R

oadK

ihei Road

Kaonoulu St.

Kaonoulu St.


Keolio Rd.

Keolio Rd.

Ohukai Rd.

Ohukai Rd.

Kaiola Pl.Kaiola Pl.

Pi i lani H

ighway

Kihei R

oad

Kaonoulu St.

Kulanihakoi St.

Keolio Rd.

Ohukai Rd.

Kaiola Pl.

Kihei R

oadK

ihei Road

Kihei R

oad

KiheiBeach Park

Kalepolepo Park


STATE LAND USE DISTRICTS MAPFIGURE

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(i) Provide adequate, accessible, and diverse recreational opportunities in the

coastal zone management area by: Protecting coastal resources uniquely suited for recreational activities that cannot be provided in other areas;

(ii) Requiring replacement of coastal resources having significant recreational value, including but not limited to surfing sites, fishponds, and sand beaches, when such resources will be unavoidably damaged by development; or requiring reasonable monetary compensation to the state for recreation when replacement is not feasible or desirable;

(iii) Providing and managing adequate public access, consistent with conservation of natural resources, to and along shorelines with recreational value;

(iv) Providing an adequate supply of shoreline parks and other recreational facilities suitable for public recreation;

(v) Ensuring public recreational use of county, state, and federally owned or controlled shoreline lands and waters having recreational value consistent with public safety standards and conservation of natural resources;

(vi) Adopting water quality standards and regulating point and nonpoint sources of pollution to protect, and where feasible, restore the recreational value of coastal waters.

(vii) Developing new shoreline recreational opportunities, where appropriate, such as artificial lagoons, artificial beaches, and artificial reefs for surfing and fishing; and

(viii) Encouraging reasonable dedication of shoreline areas with recreational value for public use as part of discretionary approvals or permits by the land use commission, board of land and natural resources, and county authorities; and crediting such dedication against the requirements of section 46-6.

The proposed project, at its closest point, is located approximately 120 72-feet from the draft certified shoreline.

In the short-term, storm water runoff may carry increased amounts of sediment into the storm drain system due to erosion from soils exposed during excavation and grading activities. This runoff could potentially impact the water quality of coastal waters in the area. However, excavation and grading activities associated with the construction of the proposed project will be regulated by the County’s grading ordinance.

A DOA Nationwide Permit, pursuant to Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and a WQC, issued by the DOH, pursuant to Section 401 of the Clean Water Act will be required. In conjunction with the Section 401 and 404 permits, a BMP plan will be prepared for construction activities within the project site. Erosion and sediment control measures will be instituted in accordance with site specific assessments, incorporating appropriate structural and/or non-structural BMPs such as minimizing time of exposure between construction and landscaping, and implementing erosion control measures such as silt fences and filter berms. Specific BMPs may include, but may not be limited to the following:


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at an approved site. Following construction, exposed soils at the project site will have been built over, paved over, or re-vegetated to control erosion. Dewatering may be required for the proposed project. Should dewatering be deemed necessary, the contractor will be responsible to obtaining all applicable permits including, but not limited to, an NPDES Permit for Dewatering Activities. The permit application will require a BMP plan, an erosion control plan, and a water quality monitoring plan. Water quality impacts associated with the disposal of dewatering effluent will also be addressed in the BMP plan, including appropriate characterization of any potential pollutants such as sediments and nutrients in the effluent. In the long-term, as the proposed culverts will be constructed at a 0.5% slope, the drainage capacity will increase slightly from 204 cfs to 306 cfs. In the event of a 100-year storm, this increase in capacity will increase the likelihood of storm flows breaking through the sand plug. This could slightly relieve some of the upstream flooding, but may slightly increase flows past the sand plug. No significant impacts are anticipated on recreational resources. (2) Historic Resources

Objective: (A) Protect, preserve and, where desirable, restore those natural and manmade

historic and prehistoric resources in the coastal zone management area that are significant in Hawaiian and American history and culture.

Policies: (A) Identify and analyze significant archaeological resources; (B) Maximize information retention through preservation of remains and artifacts or

salvage operations; and (C) Support state goals for protection, restoration, interpretation, and display of

historic resources.

An Archaeological Literature Review and Field Inspection (LR&FI) for the project site was conducted for the property in December 2012. Based on the field inspection findings and


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background research, there is a low potential for the discovery of previously unidentified historic properties beyond the historic era itself. The area surrounding the bridge includes the Kūlanihākoʻi Stream mouth, a natural wetland and associated flood plain. While impacts by flooding episodes and modifications associated with road construction and maintenance have greatly altered sediments of the project areas, the possibility of encountering intact subsurface cultural deposits, including human burials, should not be underestimated. Therefore, the LR&FI recommended that archaeological monitoring be conducted is recommended for all ground disturbing activities during all phases of the temporary bridge and bypass road work and bridge replacement. It is also recommended that a monitoring report be generated after the construction of the temporary bridge and bypass road and the replacement bridge.

A site inspection was conducted on December 13, 2012 by SHPD and Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i. Based on the site inspection, SHPD requested that an AIS be prepared for the project site. The AIS is currently pending and will be submitted to SHPD for approval when it has been completed. Subsequent consultation with SHPD, by letter dated February 1, 2013, indicated that they have concerns that the project area is located within a zone of beach sand dune and Aeolian sand deposits which are known to contain human burial features and historic habitation sites. It is therefore likely that historic properties, including human remains, may be present beneath the previously disturbed road grade and sub-grade or within previously unaffected areas of the right-of-way. SHPD requested that all project associated excavations be monitored by a qualified archaeologist in order to identify and mitigate any subsurface cultural features and deposits. They further recommend that an archaeological monitoring plan be submitted to their office for review and approval prior to initiation of this project.

Should any significant archeological, cultural, or historic resources be found during construction activities, all work will cease in the vicinity of the find and SHPD will be notified immediately to determine appropriate mitigation measures.

During a field visit on December 13, 2012 with Theresa Donham (Archaeology Branch Chief), an archaeological inventory survey of the lands covering the extent of the APE of the proposed detour bridge was recommended. An archaeological inventory survey was conducted by Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i, Inc. dated June 2013.

The survey included shovel testing and pipe coring which enabled mapping a general stratigraphy of the project to a depth of approximately 10 feet below ground surface. Two soil samples were submitted for pollen analysis.

One historic property within the project area is the Kūlanihāko‘i Bridge itself. The bridge has been given a site number (SIHP 50-50-10-7606). The bridge was constructed in 1911 and consisted of four individual reinforced concrete box culverts. The paving surface over the existing culverts was applied in the 1930’s. This included some shoring-up of the edge of the roadway using a historic construction style attributed to pre-1940’s plantation masons. The present day Kūlanihāko‘i Bridge appears to consist of two sections of prefabricated concrete culvert welded together to form the length of the existing bridge. A more modern construction style probably occurred because of the many repairs the bridge had undergone due to storm damage.


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The study was able to establish that at least the first 10 feet of sediment can be attributed to historic alluvium from Kūlanihāko‘i Gulch. This is generally consistent with the information collected by Geolabs, the geotechnical engineer, for this project. They recorded a dark gray clay silt to a depth of 10 feet above the grayish tan coralline sand.

Like the LR&FI, the inventory survey notes that there is a low potential for the discovery of previously unidentified historic properties beyond the historic era itself. The area surrounding the bridge includes the Kūlanihāko‘i Stream mouth, a natural wetland and associated flood plain. While impacts by flooding episodes and modifications associated with road construction and maintenance have greatly altered sediments of the project areas, the possibility of encountering intact subsurface cultural deposits, including human burials, should not be underestimated. Therefore, archaeological monitoring is recommended for all ground disturbing activities during all phases of the temporary bridge and bypass road work and bridge replacement. It is also recommended that a monitoring report be generated after the construction of the temporary bridge and bypass road and the replacement bridge.

With regard to the bridge itself, the structure was constructed in 1911 and is now 102 105 years old. It is therefore considered a historic property and recordation of the bridge would be required under Chapter 13-275, Hawai‘i Administrative Rules if deemed eligible based on SHPD’s evaluation of the bridge’s significance. Consultation with SHPD, by letter dated December 20, 2012, indicated that while the bridge is unique due to age and represents the first generation of concrete bridges in the islands, it is literally falling apart and has lost any distinguishing architectural characteristics. On this basis, SHPD has determined that the bridge has lost its integrity and is not eligible to be recorded on the State Inventory of Historic Properties. Therefore, the proposed project will have no effect on historic property.

The archaeological inventory survey noted that the Kūlanihāko‘i Bridge (SIHP 50-50-10-7606) has yielded information important to the understanding of the first generation of concrete bridges in the Hawaiian Islands. SIHP -7606 is thus considered significant under Criterion D. Sufficient information concerning SIHP -7606 was collected during the investigation. Based on the additional research, no further work is recommended for the bridge.

The archaeological inventory survey also noted that while subsurface testing was not done beneath South Kīhei Road, boring logs from the Geolabs report recorded the presence of coralline sand around 12 feet below the surface of the road. The presence of this type of sediment deposit may present the potential for encountering sensitive cultural resources in a subsurface context. Monitoring of the culvert removal by a qualified archaeologist is thus recommended.

By letter dated June 25, 2014, the SHPD noted that the archaeological inventory survey meets the requirements of Hawai‘i Administrative Rule Section 13-276 and is accepted as final. Refer to Appendix D.


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(3) Scenic and Open Space Resources

Objective: (A) Protect, preserve, and where desirable, restore or improve the quality of

coastal scenic and open space resources. Policies: (A) Identify valued scenic resources in the coastal zone management area; (B) Ensure that new developments are compatible with their visual environment

by designing and locating such developments to minimize the alteration of natural landforms and existing public views to and along the shoreline;

(C) Preserve, maintain, and, where desirable, improve and restore shoreline open space and scenic resources; and

(D) Encourage those developments which are not coastal dependent to locate in inland areas.

In the short-term, a temporary bypass road and bridge are being proposed on the mauka side of the existing roadway. This use will be generally similar in visual character to that of the temporary bridge over the existing culverts. Compared to the existing culverts, the temporary bridge on the mauka side of South Kīhei Road would provide a higher view object (approximately 14 feet) for individuals utilizing South Kīhei Road or in close proximity to this portion of the road. However, the temporary bridge and bypass road are necessary in order to maintain usage of this portion of South Kīhei Road during construction of the replacement Kūlanihākoʻi Bridge. Once the new bridge is constructed, the temporary bypass road and bridge will be removed.

In the long-term, the proposed replacement bridge is not anticipated to have significant impacts on notable view planes nor adversely affect important public viewing points or visual resources. As an already existing roadway and bridge, the project will not significantly change the scenic and visual character of the surrounding area.

(4) Coastal Ecosystems

Objective: (A) Protect valuable coastal ecosystems, including reefs, from disruption and

minimize adverse impacts on all coastal ecosystems. Policies: (A) Exercise an overall conservation ethic, and practice stewardship in the

protection, use, and development of marine and coastal resources; (B) Improve the technical basis for natural resource management; (C) Preserve valuable coastal ecosystems, including reefs, of significant biological

or economic importance; (D) Minimize disruption or degradation of coastal water ecosystems by effective

regulation of stream diversions, channelization, and similar land and water uses, recognizing competing water needs; and

(E) Promote water quantity and quality planning and management practices that reflect the tolerance of fresh water and marine ecosystems and maintain and


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enhance water quality through the development and implementation of point and nonpoint source water pollution control measures.

The proposed project, at its closest point, is located approximately 120 72-feet from the draft certified shoreline.

In the short-term, storm water runoff may carry increased amounts of sediment into the storm drain system due to erosion from soils exposed during excavation and grading activities. This runoff could potentially impact the water quality of coastal waters in the area. However, excavation and grading activities associated with the construction of the proposed project will be regulated by the County’s grading ordinance. A DOA Nationwide Permit, pursuant to Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and a WQC, issued by the DOH, pursuant to Section 401 of the Clean Water Act will be required. In conjunction with the Section 401 and 404 permits, a BMP plan will be prepared for construction activities within the project site. Erosion and sediment control measures will be instituted in accordance with site specific assessments, incorporating appropriate structural and/or non-structural BMPs such as minimizing time of exposure between construction and landscaping, and implementing erosion control measures such as silt fences and filter berms. Specific BMPs may include, but may not be limited to the following:





at an approved site. The proposed project is not anticipated to have any long-term impacts on coastal ecosystems. Following construction, exposed soils at the project site will have been built over, paved over, or re-vegetated to control erosion. Dewatering may be required for the proposed project. Should dewatering be deemed necessary, the contractor will be responsible to obtaining all applicable permits including, but not limited to, an NPDES Permit for Dewatering Activities. The permit application will require a BMP plan, an erosion control plan, and a water quality monitoring plan. Water quality impacts associated with the disposal of dewatering effluent will also be addressed in the BMP plan, including appropriate characterization of any potential pollutants such as sediments and nutrients in the effluent.


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In the long-term, as the proposed culverts will be constructed at a 0.5% slope, the drainage capacity will increase slightly from 204 cfs to 306 cfs. In the event of a 100-year storm, this increase in capacity will increase the likelihood of storm flows breaking through the sand plug. This could slightly relieve some of the upstream flooding, but may slightly increase flows past the sand plug. No significant impacts are anticipated on coastal ecosystems. (5) Economic Uses

Objective: (A) Provide public or private facilities and improvements important to the State’s

economy in suitable locations.

Policies: (A) Concentrate coastal dependent development in appropriate areas; (B) Ensure that coastal dependent developments such as harbors and ports, and

coastal related development such as visitor facilities and energy generating facilities, are located, designed, and constructed to minimize adverse social, visual, and environmental impacts in the coastal zone management area; and

(C) Direct the location and expansion of coastal dependent developments to areas presently designated and used for such developments and permit reasonable long-term growth at such areas, and permit coastal dependent development outside of presently designated areas when:

(i) Use of presently designated locations is not feasible; (ii) Adverse environmental effects are minimized; and (iii) The development is important to the State’s economy.

The proposed project provides the necessary infrastructure to promote the safe and efficient movement of people, goods and services important to the State’s economy. The project will provide direct construction and operational jobs and will also have beneficial secondary economic benefits by promoting the procurement of materials and supplies from local vendors. (6) Coastal Hazards

Objectives: (A) Reduce hazard to life and property from tsunami, storm waves, stream

flooding, erosion, subsidence, and pollution. Policies: (A) Develop and communicate adequate information about storm wave, tsunami,

flood, erosion, subsidence, and point and nonpoint source pollution hazards; (B) Control development in areas subject to storm wave, tsunami, flood, erosion,

hurricane, wind, subsidence, and point and nonpoint pollution hazards; (B) Ensure that developments comply with requirements of the Federal Flood

Insurance Program; (C) Prevent coastal flooding from inland projects.


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According to the Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) (Community Panel Numbers 1500030586F and 1500030567F, Effective Date: September 19, 2012) prepared by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), the project site is designated Zone VE and Zone AE.

Zone VE includes areas with a 1% or greater change of flooding and have an additional hazard associated with storm waves. In general, these areas have a 26% chance of flooding over the life of a 30-year mortgage.

Zone AE is characterized as a “special flood hazard area subject to inundation by the 1% annual chance flood.” Zone AE is also a “floodway,” in which “the channel of the stream plus any adjacent floodplain areas that must be kept free of the encroachment so that the 1% annual chance flood can be carried without substantial increases in flood height.” The 1% annual flood is also commonly referred to as the 100-year flood or the base flood.

According to the Tsunami Evacuation Zone maps for Maui, the project site lies entirely within the tsunami evacuation zone.

Construction activities within the respective flood hazard districts will be conducted in accordance with regulations set forth in Section 19.62.060, Maui County Code. Before construction of any development begins within any flood hazard area, flood-related erosion hazard area, or mudslide area, a special flood hazard area development permit shall be obtained from the Director of the Department of Planning.

The project will also comply with the rules and regulations for the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) present in Title 44, of the Code of Federal Regulations (44CFR), as the project is within a Special Flood Hazard Area.

(7) Managing Development

Objective: (A) Improve the development review process, communication, and public

participation in the management of coastal resource and hazards.

Policies: (A) Use, implement, and enforce existing law effectively to the maximum extent

possible in managing present and future coastal zone development; (B) Facilitate timely processing of applications for development permits and

resolve overlapping or conflicting permit requirements; and (C) Communicate the potential short- and long-term impacts of proposed

significant coastal developments early in their life cycle and in terms understandable to the public to facilitate public participation in the planning and review process.

The Hawai‘i State environmental review process, HRS 343, requires project review by government agencies and affords the public the opportunity to provide comments on the proposed project. The proposed improvements are also subject to the Special Management


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Area (SMA) permit process. Applicable State and County requirements will be adhered to in the design and construction phases of the proposed improvements. (8) Public Participation

Objective: (A) Stimulate public awareness, education, and participation in coastal

management.

Policies: (A) Promote public involvement in coastal zone management processes; (B) Disseminate information on coastal management issues by means of

educational materials, published reports, staff contact, and public workshops for persons and organizations concerned with coastal issues, developments, and government activities; and

(C) Organize workshops, policy dialogues, and site-specific mediations to respond to coastal issues and conflicts.

The Hawai‘i State environmental review process, Chapter 343, HRS, requires project review by government agencies and affords organizations and the general public the opportunity to provide comments on the proposed project. The proposed improvements are also subject to the SMA and Shoreline Setback Variance permit process as discussed in Section 4.2.23, which includes public notification and a public hearing. (9) Beach Protection

Objective: (A) Protect beaches for public use and recreation. Policies: (A) Locate new structures inland from the shoreline setback to conserve open

space, minimize interference with natural shoreline processes, and minimize loss of improvements due to erosion;

(B) Prohibit construction of private erosion-protection structures seaward of the shoreline, except when they result in improved aesthetic and engineering solutions to erosion at the sites and do not interfere with existing recreational and waterline activities; and

(C) Minimize the construction of public erosion-protection structures seaward of the shoreline.

The proposed project will involve some construction activities within the shoreline setback area and will, therefore, need a shoreline setback variance from the County of Maui Planning Department. The shoreline was re-certified by the Department of Land and Natural Resources on September 18, 2015. Currently, a draft of the certified shoreline is in the process of being reviewed by the State Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR). In accordance with the Shoreline Setback Rules and Regulations for the Maui Planning Commission, the


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shoreline setback was calculated by utilizing the annual erosion hazard rate (AEHR) erosion based setback line which is located further mauka than the average lot depth based setback line. No portion of the proposed improvements extend makai of the average lot depth based setback line. However, portions of the proposed culverts and the outlet wing walls are located within the AEHR based setback line. The AEHR setback line cuts diagonally across a portion of the proposed six 6’ wide x 4’ high culverts. Approximately 6 feet to 30 feet of makai portions of the culverts are proposed within the AEHR setback line. The remaining mauka portions of the culverts ranging from 54 feet to 20 feet are outside of the AEHR setback line. The Both proposed outlet wing walls adjacent to the southernmost culvert will be located within the AEHR shoreline setback. The dimensions of the wing walls within the shoreline setback are 10-feet long, 6-feet to 2-feet high (the wall will slope towards the ocean), and 1-foot wide. The wing walls is are a part of the culvert structure and is are intended to retain and protect the foundation of South Kīhei Road. Depending on the location of the final certified shoreline, other portions of the project may or may not be located in the shoreline setback, including the outlet wing wall adjacent to the northernmost culvert. Similar to the southern outlet wing wall, the northern outlet wing wall is also part of the culvert structure that is intended to help retain and protect the foundation of South Kīhei Road. The proposed six (6) culverts, two (2) inlet wing walls, and other roadway improvements are located within the existing County right-of-way. These areas have been utilized for roadway and drainage purposes for slightly over a century. In addition, the proposed temporary bridge and bypass road on the mauka side of the existing bridge will be removed and the area would be restored once the permanent culvert improvements are constructed. As the proposed project involved the replacement and upgrade of existing aging infrastructure, the construction and operation of the project is not anticipated to have any significant impacts on beaches for public use and recreation. (10) Marine Resources

Objective: (A) Promote the protection, use, and development of marine and coastal

resources to assure their sustainability.

Policies: (D) Ensure that the use and development of marine and coastal resources are

ecologically and environmentally sound and economically beneficial; (E) Coordinate the management of marine and coastal resources and activities to

improve effectiveness and efficiency; (F) Assert and articulate the interests of the State as a partner with federal

agencies in the sound management of ocean resources within the United States exclusive economic zone;

(G) Promote research, study, and understanding of ocean processes, marine life, and other ocean resources in order to acquire and inventory information necessary to understand how ocean development activities relate to and impact upon ocean and coastal resources; and


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(H) Encourage research and development of new, innovative technologies for exploring, using, or protecting marine and coastal resources.

The proposed project is not anticipated to have any significant adverse impacts on marine and coastal resources. Potential water quality impacts to nearshore coastal waters during construction of the improvements will be mitigated by adherence to State water quality regulations governing grading, excavation and stockpiling.

In the short-term, storm water runoff may carry increased amounts of sediment into the storm drain system due to erosion from soils exposed during excavation and grading activities. This runoff could potentially impact the water quality of coastal waters in the area. However, excavation and grading activities associated with the construction of the proposed project will be regulated by the County’s grading ordinance.






at an approved site. The proposed project is not anticipated to have any significant long-term impacts on marine resources. Following construction, exposed soils at the project site will have been built over, paved over, or re-vegetated to control erosion. Dewatering may be required for the proposed project. Should dewatering be deemed necessary, the contractor will be responsible to obtaining all applicable permits including, but not limited to, an NPDES Permit for Dewatering Activities. The permit application will require a BMP plan, an erosion control plan, and a water quality monitoring plan. Water quality impacts associated with the disposal of dewatering effluent will also be addressed in the


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BMP plan, including appropriate characterization of any potential pollutants such as sediments and nutrients in the effluent.

4.1.4 Complete Streets, Act 54 Session Laws of Hawai‘i 2009 Act 54, Session Laws of Hawai‘i 2009 requires that DOT and county transportation departments ensure the accommodation of all users of the road, regardless of their age, ability, or preferred mode of transportation. It also calls for the creation of a statewide task force to review existing state and county highway design standards and guidelines and requires the DOT and county transportation department to adopt a Complete Streets Policy. Complete streets are defined as “transportation facilities that are planned, designed, operated, and maintained to provide safe access and mobility for all users, including bicyclists, pedestrians, transit riders, freight, and motorists, and that are appropriate to the function and context of the facility.” Complete streets principles for Hawai‘i include the following:

• Safety – Plan, design, and construct transportation facilities and land developments to create an environment that reduces risk and supports the safe movement of people and goods by all modes.

• Flexible design – Design transportation facilities using best practices that integrate community values and recognize the importance of the surrounding context and environment.

• Accessibility and mobility for all – Plan and design transportation facilities for ease of use and access to destinations by providing an appropriate path of travel for all users, and enhance the ability to move people and goods throughout the state and its counties.

• Use and comfort of all users – Ensure all users of all abilities including bicyclists, pedestrians, transit riders, and drivers feel comfortable and safe using the transportation system.

• Consistency of design standards and guidelines – Encourage consistent use of national best practices to generate consistency in the application of striping and pavement markings for all users on all islands. References of national best practices include the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) and A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets (American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials [AASHTO] Green Book).

• Energy efficient – Plan, design, and construct a transportation system that offers transportation choices for residents and visitors and reduces reliance on single-occupant vehicles to improve energy efficiency in travel, and mitigates vehicle emissions.

• Health – Recognize the health benefits in providing alternative mode choices, while acknowledging that some routes may be healthier than others.

• Appropriate funding – Support a jurisdiction’s ability to secure funding for multimodal facilities and provide a framework to consider and pursue funding sources and opportunities.

• Building partnerships with organizations statewide – Build partnerships among the HDOT, the Counties, other governmental agencies, and stakeholders to implement complete streets throughout the state.


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• Green infrastructure/streets – Use trees and landscaping as integral components of a Complete Street to provide both human and ecosystem benefits, such as shade, to reduce the urban heat island effect, vegetation for carbon sequestration, reducing/filtering non-point source pollution and sediments, retaining stormwater, increasing groundwater storage recharge, and providing wildlife habitat.

The above policies should be considered on all public highways, roadways, and streets statewide when updating long-term planning documents and/or ordinances and when considering project alternatives. Agency design standards should also be updated to incorporate complete streets principles. Discussion: The proposed project is consistent with the policies of the complete streets. The proposed project will replace the current, deteriorating bridge and provide a bike lane and a paved walkway on the mauka side of the roadway making the area safer for pedestrians, bicyclists, and vehicles. In addition, the makai side of the bridge will be built to accommodate a bike lane and paved walkway if and when future improvements are pursued on the makai side of South Kīhei Road. 4.2 County of Maui Land Use Plans and Policies

4.2.1 County of Maui General Plan 2030 The Maui County General Plan is a long-term, comprehensive blueprint for the physical, economic, environmental development and cultural identity of the County. The General Plan is comprised of three parts; The Countywide Policy Plan, The Maui Island Plan, and Community Plans.

4.2.1.1 Countywide Policy Plan

As part of the 2030 Maui County General Plan Update, the County adopted a Countywide Policy Plan in March 2010, which replaces the General Plan of the County of Maui 1990 Update. The Countywide Policy Plan provides broad goals, objectives, policies, and implementing actions that portray the desired direction of the County’s future. This includes: (1) a vision statement and core values for the County to the year 2030; (2) an explanation of the plan-making process; (3) a description and background information regarding Maui County today; (4) identification of guiding principles; and (5) a list of countywide goals, objectives, policies, and implementing actions related to the following themes:

• Protect the Natural Environment • Preserve Local Culture and Traditions • Improve Education • Strengthen Social and Healthcare Services • Expand Housing Opportunities for Residents • Strengthen the Local Economy • Improve Parks and Public Facilities • Diversify Transportation Options • Improve Physical Infrastructure • Promote Sustainable Land Use and Growth Management


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• Strive for Good Governance The proposed project is consistent with the following Countywide Policy Plan objectives and policies relating to diversifying transportation options:

H. Diversify Transportation Options

Goal: Maui County will have an efficient, economical, and environmentally

sensitive means of moving people and goods.

Objective: 1. Provide an effective, affordable, and convenient ground-transportation

system that is environmentally sustainable.

Policies: e. Ensure that roadway systems are safe, efficient, and maintained in good

condition. g. Design new road and roadway improvements to retain and enhance the

existing character and scenic resources of the communities through which they pass.

l. Evaluate all alternatives to preserve quality of life before widening roads.

Objective: 2. Reduce the reliance on the automobile and fossil fuels by encouraging

walking, bicycling, and other energy-efficient and safe alternative modes of transportation.

Policies: a. Make walking and bicycling transportation safe and easy between and

within communities. c. Design and retrofit existing rights-of-way with adequate sidewalks, bicycle

lanes, or separated multi-use transit corridors.

Implementing Actions: a. Design, build, and modify existing bikeways to improve safety and

separation from automobiles. Discussion: The proposed project will replace the current, deteriorating bridge and provide a bike lane and a paved walkway on the mauka side of the roadway making the area safer for pedestrians, bicyclists, and vehicles. In addition, the makai side of the bridge and immediately adjacent areas will accommodate a bike lane and paved walkway. Improvements to additional segments can be implemented if and when future improvements are pursued on the makai side of South Kīhei Road.


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4.2.1.2 Maui Island Plan As part of the 2030 Maui County General Plan Update, the County adopted the Maui Island Plan in December 2012. The Maui Island Plan establishes a pro-active planning process by establishing urban and rural growth areas that indicated where development is intended and will be supported. It is comprised of goals, policies, programs, and actions based on an assessment of current and future needs and available resources. The purpose of the Maui Island Plan is to:

• Assess existing conditions, trends, and issues specific to Maui; • Provide policy direction for the use and development of land, the extension and

improvement of transportation services and infrastructure, the development of community facilities, the expansion of the island’s economic base, the provision of housing, and the protection of natural and cultural resources;

• Establish policies to manage change and to direct decision about future land use and development; and

• Provide the foundation to set capital improvement priorities, revise zoning regulations, and develop other implementation tools.

The proposed project is consistent with or promotes the following Maui Island Plan objectives and policies relating to transportation: Goal: 6.4 An interconnected, efficient, and well maintained, multimodal transportation

system. Objective: 6.4.1 More integrated island-wide transportation and land use planning program that

reduces congestion and promotes more efficient (transit-friendly) land use patterns.

Policies: 6.4.1.a Plan for an integrated multi-modal transportation system comprised of public

transit, bicycle, pedestrian, automobile, and other transportation modes. Objective: 6.4.2 Safe, interconnected transit, roadway, bicycle, equestrian, and pedestrian

network. Policies: 6.4.2.d Identify and improve hazardous and substandard sections of roadways,

drainage infrastructure, and bridges, provided that the historical integrity of the roads and bridges are protected.

Discussion: The proposed project will replace the current, deteriorating bridge and provide a bike lane and a paved walkway on the mauka side of the roadway making the area safer for pedestrians, bicyclists, and vehicles. In addition, the makai side of the bridge and


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immediately adjacent areas will accommodate a bike lane and paved walkway. Improvements to additional segments can be implemented if and when future improvements are pursued on the makai side of South Kīhei Road. 4.2.1.3 Kīhei-Mākena Community Plan The Kīhei-Mākena Community Plan is one of the nine Community Plans for Maui County that reflects current and anticipated conditions in the Kīhei-Mākena region. The Kīhei-Mākena Community Plan provides specific recommendations to address the goals, objectives, and polices contained in the General Plan, while recognizing the values and unique attributes of the Kīhei-Mākena area in order to enhance the region’s overall living environment. According to the Kīhei-Mākena Community Land Use Map, the project site is designated as open space (OS) and park (see Figure 4-2). The OS designation is intended to limit development on certain urban and non-urban designated lands which may be inappropriate for intensive development due to environmental, physical, or scenic constraints; this category includes, but is not limited to shoreline buffer areas, landscape buffers, drainageways, view planes, flood plains, and tsunami areas. The park designation applies to land developed or to be developed for recreational use. This includes all public and private active and passive parks. The proposed project is consistent with these designations as the proposed project is a roadway which is considered to be an incidental use by the County.

In addition, the proposed project is consistent with the Kīhei-Mākena Community Plan goals, objectives, policies, and implementing actions as follows:

Environment

Goal

Preservation, protection, and enhancement of Kīhei-Mākena’s unique and fragile environmental resources.

Objectives and Policies

b. Preserve, protect and restore unique natural areas with significant conservation values.

f. Protect all wetland resources, such as those at Keālia Pond and near Road ‘C.” These open space and wildlife habitat resources are important for flood control and for their natural beauty.

Discussion: Construction activities will involve land-disturbing activities, such as grubbing, clearing, grading, and excavation that may result in some soil erosion and potential construction-related impacts to the quality of surface and coastal waters in the greater project vicinity. Various mitigative measures will be incorporated into the project’s construction plan to minimize soil disturbances and potential short-term erosion impacts during construction activities. Excavation and grading activities associated with construction of the proposed improvements will be regulated by the County’s grading ordinance.


PROJECTSITE

NOT TO SCALESource: County of Maui, Planning Department

KIHEI - MAKENA COMMUNITY PLAN


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at an approved site. The proposed project is not anticipated to have any long-term impacts to land-based, shoreline, and marine resources. Following construction, exposed soils at the project site will have been built over, paved over, or re-vegetated to control erosion. The wetland area is proposed to be restored back to its existing conditions. Dewatering may be required for the proposed project. Should dewatering be deemed necessary, the contractor will be responsible to obtaining all applicable permits including, but not limited to, an NPDES Permit for Dewatering Activities. The permit application will require a BMP plan, an erosion control plan, and a water quality monitoring plan. Water quality impacts associated with the disposal of dewatering effluent will also be addressed in the BMP plan, including appropriate characterization of any potential pollutants such as sediments and nutrients in the effluent.

Cultural Resources

Goal

Identification, preservation, enhancement, and appropriate use of cultural resources, cultural practices, and historic sites that:

a. Provides a sense of history and defines a sense of place for the Kīhei-Mākena region



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a. Identify, preserve, protect and restore historical and cultural sites.

b. Protect those areas, structures and elements that are a significant and functional part of Hawai‘i’s ethnic and cultural heritage.

Discussion: An Archaeological Literature Review and Field Inspection for the project site was conducted for the property in December 2012. Based on the field inspection findings and background research, there is a low potential for the discovery of previously unidentified historic properties beyond the historic era itself. The area surrounding the bridge includes the Kūlanihākoʻi Stream mouth, a natural wetland and associated flood plain. While impacts by flooding episodes and modifications associated with road construction and maintenance have greatly altered sediments of the project areas, the possibility of encountering intact subsurface cultural deposits, including human burials, should not be underestimated. Therefore, archaeological monitoring is recommended for all ground disturbing activities during all phases of the temporary bridge and bypass road work and bridge replacement. It is also recommended that a monitoring report be generated after the construction of the temporary bridge and bypass road and the replacement bridge.

During a field visit on December 13, 2012 with Theresa Donham (Archaeology Branch Chief), an archaeological inventory survey of the lands covering the extent of the APE of the proposed detour bridge was recommended. An archaeological inventory survey was conducted by Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i, Inc. dated June 2013.

The survey included shovel testing and pipe coring which enabled mapping a general stratigraphy of the project to a depth of approximately 10 feet below ground surface. Two soil samples were submitted for pollen analysis.

One historic property within the project area is the Kūlanihāko‘i Bridge itself. The bridge has been given a site number (SIHP 50-50-10-7606). The bridge was constructed in 1911 and consisted of four individual reinforced concrete box culverts. The paving surface over the existing culverts was applied in the 1930’s. This included some shoring-up of the edge of the roadway using a historic construction style attributed to pre-1940’s plantation masons. The present day Kūlanihāko‘i Bridge appears to consist of two sections of prefabricated concrete culvert welded together to form the length of the existing bridge. A more modern construction style probably occurred because of the many repairs the bridge had undergone due to storm damage.

The study was able to establish that at least the first 10 feet of sediment can be attributed to historic alluvium from Kūlanihāko‘i Gulch. This is generally consistent with the information collected by Geolabs, the geotechnical engineer, for this project. They recorded a dark gray clay silt to a depth of 10 feet above the grayish tan coralline sand.

Like the LR&FI, the inventory survey notes that there is a low potential for the discovery of previously unidentified historic properties beyond the historic era itself. The area surrounding the bridge includes the Kūlanihāko‘i Stream mouth, a natural wetland and associated flood plain. While impacts by flooding episodes and modifications associated with road construction and maintenance have greatly altered sediments of the project areas, the possibility of encountering intact subsurface cultural deposits, including human burials,


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should not be underestimated. Therefore, archaeological monitoring is recommended for all ground disturbing activities during all phases of the temporary bridge and bypass road work and bridge replacement. It is also recommended that a monitoring report be generated after the construction of the temporary bridge and bypass road and the replacement bridge.

With regard to the bridge itself, the structure was constructed in 1911 and is now 102 105 years old. It is therefore considered a historic property and recordation of the bridge would be required under Chapter 13-275, Hawai‘i Administrative Rules if deemed eligible based on SHPD’s evaluation of the bridge’s significance. Consultation with SHPD, by letter dated December 20, 2012, indicated that while the bridge is unique due to age and represents the first generation of concrete bridges in the islands, it is literally falling apart and has lost any distinguishing architectural characteristics. On this basis, SHPD has determined that the bridge has lost its integrity and is not eligible to be recorded on the State Inventory of Historic Properties. Therefore, the proposed project will have no effect on historic property.

The archaeological inventory survey noted that the Kūlanihāko‘i Bridge (SIHP 50-50-10-7606) has yielded information important to the understanding of the first generation of concrete bridges in the Hawaiian Islands. SIHP -7606 is thus considered significant under Criterion D. Sufficient information concerning SIHP -7606 was collected during the investigation. Based on the additional research, no further work is recommended for the bridge.

The archaeological inventory survey also noted that while subsurface testing was not done beneath South Kīhei Road, boring logs from the Geolabs report recorded the presence of coralline sand around 12 feet below the surface of the road. The presence of this type of sediment deposit may present the potential for encountering sensitive cultural resources in a subsurface context. Monitoring of the culvert removal by a qualified archaeologist is thus recommended.

By letter dated June 25, 2014, the SHPD noted that the archaeological inventory survey meets the requirements of Hawai‘i Administrative Rule Section 13-276 and is accepted as final. Refer to Appendix D.

Physical and Social Infrastructure

Goal

Provision of facility systems, public services and capital improvement projects in an efficient, reliable, cost effective, and environmentally sensitive manner which accommodates the needs of the Kīhei-Mākena community, and fully support present and planned land uses, especially in the case of project district implementation

Transportation


b. Develop and implement a well-planned road and public transportation system to allow residents and visitors to move safely, effectively, and comfortably within the


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region. Roadway improvements should be planned, designed, and constructed as prioritized under the Implementing Actions section below, and as generally described in the Kīhei Traffic Master Plan.

g. Plan, design, and construct a pedestrian and bikeway network throughout the Kīhei-Mākena region which considers the utilization of existing stream beds, drainageways, wetlands and public rights-of-way along coastal and inland areas.

Discussion: The proposed project will replace the current, deteriorating bridge and provide a bike lane and a paved walkway on the mauka side of the roadway making the area safer for pedestrians, bicyclists, and vehicles. In addition, the makai side of the bridge and immediately adjacent areas will accommodate a bike lane and paved walkway. Improvements to additional segments can be implemented if and when future improvements are pursued on the makai side of South Kīhei Road.

4.2.2 County of Maui Zoning

The purpose and intent of the County of Maui Comprehensive Zoning Ordinance (Title 19, Article II), is to regulate the utilization of land in a manner encouraging orderly development in accordance with the land use directives of the Hawaii Revised Statutes, the revised charter of the County, and the general plan and the community plans of the County.

According to the County of Maui Planning Department, the project site is zoned Drainage (DR), Park (PK), and Apartment (A-1). However, roadways, such as the proposed project, are considered an incidental use that is permitted in each of the County’s zoning districts. Thus the proposed project is consistent with the County zoning districts.

4.2.3 County of Maui Special Management Area

Pursuant to the Hawai‘i CZM Program, Chapter 205A, HRS, the counties have enacted ordinances establishing Special Management Areas (SMA). Any “development” within the SMA requires an SMA Use Permit administered by the County of Maui Planning Department. Through the SMA permit system, the County assesses and regulates developments proposed for areas located within the SMA and the proposed developments are evaluated for compliance with the CZM objectives and policies and SMA guidelines set forth in Chapter 205A, HRS. Figure 2-2 4-3 shows that the entire project site is located within the SMA. Since the project has a total cost fair market value greater than $125,000 $500,000 in value and is considered a “development,” an SMA Use Permit will be required for the proposed project. The proposed project is consistent with the CZM objectives and policies as described in Section 4.1.3 of this document.

Legend

Project SiteSpecial Management Area

Ü0 375 750 1,125

Feet


PROJECTSITE

Pi i lani H

ighway

Pi i lani H

ighway

Kihei R

oadK

ihei Road

Kaonoulu St.

Kaonoulu St.


Keolio Rd.

Keolio Rd.

Ohukai Rd.

Ohukai Rd.

Kaiola Pl.Kaiola Pl.

Pi i lani H

ighway

Kihei R

oad

Kaonoulu St.

Kulanihakoi St.

Keolio Rd.

Ohukai Rd.

Kaiola Pl.

Kihei R

oadK

ihei Road

Kihei R

oad

KiheiBeach Park

Kalepolepo Park


SPECIAL MANAGEMENT AREA MAPFIGURE

4-3




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4.3 Permits and Approvals

The following is a list of permits, approvals, and reviews that may be required prior to construction and operation of the proposed project.

Federal

Department of the Army • Department of the Army, Nationwide Permit, Section 404, Clean Water Act • Department of the Army, Section 10 Permit, Rivers and Harbors Act

Federal Highways Administration

• National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) Categorical Exclusion • Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act • Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act

State of Hawai‘i

Department of Health • Section 401, Clean Water Act, Water Quality Certification • National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Permit for Dewatering

Activity • Noise Permit

Department of Land and Natural Resources

• Chapter 6E, HRS, State Historic Preservation Law • Stream Channel Alteration Permit

Office of Planning

• Coastal Zone Management (CZM) Federal Consistency Certification

County of Maui

Planning Department • Special Management Area Use Permit • Shoreline Setback Variance • Special Flood Hazard Area Development Permit • Grading/Grubbing Permit • Permit to Perform Work within County Right-of-Way


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5. ALTERNATIVES

5.1 No Action Alternative Under the no action alternative, the replacement of the deteriorating culverts and the proposed roadway improvements would not be pursued. Environmental impacts would be avoided, construction costs spared, and the need for permits precluded. The existing culverts would continue to deteriorate and substandard conditions for motorists, pedestrians, and bicyclists would continue. As the bridge is structurally deficient, the culverts have the potential to collapse in the near future due to vehicles traversing over it. If the bridge should collapse, this portion of South Kīhei Road would need to be closed and vehicles rerouted causing increased congestion on other nearby roadways such as Ohukai Road, Ka‘ono‘ulu Road, Kūlanihāko‘i Street, Waipu‘ilani Road, and Pi‘ilani Highway. This would inconvenience residents and businesses who depend on that portion of South Kīhei Road as a through road for their needs.

5.2 Alternative 1: Construction of Four (4) 6-Feet Wide and 4-Feet High Culverts This alternative proposes constructing four (4) new culverts to replace the existing four (4) deteriorating culverts. As stated in earlier sections, the proposed six (6) culverts only provides a slight increase in drainage capacity for a 100-year, 24-hour storm event. Currently because of the relatively flat topography of the area, installation of four (4) new 6-feet wide by 4-feet high culverts at South Kīhei Road would basically ensure that the same flooding parameters which result from the existing four (4) culverts would continue. Since the sand plug is a natural occurrence at the ocean outlet, flows would continue to be impeded. Silt and sediment would continue to accumulate at the muliwai. With the replacement of the four culverts, South Kīhei Road can continue to be utilized as a collector road. Basically, the replacement of the four (4) culverts represents a continuation of the status quo.

5.3 Alternative 2: Construction of Eight (8) 6-Feet Wide and 4-Feet High Culverts This alternative proposes constructing a total of eight (8) culverts, each 6-feet wide and 4-high. Drainage capacity of the culverts was analyzed, assuming the downstream end of the stream was not blocked off from the existing accumulated sand plug at the shoreline. The results showed that the eight (8) culverts would have an increased flow capacity (409 cfs) and could handle more flow than the existing four culverts as well as the proposed culverts (204 cfs and 306 cfs, respectively). However, this increased capacity does not significantly reduce the amount of runoff overtopping South Kīhei Road. This is due to the accumulated sand dunes blocking the natural flow of the outlet of the stream as well as the relatively flat topography of lands around South Kīhei Road and the shoreline. This causes runoff to pond until water levels reach a height higher than the sand plug or the sand plug is breached. Therefore, adding additional culverts will not reduce the existing flooding in the area. Although there is an increase in drainage capacity and depth of flow over the roadway is slightly decreased, the proposed bridge replacement ultimately does not resolve the existing flooding that occurs near and around the project site during heavy storm events. This is due to the accumulating sand dunes blocking off the downstream path causing runoff to back up and flood the roadway. The eight (8) culverts were also analyzed assuming that the outlet is


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not blocked. The results from the model and calculations show that the depth overtopping the roadway is reduced significantly by about three feet. While the additional culverts would provide a slight decrease in flows overtopping South Kīhei Road, the decrease is not significant enough that it would address the regional flooding problem in the area. While flooding is a concern, it is beyond the scope of this project as it is a regional issue and should be addressed by a drainage master plan. The County of Maui is currently updating their Kīhei Drainage Master Plan which is anticipated to be completed within two years.

5.4 Alternative 3: Construction of Larger Culverts or Construction of a Bridge over South Kīhei Road to Accommodate the 100-Year Storm

This alternative proposes installation of larger culverts or a bridge over the existing culverts to handle the 100-year storm. As discussed earlier in Section 3.13.3, at the point where the 100-year storm runoff flows reach the existing culverts, the total flow would be approximately 14,148 cfs. To accommodate this flow, the size of the culverts, as well as the velocity of the peak flows need to be considered. For example, if the velocity of the flow is assumed to travel at 10 feet per second, the culverts would need to be a total of 10-feet high and 140-feet wide. However, if the velocity of the flow is assumed to travel at 25 feet per second, the culverts would need to be a total of 10-feet high and 56-feet wide. Freeboard requirements for the bridge present another safety factor that needs to be considered. This would result in wider and/or deeper channels, therefore, at a minimum, the roadway would also need to be raised, the invert of the culverts deepened, and/or the span of the culverts would need to be widened to accommodate the 100-year storm flow. The roadway would need to be constructed at a slight incline, but due to the physical constraints of the project site, neighboring properties. would require extensive improvements which may require reconstruction of the Kaʻonoʻulu intersection and the existing drainage system along South Kīhei Road to prevent flooding of the Kīhei Bay Vista complex from the proposed bridge. Although in this alternative the storm flows would not overtop the roadway, flooding would still be an issue for the surrounding areas because of the sand plug and the flat topography of the area. Similarly for the bridge alternative, the bridge could sit approximately 3-feet higher than the existing road with a mid-span pier to help reduce the amount of runoff overtopping the roadway during heavy storm events. Assuming that the outlet is not blocked off by the existing accumulating sand dunes, it was determined that storm runoff from the 100-year storm event would still overtop the bridge, but not as severe as the proposed six (6) culverts. To compensate for this occurrence, the bridge could be raised higher. This is a similar situation to the larger culvert in which, due to the physical constraints of the project site, constructing a bridge would require extensive improvements which may require reconstruction of the Kaʻonoʻulu intersection and the existing drainage system along South Kīhei Road to prevent flooding of the Kīhei Bay Vista complex from the proposed bridge.


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5.5 Alternative 4: Increasing Drainage Channel Capacity This alternative proposes construction of a drainage channel. The makai portions of Kūlanihāko‘i Gulch are not a well-defined water course. There are limited channel capacities that are unable to contain peak flows during storm periods. As a result, during significant rainfall events, runoff from the upper areas of the watershed descends onto the Kīhei flood plains in voluminous quantities. Thus, during significant rains, the existing drainage channel will be overtopped before it reaches the existing culvert even if the culvert is properly sized for the 100 year storm. In order to fully accommodate the 100-year storm flows, the upstream and downstream drainageways need to have the capacity to accommodate peak flows. This would require a drainage channel to be excavated from Ka‘ono‘ulu Estates IV, near Pi‘ilani Highway, to the ocean. Due to the relatively flat coastal topography and the sand dunes which tend to form at the stream mouth, the drainage channel would likely need to extend partially into the ocean. Makai portions of the channel would most likely contain sea water on a relatively permanent basis. Such a channel would likely involve land acquisition and involve view and aesthetic impacts. Portions of existing beach areas would be occupied by a drainage structure at the stream mouth. A significantly larger and more direct drainage route to the ocean would likely mean increased sediment and other pollutants deposited into the nearshore environment. The increased volume and velocity of runoff may affect the bathymetry of the area, which in turn affects wave action, coral growth and sand transport. Since the watershed is significant in terms of its size, impacts to the nearshore environment would need to be studied carefully. Possible effects on coral, aquatic biota, fish and marine mammals need to be considered. While increasing the drainage channel capacity is an alternative, the scope and assessment of impacts for this alternative is much larger than replacing a single deteriorated culvert bridge at South Kīhei Road. As drainage in this area is a regional problem, a coordinated drainage master plan for the region is needed to address how drainage throughout the area will be handled. The County of Maui is currently updating their Kīhei Drainage Master Plan which is anticipated to be completed in approximately two years.

5.6 Alternative 5: Installation of Upstream Detention This alternative proposes upgrading the culverts at South Kīhei Road and installing appropriately sized detention basins located mauka of Pi‘ilani Highway. Detention basins would allow for controlled release of runoff so water would likely be flowing downstream of the basins for a period of time after rain has stopped. Depending on its size and the percolation capacity of the soil, retention basins can allow significant portions of peak runoff to percolate into the ground and allows some settlement and removal of sediment and other pollutants. Upstream detention does not only involve the excavation of basins. Analysis must be undertaken to ensure that drainageways leading to the basin and leaving the basin are adequate to carry flows. If not, excavation to provide for adequate drainage capacity will be needed. It should be noted that this alternative will require a significant amount of land from upstream owners.


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As mentioned earlier, the total flows for a 100-year storm would be approximately 14,148 cfs. The 100-year storm is measured over a 24-hour period. Therefore, a 24-hour period would yield flows of approximately 1,222,387,200 cubic feet of storm flow per day. To accommodate this maximum amount of flow and to not allow any flow to enter the ocean, the upstream detention basin would need to be approximately the size of 1-mile in length by 1-mile in width by approximately 44-feet in depth. To ensure that the detention basins and related drainageways function properly over time, maintenance concerns need to be addressed. Debris, silt and sediment which accumulate in the basin and drainageways must be removed in order to ensure adequate capacity. Personnel needed to maintain the system as well as the cost of maintenance needs to be taken into consideration. Access through private property must also be provided so that maintenance activities can be undertaken. While installing detention basins and related draingeways are an alternative, the scope and assessment of impacts for this alternative is much larger than replacing a single deteriorated culvert bridge at South Kīhei Road. As drainage within this watershed is a regional problem, a coordinated drainage master plan for the region is needed to address how drainage throughout the area will be handled. The County of Maui is currently updating their Kīhei Drainage Master Plan which is anticipated to be completed in approximately two years.

5.7 Alternative 6: Diversion of Upstream Flows to Another Drainage District This alternative proposes diverting runoff flows generated mauka of Pi‘ilani Highway within the Kūlanihāko‘i drainage district to other nearby drainage districts. This alternative may lessen flooding and environmental impacts in the area of Kūlanihāko‘i Gulch from Pi‘ilani Highway to the shoreline, however, it would exacerbate flooding issues in the neighboring districts. Although the Kūlanihāko‘i Gulch generates most of the flows within the Kūlanihāko‘i District, there are smaller subdistricts which contribute to the total amount of flow. In terms of the 100-year storm flows, the Kūlanihāko‘i District generates more than 13,000 cfs mauka of Pi‘ilani Highway. Under this alternative, these flows would be diverted to neighboring drainage districts. Waiakoa District which is the neighboring district to the north, generates 100-year storm flows of approximately 9,000 cfs mauka of Pi‘ilani Highway. If Kūlanihāko‘i District flows were diverted to the Waiakoa District, approximately 22,000 cfs of peak flows would need to be accommodated. Similarly, Waipu‘ilani Gulch, which is the neighboring district to the south, generates 100-year storm flows of more than 10,000 cfs. If flows from the Kūlanihāko‘i Distict were diverted to the Waipu‘ilani District to the south, then 23,000 cfs of peak flows would need to be accommodated. Should this alternative be pursued, analysis would have to be undertaken to ensure that the neighboring drainageways have the capacity to accommodate the peak flows from the Kūlanihāko‘i District. This would most likely require that channel(s) of adequate size to accommodate peak flows would likely need to be excavated in which ever neighboring district was chosen. Roadway culverts also have to be significantly enlarged. Because of


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the relatively flat coastal topography and the sand dunes which tend to form at the stream mouth, the drainage channel may need to extend partially into the ocean. Makai portions of the channel may also contain sea water on a relatively permanent basis. Such channel(s) would likely involve land acquisition and involve view and aesthetic impacts. Portions of existing beach areas would be occupied by a drainage structure at the stream mouth(s) of the neighboring drainage district. A significantly larger and more direct route to the ocean would likely mean increased sediment and other pollutants deposited into the nearshore environment of the neighboring drainage district. The increased volume and velocity of runoff may also affect the bathymetry of the area, which in turn would affect wave action, coral growth and sand transport. Since the drainage area and peak runoff have significantly increased within the adjoining drainage district, impacts to the nearshore environment would need to be studied carefully. Possible effects on coral, aquatic biota, fish and marine mammals are likely to be significant and concentrated. While the general concept of diversion of upstream flows to another drainage district is a possible alternative, diversion of peak runoff to other areas further away would only add more expense and concentrate the issues of dealing with peak runoff to another area besides the Kūlanihāko‘i Drainage District. In addition, the scope and assessment of impacts for this alternative is much larger than replacing a single deteriorated culvert bridge at South Kīhei Road. As drainage in this area is a regional problem, a coordinated drainage master plan for the region is needed to address how drainage throughout the area will be handled. The County of Maui is currently updating their Kīhei Drainage Master Plan which is anticipated to be completed in approximately two years.


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6. ANTICIPATED DETERMINATION OF FONSI

The proposed project involves the following improvements: Potential impacts of the proposed improvements have been evaluated in accordance with the significance criteria of Section 11-200-12 of the Department of Health’s Administrative Rules. Discussion of the project’s conformance to the criteria is presented as follows: (1) Involves an irrevocable commitment to loss or destruction of any natural or cultural

resource; An Archaeological Literature Review and Field Inspection for the project site was conducted for the property in December 2012. Based on the field inspection findings and background research, there is a low potential for the discovery of previously unidentified historic properties beyond the historic era itself. The area surrounding the bridge includes the Kūlanihākoʻi Stream mouth, a natural wetland and associated flood plain. While impacts by flooding episodes and modifications associated with road construction and maintenance have greatly altered sediments of the project areas, the possibility of encountering intact subsurface cultural deposits, including human burials, should not be underestimated. Therefore, archaeological monitoring is recommended for all ground disturbing activities during all phases of the temporary bridge and bypass road work and bridge replacement. It is also recommended that a monitoring report be generated after the construction of the temporary bridge and bypass road and the replacement bridge. A site inspection was conducted on December 13, 2012 by SHPD and Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i. Based on the site inspection, SHPD requested that an AIS be prepared for the project site. An AIS was conducted by Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i, Inc. dated June 2013. The survey included shovel testing and pipe coring which enabled mapping a general stratigraphy of the project to a depth of approximately 10 feet below ground surface. Two soil samples were submitted for pollen analysis. The AIS is currently pending and will be submitted to SHPD for approval when it has been completed. Subsequent consultation with SHPD, by letter dated February 1, 2013, indicated that they have concerns that the project area is located within a zone of beach sand dune and Aeolian sand deposits which are known to contain human burial features and historic habitation sites. It is therefore likely that historic properties, including human remains, may be present beneath the previously disturbed road grade and sub-grade or within previously unaffected areas of the right-of-way. SHPD requested that all project associated excavations be monitored by a qualified archaeologist in order to identify and mitigate any subsurface cultural features and deposits. They further recommend that an archaeological monitoring plan be submitted to their office for review and approval prior to initiation of this project. Should any significant archeological, cultural, or historic resources be found during construction activities, all work will cease in the vicinity of the find and SHPD will be notified immediately to determine appropriate mitigation measures. The AIS noted that while subsurface testing was not done beneath South Kīhei Road, boring logs from the Geolabs, the geotechnical engineer for the project, recorded the presence of coralline sand around 12 feet below the surface of the road. The presence of this type of


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sediment deposit may present the potential for encountering sensitive cultural resources in a subsurface context. The AIS recommended monitoring of the culvert removal. The County is committed to implement archaeological monitoring in accord with the AIS recommendation. With regard to the bridge itself, the structure was constructed in 1911 and is now 102 105 years old. It is therefore considered a historic property and recordation of the bridge would be required under Chapter 13-275, Hawai‘i Administrative Rules if deemed eligible based on SHPD’s evaluation of the bridge’s significance. Consultation with SHPD, by letter dated December 20, 2012, indicated that while the bridge is unique due to age and represents the first generation of concrete bridges in the islands, it is literally falling apart and has lost any distinguishing architectural characteristics. On this basis SHPD has determined that the bridge has lost its integrity and is not eligible to be recorded on the State Inventory of Historic Properties. Therefore, the proposed project will have no effect on historic property. The archaeological inventory survey noted that the Kūlanihāko‘i Bridge (SIHP 50-50-10-7606) has yielded information important to the understanding of the first generation of concrete bridges in the Hawaiian Islands. SIHP -7606 is thus considered significant under Criterion D. Sufficient information concerning SIHP -7606 was collected during the investigation. Based on the additional research, no further work is recommended for the bridge. There will be no destruction or loss of any significant, endangered, or threatened botanical, faunal, geological, or other natural resources. With the exception of the Hawaiian Stilt, none of the plant or animal species identified within the project site are threatened or endangered, or are a species of concern. Prior to construction, it is recommended that a qualified biologist survey areas mauka of the proposed project site to determine if any nesting stilt are present. If nesting stilt are found, the County will need to consult with the USFWS over appropriate measures or conditions that may need to be met to ensure that construction activity does not harm nesting stilts. There are no federally delineated Critical Habitat within or close to the project corridor, thus construction and operation of the proposed project will not result in any impacts to federally designated Critical Habitats. (2) Curtails the range of beneficial uses of the environment;

The proposed project will not curtail the beneficial uses of the environment. Use of the project site for the proposed project would be consistent with its current use as a culvert bridge and a roadway. (3) Conflicts with the state’s long-term environmental policies or goals and guidelines as

expressed in Chapter 344, HRS, and any revisions thereof and amendments thereto, court decisions, or executive orders;

The proposed project does not conflict with long-term environmental policies, goals, and guidelines of the State of Hawai‘i. As presented in this EA, the project’s potential temporary adverse impacts are associated primarily with short-term construction-related activities and can be mitigated through adherence to standard construction mitigation practices. (4) Substantially affects the economic or social welfare of the community or state;


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In the short-term, the proposed project will confer positive benefits in the local economy. Direct economic benefits will result from construction expenditures both through the purchase of material from local suppliers and through the employment of local labor, thereby stimulating that sector of the economy. Indirect economic benefits may include benefits to local retailing businesses resulting from construction activities. There are no significant adverse long-term socio-economic impacts anticipated with the proposed improvements. The replacement of the culverts and the associated improvements to South Kīhei Road are not expected to induce growth beyond that which is anticipated for the region. The improvements are intended to benefit the entire Kīhei region without impacting a specific ethnicity or income group. The proposed project will not result in a disproportionality high adverse impact on minority and low-income populations. (5) Substantially affects public health;

No significant adverse short or long-term impacts are anticipated as a result of the proposed project. In the long-term, the proposed project will provide positive effects as the proposed project will replace the existing, deteriorating culverts and provide a bike lane and a paved walkway on the mauka side of the roadway. This will enhance the safety of motorists, bicyclists, and pedestrians along this section of roadway. (6) Involves substantial secondary impacts, such as population changes or effects on

public facilities;

No secondary effects are anticipated with the construction or operation of the proposed project. The improvements, in and of themselves, are not anticipated to affect the population of the Kīhei District. Rather, the project is proposed to fulfill an essential community need to provide safe access to and from the region for vehicles, bicyclists, and pedestrians alike. (7) Involves a substantial degradation of environmental quality;

The proposed project is not anticipated to involve a substantial degradation of environmental quality. Construction activities associated with the proposed improvements will create some adverse short-term impacts such as unavoidable noise impacts and air quality impacts from soil excavation and other ground disturbance activities. Unavoidable construction noise impacts on nearby land uses in the immediate vicinity of the proposed project will be mitigated to some degree by complying with the provisions of the State DOH Administrative Rules, Title 11, Chapter 46, Community Noise Control. Potential air quality impacts during construction of the proposed project will be mitigated by complying with the State DOH Administrative Rules, Title 11, Chapter 60, Air Pollution Control.

Potential water quality impacts to surface and near shore coastal waters during construction of the proposed improvements will be mitigated by adherence to State and County water quality regulations governing grading, excavation, and stockpiling. A DOA Nationwide Permit, pursuant to Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and a


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WQC, issued by the DOH, pursuant to Section 401 of the Clean Water Act will be required. In conjunction with the Section 401 and 404 permits, a BMP plan will be prepared for construction activities within the project site. Erosion and sediment control measures will be instituted in accordance with site specific assessments, incorporating appropriate structural and/or non-structural BMPs such as minimizing time of exposure between construction and landscaping, and implementing erosion control measures such as silt fences and filter berms. Specific BMPs may include, but may not be limited to the following: 1. Minimizing soil loss and erosion by revegetation and stabilization of slopes and





of at an approved site. Following construction, exposed soils at the project site will have been built over, paved over, or re-vegetated to control erosion. Dewatering may be required for the proposed project. Should dewatering be deemed necessary, the contractor will be responsible to obtaining all applicable permits including, but not limited to, an NPDES Permit for Dewatering Activities. The permit application will require a BMP plan, an erosion control plan, and a water quality monitoring plan. Water quality impacts associated with the disposal of dewatering effluent will also be addressed in the BMP plan, including appropriate characterization of any potential pollutants such as sediments and nutrients in the effluent. In the long-term, no significant air quality, noise, or water quality impacts are anticipated from the operation of the proposed project. (8) Is individually limited but cumulatively has considerable effect upon the environment

or involves a commitment for larger actions;

No cumulative effects are anticipated, inasmuch as the proposed project involves replacing an existing culvert bridge and roadway improvements in an already urbanized setting.

(9) Substantially affects a rare, threatened, or endangered species, or its habitat;


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No listed, candidate, or proposed rare, threatened, or endangered species of flora or fauna under either the Federal or State endangered species statutes nor any critical habitat units will be disturbed as a result of the proposed improvements. Prior to construction, it is recommended that a qualified biologist survey areas mauka of the proposed project site to determine if any nesting Hawaiian stilt are present. If nesting stilt are found, the County will need to consult with the USFWS over appropriate measures or conditions that may need to be met to ensure that construction activity does not harm nesting stilts. There are no federally delineated Critical Habitat within or close to the project corridor, thus construction and operation of the proposed project will not result in any impacts to federally designated Critical Habitats. (10) Detrimentally affects air or water quality or ambient noise levels;

No long-term significant impacts to air quality, water quality, or noise levels within the project site are anticipated with the construction of the proposed project. During construction of the proposed project, two potential types of air pollution emissions will likely occur, resulting in air quality impacts: 1) airborne dust from construction activities such as grading and excavation within the project site; and 2) exhaust emissions from construction vehicles and equipment from the project site. Potential air quality impacts during construction of the proposed project will be mitigated by complying with the State DOH Administrative Rules, Title 11, Chapter 60-11.1 “Air Pollution Control.” The construction contractor is responsible to complying with the State DOH regulations which prohibit visible dust emissions at property boundaries. Compliance with State regulations will require adequate measures to control airborne dust by methods such as water spraying and sprinkling of loose or exposed soil or ground surface areas and dust-generating equipment during construction. As may be deemed appropriate, planting of landscaping or re-paving as soon as possible on completed areas will also help to control dust. During construction, air quality levels would be most affected by vehicular emissions generated by project-related traffic, however, the elevated vehicular emission concentrations are anticipated to dissipate.

Potential water quality impacts to surface and near shore coastal waters during construction of the proposed improvements will be mitigated by adherence to State and County water quality regulations governing grading, excavation, and stockpiling. A DOA Nationwide Permit, pursuant to Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and a WQC, issued by the DOH, pursuant to Section 401 of the Clean Water Act will be required. In conjunction with the Section 401 and 404 permits, a BMP plan will be prepared for construction activities within the project site. Erosion and sediment control measures will be instituted in accordance with site specific assessments, incorporating appropriate structural and/or non-structural BMPs such as minimizing time of exposure between construction and landscaping, and implementing erosion control measures such as silt fences and filter berms. Specific BMPs may include, but may not be limited to the following:


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of at an approved site. Following construction, exposed soils at the project site will have been built over, paved over, or re-vegetated to control erosion. Construction activities are not likely to introduce to, nor release from the soil any materials which could adversely affect groundwater. Construction material wastes will be appropriately disposed of and must also be prevented from leaching into receiving bodies of water. Dewatering may be required for the proposed project. Should dewatering be deemed necessary, the contractor will be responsible to obtaining all applicable permits including, but not limited to, an NPDES Permit for Dewatering Activities. The permit application will require a BMP plan, an erosion control plan, and a water quality monitoring plan. Water quality impacts associated with the disposal of dewatering effluent will also be addressed in the BMP plan, including appropriate characterization of any potential pollutants such as sediments and nutrients in the effluent. No long-term significant impacts to noise levels within the project site are anticipated as a result of construction and operation of the proposed project. In the short-term, noise from construction activities such as excavation, grading, cutting and paving will be unavoidable. The increase in noise level will vary according to the particular phase of construction. Noise may also increase as a result of operating heavy construction vehicles and other power equipment during the construction period. Construction noise impacts will be mitigated by compliance with provisions of the State DOH Administrative Rules, Title 11, Chapter 46, “Community Noise Control” noise control regulations. These rules require a noise permit if the noise levels from construction activities are expected to exceed the allowable levels stated in the DOH Administrative Rules. It shall be the contractor’s responsibility to minimize noise by properly maintaining noise mufflers and other noise-attenuating equipment, and to maintain noise levels within regulatory limits. Also, the guidelines for heavy equipment operation and noise curfew times, as set forth by the DOH noise control rules, will be adhered to; or if necessary, a noise permit shall be obtained. These rules require a noise variance for any night work. Night work is anticipated for the project and, as such, a noise variance will be obtained. Further, DOH rules require a


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noise permit if the noise levels from construction activities are expected to exceed the allowable levels stated in the DOH Administrative Rules. It shall be the contractor’s responsibility to minimize noise by properly maintaining noise mufflers and other noise-attenuating equipment, and to maintain noise levels within regulatory limits. Also, the guidelines for hours of heavy equipment operation and noise curfew times as set forth by the DOH noise control rules will be adhered to; or if necessary, a noise permit will be obtained. In the long-term, no significant noise impact is anticipated once the proposed project has been completed. Noise from vehicles will continue to be the primary noise source along the project site, however, no adverse noise effects from the project are anticipated since the project is not expected to generate additional traffic in the vicinity. (11) Affects or is likely to suffer damage by being located in an environmentally sensitive

area such as a flood plain, tsunami zone, beach, erosion-prone area, geologically hazardous land, estuary, fresh water, or coastal waters;

No short- or long-term significant impacts are anticipated as the project site is not located within an environmentally sensitive area. According to the Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) (Community Panel Numbers 1500030586F and 1500030567F, Effective Date: September 19, 2012) prepared by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), the project site is designated Zone VE and Zone AE. Zone VE includes areas with a 1% or greater change of flooding and have an additional hazard associated with storm waves. In general, these areas have a 26% chance of flooding over the life of a 30-year mortgage. Zone AE is characterized as a “special flood hazard area subject to inundation by the 1% annual chance flood.” Zone AE is also a “floodway,” in which “the channel of the stream plus any adjacent floodplain areas that must be kept free of the encroachment so that the 1% annual chance flood can be carried without substantial increases in flood height.” The 1% annual flood is also commonly referred to as the 100-year flood or the base flood. According to the Tsunami Evacuation Zone maps for Maui, the project site lies entirely within the tsunami evacuation zone. Construction activities within the respective flood hazard districts will be conducted in accordance with regulations set forth in Section 19.62.060, Maui County Code. Before construction of any development begins within any flood hazard area, flood-related erosion hazard area, or mudslide area, a special flood hazard area development permit shall be obtained from the Director of the Department of Planning. The project will also comply with the rules and regulations for the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) present in Title 44, of the Code of Federal Regulations (44CFR), as the project is within a Special Flood Hazard Area.


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(12) Substantially affects scenic vistas and viewplanes identified in county or state plans or studies; or,

In the short-term, a temporary bypass road and bridge are being proposed on the mauka side of the existing roadway. This use will be generally similar in visual character to that of the temporary bridge over the existing culverts. Compared to the existing culverts, the temporary bridge on the mauka side of South Kīhei Road would provide a higher view object (approximately 14 feet) for individuals utilizing South Kīhei Road or in close proximity to this portion of the road. However, the temporary bridge and bypass road are necessary in order to maintain usage of this portion of South Kīhei Road during construction of the replacement Kūlanihākoʻi Bridge. Once the new bridge is constructed, the temporary bypass road and bridge will be removed. In the long-term, the proposed replacement bridge is not anticipated to have significant impacts on notable view planes nor adversely affect important public viewing points or visual resources. As an already existing roadway and bridge, the project will not significantly change the scenic and visual character of the surrounding area. (13) Requires substantial energy consumption.

Operation of the proposed project will not result in a significant increase in energy consumption.


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7. CONSULTATION

7.1 Pre-Assessment Consultation The following agencies and organization were consulted during the preparation of the Draft EA. Of the 14 parties that formally replied during the pre-assessment period, some had no comments while others provided substantive comments as indicated by the and , respectively. All written comments are reproduced in Appendix F. Federal Agencies U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE)

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Service

State Agencies Department of Accounting and General Services

Department of Business, Economic Development & Tourism (DBEDT) DBEDT, Land Use Commission

DBEDT, Office of Planning Department of Education Department of Health (DOH)

DOH, Clean Water Branch DOH, Environmental Management Division

DOH, Environmental Planning Office DOH, Office of Environmental Quality Control

Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR) DLNR, Engineering Division

DLNR, Land Division DLNR, State Historic Preservation Division DLNR, Office of Conservation and Coastal Lands Department of Transportation

Office of Hawaiian Affairs County of Maui Department of Environmental Management Department of Fire and Public Safety Department of Parks and Recreation

Department of Planning Department of Public Works

Department of Transportation Department of Water Supply Police Department

Other Interested Parties and Individuals Kīhei Community Association


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7.2 Draft Environmental Assessment Consultation The following agencies and organizations will be were consulted during the public review period of the Draft EA. Of the 16 parties that formally replied during the public review period, some had no comments while others provided substantive comments as indicated by the and , respectively. All written comments are reproduced in Appendix G. Federal Agencies

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE) COE, Civil Works Technical Branch COE, Regulatory Branch

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service U.S. Geological Survey

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Marine Fisheries Service

State Agencies Department of Business, Economic Development, and Tourism (DBEDT) DBEDT, Office of Planning* Department of Health (DOH) DOH, Clean Water Branch DOH, Environmental Planning Office DOH, Maui District Health Office** DOH, Office of Environmental Quality Control Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR) DLNR, Engineering Division DLNR, Land Division DLNR, Office of Conservation and Coastal Lands DLNR, State Historic Preservation Division Office of Hawaiian Affairs University of Hawaiʻi Environmental Center Department of Transportation

County of Maui Department of Environmental Management

Department of Fire and Public Safety Department of Parks and Recreation Department of Planning

Department of Public Works Department of Transportation Department of Water Supply Police Department

Utility Companies Maui Electric Company Oceanic Time Warner Cable Hawaiʻi Gas Hawaiian Telcom


7-3

Other Interested Parties and Individuals Kīhei Community Association Kenranes, Ltd. Ann Blyde Annette Probst * Office of Planning letter and response was not included as part of the FEA-FONSI but

is included in the RFEA-FONSI. ** The DOH Maui District Health Office letter and response was included in the FEA-

FONSI. However, an additional letter and response were not included in the FEA-FONSI. A third letter was received after the filing of the FEA-FONSI. The additional letter, third letter and responses are included as part of the RFEA-FONSI.


7-4



8-1

8. REFERENCES

County of Maui. Drainage Master Plan for County of Maui, Prepared by R. M. Towill Corporation. October 1971.

County of Maui. Drainage Master Plan for Kīhei, Maui, Hawai‘i, Prepared by Norman Saito

Engineering Consultants, Inc. February 1993. County of Maui. Revised Environmental Impact Statement Kīhei Drainage Project. April

1980. County of Maui. Countywide Policy Plan. March 2010. County of Maui. Kīhei-Mākena Community Plan. 1998. County of Maui. Maui Island Plan 2030. May 2010. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Flood Insurance Rate Map Panel No.

1500030586F, effective date September 19, 2012. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Flood Insurance Rate Map Panel No.

1500030567F, effective date September 25, 2009. U.S. Census Bureau American FactFinder:

http://factfinder2.census.gov United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resource Conservation Service. Web Soil

Survey. Internet. Available at: http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/. United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resource Conservation Service. Soil

Classification. Internet. Available at: http://soils.usda.gov/technical/classification/ U.S. Geological Survey, Hazards in Hawai‘i, June 18, 2001:

http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/earthquakes/hazards/.

http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/

http://soils.usda.gov/technical/classification/


8-2


APPENDIX A

Dune Investigation, Kūlanihākoʻi Bridge

Sea Engineering, Inc.

August 13, 2012

APPENDIX B

Water Quality/Biological Surveys and a Wetland Delineation for a Bridge Repair on Lower Kūlanihākoʻi Gulch in Kīhei, Maui

AECOS, Inc.

March 5, 2013 Revised January 20, 2015

AECOS

Waterquality/biologicalsurveysand

awetlandsdelineation

for

abridgerepairon

lowerKlanihko‘iGulch

inKhei,Maui

AECOS,

RevisedJanuary20,2015

AECOS

Waterquality/biologicalsurveysanda

wetlandsdelineation

forabridgerepairon

lowerKlanihko‘iGulchinKhei,Maui

Rev.:January20,2015

AECOS

EricGu

inther,ChadLine

baugh,andRe

ginaldDa

vid1

AECO

S,Inc.

4593

9Kameh

ameh

aHw

y,Suite

104

Kne

’ohe

,Haw

ai’i96

744

Phon

e:(808

)234

7770

Fax:(808

)234

7775

Email:aecos@

aecos.com

mauka

mauka

AECOS

AECOS

WaterQualityandBiologicalSurveys

AECOS

muliwai


AECOS

AECOS

AECOS

Ana

lysi

s M

etho

d R

efer

ence

In

stru

men

t

Am

mon

ia

EPA

350

.1

USE

PA (1

993)

Te

chni

con

Aut

o A

naly

zer I

I

Benz

ene,

Tol

uene

, Et

hylb

enze

ne, a

nd

Xyl

enes

(BTE

X)

EPA

602

U

SEPA

(199

3)

Gas

chr

omat

ogra

ph

Chlo

roph

yll

SM 1

0200

H (M

) St

anda

rd M

etho

ds 2

0th

Editi

on (1

998)

Tu

rner

fluo

rom

eter

Diss

olve

d O

xyge

n SM

450

0-O

G

Stan

dard

Met

hods

20t

h Ed

ition

(199

8)

YSI

Mod

el P

ro 2

030

Diss

olve

d O

xyge

n M

eter

Nitr

ate

+ N

itrite

EP

A 3

53.2

Rev

2.0

U

SEPA

(199

3)

Tech

nico

n A

utoA

naly

zer I

I

Oil

& g

reas

e EP

A 1

664A

U

SEPA

(199

3)

Sepa

rato

ry fu

nnel

; Bal

ance

pH

SM 4

500

H+

Stan

dard

Met

hods

20t

h Ed

ition

(199

8)

Han

nah

pock

et p

H m

eter

Pesti

cide

s and

PC

Bs

EPA

608

.1/6

08.2

U

SEPA

(199

3)

Gas

chr

omat

ogra

ph

PAH

s EP

A 6

10

USE

PA (1

993)

H

igh

perfo

rman

ce li

quid

ch

rom

atog

raph

(HPL

C) o

r ga

s chr

omat

ogra

ph (G

C)


AECOS

Ana

lysi

s M

etho

d R

efer

ence

In

stru

men

t

Salin

ity

SM 2

520B

St

anda

rd M

etho

ds 2

0th

Editi

on (1

998)

Y

SI M

odel

Pro

203

0 D

issol

ved

Oxy

gen

Met

er

Tem

pera

ture

th

erm

ister

cal

ibra

ted

to

NBS

. Cer

t. th

erm

omet

er

SM 2

550

B

Stan

dard

Met

hods

20t

h Ed

ition

(199

8)

YSI

Mod

el P

ro 2

030

Diss

olve

d O

xyge

n M

eter

Tota

l Nitr

ogen

pe

rsul

fate

di

gesti

on/E

PA 3

53.2

G

rass

hoff

et a

l (19

86)/

USE

PA (1

993)

Te

chni

con

Aut

oAna

lyze

r II

Tota

l Pho

spho

rus

EPA

365

.30

USE

PA (1

993)

Te

chni

con

Aut

oAna

lyze

r II

Tota

l Sus

pend

ed

Solid

s M

etho

d 25

40 D

St

anda

rd M

etho

ds 2

0th

Editi

on (1

998)

M

ettle

r H31

bal

ance

Turb

idity

EP

A 1

80.1

Rev

2.0

EP

A (1

993)

H

ach

2100

N T

urbi

dim

eter

muliwai

adjacent


AECOS

muliwai

muliwai

muliwai

muliwai

muliwai


AECOS

muliwai

muliwai

CorpsofEngineersWetland

DelineationManual

RegionalSupplement

muliwai

ManualoftheFloweringPlantsofHawai‘i A

TropicalGardenFlora


AECOS

muliwai

muliwai

maukamakai

Lasiuruscinereus

semotus

‘pe‘ape‘a

insitu


AECOS

muliwai

insitu

(°C

) (m

g/l)

(% sa

t.)

-- (p

su)

(mg/l

)

29.6

7.

33

110

8.07

25

40

27.4

7.

88

114

8.01

24

33

31.5

7.

40

116

8.04

26

33

26.5

6.

85

103

8.11

34

74

(ntu)

(

g N/l)

(g N

/l) (

g N/l)

(g P

/l) (

g /l)

10.4

33

1 32

23

10

49

12.6

9.98

26

0 15

00

2100

68

0 10

.8

10.8

22

1 25

17

10

48

13.3

3.60

10

3 8

674

70

0.66

muliwai

muliwai


AECOS

muliwai

makai

muliwai

muliwai

AECOS

AECOS

muliwai

‘kulikuliSesuvium

portulacastrum

muliwai

Heliotropiumcurassavicum 3a

3b

‘akulikuli

‘aki‘aki

muliwai

‘akulikulikai

Batis

maritimus

‘aki‘aki

Sporobolusvirginicus

kiaweProsopispallida

makai ‘akiaWikstroemiausaurvi


AECOS

muliwai

‘kulikuli

muliwai

3a. N

on-n

ativ

e (o

rnam

enta

ls a

nd n

atur

aliz

ed) p

lant

s

Fam

ily

Com

mon

nam

e St

atus

A

bund

ance

N

otes

S

peci

es

FLO

WER

ING

PLA

NTS

D

ICO

TYLE

DO

NS

AN

AC

AR

DIA

CEA

E

Schi

nus t

ereb

inth

efol

ius R

addi

C

hris

tmas

ber

ry

Nat

R

FA

CU

B

ATA

CEA

E

Batis

mar

itim

a L.

pi

ckle

wee

d, ‘a

kulik

uli k

ai

Nat

R

1 O

BL


AECOS

Fa

mily

C

omm

on n

ame

Stat

us

Abu

ndan

ce

Not

es

Spe

cies

FA

BA

CEA

E

Pros

opis

pal

lida

(Hum

b. &

Bon

pl. e

x W

illd.

) K

unth

ki

awe

Nat

O

FA

CU

SOLA

NA

CEA

E

Nic

otia

na g

lauc

a R

.C. G

raha

m

tree

toba

cco

Nat

R

U

PL

So

lanu

m ly

cope

rsic

um v

ar. c

eras

iform

e (D

unal

) Sp

oone

r, A

nder

son,

& Ja

nsen

ch

erry

tom

ato

Nat

UPL

MO

NO

CO

TYLE

DO

NES

PO

AC

EAE

(GR

AM

INEA

E)

C

ynod

on d

acty

lon

(L.)

Pers

. B

erm

uda

gras

s N

at

U2

FAC

U

Tab

le 3

b. N

ativ

e (a

nd e

arly

Pol

ynes

ian

intr

oduc

ed) P

lant

s

Fam

ily

Com

mon

nam

e St

atus

A

bund

ance

N

otes

S

peci

es

FLO

WER

ING

PLA

NTS

D

ICO

TYLE

DO

NS

AIZ

OA

CEA

E

Sesu

vium

por

tula

cast

rum

(L.)

L.

‘ku

likul

i In

dA

A

FAC

B

OR

AG

INA

CEA

E

Cor

dia

subc

orda

ta L

am.

kou

Pol

O

FAC

U

H

elio

trop

um c

uras

savi

cum

L.

kp

kai

Ind

A

FAC

G

OO

DEN

IAC

EAE

Sc

aevo

la se

rice

a V

ahl.

naup

aka

Ind

O

FAC

U

MA

LVA

CEA

E

Thes

pesi

a po

puln

ea (L

.) So

l. ex

Cor

ra

milo

In

d?O

3 FA

C

W

alth

eria

indi

ca L

. ‘u

halo

a In

d?U

12

FAC

U

THY

MEL

AEA

CEA

E

Wik

stro

emia

uva

-urs

i A. G

ray

‘ki

a E

ndR

U

PL

MO

NO

CO

TYLE

DO

NES

C

YPE

RA

CEA

E

Bolb

osch

oenu

s mar

itim

us (L

.) Pa

lla

kalu

h

Ind

R2

OB

L PO

AC

EAE

(GR

AM

INEA

E)

Sp

orob

olus

vir

gini

cus (

L.) K

unth

‘a

ki‘a

ki

Ind

A

FAC

Le

gend

to T

able

3:

Stat

us =

dis

tribu

tiona

l sta

tus

E

nd =

en

dem

ic; n

ativ

e to

Haw

ai‘i

and

foun

d na

tura

lly n

owhe

re e

lse.

Ind

=

indi

geno

us; n

ativ

e to

Haw

ai‘i,

but

not

uni

que

to th

e H

awai

ian

Isla

nds.

In

d? =

po

ssib

ly in

dige

nous

or a

ver

y ea

rly P

olyn

esia

n in

trodu

ctio

n.

Nat

=

natu

raliz

ed, e

xotic

, pla

nt in

trodu

ced

to th

e H

awai

ian

Isla

nds s

ince

the

arriv

al o

f Coo

k Ex

pedi

tion

in 1

778,

and

w

ell-e

stab

lishe

d ou

tsid

e of

cul

tivat

ion.

Po

l =

early

Pol

ynes

ian

intro

duct

ion

(“ca

noe

plan

t”).

A

bund

ance

= o

ccur

renc

e ra

tings

for p

lant

s

R –

Rar

e -

on

ly o

ne o

r tw

o pl

ants

seen

.

U -

Unc

omm

on -

se

vera

l to

a do

zen

plan

ts o

bser

ved.

O -

Occ

asio

nal -

fo

und

regu

larly

, but

not

abu

ndan

t any

whe

re.

C

- C

omm

on -

cons

ider

ed a

n im

porta

nt p

art o

f the

veg

etat

ion

and

obse

rved

num

erou

s tim

es.


AECOS

A -

Abu

ndan

t - fo

und

in la

rge

num

bers

; may

be

loca

lly d

omin

ant.

A

A -

Abu

ndan

t - v

ery

abun

dant

and

dom

inan

t; de

finin

g ve

geta

tion

type

.

Num

bers

(as

in R

3) o

ffse

t occ

urre

nce

ratin

gs (1

– se

vera

l pla

nts;

2 –

man

y pl

ants

; 3

– ab

unda

nt

in

a li

mite

d ar

ea) i

n ca

ses w

here

dis

tribu

tion

acro

ss th

e su

rvey

are

a m

ay b

e lim

ited,

but

indi

vidu

als

se

en a

re m

ore

than

indi

cate

d by

the

occu

rren

ce ra

ting

alon

e.

N

otes

: Plan

t wet

land

stat

us a

fter L

ichv

ar (2

012)

and

Lic

hvar

et a

l. (2

014)

. Cod

es e

xpla

ined

in th

e te

xt..

muliwai


AECOS

muliwai ‘akulikuli

muliwai

muliwai

muliwai

muliwai

muliwai

Limiavittata

Poecilia

Sarotherodon

melanotheron

Oreochromismassambicus

Mugilcephalus


AECOS


AECOS

muliwai

Metopograpsus

thuhukar

‘akulikuli

muliwai


AECOS

Ischnuraramburi

muliwai

Genusspecies

INVERTEBRATES

ARTH

ROPODA,INSECTA

ODONATA

COENAGRIONIDAE

Ischnuraramburii

ARTH

ROPODA,

MALACOSTRACA,DECAPODA

GRAPSIDAE

Metopograpsusthukuhar

‘alamihi,kukuau

Ind

OCYPODIDAE

Ocypodepallidula

‘hiki

Ind

FISHES

CHORDATA,

ACTINOPTERYGII

CICHLIDAE

Oreochromismossambicus

Sarotherodonmelanotheron

MUGILIDAE

Mugilcephalus

‘ama‘am

aInd

POECILIIDAE

Poeciliareticulata

Poecilia

Limiavittata


AECOS

End

Ind.

muliwai

Himantopusmexicanusknudseni

Nycticorax

nycticorax

hoactli Pluvialis

fulva

Arenaria

interpres

Tringaincana

Bubulcus

ibis

Bubulcusibis

Nycticoraxnycticoraxhoactli

Himantopusm

exicanusknudseni

EE


AECOS

Pluvialisfulva

Tringaincana

Arenariainterpres

ST EE


AECOS

Pa

ram

eter

To

tal

Nit

roge

n

Nit

rate

+

Nit

rite

To

tal

Phos

phor

us

Turb

idit

y C

hlor

ophy

ll

(μg N

/l) (μ

g N/l)

(μg P

/l) (N

TU)

(mg/l

)

Geom

etric

mean

no

t to ex

ceed

giv

en va

lue

200.

0 8.

0 25

.0

1.5

2.0

Not to

exce

ed

more

than

10%

of

the tim

e 35

0.0

25.0

50

.0

3.0

5.00

Not to

exce

ed

more

than

2% of

the

time

500.

0 35

.0

75.0

5.

0 10

.0

pH –

shall

not d

eviat

e mor

e tha

n 0.5

units

from

ambie

nt an

d sha

ll not

be <

7.0 n

or >

8.6.

Diss

olved

oxyg

en –

not le

ss th

an 75

% sa

turati

on.

Temp

eratu

re –

shall

not v

ary m

ore t

han 1

°C fr

om am

bient.

Sa

linity

– no

t mor

e tha

n 10%

from

ambie

nt co

nditio

ns.

muliwai


AECOS

Date

Ti

me

Tem

p.

Salin

ity

D. O

. %

Sat

. pH

Tu

rbid

ity

2012 Au

g 14

6:12 A

M 22

.94

31.74

5.8

4 83

.6 8.1

9 5.4

7 Ap

r 25

6:09 A

M 21

.68

32.48

6.2

0 86

.7 8.2

0 5.9

9 Ja

n 1

6:08 A

M 22

.91

35.04

6.1

4 88

.6 8.1

9 7.5

4 20

11 Sep 1

4 6:0

3 AM

24.90

34

.26

5.92

88.1

8.12

6.37

2010 De

c 14

6:19 A

M 24

.89

34.86

5.6

3 84

.0 8.1

4 2.1

2 Oc

t 5

6:22 A

M 25

.33

34.36

5.8

6 88

.0 8.1

6 2.6

4 Ju

n 30

6:32 A

M 24

.36

33.06

4.8

8 71

.9 7.9

9 3.1

5 Ma

y 4

6:40 A

M 24

.65

33.37

5.2

4 77

.0 8.1

4 4.1

5 Ma

r 30

6:51 A

M 22

.61

33.92

5.9

3 84

.3 8.0

2 2.7

3 20

09De

c 8

6:59 A

M 23

.84

33.69

5.4

7 79

.9 8.2

1 5.9

0 Se

p 2

6:57 A

M 24

.55

33.51

5.2

6 77

.5 8.1

4 2.5

2 Ju

l 21

7:15 A

M 24

.96

33.90

5.7

6 85

.2 8.1

0 4.3

8 Ma

y 27

7:16 A

M 26

.32

32.35

4.8

3 73

.0 8.0

7 5.5

6 Ap

r 7

7:10 A

M 21

.51

33.64

6.1

4 85

.3 8.0

5 3.2

9 Ja

n 1

7:12 A

M 23

.91

34.35

--

-- 7.9

8 3.2

8 20

08Oc

t 1

7:04 A

M 24

.89

33.97

5.3

1 78

.6 8.0

3 11

.3 Ju

l 29

7:06 A

M 24

.62

32.41

5.4

5 79

.9 8.0

1 2.9

4

mea

n 24

.05

33.58

5.6

1 82

.0 8.1

0 4.6

7 st.

dev.

1.31

0.92

0.43

5.3

0.08

2.35

min

21.51

31

.74

4.83

71.9

7.98

2.12

max

26.32

35

.04

6.20

88.6

8.21

11.3

n 17

17

16

16

17

17


AECOS

Batis

martim

a‘kulikuli‘kulikuli

muliwai

‘kulikuli

muliwai

‘akulikulikai

Batismaritima

‘akulikuli

muliwai

muliwai

‘kulikuli


AECOS

holehole‘ama‘am

a‘alamihi

‘o‘opu

‘akupa

Eleotrissandwicensis

‘paekala‘ole

Macrobrachium

grandimanus

muliwai

makai

Pterodromasandwichensis

Puffinusauricularisnewelli

mauka

uluhe

Dicranopterislinearis


AECOS

Puffinuspacificus

Rattus

r.rattus

Rattus

norvegicus

Rattusexulanshawaiiensis

Mus

musculusdomesticus


AECOS

mauka

mauka


AECOS

muliwai m

auka

akulikuli


AECOS

inEvolution,Ecology,Conservation,andManagementofHawaiian

Birds:AVanishingAvifauna.

ChecklistofNorthAm

erican

Birds

TheAuk,

.TheAuk,

TheAuk,

TheAuk,

TheAuk,

ChecklistofNorth

AmericanBirdsTheAuk

TheAuk,


AECOS

TheAuk,

ChecklistofNorthAm

ericanBirdsTheAuk

ChecklistofNorthAm

ericanBirdsTheAuk

ChecklistofNorthAm

ericanBirdsTheAuk

ChecklistofNorthAm

ericanBirdsTheAuk

ColonialWaterbirds

Classificationof

WetlandsandDeepwaterHabitatsoftheUnitedStates

Puffinusauricularisnewelli

Auk


AECOS

Methods

ofSeawater

Analysis

Rapanosv.UnitedStates

Carabellv.UnitedStates

Elepaio

http://emdw

eb.doh

.haw

aii.gov/CleanWaterBranch/W

aterQualityD

ata

in:

Evolution,Ecology,Conservation,andManagementof

HawaiianBirds:AVanishingAvifauna


AECOS

TheNationalW

etland

PlantList

Phytoneuron,

http://tidesandcurrents.no

aa.gov/

data_m

enu.shtm

l?stn=

1615

680%

20Kahu

lui,%

20Kahu

lui%20

Harbor,%20

HI&type

=Ben

ch%20

Mark%

20Da

ta%20

Sheets;

ColonialWaterbirds

PlaceNam

esofHawaii

Auk


AECOS

Pterodroma

phaeopygia

In

http://w

ww.dnr.sc.gov/cgi

bin/wetland

s/nw

idecod

er.

StandardMethodsfortheExam

inationofWater

andWastewater

ATropicalGardenFlora.PlantsCultivated

intheHawaiianIslandsandotherTropical

Places.

‘Elepaio

WildlifeSoc.Bull. Mam

malsin

Hawaii

CorpsofEngineersWetlands

DelineationManual

RegionalSupplementtotheCorpsofEngineersWetlandDelineation

Manual:Hawai‘iandPacificIslandsRegionVersion2.0,


AECOS

http://w

ww.spn

.usace.arm

y.mil/

regulatory/nwp.html.

FederalRegister

http://w

ww.fw

s.gov/wetland

s/Do

cumen

ts/W

etland

sandDe

epwater

Habitats

Classificationchart.p

df h

ttp://www.fw

s.gov/wetland

s/Do

cumen

ts/W

etland

sandDe

epwater

Habitats

Mapping

Code

s.pd

f.

http://ecos.fw

s.gov/

tess_p

ublic/StartTESS.do

FederalRegister


AECOS

http://w

ww.fw

s.gov/

wetland

s/Da

ta/M

appe

r.htm

l

ManualoftheFlowering

PlantsofHawai‘i

SupplementtotheManualofthefloweringplantsof

Hawai‘i

In:

AECOS

Mea

n H

ighe

r Hig

h W

ater

Mea

n H

igh

Wat

er

APPR

OXIMATE

APPR

OXIMATE

HISTORIC EDG

E OF AKU

LIKU

LIHISTORIC EDG

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LIKU

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TEMPO

RARY

TEMPO

RARY

BRIDG

EBRIDGE

WET

LAN

D D

ELIN

EATI

ON

KU

LAN

IHA

KO

I BR

IDG

E R

EPLA

CEM

ENT

W:\8

256-

01\P

lannin

g\Gra

phics

\Wor

king\P

reco

nstru

ction

Noti

ficati

on

WE

TLA

ND

UP

LAN

D

UP

LAN

D

AECOS

WET

LAN

D D

ETER

MIN

ATI

ON

DA

TA F

OR

M—

Haw

ai‘i

and

Paci

fic Is

land

s

Pro

ject

/Site

:

Kul

anih

akoi

Cul

vert

at S

outh

Kih

ei R

oad

City

:

K

ihei

S

ampl

ing

Dat

e:

9/17

/201

2

T

ime:

10

:30

App

lican

t/Ow

ner:

Cou

nty

of M

aui

Sta

te/T

err./

Com

m.:

H

awai

i

Isla

nd:

Mau

i

Sam

plin

g P

oint

:

SP- 0

1

Inve

stig

ator

(s):

Eric

Gui

nthe

r, A

EC

OS

Inc.

TM

K/P

arce

l:

(2) 3

-9-0

01: 1

62

Land

form

(hill

slop

e, c

oast

al p

lain

, etc

.):

coas

tal e

stua

ry a

nd fl

oodp

lain

Loc

al re

lief (

conc

ave,

con

vex,

non

e):

min

imal

/flat

Lat:

20 4

5’ 5

6.11

0” N

__

____

L

ong:

156

27’2

9.40

8” W

D

atum

:

NA

D83

Slo

pe (%

):

Soi

l Map

Uni

t Nam

e:

Dun

e La

nd (D

L)

NW

I cla

ssifi

catio

n:

PU

BH

h/up

land

bor

der

Are

clim

actic

/hyd

rolo

gic

cond

ition

s on

the

site

typi

cal f

or th

is ti

me

of y

ear:

Yes

X

No

(If

no,

exp

lain

in R

emar

ks)

Are

Veg

etat

ion

X

, Soi

l

, or H

ydro

logy

_

sign

ifica

ntly

dis

turb

ed?

Are

“Nor

mal

Circ

umst

ance

s” p

rese

nt?

Yes

No

X

Are

Veg

etat

ion

, Soi

l

X

, or H

ydro

logy

X

na

tura

lly p

robl

emat

ic?

(If

nee

ded,

exp

lain

any

ans

wer

s in

Rem

arks

.)

SUM

MA

RY

OF

FIN

DIN

GS—

Atta

ch a

site

map

sho

win

g sa

mpl

ing

poin

t loc

atio

ns tr

anse

cts,

impo

rtan

t fea

ture

s, e

tc.

Hyd

roph

ytic

Veg

etat

ion

Pre

sent

?

Yes

X

N

o

Hyd

ric S

oil P

rese

nt?

Ye

s

No

X

Is

the

Sam

pled

Are

a

Wet

land

Hyd

rolo

gy P

rese

nt?

Ye

s _

_

No

X

w

ithin

a W

etla

nd?

Yes

N

o

X

Rem

arks

: 5 m

nor

th o

n lin

e no

rmal

to 2

0 m

mar

k.

VEG

ETAT

ION

—U

se s

cien

tific

nam

es o

f pla

nts.

A

bsol

ute

D

omin

ant

Indi

cato

r Tr

ee S

tratu

m (

Plo

t siz

e:

)

% C

over

Spe

cies

?

Sta

tus

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

=Tot

al C

over

Sap

ling/

Shr

ub S

tratu

m (P

lot s

ize:

)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

=Tot

al C

over

Her

b S

tratu

m (P

lot s

ize:

10

sq.

ft

)

1.

S

esuv

ium

por

tula

cast

rum

10

Y

FA

C

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

10

=T

otal

Cov

er

Woo

dy V

ine

Stra

tum

(Plo

t siz

e:

)

1.

2.

=Tot

al C

over

Dom

inan

ce T

est w

orks

heet

:

Num

ber o

f Dom

inan

t Spe

cies

Th

at A

re O

BL,

FA

CW

, or F

AC

:

1

(A

)

Tota

l Num

ber o

f Dom

inan

t S

peci

es A

cros

s A

ll S

trata

:

1

(B

)

Per

cent

of D

omin

ant S

peci

es

That

Are

OB

L, F

AC

W, o

r FA

C:

100

(A

/B)

Prev

alen

ce In

dex

wor

kshe

et:

To

tal %

Cov

er o

f:

Mul

tiply

by:

OB

L sp

ecie

s

x1

=

FAC

W s

peci

es

x2=

FAC

spe

cies

x3=

FAC

U s

peci

es

x4

=

UP

L sp

ecie

s

x5

=

Col

umn

Tota

ls:

(A)

(B)

Pre

vale

nce

Inde

x =

B/A

=

Hyd

roph

ytic

Veg

etat

ion

Indi

cato

rs:

1

- R

apid

Tes

t for

Hyd

roph

ytic

Veg

etat

ion

X

2 -

Dom

inan

ce T

est i

s >5

0%

3

- P

reva

lenc

e In

dex

is <

3.01

Pro

blem

atic

Hyd

roph

ytic

Veg

etat

ion

1 (Exp

lain

in

Rem

arks

or i

n th

e de

linea

tion

repo

rt)

1 Indi

cato

rs o

f hyd

ric s

oil a

nd w

etla

nd h

ydro

logy

mus

t be

pres

ent,

unle

ss d

istu

rbed

or p

robl

emat

ic.

Hyd

roph

ytic

Ve

geta

tion

Pres

ent?

Yes

X

No

Rem

arks

Fl

ora

is e

ntire

ly n

ativ

es p

lant

ed in

app

ropr

iate

hab

itats

and

pos

sibl

y w

ater

ed a

t som

e tim

e in

the

past

. 90%

bar

e sa

nd.

US

Arm

y C

orps

of E

ngin

eers

Haw

ai‘i

and

Pac

ific

Isla

nds

Reg

ion—

Ver

sion

2.0

SOIL

Sa

mpl

ing

Poin

t: S

P-0

1

Prof

ile D

escr

iptio

n: (D

escr

ibe

to th

e de

pth

need

ed to

doc

umen

t the

indi

cato

r or c

onfir

m th

e ab

senc

e of

indi

cato

rs.)

Dep

th

M

atrix

R

edox

Fea

ture

s

(in

ches

)

C

olor

(m

oist

)

%

C

olor

(moi

st)

%

Type

1

Loc2

Te

xtur

e

R

emar

ks

0 - 8

5YR

2.5

/1

100

loam

y sa

nd

__

____

____

__

8

- 14

5Y

R 5

/1

75

lo

amy

sand

va

rves

pre

sent

“

5

YR 3

/3

25

silty

san

d

__

____

____

____

_

1 Type

: C=C

once

ntra

tion,

D=D

eple

tion,

RM

=Red

uced

Mat

rix, M

S=M

aske

d S

and

Gra

ins

2 Loca

tion:

PL=

Por

e Li

ning

, M=M

atrix

H

ydric

Soi

l Ind

icat

ors:

In

dica

tors

for P

robl

emat

ic H

ydric

Soi

ls3 :

H

istis

ols

(A1)

San

dy R

edox

(S5)

S

tratif

ied

Laye

rs (A

5)

H

istic

Epi

pedo

n (A

2)

Dar

k-S

urfa

ce (S

7)

San

dy M

ucky

Min

eral

(S1)

Bla

ck H

istic

(A3)

Lo

amy

Gle

yed

Mat

rix (F

2)

Red

Par

ent M

ater

ial (

TF2)

Hyd

roge

n S

ulfid

e (A

4)

D

eple

ted

Mat

rix (F

3)

V

ery

Sha

llow

Dar

k S

urfa

ce (T

F12)

Muc

k P

rese

nce

(A8)

R

edox

Dar

k S

urfa

ce (F

6)

Oth

er (E

xpla

in in

Rem

arks

)

Dep

lete

d B

elow

Dar

k S

urfa

ce (A

11)

D

eple

ted

Dar

k S

urfa

ce (F

7)

Th

ick

Dar

k S

urfa

ce (A

12)

Red

ox D

epre

ssio

ns (F

8)

3 Indi

cato

rs o

f hyd

roph

ytic

veg

etat

ion

and

wet

land

hyd

rolo

gy

S

andy

Gla

yed

Mat

rix (S

4)

mus

t be

pres

ent,

unle

ss d

istu

rbed

or p

robl

emat

ic.

Res

tric

tive

Laye

r (if

obse

rved

):

Type

:

Dep

th (i

nche

s):

Hyd

ric S

oil P

rese

nt:

Yes

N

o

X

Rem

arks

: “S

oil”

is a

olea

n: s

and

blow

n in

land

and

mix

ed t

o va

rious

deg

rees

with

terr

igen

ous

sedi

men

ts b

roug

ht in

to a

rea

by fr

eshe

ts; e

vide

nce

of

laye

ring

(aeo

lian

or a

lluvi

al?)

bel

ow 8

inch

es.

Bre

akin

g ap

art i

n bl

ocks

with

ver

y th

in fl

uore

scen

t pur

ple

surfa

ces

on e

xpos

ed jo

ints

. Dar

k co

lor r

efle

cts

sour

ce m

ater

ial (

volc

anic

san

d).

HYD

RO

LOG

YW

etla

nd H

ydro

logy

Indi

cato

rs: (

Exp

lain

obs

erva

tions

in R

emar

ks, i

f nee

ded.

) P

rimar

y In

dica

tors

(min

imum

of o

ne re

quire

d: c

heck

all

that

app

ly)

S

econ

dary

Indi

cato

rs (m

inim

um o

f tw

o re

quire

d)

Sur

face

Wat

er (A

1)

Aqu

atic

Fau

na (B

13)

Sur

face

Soi

l Cra

cks

(B6)

Hig

h W

ater

Tab

le (A

2)

Ti

lapi

a N

ests

(B17

)

Spa

rsel

y V

eget

ated

Con

cave

Sur

face

(B8)

Sat

urat

ion

(A3)

H

ydro

gen

Sul

fide

Odo

r (C

1)

Dra

inag

e P

atte

rns

(B10

)

Wat

er M

arks

(B1)

Oxi

dize

d R

hizo

sphe

res

on L

ivin

g R

oots

(C3)

D

ry-S

easo

n W

ater

Tab

le (C

2)

S

edim

ent D

epos

its (B

2)

Pre

senc

e of

Red

uced

Iron

(C4)

S

alt D

epos

its (C

5)

D

rift D

epos

its (B

3)

R

ecen

t Iro

n R

educ

tion

in T

iled

Soi

ls (C

6)

Stu

nted

or S

tress

ed P

lant

s (D

1)

A

lgal

Mat

or C

rust

(B4)

Th

in M

uck

Sur

face

(C7)

X

G

eom

orph

ic P

ositi

on (D

2)

Iro

n D

epos

its (B

5)

Fi

ddle

r Cra

b B

urro

ws

(C10

) (G

uam

, CN

MI,

S

hallo

w A

quita

rd (D

3)

In

nund

atio

n V

isib

le o

n A

eria

l Im

ager

y (B

7)

and

Am

eric

an S

amoa

)

FA

C-N

eutra

l Tes

t (D

5)

W

ater

Sta

ined

Lea

ves

(B9)

O

ther

(Exp

lain

in R

emar

ks)

Fiel

d O

bser

vatio

ns:

Sur

face

Wat

er P

rese

nt?

Yes

No

X

D

epth

(inc

hes)

:

Wat

er T

able

Pre

sent

?

Yes

No

X

D

epth

(inc

hes)

:

Sat

urat

ion

Pre

sent

?

Ye

s

N

o

X

Dep

th (i

nche

s):

Wet

land

Hyd

rolo

gy P

rese

nt?

Ye

s

No

X

(incl

udes

cap

illar

y fri

nge)

Des

crib

e R

ecor

ded

Dat

a (s

tream

gau

ge, m

onito

ring

wel

l, ae

rial p

hoto

s, p

revi

ous

insp

ectio

ns),

if av

aila

ble:

Rem

arks

:

Drif

ted

woo

d de

posi

ts in

dica

te a

rea

is s

ubje

ct to

infre

quen

t fre

shet

floo

ding

and

not

in a

ny p

atte

rn s

ugge

stiv

e of

wav

e-di

strib

uted

mat

eria

l at h

igh

tide,

or

regu

lar f

low

dep

osite

d m

ater

ial.

US

Arm

y C

orps

of E

ngin

eers

Haw

ai‘i

and

Pac

ific

Isla

nds

Reg

ion—

Ver

sion

2.0

WET

LAN

D D

ETER

MIN

ATI

ON

DA

TA F

OR

M—

Haw

ai‘i

and

Paci

fic Is

land

s

Pro

ject

/Site

:

Kul

anih

akoi

Cul

vert

at S

outh

Kih

ei R

oad

City

:

K

ihei

S

ampl

ing

Dat

e:

9/17

/201

2

T

ime:

10

:30

App

lican

t/Ow

ner:

Cou

nty

of M

aui

Sta

te/T

err./

Com

m.:

H

awai

i

Isla

nd:

Mau

i

Sam

plin

g P

oint

:

SP- 0

2

Inve

stig

ator

(s):

Eric

Gui

nthe

r, A

EC

OS

Inc.

TM

K/P

arce

l:

(2) 3

-9-0

01: 1

62

Land

form

(hill

slop

e, c

oast

al p

lain

, etc

.):

coas

tal e

stua

ry a

nd fl

oodp

lain

Loc

al re

lief (

conc

ave,

con

vex,

non

e):

min

imal

/flat

Lat:

20

45’

56.

278”

N

L

ong:

156

27’

29.

357”

W

Dat

um:

N

AD

83

S

lope

(%):

Soi

l Map

Uni

t Nam

e:

D

une

Land

(DL)

NW

I cla

ssifi

catio

n:

up

land

Are

clim

actic

/hyd

rolo

gic

cond

ition

s on

the

site

typi

cal f

or th

is ti

me

of y

ear:

Yes

X

No

(If

no,

exp

lain

in R

emar

ks)

Are

Veg

etat

ion

X

, Soi

l

, or H

ydro

logy

si

gnifi

cant

ly d

istu

rbed

? A

re “N

orm

al C

ircum

stan

ces”

pre

sent

? Ye

s

N

o

X

Are

Veg

etat

ion

, Soi

l

X

, or H

ydro

logy

X

na

tura

lly p

robl

emat

ic?

(If

nee

ded,

exp

lain

any

ans

wer

s in

Rem

arks

.)

SUM

MA

RY

OF

FIN

DIN

GS—

Atta

ch a

site

map

sho

win

g sa

mpl

ing

poin

t loc

atio

ns tr

anse

cts,

impo

rtan

t fea

ture

s, e

tc.

Hyd

roph

ytic

Veg

etat

ion

Pre

sent

?

Yes

N

o

X

Hyd

ric S

oil P

rese

nt?

Ye

s

No

X

Is

the

Sam

pled

Are

a

Wet

land

Hyd

rolo

gy P

rese

nt?

Ye

s

No

X

w

ithin

a W

etla

nd?

Yes

N

o

X

Rem

arks

: 10

m n

orth

on

line

nor

mal

to

20 m

mar

k.

VEG

ETAT

ION

—U

se s

cien

tific

nam

es o

f pla

nts.

A

bsol

ute

D

omin

ant

Indi

cato

r Tr

ee S

tratu

m (

Plo

t siz

e:

)

% C

over

Spe

cies

?

Sta

tus

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

=Tot

al C

over

Sap

ling/

Shr

ub S

tratu

m (P

lot s

ize:

)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

=Tot

al C

over

Her

b S

tratu

m (P

lot s

ize:

25 s

q ft

)

1.

S

esuv

ium

por

tula

cast

rum

(n

earb

y, o

nly)

0

n/a

FAC

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

0

=To

tal C

over

Woo

dy V

ine

Stra

tum

(Plo

t siz

e:

)

1.

2.

=Tot

al C

over

Dom

inan

ce T

est w

orks

heet

:

Num

ber o

f Dom

inan

t Spe

cies

Th

at A

re O

BL,

FA

CW

, or F

AC

:

0

(A

)

Tota

l Num

ber o

f Dom

inan

t S

peci

es A

cros

s A

ll S

trata

:

0

(B

)

Per

cent

of D

omin

ant S

peci

es

That

Are

OB

L, F

AC

W, o

r FA

C:

0

(A

/B)

Prev

alen

ce In

dex

wor

kshe

et:

To

tal %

Cov

er o

f:

Mul

tiply

by:

OB

L sp

ecie

s

x1

=

FAC

W s

peci

es

x2=

FAC

spe

cies

x3=

FAC

U s

peci

es

x4

=

UP

L sp

ecie

s

x5

=

Col

umn

Tota

ls:

(A)

(B)

Pre

vale

nce

Inde

x =

B/A

=

Hyd

roph

ytic

Veg

etat

ion

Indi

cato

rs:

1 -

Rap

id T

est f

or H

ydro

phyt

ic V

eget

atio

n

2 -

Dom

inan

ce T

est i

s >5

0%

3 -

Pre

vale

nce

Inde

x is

<3.

01

P

robl

emat

ic H

ydro

phyt

ic V

eget

atio

n 1 (E

xpla

in in

Rem

arks

or i

n th

e de

linea

tion

repo

rt)

1 Indi

cato

rs o

f hyd

ric s

oil a

nd w

etla

nd h

ydro

logy

mus

t be

pres

ent,

unle

ss d

istu

rbed

or p

robl

emat

ic.

Hyd

roph

ytic

Ve

geta

tion

Pres

ent?

Yes

No

X

Rem

arks

Fl

ora

is e

ntire

ly n

ativ

es p

lant

ed in

app

ropr

iate

hab

itats

and

pos

sibl

y w

ater

ed a

t som

e tim

e in

the

past

. P

robl

emat

ic b

ecau

se w

indb

low

n sa

nd is

co

unte

ring

the

effo

rt to

gro

w S

esuv

ium

thro

ugh

infre

quen

t wat

erin

g.

US

Arm

y C

orps

of E

ngin

eers

Haw

ai‘i

and

Pac

ific

Isla

nds

Reg

ion—

Ver

sion

2.0

SOIL

Sa

mpl

ing

Poin

t: SP

-02

Prof

ile D

escr

iptio

n: (D

escr

ibe

to th

e de

pth

need

ed to

doc

umen

t the

indi

cato

r or c

onfir

m th

e ab

senc

e of

indi

cato

rs.)

Dep

th

M

atrix

R

edox

Fea

ture

s

(in

ches

)

C

olor

(m

oist

)

%

C

olor

(moi

st)

%

Type

1

Loc2

Te

xtur

e

R

emar

ks

0 –

4_

____

____

_

10

0

__

dry

sand

_s

and

is fi

ne__

4- 1

9

5YR

5/1

99

loam

y sa

nd

____

____

____

_

____

_

5 YR

3/3

1_

_

si

lty s

and

____

____

____

___

1 Type

: C=C

once

ntra

tion,

D=D

eple

tion,

RM

=Red

uced

Mat

rix, M

S=M

aske

d S

and

Gra

ins

2 Loca

tion:

PL=

Por

e Li

ning

, M=M

atrix

H

ydric

Soi

l Ind

icat

ors:

In

dica

tors

for P

robl

emat

ic H

ydric

Soi

ls3 :

H

istis

ols

(A1)

San

dy R

edox

(S5)

S

tratif

ied

Laye

rs (A

5)

H

istic

Epi

pedo

n (A

2)

Dar

k-S

urfa

ce (S

7)

San

dy M

ucky

Min

eral

(S1)

Bla

ck H

istic

(A3)

Lo

amy

Gle

yed

Mat

rix (F

2)

Red

Par

ent M

ater

ial (

TF2)

Hyd

roge

n S

ulfid

e (A

4)

D

eple

ted

Mat

rix (F

3)

V

ery

Sha

llow

Dar

k S

urfa

ce (T

F12)

Muc

k P

rese

nce

(A8)

R

edox

Dar

k S

urfa

ce (F

6)

Oth

er (E

xpla

in in

Rem

arks

)

Dep

lete

d B

elow

Dar

k S

urfa

ce (A

11)

D

eple

ted

Dar

k S

urfa

ce (F

7)

Th

ick

Dar

k S

urfa

ce (A

12)

Red

ox D

epre

ssio

ns (F

8)

3 Indi

cato

rs o

f hyd

roph

ytic

veg

etat

ion

and

wet

land

hyd

rolo

gy

S

andy

Gla

yed

Mat

rix (S

4)

mus

t be

pres

ent,

unle

ss d

istu

rbed

or p

robl

emat

ic.

Res

tric

tive

Laye

r (if

obse

rved

):

Type

:

Dep

th (i

nche

s):

Hyd

ric S

oil P

rese

nt:

Yes

N

o

X

Rem

arks

:

Soi

l is

aole

an s

and

blow

n in

land

, mix

ed to

var

ious

deg

rees

with

terr

igen

ous

sedi

men

ts b

roug

ht in

to a

rea

by fr

eshe

ts. H

ere,

rece

ntly

dep

osite

d sa

nd li

es

over

the

dark

laye

r.

HYD

RO

LOG

YW

etla

nd H

ydro

logy

Indi

cato

rs: (

Exp

lain

obs

erva

tions

in R

emar

ks, i

f nee

ded.

) P

rimar

y In

dica

tors

(min

imum

of o

ne re

quire

d: c

heck

all

that

app

ly)

S

econ

dary

Indi

cato

rs (m

inim

um o

f tw

o re

quire

d)

Sur

face

Wat

er (A

1)

Aqu

atic

Fau

na (B

13)

Sur

face

Soi

l Cra

cks

(B6)

Hig

h W

ater

Tab

le (A

2)

Ti

lapi

a N

ests

(B17

)

_

Spa

rsel

y V

eget

ated

Con

cave

Sur

face

(B8)

Sat

urat

ion

(A3)

H

ydro

gen

Sul

fide

Odo

r (C

1)

Dra

inag

e P

atte

rns

(B10

)

Wat

er M

arks

(B1)

Oxi

dize

d R

hizo

sphe

res

on L

ivin

g R

oots

(C3)

D

ry-S

easo

n W

ater

Tab

le (C

2)

S

edim

ent D

epos

its (B

2)

Pre

senc

e of

Red

uced

Iron

(C4)

S

alt D

epos

its (C

5)

D

rift D

epos

its (B

3)

R

ecen

t Iro

n R

educ

tion

in T

iled

Soi

ls (C

6)

Stu

nted

or S

tress

ed P

lant

s (D

1)

A

lgal

Mat

or C

rust

(B4)

Th

in M

uck

Sur

face

(C7)

X

G

eom

orph

ic P

ositi

on (D

2)

Iro

n D

epos

its (B

5)

Fi

ddle

r Cra

b B

urro

ws

(C10

) (G

uam

, CN

MI,

S

hallo

w A

quita

rd (D

3)

In

nund

atio

n V

isib

le o

n A

eria

l Im

ager

y (B

7)

and

Am

eric

an S

amoa

)

FA

C-N

eutra

l Tes

t (D

5)

W

ater

Sta

ined

Lea

ves

(B9)

O

ther

(Exp

lain

in R

emar

ks)

Fiel

d O

bser

vatio

ns:

Sur

face

Wat

er P

rese

nt?

Yes

No

X

D

epth

(inc

hes)

:

Wat

er T

able

Pre

sent

?

Yes

No

X

D

epth

(inc

hes)

:

Sat

urat

ion

Pre

sent

?

Ye

s

No

X

D

epth

(inc

hes)

:

Wet

land

Hyd

rolo

gy P

rese

nt?

Ye

s

No

X

(incl

udes

cap

illar

y fri

nge)

Des

crib

e R

ecor

ded

Dat

a (s

tream

gau

ge, m

onito

ring

wel

l, ae

rial p

hoto

s, p

revi

ous

insp

ectio

ns),

if av

aila

ble:

Rem

arks

:

US

Arm

y C

orps

of E

ngin

eers

Haw

ai‘i

and

Pac

ific

Isla

nds

Reg

ion—

Ver

sion

2.0

WET

LAN

D D

ETER

MIN

ATI

ON

DA

TA F

OR

M—

Haw

ai‘i

and

Paci

fic Is

land

s

Pro

ject

/Site

:

Kul

anih

akoi

Cul

vert

at S

outh

Kih

ei R

oad

City

:

K

ihei

S

ampl

ing

Dat

e:

9/17

/201

2

T

ime:

11

:30

App

lican

t/Ow

ner:

Cou

nty

of M

aui

Sta

te/T

err./

Com

m.:

H

awai

i

Isla

nd:

Mau

i

Sam

plin

g P

oint

:

SP- 0

3

Inve

stig

ator

(s):

Eric

Gui

nthe

r, A

EC

OS

Inc.

TM

K/P

arce

l:

(2) 3

-9-0

01: 1

62

Land

form

(hill

slop

e, c

oast

al p

lain

, etc

.):

coas

tal e

stua

ry a

nd fl

oodp

lain

Loc

al re

lief (

conc

ave,

con

vex,

non

e):

min

imal

/flat

Lat:

20 4

5’ 5

6,07

5 N

L

ong:

156

27’

29.

043”

W

Dat

um:

N

AD

83

S

lope

(%):

Soi

l Map

Uni

t Nam

e:

D

une

Land

(DL)

NW

I cla

ssifi

catio

n:

PU

BH

h

Are

clim

actic

/hyd

rolo

gic

cond

ition

s on

the

site

typi

cal f

or th

is ti

me

of y

ear:

Yes

X

No

(If

no,

exp

lain

in R

emar

ks)

Are

Veg

etat

ion

X

, Soi

l

, or H

ydro

logy

si

gnifi

cant

ly d

istu

rbed

? A

re “N

orm

al C

ircum

stan

ces”

pre

sent

? Ye

s

N

o

X

Are

Veg

etat

ion

, Soi

l

X

, or H

ydro

logy

X

na

tura

lly p

robl

emat

ic?

(If

nee

ded,

exp

lain

any

ans

wer

s in

Rem

arks

.)

SUM

MA

RY

OF

FIN

DIN

GS—

Atta

ch a

site

map

sho

win

g sa

mpl

ing

poin

t loc

atio

ns tr

anse

cts,

impo

rtan

t fea

ture

s, e

tc.

Hyd

roph

ytic

Veg

etat

ion

Pre

sent

?

Yes

X

N

o

Hyd

ric S

oil P

rese

nt?

Ye

s

X

No

Is

the

Sam

pled

Are

a

Wet

land

Hyd

rolo

gy P

rese

nt?

Ye

s

X

No

w

ithin

a W

etla

nd?

Yes

X

No

Rem

arks

: 6.1

m (2

0 ft)

nor

th o

f mul

iwai

WL

(1.9

m n

orth

of t

rans

ect 3

0 m

mar

k).

VEG

ETAT

ION

—U

se s

cien

tific

nam

es o

f pla

nts.

A

bsol

ute

D

omin

ant

Indi

cato

r Tr

ee S

tratu

m (

Plo

t siz

e:

)

% C

over

Spe

cies

?

Sta

tus

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

=Tot

al C

over

Sap

ling/

Shr

ub S

tratu

m (P

lot s

ize:

)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

=Tot

al C

over

Her

b S

tratu

m (P

lot s

ize:

100

sq .

ft

)

1.

S

esuv

ium

por

tula

cast

rum

10

Y

FA

C

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

10

=Tot

al C

over

Woo

dy V

ine

Stra

tum

(Plo

t siz

e:

)

1.

2.

=Tot

al C

over

Dom

inan

ce T

est w

orks

heet

:

Num

ber o

f Dom

inan

t Spe

cies

Th

at A

re O

BL,

FA

CW

, or F

AC

:

1

(A

)

Tota

l Num

ber o

f Dom

inan

t S

peci

es A

cros

s A

ll S

trata

:

1

(B

)

Per

cent

of D

omin

ant S

peci

es

That

Are

OB

L, F

AC

W, o

r FA

C:

100

(A

/B)

Prev

alen

ce In

dex

wor

kshe

et:

To

tal %

Cov

er o

f:

Mul

tiply

by:

OB

L sp

ecie

s

x1

=

FAC

W s

peci

es

x2=

FAC

spe

cies

x3=

FAC

U s

peci

es

x4

=

UP

L sp

ecie

s

x5

=

Col

umn

Tota

ls:

(A)

(B)

Pre

vale

nce

Inde

x =

B/A

=

Hyd

roph

ytic

Veg

etat

ion

Indi

cato

rs:

__

1

- R

apid

Tes

t for

Hyd

roph

ytic

Veg

etat

ion

X 2

- D

omin

ance

Tes

t is

>50%

3

- P

reva

lenc

e In

dex

is <

3.01

Pro

blem

atic

Hyd

roph

ytic

Veg

etat

ion

1 (Exp

lain

in

Rem

arks

or i

n th

e de

linea

tion

repo

rt)

1 Indi

cato

rs o

f hyd

ric s

oil a

nd w

etla

nd h

ydro

logy

mus

t be

pres

ent,

unle

ss d

istu

rbed

or p

robl

emat

ic.

Hyd

roph

ytic

Ve

geta

tion

Pres

ent?

Yes

X

No

Rem

arks

Fl

ora

is e

ntire

ly n

ativ

es p

lant

ed in

app

ropr

iate

hab

itats

and

pos

sibl

y w

ater

ed a

t som

e tim

e in

the

past

.

US

Arm

y C

orps

of E

ngin

eers

Haw

ai‘i

and

Pac

ific

Isla

nds

Reg

ion—

Ver

sion

2.0

SOIL

Sa

mpl

ing

Poin

t: SP

-03

Prof

ile D

escr

iptio

n: (D

escr

ibe

to th

e de

pth

need

ed to

doc

umen

t the

indi

cato

r or c

onfir

m th

e ab

senc

e of

indi

cato

rs.)

Dep

th

M

atrix

R

edox

Fea

ture

s

(in

ches

)

C

olor

(m

oist

)

%

C

olor

(moi

st)

%

Type

1

Loc2

Te

xtur

e

R

emar

ks

0 - 1

10 Y

R 2

.5/1

100

loam

y sa

nd

ao

lean

1 - 1

5

10 Y

R 2

.5/2

100

b

lack

incl

usio

ns

<1%

loam

y sa

nd

ox

idat

ion

w/e

xpos

ure

15 -

17

7.5

YR 4

/3+

100

sand

y cl

ay

1 Type

: C=C

once

ntra

tion,

D=D

eple

tion,

RM

=Red

uced

Mat

rix, M

S=M

aske

d S

and

Gra

ins

2 Loca

tion:

PL=

Por

e Li

ning

, M=M

atrix

H

ydric

Soi

l Ind

icat

ors:

In

dica

tors

for P

robl

emat

ic H

ydric

Soi

ls3 :

H

istis

ols

(A1)

San

dy R

edox

(S5)

X

S

tratif

ied

Laye

rs (A

5)

H

istic

Epi

pedo

n (A

2)

Dar

k-S

urfa

ce (S

7)

San

dy M

ucky

Min

eral

(S1)

Bla

ck H

istic

(A3)

Lo

amy

Gle

yed

Mat

rix (F

2)

Red

Par

ent M

ater

ial (

TF2)

Hyd

roge

n S

ulfid

e (A

4)

D

eple

ted

Mat

rix (F

3)

V

ery

Sha

llow

Dar

k S

urfa

ce (T

F12)

Muc

k P

rese

nce

(A8)

R

edox

Dar

k S

urfa

ce (F

6)

Oth

er (E

xpla

in in

Rem

arks

)

Dep

lete

d B

elow

Dar

k S

urfa

ce (A

11)

D

eple

ted

Dar

k S

urfa

ce (F

7)

Th

ick

Dar

k S

urfa

ce (A

12)

Red

ox D

epre

ssio

ns (F

8)

3 Indi

cato

rs o

f hyd

roph

ytic

veg

etat

ion

and

wet

land

hyd

rolo

gy

S

andy

Gla

yed

Mat

rix (S

4)

mus

t be

pres

ent,

unle

ss d

istu

rbed

or p

robl

emat

ic.

Res

tric

tive

Laye

r (if

obse

rved

):

Type

:

Dep

th (i

nche

s):

Hyd

ric S

oil P

rese

nt:

Yes

X

N

o

Rem

arks

:

Soi

l is

aole

an s

and

blow

n in

land

, mix

ed to

var

ious

deg

rees

with

terr

igen

ous

sedi

men

ts b

roug

ht in

to a

rea

by fr

eshe

ts.

Dee

per l

ayer

is fl

ood

depo

site

d se

dim

ent w

ith e

vide

nce

of s

tratif

icat

ion

laye

rs .

HYD

RO

LOG

YW

etla

nd H

ydro

logy

Indi

cato

rs: (

Exp

lain

obs

erva

tions

in R

emar

ks, i

f nee

ded.

) P

rimar

y In

dica

tors

(min

imum

of o

ne re

quire

d: c

heck

all

that

app

ly)

S

econ

dary

Indi

cato

rs (m

inim

um o

f tw

o re

quire

d)

Sur

face

Wat

er (A

1)

Aqu

atic

Fau

na (B

13)

Sur

face

Soi

l Cra

cks

(B6)

Hig

h W

ater

Tab

le (A

2)

Ti

lapi

a N

ests

(B17

)

Spa

rsel

y V

eget

ated

Con

cave

Sur

face

(B8)

Sat

urat

ion

(A3)

H

ydro

gen

Sul

fide

Odo

r (C

1)

Dra

inag

e P

atte

rns

(B10

)

Wat

er M

arks

(B1)

Oxi

dize

d R

hizo

sphe

res

on L

ivin

g R

oots

(C3)

D

ry-S

easo

n W

ater

Tab

le (C

2)

S

edim

ent D

epos

its (B

2)

X

Pre

senc

e of

Red

uced

Iron

(C4)

S

alt D

epos

its (C

5)

D

rift D

epos

its (B

3)

R

ecen

t Iro

n R

educ

tion

in T

iled

Soi

ls (C

6)

Stu

nted

or S

tress

ed P

lant

s (D

1)

A

lgal

Mat

or C

rust

(B4)

Th

in M

uck

Sur

face

(C7)

X

G

eom

orph

ic P

ositi

on (D

2)

Iro

n D

epos

its (B

5)

Fi

ddle

r Cra

b B

urro

ws

(C10

) (G

uam

, CN

MI,

S

hallo

w A

quita

rd (D

3)

In

nund

atio

n V

isib

le o

n A

eria

l Im

ager

y (B

7)

and

Am

eric

an S

amoa

)

FA

C-N

eutra

l Tes

t (D

5)

W

ater

Sta

ined

Lea

ves

(B9)

O

ther

(Exp

lain

in R

emar

ks)

Fiel

d O

bser

vatio

ns:

Sur

face

Wat

er P

rese

nt?

Yes

N

o

X

Dep

th (i

nche

s):

Wat

er T

able

Pre

sent

?

Yes

N

o

X

Dep

th (i

nche

s):

Sat

urat

ion

Pre

sent

?

Ye

s

No

X

D

epth

(inc

hes)

:

Wet

land

Hyd

rolo

gy P

rese

nt?

Ye

s

X

No

(incl

udes

cap

illar

y fri

nge)

Des

crib

e R

ecor

ded

Dat

a (s

tream

gau

ge, m

onito

ring

wel

l, ae

rial p

hoto

s, p

revi

ous

insp

ectio

ns),

if av

aila

ble:

Rem

arks

:

Loca

ted

6.1

m (2

0 ft)

aw

ay fr

om s

hore

of f

lood

ed m

uliw

ai w

ithin

an

unve

geta

ted

depr

essi

on b

etw

een

4.6

m (1

5 ft)

and

7.4

m (2

4 ft)

on

line

perp

endi

cula

r to

trans

ect.

Dep

ress

ion

sepa

rate

d fro

m m

uliw

ai s

hore

by

low

dun

e co

vere

d in

Ses

uviu

m p

ortu

laca

stru

m.

US

Arm

y C

orps

of E

ngin

eers

Haw

ai‘i

and

Pac

ific

Isla

nds

Reg

ion—

Ver

sion

2.0

WET

LAN

D D

ETER

MIN

ATI

ON

DA

TA F

OR

M—

Haw

ai‘i

and

Paci

fic Is

land

s

Pro

ject

/Site

:

Kul

anih

akoi

Cul

vert

at S

outh

Kih

ei R

oad

City

:

K

ihei

S

ampl

ing

Dat

e:

9/17

/201

2

T

ime:

12:0

5

App

lican

t/Ow

ner:

Cou

nty

of M

aui

Sta

te/T

err./

Com

m.:

H

awai

i

Isla

nd:

Mau

i

Sam

plin

g P

oint

:

SP- 0

4

Inve

stig

ator

(s):

Eric

Gui

nthe

r, A

EC

OS

Inc.

TM

K/P

arce

l:

(2) 3

-9-0

01: 1

62

Land

form

(hill

slop

e, c

oast

al p

lain

, etc

.):

coas

tal e

stua

ry a

nd fl

oodp

lain

Loc

al re

lief (

conc

ave,

con

vex,

non

e):

min

imal

/flat

Lat:

20

45’

55.

511”

N

L

ong:

156

27’

29.

509”

W

Dat

um:

NA

D83

S

lope

(%):

Soi

l Map

Uni

t Nam

e:

Dun

e La

nd (D

L)

NW

I cla

ssifi

catio

n:

PU

BH

h

Are

clim

actic

/hyd

rolo

gic

cond

ition

s on

the

site

typi

cal f

or th

is ti

me

of y

ear:

Yes

X

No

(If

no,

exp

lain

in R

emar

ks)

Are

Veg

etat

ion

X

, Soi

l

, or H

ydro

logy

si

gnifi

cant

ly d

istu

rbed

? A

re “N

orm

al C

ircum

stan

ces”

pre

sent

? Ye

s

N

o

X

Are

Veg

etat

ion

, Soi

l

X

, or H

ydro

logy

X

na

tura

lly p

robl

emat

ic?

(If

nee

ded,

exp

lain

any

ans

wer

s in

Rem

arks

.)

SUM

MA

RY

OF

FIN

DIN

GS—

Atta

ch a

site

map

sho

win

g sa

mpl

ing

poin

t loc

atio

ns tr

anse

cts,

impo

rtan

t fea

ture

s, e

tc.

Hyd

roph

ytic

Veg

etat

ion

Pre

sent

?

Yes

X

N

o

Hyd

ric S

oil P

rese

nt?

Ye

s

No

X

Is

the

Sam

pled

Are

a

Wet

land

Hyd

rolo

gy P

rese

nt?

Ye

s

No

X

w

ithin

a W

etla

nd?

Yes

N

o

X

Rem

arks

: Lo

cate

d 6.

4 m

(20

ft) s

outh

of m

uliw

ai w

ater

line

on

elev

ated

gro

und.

VEG

ETAT

ION

—U

se s

cien

tific

nam

es o

f pla

nts.

A

bsol

ute

D

omin

ant

Indi

cato

r Tr

ee S

tratu

m (

Plo

t siz

e:

)

% C

over

Spe

cies

?

Sta

tus

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

=Tot

al C

over

Sap

ling/

Shr

ub S

tratu

m (P

lot s

ize:

)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

=Tot

al C

over

Her

b S

tratu

m (P

lot s

ize:

100

sq. f

t

)

1.

S

esuv

ium

por

tula

cast

rum

80

__

Y

FAC

2.

H

elio

tropu

m c

urra

savi

cum

10

__

N

FAC

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

90

=Tot

al C

over

Woo

dy V

ine

Stra

tum

(Plo

t siz

e:

)

1.

2.

=Tot

al C

over

Dom

inan

ce T

est w

orks

heet

:

Num

ber o

f Dom

inan

t Spe

cies

Th

at A

re O

BL,

FA

CW

, or F

AC

:

1

(A

)

Tota

l Num

ber o

f Dom

inan

t S

peci

es A

cros

s A

ll S

trata

:

1

(B

)

Per

cent

of D

omin

ant S

peci

es

That

Are

OB

L, F

AC

W, o

r FA

C:

100

(A

/B)

Prev

alen

ce In

dex

wor

kshe

et:

To

tal %

Cov

er o

f:

Mul

tiply

by:

OB

L sp

ecie

s

x1

=

FAC

W s

peci

es

x2=

FAC

spe

cies

x3=

FAC

U s

peci

es

x4

=

UP

L sp

ecie

s

x5

=

Col

umn

Tota

ls:

(A)

(B)

Pre

vale

nce

Inde

x =

B/A

=

Hyd

roph

ytic

Veg

etat

ion

Indi

cato

rs:

1 -

Rap

id T

est f

or H

ydro

phyt

ic V

eget

atio

n

X

2 -

Dom

inan

ce T

est i

s >5

0%

3 -

Pre

vale

nce

Inde

x is

<3.

01

P

robl

emat

ic H

ydro

phyt

ic V

eget

atio

n 1 (E

xpla

in in

Rem

arks

or i

n th

e de

linea

tion

repo

rt)

1 Indi

cato

rs o

f hyd

ric s

oil a

nd w

etla

nd h

ydro

logy

mus

t be

pres

ent,

unle

ss d

istu

rbed

or p

robl

emat

ic.

Hyd

roph

ytic

Ve

geta

tion

Pres

ent?

Yes

X

No

Rem

arks

Fl

ora

is e

ntire

ly n

ativ

es p

lant

ed in

app

ropr

iate

hab

itats

and

pos

sibl

y w

ater

ed a

t som

e tim

e in

the

past

.

US

Arm

y C

orps

of E

ngin

eers

Haw

ai‘i

and

Pac

ific

Isla

nds

Reg

ion—

Ver

sion

2.0

SOIL

Sa

mpl

ing

Poin

t: SP

-04

Prof

ile D

escr

iptio

n: (D

escr

ibe

to th

e de

pth

need

ed to

doc

umen

t the

indi

cato

r or c

onfir

m th

e ab

senc

e of

indi

cato

rs.)

Dep

th

M

atrix

R

edox

Fea

ture

s

(in

ches

)

C

olor

(m

oist

)

%

C

olor

(moi

st)

%

Type

1

Loc2

Te

xtur

e

R

emar

ks

0 - 1

6

5 YR

2.5

/2

100

loam

y sa

nd

16

- 17

grav

el

over

san

d w

/peb

bles

1 Type

: C=C

once

ntra

tion,

D=D

eple

tion,

RM

=Red

uced

Mat

rix, M

S=M

aske

d S

and

Gra

ins

2 Loca

tion:

PL=

Por

e Li

ning

, M=M

atrix

H

ydric

Soi

l Ind

icat

ors:

In

dica

tors

for P

robl

emat

ic H

ydric

Soi

ls3 :

H

istis

ols

(A1)

San

dy R

edox

(S5)

S

tratif

ied

Laye

rs (A

5)

H

istic

Epi

pedo

n (A

2)

Dar

k-S

urfa

ce (S

7)

San

dy M

ucky

Min

eral

(S1)

Bla

ck H

istic

(A3)

Lo

amy

Gle

yed

Mat

rix (F

2)

Red

Par

ent M

ater

ial (

TF2)

Hyd

roge

n S

ulfid

e (A

4)

D

eple

ted

Mat

rix (F

3)

V

ery

Sha

llow

Dar

k S

urfa

ce (T

F12)

Muc

k P

rese

nce

(A8)

R

edox

Dar

k S

urfa

ce (F

6)

Oth

er (E

xpla

in in

Rem

arks

)

Dep

lete

d B

elow

Dar

k S

urfa

ce (A

11)

D

eple

ted

Dar

k S

urfa

ce (F

7)

Th

ick

Dar

k S

urfa

ce (A

12)

Red

ox D

epre

ssio

ns (F

8)

3 Indi

cato

rs o

f hyd

roph

ytic

veg

etat

ion

and

wet

land

hyd

rolo

gy

S

andy

Gla

yed

Mat

rix (S

4)

mus

t be

pres

ent,

unle

ss d

istu

rbed

or p

robl

emat

ic.

Res

tric

tive

Laye

r (if

obse

rved

):

Type

:

Dep

th (i

nche

s):

Hyd

ric S

oil P

rese

nt:

Yes

N

o

X

Rem

arks

:

Soi

l is

aole

an s

and

blow

n in

land

, mix

ed to

var

ious

deg

rees

with

terr

igen

ous

sedi

men

ts b

roug

ht in

to a

rea

by fr

eshe

ts. P

ossi

ble

fill l

ayer

bel

ow 1

6 in

HYD

RO

LOG

YW

etla

nd H

ydro

logy

Indi

cato

rs: (

Exp

lain

obs

erva

tions

in R

emar

ks, i

f nee

ded.

) P

rimar

y In

dica

tors

(min

imum

of o

ne re

quire

d: c

heck

all

that

app

ly)

S

econ

dary

Indi

cato

rs (m

inim

um o

f tw

o re

quire

d)

Sur

face

Wat

er (A

1)

Aqu

atic

Fau

na (B

13)

Sur

face

Soi

l Cra

cks

(B6)

Hig

h W

ater

Tab

le (A

2)

Ti

lapi

a N

ests

(B17

)

Spa

rsel

y V

eget

ated

Con

cave

Sur

face

(B8)

Sat

urat

ion

(A3)

H

ydro

gen

Sul

fide

Odo

r (C

1)

Dra

inag

e P

atte

rns

(B10

)

Wat

er M

arks

(B1)

Oxi

dize

d R

hizo

sphe

res

on L

ivin

g R

oots

(C3)

D

ry-S

easo

n W

ater

Tab

le (C

2)

S

edim

ent D

epos

its (B

2)

Pre

senc

e of

Red

uced

Iron

(C4)

S

alt D

epos

its (C

5)

D

rift D

epos

its (B

3)

R

ecen

t Iro

n R

educ

tion

in T

iled

Soi

ls (C

6)

Stu

nted

or S

tress

ed P

lant

s (D

1)

A

lgal

Mat

or C

rust

(B4)

Th

in M

uck

Sur

face

(C7)

X

G

eom

orph

ic P

ositi

on (D

2)

Iro

n D

epos

its (B

5)

Fi

ddle

r Cra

b B

urro

ws

(C10

) (G

uam

, CN

MI,

S

hallo

w A

quita

rd (D

3)

In

nund

atio

n V

isib

le o

n A

eria

l Im

ager

y (B

7)

and

Am

eric

an S

amoa

)

FA

C-N

eutra

l Tes

t (D

5)

W

ater

Sta

ined

Lea

ves

(B9)

O

ther

(Exp

lain

in R

emar

ks)

Fiel

d O

bser

vatio

ns:

Sur

face

Wat

er P

rese

nt?

Yes

No

X

D

epth

(inc

hes)

:

Wat

er T

able

Pre

sent

?

Yes

No

X

D

epth

(inc

hes)

:

Sat

urat

ion

Pre

sent

?

Ye

s

No

X

D

epth

(inc

hes)

:

Wet

land

Hyd

rolo

gy P

rese

nt?

Ye

s

N

o

X

(in

clud

es c

apill

ary

fring

e)

Des

crib

e R

ecor

ded

Dat

a (s

tream

gau

ge, m

onito

ring

wel

l, ae

rial p

hoto

s, p

revi

ous

insp

ectio

ns),

if av

aila

ble:

Rem

arks

:

US

Arm

y C

orps

of E

ngin

eers

Haw

ai‘i

and

Pac

ific

Isla

nds

Reg

ion—

Ver

sion

2.0

WET

LAN

D D

ETER

MIN

ATI

ON

DA

TA F

OR

M—

Haw

ai‘i

and

Paci

fic Is

land

s

Pro

ject

/Site

:

Kul

anih

akoi

Cul

vert

at S

outh

Kih

ei R

oad

City

:

K

ihei

S

ampl

ing

Dat

e:

9/17

/201

2

T

ime:

12

:25

App

lican

t/Ow

ner:

Cou

nty

of M

aui

Sta

te/T

err./

Com

m.:

H

awai

i

Isla

nd:

Mau

i

Sam

plin

g P

oint

:

SP- 0

5

Inve

stig

ator

(s):

Eric

Gui

nthe

r, A

EC

OS

Inc.

TM

K/P

arce

l:

(2) 3

-9-0

01: 1

62

Land

form

(hill

slop

e, c

oast

al p

lain

, etc

.):

coas

tal e

stua

ry a

nd fl

oodp

lain

Loc

al re

lief (

conc

ave,

con

vex,

non

e):

min

imal

/flat

Lat:

20 4

5’ 5

5.50

9” N

L

ong:

15

6 2

7’ 2

9.24

4” W

Dat

um:

N

AD

83

S

lope

(%):

Soi

l Map

Uni

t Nam

e:

Dun

e La

nd (D

L)

NW

I cla

ssifi

catio

n:

P

UB

Hh

Are

clim

actic

/hyd

rolo

gic

cond

ition

s on

the

site

typi

cal f

or th

is ti

me

of y

ear:

Yes

X

No

(If

no,

exp

lain

in R

emar

ks)

Are

Veg

etat

ion

X

, Soi

l

, or H

ydro

logy

si

gnifi

cant

ly d

istu

rbed

? A

re “N

orm

al C

ircum

stan

ces”

pre

sent

? Ye

s

N

o

X

Are

Veg

etat

ion

, Soi

l

X

, or H

ydro

logy

X

na

tura

lly p

robl

emat

ic?

(If

nee

ded,

exp

lain

any

ans

wer

s in

Rem

arks

.)

SUM

MA

RY

OF

FIN

DIN

GS—

Atta

ch a

site

map

sho

win

g sa

mpl

ing

poin

t loc

atio

ns tr

anse

cts,

impo

rtan

t fea

ture

s, e

tc.

Hyd

roph

ytic

Veg

etat

ion

Pre

sent

?

Yes

X

N

o

Hyd

ric S

oil P

rese

nt?

Ye

s

No

X

Is

the

Sam

pled

Are

a

Wet

land

Hyd

rolo

gy P

rese

nt?

Ye

s

No

X

w

ithin

a W

etla

nd?

Yes

N

o

X

Rem

arks

: 4.8

m (1

6 ft)

sou

th o

f mul

iwai

shor

e op

p. tr

anse

ct 3

0 m

mar

k.

VEG

ETAT

ION

—U

se s

cien

tific

nam

es o

f pla

nts.

A

bsol

ute

D

omin

ant

Indi

cato

r Tr

ee S

tratu

m (

Plo

t siz

e:

)

% C

over

Spe

cies

?

Sta

tus

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

=Tot

al C

over

Sap

ling/

Shr

ub S

tratu

m (P

lot s

ize:

)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

=Tot

al C

over

Her

b S

tratu

m (P

lot s

ize:

100

sq.ft

)

1.

S

esuv

ium

por

tula

cast

rum

80

Y

FA

C

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

80

=Tot

al C

over

Woo

dy V

ine

Stra

tum

(Plo

t siz

e:

)

1.

2.

=Tot

al C

over

Dom

inan

ce T

est w

orks

heet

:

Num

ber o

f Dom

inan

t Spe

cies

Th

at A

re O

BL,

FA

CW

, or F

AC

:

1

(A

)

Tota

l Num

ber o

f Dom

inan

t S

peci

es A

cros

s A

ll S

trata

:

1

(B

)

Per

cent

of D

omin

ant S

peci

es

That

Are

OB

L, F

AC

W, o

r FA

C:

10

0

(A

/B)

Prev

alen

ce In

dex

wor

kshe

et:

To

tal %

Cov

er o

f:

Mul

tiply

by:

OB

L sp

ecie

s

x1

=

FAC

W s

peci

es

x2=

FAC

spe

cies

x3=

FAC

U s

peci

es

x4

=

UP

L sp

ecie

s

x5

=

Col

umn

Tota

ls:

(A)

(B)

Pre

vale

nce

Inde

x =

B/A

=

Hyd

roph

ytic

Veg

etat

ion

Indi

cato

rs:

1 -

Rap

id T

est f

or H

ydro

phyt

ic V

eget

atio

n

X

2 -

Dom

inan

ce T

est i

s >5

0%

3 -

Pre

vale

nce

Inde

x is

<3.

01

P

robl

emat

ic H

ydro

phyt

ic V

eget

atio

n 1 (E

xpla

in in

Rem

arks

or i

n th

e de

linea

tion

repo

rt)

1 Indi

cato

rs o

f hyd

ric s

oil a

nd w

etla

nd h

ydro

logy

mus

t be

pres

ent,

unle

ss d

istu

rbed

or p

robl

emat

ic.

Hyd

roph

ytic

Ve

geta

tion

Pres

ent?

Yes

X

No

Rem

arks

Fl

ora

is e

ntire

ly n

ativ

es p

lant

ed in

app

ropr

iate

hab

itats

and

pos

sibl

y w

ater

ed a

t som

e tim

e in

the

past

.

US

Arm

y C

orps

of E

ngin

eers

Haw

ai‘i

and

Pac

ific

Isla

nds

Reg

ion—

Ver

sion

2.0

SOIL

Sa

mpl

ing

Poin

t: SP

-05

Prof

ile D

escr

iptio

n: (D

escr

ibe

to th

e de

pth

need

ed to

doc

umen

t the

indi

cato

r or c

onfir

m th

e ab

senc

e of

indi

cato

rs.)

Dep

th

M

atrix

R

edox

Fea

ture

s

(in

ches

)

C

olor

(m

oist

)

%

C

olor

(moi

st)

%

Type

1

Loc2

Te

xtur

e

R

emar

ks

0 - 1

6

5Y

R 2

.5/2

100

lo

amy

sand

_

16

- 17

5Y

R 2

.5/1

100

clay

__

____

____

____

____

____

17

- 24

grav

el

over

san

d w

/peb

bles

1 Type

: C=C

once

ntra

tion,

D=D

eple

tion,

RM

=Red

uced

Mat

rix, M

S=M

aske

d S

and

Gra

ins

2 Loca

tion:

PL=

Por

e Li

ning

, M=M

atrix

H

ydric

Soi

l Ind

icat

ors:

In

dica

tors

for P

robl

emat

ic H

ydric

Soi

ls3 :

H

istis

ols

(A1)

San

dy R

edox

(S5)

S

tratif

ied

Laye

rs (A

5)

H

istic

Epi

pedo

n (A

2)

Dar

k-S

urfa

ce (S

7)

San

dy M

ucky

Min

eral

(S1)

Bla

ck H

istic

(A3)

Lo

amy

Gle

yed

Mat

rix (F

2)

Red

Par

ent M

ater

ial (

TF2)

Hyd

roge

n S

ulfid

e (A

4)

D

eple

ted

Mat

rix (F

3)

V

ery

Sha

llow

Dar

k S

urfa

ce (T

F12)

Muc

k P

rese

nce

(A8)

R

edox

Dar

k S

urfa

ce (F

6)

Oth

er (E

xpla

in in

Rem

arks

)

Dep

lete

d B

elow

Dar

k S

urfa

ce (A

11)

D

eple

ted

Dar

k S

urfa

ce (F

7)

Th

ick

Dar

k S

urfa

ce (A

12)

Red

ox D

epre

ssio

ns (F

8)

3 Indi

cato

rs o

f hyd

roph

ytic

veg

etat

ion

and

wet

land

hyd

rolo

gy

S

andy

Gla

yed

Mat

rix (S

4)

mus

t be

pres

ent,

unle

ss d

istu

rbed

or p

robl

emat

ic.

Res

tric

tive

Laye

r (if

obse

rved

):

Type

:

Dep

th (i

nche

s):

Hyd

ric S

oil P

rese

nt:

Yes

No

X

Rem

arks

:

Soi

l is

aole

an s

and

blow

n in

land

, mix

ed to

var

ious

deg

rees

with

terr

igen

ous

sedi

men

ts b

roug

ht in

to a

rea

by fr

eshe

ts. S

ome

evid

ence

of a

lluvi

al la

yerin

g be

low

16

inch

es.

HYD

RO

LOG

YW

etla

nd H

ydro

logy

Indi

cato

rs: (

Exp

lain

obs

erva

tions

in R

emar

ks, i

f nee

ded.

) P

rimar

y In

dica

tors

(min

imum

of o

ne re

quire

d: c

heck

all

that

app

ly)

S

econ

dary

Indi

cato

rs (m

inim

um o

f tw

o re

quire

d)

Sur

face

Wat

er (A

1)

Aqu

atic

Fau

na (B

13)

Sur

face

Soi

l Cra

cks

(B6)

Hig

h W

ater

Tab

le (A

2)

Ti

lapi

a N

ests

(B17

)

Spa

rsel

y V

eget

ated

Con

cave

Sur

face

(B8)

Sat

urat

ion

(A3)

H

ydro

gen

Sul

fide

Odo

r (C

1)

Dra

inag

e P

atte

rns

(B10

)

Wat

er M

arks

(B1)

Oxi

dize

d R

hizo

sphe

res

on L

ivin

g R

oots

(C3)

D

ry-S

easo

n W

ater

Tab

le (C

2)

S

edim

ent D

epos

its (B

2)

Pre

senc

e of

Red

uced

Iron

(C4)

S

alt D

epos

its (C

5)

D

rift D

epos

its (B

3)

R

ecen

t Iro

n R

educ

tion

in T

iled

Soi

ls (C

6)

Stu

nted

or S

tress

ed P

lant

s (D

1)

A

lgal

Mat

or C

rust

(B4)

Th

in M

uck

Sur

face

(C7)

X

G

eom

orph

ic P

ositi

on (D

2)

Iro

n D

epos

its (B

5)

Fi

ddle

r Cra

b B

urro

ws

(C10

) (G

uam

, CN

MI,

S

hallo

w A

quita

rd (D

3)

In

nund

atio

n V

isib

le o

n A

eria

l Im

ager

y (B

7)

and

Am

eric

an S

amoa

)

FA

C-N

eutra

l Tes

t (D

5)

W

ater

Sta

ined

Lea

ves

(B9)

O

ther

(Exp

lain

in R

emar

ks)

Fiel

d O

bser

vatio

ns:

Sur

face

Wat

er P

rese

nt?

Yes

N

o

X

Dep

th (i

nche

s):

Wat

er T

able

Pre

sent

?

Yes

N

o

X

Dep

th (i

nche

s):

Sat

urat

ion

Pre

sent

?

Ye

s

No

X

D

epth

(inc

hes)

:

Wet

land

Hyd

rolo

gy P

rese

nt?

Ye

s

No

X

(incl

udes

cap

illar

y fri

nge)

Des

crib

e R

ecor

ded

Dat

a (s

tream

gau

ge, m

onito

ring

wel

l, ae

rial p

hoto

s, p

revi

ous

insp

ectio

ns),

if av

aila

ble:

Rem

arks

:

US

Arm

y C

orps

of E

ngin

eers

Haw

ai‘i

and

Pac

ific

Isla

nds

Reg

ion—

Ver

sion

2.0

APPENDIX C

An Archaeological Literature Review and Field Inspection for Kūlanihākoʻi Bridge Replacement Project, Kaʻonoʻulu Ahupuaʻa, Wailuku District, Maui Island

TMK: (2) 3-9-001: 999, 015, 147, 162 (pors)

Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i, Inc.

October 2012

APPENDIX D

An Archaeological Inventory Survey for the Proposed Kūlanihākoʻi Bridge Replacement Project, Kaʻonoʻulu Ahupuaʻa, Wailuku District, Maui Island

TMK: (2) 3-9-001: 999, 162, 143 (pors)

Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i, Inc.

June 2013

Letter from State Historic Preservation Division

June 25, 2014

O‘a

hu O

ffic

e P.

O. B

ox 1

114

Kai

lua,

Haw

ai‘i

9673

4 Ph

.: (8

08) 2

62-9

972

Fax:

(808

) 262

-495

0

ww

w.c

ultu

rals

urve

ys.c

om

Mau

i Off

ice

1860

Mai

n St

reet

W

ailu

ku, H

awai

‘i 96

793

Ph: (

808)

242

-988

2 Fa

x: (8

08) 2

44-1

994

FIN

AL

A

n A

rcha

eolo

gica

l Inv

ento

ry S

urve

y fo

r th

e Pr

opos

ed

Kūl

anihāk

o‘i B

ridg

e R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dis

tric

t, M

aui I

slan

d T

MK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 143

(por

s)

Pr

epar

ed fo

r W

ilson

Oka

mot

o C

orpo

ratio

n

Prep

ared

by

Tod

d D

. McC

urdy

, MA

an

d H

alle

tt H

. Ham

mat

t, Ph

.D.

C

ultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i, In

c.

Wai

luku

, Haw

ai‘i

(Job

Cod

e: K

AO

NO

UL

U 7

)

June

201

3

NE

IL A

BE

RC

RO

MB

IE

GO

VER

NO

R O

F H

AW

AII

WIL

LIA

M J

. AIL

A, J

R.

CH

AIR

PER

SON

B

OA

RD

OF

LAN

D A

ND

NA

TUR

AL

RES

OU

RC

ES

CO

MM

ISSI

ON

ON

WA

TER

RES

OU

RC

E M

AN

AG

EMEN

T

JESS

E K

. SO

UK

I FI

RST

DEP

UTY

WIL

LIA

M M

. TA

M

DEP

UTY

DIR

ECTO

R -

WA

TER

AQ

UA

TIC

RES

OU

RC

ES

BO

ATI

NG

AN

D O

CEA

N R

ECR

EATI

ON

B

UR

EAU

OF

CO

NV

EYA

NC

ES

CO

MM

ISSI

ON

ON

WA

TER

RES

OU

RC

E M

AN

AG

EMEN

T C

ON

SER

VA

TIO

N A

ND

CO

AST

AL

LAN

DS

CO

NSE

RV

ATI

ON

AN

D R

ESO

UR

CES

EN

FOR

CEM

ENT

ENG

INEE

RIN

G

FOR

ESTR

Y A

ND

WIL

DLI

FE

HIS

TOR

IC P

RES

ERV

ATI

ON

K

AH

OO

LAW

E IS

LAN

D R

ESER

VE

CO

MM

ISSI

ON

LA

ND

ST

ATE

PA

RK

S

HIS

TO

RIC

PR

ESE

RV

AT

ION

DIV

ISIO

N

DE

PAR

TM

EN

T O

F L

AN

D A

ND

NA

TU

RA

L R

ESO

UR

CE

S

POST

OFF

ICE

BO

X 6

21

HO

NO

LULU

, HA

WA

II

9680

9

NE

IL A

BE

RC

RO

MB

IE

GO

VER

NO

R O

F H

AW

AII

June

25,

201

4

Dr.

Hal

lett

H. H

amm

att

LOG

NO

: 201

4.00

115

Cul

tura

l Sur

veys

Haw

ai‘i,

Inc.

D

OC

NO

: 140

6JP1

6 18

60 M

ain

Stre

et

Arc

haeo

logy

W

ailu

ku, H

awai

i 967

93

Alo

ha D

r. H

amm

att:

SUB

JEC

T:

Cha

pter

6E-

8 an

d N

atio

nal H

isto

ric

Pres

erva

tion

Act

Sec

tion

106

Rev

iew

- R

evis

ed A

rcha

eolo

gica

l Inv

ento

ry S

urve

y fo

r th

e K

lani

hako

i Bri

dge

Rep

lace

men

t Pro

ject

K

aon

oul

u A

hupu

aa,

Wai

luku

Dis

tric

t, Is

land

of M

aui

T

MK

(2) 3

-9-0

01: 1

43, 1

62, 9

99 (p

ortio

ns)

Than

k yo

u fo

r sub

mitt

ing

the

revi

sed

draf

t rep

ort e

ntitl

ed A

n Ar

chae

olog

ical

Inve

ntor

y Su

rvey

for

the

Kla

niha

koi

Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

aon

oul

u Ah

upua

a, W

ailu

ku D

istr

ict,

Mau

i Isl

and,

TM

K:

(2)

3-9-

001:

999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

, Tod

d D

. McC

urdy

and

Hal

lett

Ham

mat

t (20

14).

We

rece

ived

the

revi

sed

subm

ittal

on

Janu

ary

9, 2

014.

The

revi

sed

draf

t rep

ort w

as p

repa

red

in s

uppo

rt of

com

plia

nce

with

sta

te a

nd f

eder

al h

isto

ric p

rese

rvat

ion

revi

ew

regu

latio

ns C

hapt

er 6

E-8

and

Sect

ion

106

of t

he N

atio

nal

His

toric

Pre

serv

atio

n A

ct (

NH

PA).

We

prev

ious

ly

revi

ewed

the

draf

t inv

ento

ry s

urve

y re

port

and

reco

mm

ende

d re

visi

ons

(Log

201

3.43

97, D

oc 1

309C

G03

). Th

ank

you

for

incl

udin

g th

e up

date

d co

nstru

ctio

n pl

ans

and

map

s de

pict

ing

the

appr

oxim

ate

0.9

acre

are

a of

pot

entia

l ef

fect

, whi

ch c

onsi

sts

of t

he d

etou

r br

idge

, the

tem

pora

ry s

uppo

rt st

ruct

ure,

and

the

rep

lace

men

t of

the

exi

stin

g br

idge

. The

191

1 K

ulan

ihak

oi B

ridge

is li

sted

in th

e St

ate

Inve

ntor

y as

50-

50-1

0-76

06 b

ased

on

Crit

erio

n D

. The

br

idge

has

suf

fere

d se

vere

det

erio

ratio

n so

it

no l

onge

r ha

s an

y di

stin

guis

hing

arc

hite

ctur

al c

hara

cter

istic

s. Th

eref

ore,

it h

as lo

st in

tegr

ity a

nd is

not

elig

ible

for

the

Nat

iona

l Reg

iste

r (L

og 2

012.

3734

, Doc

121

2RS6

4). T

he

hist

oric

brid

ge h

as y

ield

ed in

form

atio

n im

porta

nt to

the

unde

rsta

ndin

g of

the

first

gen

erat

ion

of c

oncr

ete

brid

ges

in

the

Haw

aiia

n Is

land

s. Su

ffic

ient

inf

orm

atio

n w

as c

olle

cted

and

no

furth

er w

ork

reco

mm

ende

d fo

r Si

te 7

606.

No

addi

tiona

l hi

stor

ic p

rope

rties

wer

e id

entif

ied

durin

g th

e su

rvey

. A

n ar

chae

olog

ical

mon

itorin

g pr

ogra

m i

s re

com

men

ded,

and

we

conc

ur w

ith th

at a

sses

smen

t.

Cha

nges

mad

e ac

cord

ing

to o

ur r

eque

sted

rev

isio

ns a

re a

dequ

ate;

the

arc

haeo

logi

cal

inve

ntor

y su

rvey

mee

ts t

he

requ

irem

ents

of

Haw

ai‘i

Adm

inis

trativ

e R

ule

§ 13

-276

and

is a

ccep

ted

as f

inal

. Ple

ase

send

one

har

dcop

y of

the

final

doc

umen

t, cl

early

mar

ked

FIN

AL,

alo

ng w

ith a

cop

y of

this

revi

ew le

tter a

nd a

text

-sea

rcha

ble

PDF

vers

ion

on

CD

to

the

Kap

olei

SH

PD o

ffic

e, a

ttent

ion

SHPD

Lib

rary

. We

look

for

war

d to

con

tinue

d co

nsul

tatio

n re

gard

ing

hist

oric

pro

perti

es (3

6 C

FR P

art 8

00.4

), an

d th

e as

sess

men

t of a

dver

se e

ffec

ts (3

6 C

FR P

art 8

00.5

). Pl

ease

con

tact

Je

nny

Pick

ett a

t (80

8) 2

43-5

169

or Je

nny.

L.Pi

cket

t@H

awai

i.gov

for a

ny q

uest

ions

or c

once

rns a

bout

this

lette

r.

Mah

alo,

Ther

esa

K. D

onha

m

Dep

uty

His

toric

Pre

serv

atio

n O

ffic

er

cc:

Cou

nty

of M

aui D

SA F

ax: (

808)

270

-797

2

Dep

artm

ent o

f Pla

nnin

g (p

lann

ing@

mau

icou

nty.

gov)

Ann

alis

e K

ehle

r (an

nalis

e.ke

hler

@m

auic

ount

y.go

v)Ta

nya

Lee-

Gre

ig (L

eeG

reig

@cu

ltura

lsur

veys

.com

)

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

M

anag

emen

t Sum

mar

y

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

i TM

K: (

2) 3

-9-0

01: 9

99, 1

62 ,

143

(por

s)

Man

agem

ent S

umm

ary

Ref

eren

ce

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kūl

anihāk

o‘i B

ridge

R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Kul

a D

istri

ct, M

aui I

slan

d TM

K:(2

) 3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 143

(por

s.)

Dat

e Ju

ne 2

013

(FIN

AL)

Pr

ojec

t Num

ber

(s)

Cul

tura

l Sur

veys

Haw

ai‘i,

Inc.

(CSH

) Job

Cod

e: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

Inve

stig

atio

n Pe

rmit

Num

ber

CSH

com

plet

ed a

rcha

eolo

gica

l inv

ento

ry su

rvey

for t

he p

ropo

sed

Kūl

anihāk

o‘i B

ridge

Rep

lace

men

t Pro

ject

Sou

th Kīh

ei R

oad

unde

r Sta

te

Arc

haeo

logi

cal P

erm

it N

o. 1

3-06

(201

3) is

sued

by

the

Dep

artm

ent o

f Lan

d &

N

atur

al R

esou

rces

/Sta

te H

isto

ric P

rese

rvat

ion

Div

isio

n (D

LNR

/ SH

PD),

per

Haw

ai‘i

Adm

inis

trativ

e R

ules

(HA

R) §

13-

13-2

82.

Proj

ect L

ocat

ion

The

Kūl

anihāk

o‘i B

ridge

is lo

cate

d al

ong

Sout

h Kīh

ei R

oad,

in th

e K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Kul

a D

istri

ct, M

aui I

slan

d TM

K: (

2) 3

-9-0

01: 9

99,

162,

143

(por

s). T

his a

rea

is d

epic

ted

on th

e Mā‘

alae

a (1

996)

and

Pu‘

u O

K

ali (

1992

) qua

dran

gle

7.5-

min

ute

USG

S to

pogr

aphi

c m

ap.

Proj

ect F

undi

ng a

nd

Lan

d Ju

risd

ictio

n Pr

ojec

t Fun

ding

: M

aui C

ount

y D

epar

tmen

t of P

ublic

Wor

ks

Fede

ral H

ighw

ay A

dmin

istra

tion

Land

Juris

dict

ion:

Priv

ate

Cou

nty

U.S

. Arm

y C

orps

of E

ngin

eers

A

genc

ies

Cou

nty:

Mau

i Cou

nty,

Dep

artm

ent o

f Pub

lic W

orks

St

ate:

D

epar

tmen

t of L

and

and

Nat

ural

Res

ourc

es S

tate

His

toric

P

rese

rvat

ion

Div

isio

n (S

HPD

) Pr

ojec

t Des

crip

tion

The

Cou

nty

of M

aui D

epar

tmen

t of P

ublic

Wor

ks (C

ount

y) h

as p

ropo

sed

to

repl

ace

the

dete

riora

ting

Kūl

anihāk

o‘i B

ridge

. The

exi

stin

g br

idge

con

sist

s of

four

rein

forc

ed c

oncr

ete

box

culv

erts

. Eac

h ce

ll is

6 fe

et w

ide

and

4 fe

et h

igh

by 3

8 fe

et lo

ng. A

Mar

ch 2

012

brid

ge in

spec

tion

repo

rt no

tes t

hat t

here

is

seve

re sp

allin

g an

d ad

vanc

ed c

orro

sion

of t

he re

info

rcin

g of

the

top

slab

of

the

culv

ert.

The

repo

rt re

com

men

ded

that

imm

edia

te re

pairs

or s

horin

g of

the

top

slab

be

impl

emen

ted.

The

cou

nty

plan

s on

com

plet

ely

repl

acin

g Kūl

anihāk

o‘i B

ridge

whi

ch w

ould

invo

lve

an e

xten

sive

and

tim

e -co

nsum

ing

perm

ittin

g pr

oces

s inv

olvi

ng F

eder

al, S

tate

and

Cou

nty

wet

land

and

shor

elin

e is

sues

.

In o

rder

to a

ddre

ss im

med

iate

safe

ty c

once

rns a

tem

pora

ry st

eel b

ridge

will

be

con

stru

cted

to e

ncas

e an

d ex

tend

ove

r the

exi

stin

g br

idge

. Thi

s tem

pora

ry

stee

l brid

ge w

ould

span

app

roxi

mat

ely

60 fe

et a

nd b

e ap

prox

imat

ely

24 fe

et

wid

e to

acc

omm

odat

e tw

o la

nes o

f tra

ffic

. Thi

s inv

olve

s Cou

nty

fund

ing.

A

fter a

noth

er te

mpo

rary

stee

l brid

ge a

nd ro

adw

ay is

com

plet

ed m

auka

(in

land

) of t

he e

xist

ing

culv

erts

as a

det

our r

oute

, the

initi

al te

mpo

rary

stee

l br

idge

wou

ld b

e re

mov

ed. S

ubse

quen

tly Kūl

anihāk

o‘i B

ridge

will

be

rem

oved

and

repl

aced

with

six

new

cul

verts

, eac

h 6

feet

wid

e an

d 4

feet

hig

h w

ith in

let a

nd o

utle

t win

g w

alls

con

stru

cted

of c

oncr

ete.

Thi

s wou

ld in

volv

e bo

th F

eder

al a

nd C

ount

y fu

ndin

g.

Proj

ect A

crea

ge

App

roxi

mat

ely

0.9

acre

s

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

M

anag

emen

t Sum

mar

y

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

ii

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

Are

a of

Pot

entia

l Ef

fect

(APE

) Th

e A

PE is

def

ined

as t

he im

med

iate

are

a of

gro

und

dist

urba

nce.

In th

is

inst

ance

the

APE

con

sist

s of t

he e

ntire

pro

ject

are

a, a

ppro

xim

atel

y 0.

35 h

a (0

.9 a

cres

). Th

is in

clud

es th

e pr

opos

ed d

etou

r brid

ge, t

he te

mpo

rary

supp

ort

stru

ctur

e, a

nd th

e re

plac

emen

t of t

he e

xist

ing

brid

ge.

Hist

oric

Pre

serv

atio

n R

egul

ator

y C

onte

xt

The

proj

ect a

rea

is su

bjec

t to

Haw

ai‘i

Stat

e en

viro

nmen

tal a

nd h

isto

ric

pres

erva

tion

revi

ew le

gisl

atio

n [H

awai

‘i R

evis

ed S

tatu

tes (

HR

S) 6

E-8/

H

awai

‘i A

dmin

istra

tive

Rul

es (H

AR

) Cha

pter

13-

13-2

76 re

spec

tivel

y]. A

s a

proj

ect w

ith F

HW

A fu

ndin

g N

atio

nal H

isto

ric P

rese

rvat

ion

Act

(NH

PA)

Sect

ion

106

and

Dep

artm

ent o

f Tra

nspo

rtatio

n A

ct S

ectio

n 4(

F) a

lso

appl

y.

Fiel

dwor

k Ef

fort

Th

e fie

ldw

ork,

acc

ompl

ishe

d by

Hal

lett

H. H

amm

att,

Ph.D

., To

dd D

. M

cCur

dy, M

.A.,

and

Jona

s Mad

eus,

B.A

., to

ok 3

per

son-

days

to c

ompl

ete.

Hist

oric

Pro

pert

ies

Iden

tifie

d SI

HP

(50-

50-1

0-)

Site

Ty

pe

Func

tion

Age

Si

gnifi

canc

e C

riter

ia

7606

B

ridge

Tr

ansp

orta

tion

His

toric

D

Effe

ct

Rec

omm

enda

tion

An

arch

itect

ural

revi

ew o

f SIH

P 50

-50-

10-7

606

was

con

duct

ed in

Dec

embe

r of

201

2 by

the

Arc

hite

ctur

al B

ranc

h of

SH

PD (L

OG

: 201

2.37

34 D

OC

: 12

12R

S64)

bas

ed o

n th

e Li

tera

ture

Rev

iew

and

Fie

ld In

spec

tion

(Med

eiro

s et

al. 2

012)

. It w

as c

oncl

uded

that

alth

ough

the

brid

ge d

oes r

epre

sent

the

first

ge

nera

tion

if co

ncre

te b

ridge

s in

Haw

ai‘i,

it h

as si

nce

lost

any

dis

tingu

ishi

ng

arch

itect

ural

cha

ract

eris

tics.

A d

eter

min

atio

n of

no

effe

ct o

n hi

stor

ic p

rope

rty

was

reco

mm

ende

d.

Whi

le su

b-su

rfac

e tes

ting

was

not

com

plet

ed b

y C

SH b

enea

th S

. Kih

ei ro

ad,

b orin

g lo

gs fr

om th

e G

eote

chni

cal r

epor

t com

plet

ed b

y G

eola

bs In

c. (

Kw

ock

2012

) , re

cord

ed th

e pr

esen

ce o

f cor

allin

e sa

nd a

roun

d 3.

7 m

(12

ft) b

elow

the

surf

ace

of th

e ro

ad. T

he p

rese

nce

of th

is ty

pe o

f sed

imen

t dep

osit

may

pre

sent

th

e po

tent

ial

for

enco

unte

ring

sens

itive

cul

tura

l re

sour

ces

in a

sub

-sur

face

co

ntex

t. In

add

ition

the

subs

urfa

ce te

stin

g fo

r tra

ditio

nal f

ishp

ond

depo

sits

was

lim

ited

to 3

m (

10 f

t) be

low

the

gro

und

surf

ace.

The

refo

re, a

ny s

ub-s

urfa

ce

exca

vatio

n ex

ceed

ing

3 m

(10)

feet

or c

onta

inin

g co

ralli

ne sa

nd an

d th

e cu

lver

t re

mov

al sh

ould

be

mon

itore

d by

a q

ualif

ied

arch

aeol

ogis

t.

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

iii

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

Tab

le o

f Con

tent

s M

anag

emen

t Sum

mar

y ...

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

... i

Sect

ion

1 In

trod

uctio

n ...

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

.... 1

1.1

Proj

ect B

ackg

roun

d ...

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

.. 1

1.2

Scop

e of

Wor

k ....

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

... 2

1.3

Envi

ronm

enta

l Set

ting

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

. 7

1.3.

1 N

atur

al E

nviro

nmen

t.....

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

.... 7

1.

3.2

Bui

lt En

viro

nmen

t.....

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

10

Sect

ion

2 M

etho

ds ..

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

.... 1

1 2.

1 Fi

eld

Met

hods

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

11

2.1.

1 Pe

dest

rian

Surv

ey ..

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

... 11

2.

1.2

Subs

urfa

ce T

estin

g ....

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

11

2.2

Labo

rato

ry M

etho

ds ...

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

11

2.3

Doc

umen

t Rev

iew

.....

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

12

Sect

ion

3 B

ackg

roun

d R

esea

rch

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

. 14

3.1

Trad

ition

al a

nd H

isto

rical

Bac

kgro

und .

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

... 14

3.

1.1

Myt

holo

gica

l and

Tra

ditio

nal A

ccou

nts .

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

14

3.1.

2 Tr

aditi

onal

Acc

ount

s.....

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

.. 17

3.1.

3 Ea

rly H

isto

ric P

erio

d ...

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

... 20

3.

1.4

Mid

- to

late

-180

0s ...

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

.. 24

3.1.

5 B

rief H

isto

ry o

f the

Ka‘

ono‘

ulu

Ran

ch C

ompa

ny ...

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

. 25

3.1.

6 19

00s .

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

26

3.1.

7 Th

e re

side

ntia

l are

a of

Kīh

ei ...

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

.... 2

9 3.

1.8

Impa

ct o

f the

mili

tary

on

the

proj

ect a

rea .

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

.... 3

1 3.

1.9

Mod

ern

Land

Use

.....

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

32

3.2

Prev

ious

Arc

haeo

logi

cal R

esea

rch

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

.... 3

2 3.

3 B

ackg

roun

d Su

mm

ary

and

Pred

ictiv

e M

odel

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

38

Sect

ion

4 R

esul

ts o

f Fie

ldw

ork .

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

... 4

0 4.

1 Pe

dest

rian

Surv

ey R

esul

ts ...

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

... 40

4.

1.1

SIH

P 50

-50-

10-7

606 .

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

40

4.2

Sub-

Surf

ace

Test

ing

Res

ults

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

.. 43

4.2.

1 Sh

ovel

Tes

t 1 ..

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

.... 4

3 4.

2.2

Shov

el T

est 2

.....

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

. 44

4.2.

3 Sh

ovel

Tes

t 3/P

ipe

Core

1 ..

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

.. 44

4.2.

4 Pi

pe C

ore

2 ...

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

44

Sect

ion

5 R

esul

ts o

f Lab

orat

ory

Ana

lysi

s ....

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

54

5.1

Soil

Sam

ple

Ana

lysi

s ....

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

... 54

Sect

ion

6 Su

mm

ary

and

Inte

rpre

tatio

n ...

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

.... 6

0 6.

1 Su

mm

ary

of H

isto

ric P

rope

rties

and

Sub

-Sur

face

Inve

stig

atio

ns W

ithin

the

Cur

rent

Pro

ject

Are

a ..

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

.. 60

6.1.

1 SI

HP

50-5

0-10

-760

6 ....

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

... 60

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

iv

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

6.1.

2 Su

b-Su

rfac

e In

vest

igat

ions

.....

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

.... 6

0

Sect

ion

7 Si

gnifi

canc

e A

sses

smen

ts ..

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

70

7.1

SIH

P 50

-50-

10-7

606 .

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

. 70

7.1.

1 C

riter

ion

of S

igni

fican

ce D

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

... 70

Sect

ion

8 Pr

ojec

t Eff

ect a

nd M

itiga

tion

Rec

omm

enda

tions

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

.....

71

8.1

Miti

gatio

n re

com

men

datio

ns ...

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

.... 7

1 8.

2 D

ispo

sitio

n of

Mat

eria

l ....

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

71

Sect

ion

9 R

efer

ence

s Cite

d ...

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

. 72

App

endi

x A

Pol

len

Ana

lysi

s Rep

ort .

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

.. 1

App

endi

x B

SH

PD A

rchi

tect

ural

Bra

nch

Det

erm

inat

ion

lett

er ...

......

......

......

......

......

......

... 1

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

v

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

Lis

t of F

igur

es

Figu

re 1

. Mā‘

alae

a (1

996)

and

Pu‘

u O

Kal

i (19

92) 7

.5 m

inut

e U

SGS

topo

grap

hic

quad

rang

les

show

ing

proj

ect a

rea,

pro

ject

are

a ou

tline

d in

red.

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

..3

Figu

re 2

. TM

K sh

owin

g (2

) 3-9

-01,

Kūl

anihāk

o‘i B

ridge

repl

acem

ent p

roje

ct a

rea

outli

ned

in

red.

.....

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

....4

Fi

gure

3. C

onst

ruct

ion

plan

s sho

win

g th

e pr

opos

ed te

mpo

rary

brid

ge (f

igur

e co

urte

sy o

f Wils

on

Oka

mot

o C

orpo

ratio

n). ..

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

5 Fi

gure

4. C

onst

ruct

ion

plan

s sho

win

g th

e pr

opos

ed p

erm

anen

t brid

ge (f

igur

e co

urte

sy o

f Wils

on

Oka

mot

o C

orpo

ratio

n). ..

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

6 Fi

gure

5 O

verv

iew

of t

he c

urre

nt p

roje

ct a

rea

faci

ng w

est. .

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

8 Fi

gure

6. M

ā‘al

aea

(199

6) a

nd P

u‘u

O K

ali (

1992

) 7.5

min

ute

USG

S to

pogr

aphi

c qu

adra

ngle

s sh

owin

g th

e so

ils o

f the

cur

rent

pro

ject

and

surr

ound

ing

area

. ....

......

......

......

......

......

......

...9

Figu

re 7

. Goo

gle

Earth

(201

1) a

eria

l im

age

show

ing

proj

ect a

rea

loca

tion

in re

latio

n to

the

surr

ound

ing

built

env

ironm

ent. .

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

.....1

0 Fi

gure

8. D

rivin

g th

e Pi

pe C

ore

1 in

to th

e se

dim

ent,

view

to th

e ea

st. .

......

......

......

......

......

......

....1

3 Fi

gure

9. A

por

tion

of th

e F.

S D

odge

map

(188

5) sh

owin

g K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a

in re

latio

n to

th

e tra

ditio

nal m

oku

of K

ula

(cro

wn

land

s in

yello

w, g

over

nmen

t lan

ds in

gre

en).

......

....1

4 Fi

gure

10.

The

cur

rent

pro

ject

loca

tion

on a

por

tion

of a

190

0 Mā‘

alae

a H

arbo

r sho

win

g th

e ne

arby

fish

pond

s (Fr

isby

190

0). .

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

...21

Fi

gure

11.

A p

ortio

n of

an

acco

untin

g st

atem

ent f

or w

ater

del

iver

ed to

the

Kih

ei P

lant

atio

n C

ompa

ny in

190

7. ...

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

.....2

8 Fi

gure

12.

Aer

ial p

hoto

of K

ūlan

ihāk

o‘i B

ridge

(Sch

ool o

f Oce

an a

nd E

arth

Sci

ence

Tec

hnol

ogy

[SO

EST]

194

9) ..

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

....3

0 Fi

gure

13.

197

1 ae

rial p

hoto

of a

nten

na, t

rans

mitt

er b

uild

ings

and

adm

inis

trativ

e bu

ildin

g fo

r W

WV

H, j

ust s

eaw

ard

of th

e pr

ojec

t are

a. P

hoto

cou

rtesy

of N

atio

nal I

nstit

ute

of

Stan

dard

s and

Tec

hnol

ogy

(http

://tf.

nist

.gov

/sta

tions

/ww

vhto

ur.h

tml).

.....

......

......

......

....3

1 Fi

gure

14.

Por

tions

of t

he P

u‘u

o K

ali (

1992

) and

Mā‘

alae

a (1

996)

7.5

-min

ute

USG

S to

pogr

aphi

c qu

adra

ngle

s, sh

owin

g th

e cu

rren

t pro

ject

are

a re

lativ

e to

adj

acen

t are

as o

f pr

evio

us a

rcha

eolo

gica

l stu

dy. ..

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

.....3

7 Fi

gure

15.

Kūl

anihāk

o‘i B

ridge

, vie

w n

orth

wes

t.....

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

....4

1 Fi

gure

16.

Kūl

anihāk

o‘i B

ridge

, vie

w n

orth

east

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

....4

2 Fi

gure

17.

Nor

ther

n w

ing

wal

l his

toric

con

stru

ctio

n. ...

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

.....4

2 Fi

gure

18.

Sou

ther

n w

ing

wal

l mod

ern

cons

truct

ion.

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

..43

Figu

re 1

9. A

eria

l sho

win

g th

e lo

catio

ns o

f the

sub-

surf

ace

exca

vatio

n an

d SI

HP

50-5

0-10

-76

06...

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

...45

Fi

gure

20.

Pro

files

of t

he su

b-su

rfac

e ex

cava

tions

. .....

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

46

Figu

re 2

1. P

rofil

e of

the

sedi

men

t in

STP

3/Pi

pe C

ore

1....

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

.....4

8 Fi

gure

22.

Pip

e C

ore

1 sh

owin

g St

rata

III-

V. ..

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

49

Figu

re 2

3. P

ipe

Cor

e 1

show

ing

Stra

ta V

-VII.

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

.50

Figu

re 2

4. P

ipe

Cor

e 2

bein

g ex

tract

ed fr

om th

e st

ream

bed,

vie

w to

the

wes

t. ...

......

......

......

......

.51

Figu

re 2

5. P

ipe

Cor

e 2

show

ing

Stra

ta V

-VII.

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

.52

Figu

re 2

6. P

ipe

Cor

e 2

show

ing

Stra

tum

VII.

.....

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

..53

Figu

re 2

7. P

olle

n D

iagr

am fo

r sam

ples

1 a

nd 2

(ada

pted

from

Cum

min

gs 2

013:

8). ..

......

......

......

59

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

vi

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

Figu

re 2

8. P

ortio

n of

a 1

885

Haw

aiia

n Is

land

Map

(Rev

ised

190

3) sh

owin

g th

e ag

ricul

tura

l lan

d m

auka

of t

he c

urre

nt p

roje

ct a

rea

(Don

n 19

03).

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

....6

3 Fi

gure

29.

Site

pla

n sh

owin

g th

e lo

catio

n of

STP

's an

d pi

pe c

ores

in re

latio

n to

the

borin

g an

d bu

lk sa

mpl

es ta

ken

by G

EOLA

BS

Inc.

(ada

pted

from

Kw

ock

3013

:35)

. .....

......

......

......

..65

Figu

re 3

0. L

og o

f Bor

ing

3 ...

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

...66

Fi

gure

31.

Log

of B

orin

g 3

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

67

Figu

re 3

3. L

og o

f Bor

ing

4. ..

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

...68

Fi

gure

34.

Log

of B

orin

g 4

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

69

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

vii

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

Lis

t of T

able

s Ta

ble

1. P

lace

Nam

es in

the

vici

nity

of K

alep

olep

o. ...

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

15

Tabl

e 2.

Lan

d C

omm

issi

on c

laim

s in

Kal

epol

epo

and

vici

nity

. .....

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

.....2

5 Ta

ble

3. P

revi

ous A

rcha

eolo

gica

l Stu

dies

.....

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

..34

Tabl

e 4.

Stra

tigra

phic

sum

mar

y of

the

sub-

surf

ace

inve

stig

atio

ns. ..

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

...47

Ta

ble

5. P

rove

nien

ce D

ata

for S

oil S

ampl

es C

olle

cted

Dur

ing

Exca

vatio

n (a

dapt

ed fr

om

Cum

min

gs 2

013:

4)...

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

....5

5 Ta

ble

6. P

olle

n Ty

pes O

bser

ved

in th

e So

il Sa

mpl

es (a

dapt

ed fr

om C

umm

ings

201

3:5-

7). .

......

.56

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

In

trodu

ctio

n

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct,

Ka‘

ono‘

ulu

Ahu

pua‘

a, W

ailu

ku D

istric

t, M

aui I

sland

1

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

Sect

ion

1 I

ntro

duct

ion

1.1

Proj

ect B

ackg

roun

d Th

e C

ount

y of

Mau

i D

epar

tmen

t of

Pub

lic W

orks

(C

ount

y) h

as p

ropo

sed

to r

epla

ce t

he

dete

riora

ting

Kūl

anihāk

o‘i B

ridge

. The

pro

ject

are

a w

as lo

cate

d al

ong

Sout

h Kīh

ei R

oad

betw

een

the

Ast

on M

aui L

u R

esor

t and

the

Kih

ei B

ay V

ista

Con

dom

iniu

m in

the

Ka‘

ono‘

ulu

Ahu

pua‘

a,

Kul

a D

istri

ct, M

aui I

slan

d, T

MK

:(2) 3

-9-0

01: 9

99, 1

62, 1

43 (p

ors.)

(Fig

ure

1 an

d Fi

gure

2).

The

APE

is d

efin

ed a

s th

e im

med

iate

are

a of

gro

und

dist

urba

nce.

In th

is in

stan

ce th

e A

PE c

onsi

sts

of

the e

ntire

pro

ject

area

, app

roxi

mat

ely

0.35

ha (

0.9

acre

s). T

his i

nclu

des t

he p

ropo

sed

deto

ur b

ridge

, th

e te

mpo

rary

supp

ort s

truct

ure,

and

the

repl

acem

ent o

f the

exi

stin

g br

idge

.

The

exis

ting

brid

ge c

onsi

sts

of fo

ur re

info

rced

con

cret

e bo

x cu

lver

ts. E

ach

cell

is 6

feet

wid

e an

d 4

feet

hig

h by

38

feet

long

. A M

arch

201

2 br

idge

insp

ectio

n re

port

note

s th

at th

ere

is s

ever

e sp

allin

g an

d ad

vanc

ed c

orro

sion

of

the

rein

forc

ing

of t

he t

op s

lab

of t

he c

ulve

rt. T

he r

epor

t re

com

men

ded

that

imm

edia

te re

pairs

or s

horin

g of

the

top

slab

be

impl

emen

ted.

The

cou

nty

plan

s on

com

plet

ely

repl

acin

g Kūl

anihāk

o‘i

Brid

ge w

hich

wou

ld i

nvol

ve a

n ex

tens

ive

and

time-

cons

umin

g pe

rmitt

ing

proc

ess i

nvol

ving

Fed

eral

, Sta

te a

nd C

ount

y w

etla

nd a

nd sh

orel

ine

issu

es.

In o

rder

to a

ddre

ss im

med

iate

saf

ety

conc

erns

a te

mpo

rary

ste

el b

ridge

will

be

cons

truct

ed to

en

case

and

ext

end

over

the

exis

ting

brid

ge. T

his t

empo

rary

stee

l brid

ge w

ould

span

app

roxi

mat

ely

60 fe

et a

nd b

e ap

prox

imat

ely

24 fe

et w

ide

to a

ccom

mod

ate

two

lane

s of t

raff

ic.

Afte

r ano

ther

tem

pora

ry s

teel

brid

ge a

nd ro

adw

ay is

com

plet

ed m

auka

(inl

and)

of t

he e

xist

ing

culv

erts

as

a de

tour

rou

te,

the

initi

al t

empo

rary

ste

el b

ridge

wou

ld b

e re

mov

ed (

Figu

re 3

). Su

bseq

uent

ly Kūl

anihāk

o‘i B

ridge

will

be

repl

aced

with

six

new

cul

verts

, eac

h 6

feet

wid

e an

d 4

feet

hig

h w

ith in

let a

nd o

utle

t win

g w

alls

con

stru

cted

of c

oncr

ete

(Fig

ure

4). G

roun

d di

stur

banc

e ac

tiviti

es f

or th

is p

roje

ct w

ill in

clud

e gr

ubbi

ng, g

radi

ng a

nd tr

ench

exc

avat

ion

asso

ciat

ed w

ith

tem

pora

ry b

ridge

and

cul

vert

cons

truct

ion.

Dur

ing

a fie

ld v

isit

o n

Dec

embe

r 13,

201

2 w

ith T

here

sa D

onha

m (A

rcha

eolo

gy B

ranc

h C

hief

) an

AIS

of

the

land

s co

verin

g th

e ex

tent

of

the

APE

of

the

prop

osed

det

our

brid

ge w

as

reco

mm

ende

d. T

he p

rimar

y fo

cus

of t

he A

IS w

ould

be

to a

ddre

ss c

once

rns

of s

ub-s

urfa

ce

tradi

tiona

l H

awai

ian

fishp

ond

depo

sits

with

in t

he A

PE t

hrou

gh s

ub-s

urfa

ce t

estin

g/co

ring.

B

etw

een

May

9 a

nd 1

0, 2

013

Cul

tura

l Sur

veys

Haw

ai‘i,

Inc.

(CSH

) com

plet

e th

e ar

chae

olog

ical

in

vent

ory

surv

ey (

AIS

) fo

r th

e pr

opos

ed K

ūlan

ihāk

o‘i

Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent

Proj

ect.

The

inve

stig

atio

n w

as c

ondu

cted

at t

he re

ques

t of W

ilson

Oka

mot

o C

orpo

ratio

n an

d on

beh

alf o

f the

M

aui C

ount

y D

epar

tmen

t of P

ublic

Wor

ks.

This

wou

ld in

volv

e bo

th F

eder

al a

nd C

ount

y fu

ndin

g. A

s su

ch, t

he p

roje

ct a

rea

is s

ubje

ct to

H

awai

‘i St

ate

envi

ronm

enta

l an

d hi

stor

ic p

rese

rvat

ion

revi

ew l

egis

latio

n [H

awai

‘i R

evis

ed

Stat

utes

(HR

S) 6

E-8/

Haw

ai‘i

Adm

inis

trativ

e R

ules

(HA

R) C

hapt

er 1

3-13

-276

resp

ectiv

ely]

. As

a pr

ojec

t w

ith F

HW

A f

undi

ng N

atio

nal

His

toric

Pre

serv

atio

n A

ct (

NH

PA)

Sect

ion

106

and

Dep

artm

ent o

f Tra

nspo

rtatio

n A

ct S

ectio

n 4(

F) a

lso

appl

y.

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

In

trodu

ctio

n

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct,

Ka‘

ono‘

ulu

Ahu

pua‘

a, W

ailu

ku D

istric

t, M

aui I

sland

2

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

1.2

Scop

e of

Wor

k Th

e pr

ovis

ions

of

the

AIS

wer

e de

fined

dur

ing

the

abov

e m

entio

ned

field

vis

it w

ith S

HPD

ar

chae

olog

ists

(The

resa

Don

ham

, per

sona

l com

mun

icat

ion

Dec

embe

r 13,

201

2).

The

follo

win

g ar

chae

olog

ical

inve

ntor

y su

rvey

scop

e of

wor

k is

des

igne

d to

satis

fy th

e H

awai

‘i st

ate

requ

irem

ents

for a

rcha

eolo

gica

l inv

ento

ry su

rvey

s (H

awai

‘i A

dmin

istra

tive

Rul

es [H

AR

] C

hapt

er 1

3-27

6 an

d C

hapt

er 1

3-27

5/28

4):

1)

H

isto

ric a

nd a

rcha

eolo

gica

l bac

kgro

und

rese

arch

, inc

ludi

ng a

sear

ch o

f his

toric

map

s, w

ritte

n re

cord

s, La

nd C

omm

issi

on A

war

d do

cum

ents

, and

the

repo

rts fr

om p

rior

arch

aeol

ogic

al in

vest

igat

ions

. Thi

s res

earc

h w

ill fo

cus o

n th

e sp

ecifi

c pr

ojec

t are

a’s p

ast

land

use

, with

gen

eral

bac

kgro

und

on th

e pr

e-co

ntac

t and

his

toric

settl

emen

t pat

tern

s of

the

ahup

ua‘a

and

dis

trict

. Thi

s bac

kgro

und

info

rmat

ion

will

be

used

to c

ompi

le a

pr

edic

tive

mod

el fo

r the

type

s and

loca

tions

of h

isto

ric p

rope

rties

that

cou

ld b

e ex

pect

ed

with

in th

e pr

ojec

t are

a.

2)

A c

ompl

ete

(100

%) s

yste

mat

ic p

edes

trian

insp

ectio

n of

the

proj

ect a

rea

to id

entif

y an

y po

tent

ial s

urfa

ce h

isto

ric p

rope

rties

. Sur

face

his

toric

pro

perti

es w

ill b

e re

cord

ed w

ith a

n ev

alua

tion

of a

ge, f

unct

ion,

inte

rrel

atio

nshi

ps, a

nd si

gnifi

canc

e. D

ocum

enta

tion

will

in

clud

e ph

otog

raph

s, sc

ale

draw

ings

, and

, if w

arra

nted

, lim

ited

cont

rolle

d ex

cava

tion

of

sele

ct si

tes a

nd/o

r fea

ture

s. In

add

ition

to su

b-su

rfac

e te

stin

g an

d co

re sa

mpl

ing

to

retri

eve

pale

oenv

ironm

enta

l dat

a. T

he fi

eldw

ork

shou

ld c

ompl

y w

ith H

awai

‘i A

dmin

istra

tive

Rul

es [H

AR

] Cha

pter

13-

275

and

36 C

FR P

art 8

00 re

spec

tivel

y.

3)

As a

ppro

pria

te, c

onsu

ltatio

n w

ith k

now

ledg

eabl

e in

divi

dual

s reg

ardi

ng th

e pr

ojec

t are

a’s

hist

ory,

pas

t lan

d us

e, a

nd th

e fu

nctio

n an

d ag

e of

the

hist

oric

pro

perti

es d

ocum

ente

d w

ithin

the

proj

ect a

rea.

4)

A

s app

ropr

iate

, lab

orat

ory

wor

k to

pro

cess

and

gat

her r

elev

ant e

nviro

nmen

tal a

nd/o

r ar

chae

olog

ical

info

rmat

ion

from

col

lect

ed sa

mpl

es to

det

erm

ine

if an

y de

posi

ts in

dica

tive

of a

trad

ition

al fi

shpo

nd w

ere

pres

ent w

ithin

the

proj

ect a

rea

5)

Prep

arat

ion

of a

n in

vent

ory

surv

ey re

port,

whi

ch w

ill in

clud

e th

e fo

llow

ing:

a)

A

pro

ject

des

crip

tion;

b)

A

sect

ion

of a

USG

S to

pogr

aphi

c m

ap sh

owin

g th

e pr

ojec

t are

a bo

unda

ries a

nd th

e lo

catio

n of

all

reco

rded

his

toric

pro

perti

es;

c)

His

toric

al a

nd a

rcha

eolo

gica

l bac

kgro

und

sect

ions

sum

mar

izin

g pr

ehis

toric

and

hi

stor

ic la

nd u

se o

f the

pro

ject

are

a an

d its

vic

inity

; d)

D

escr

iptio

ns o

f all

hist

oric

pro

perti

es, i

nclu

ding

sele

cted

pho

togr

aphs

, sca

le d

raw

ings

, an

d di

scus

sion

s of a

ge, f

unct

ion,

labo

rato

ry re

sults

, and

sign

ifica

nce,

per

the

requ

irem

ents

of H

AR

13-

276.

Eac

h hi

stor

ic p

rope

rty w

ill b

e as

sign

ed a

Haw

ai‘i

Stat

e In

vent

ory

of H

isto

ric P

rope

rties

num

ber;

e)

A su

mm

ary

of h

isto

ric p

rope

rty c

ateg

orie

s, in

tegr

ity, a

nd si

gnifi

canc

e ba

sed

upon

the

Haw

ai‘i

Reg

iste

r of H

isto

ric P

lace

s crit

eria

; f)

A

pro

ject

eff

ect r

ecom

men

datio

n;

g)

Trea

tmen

t rec

omm

enda

tions

to m

itiga

te th

e pr

ojec

t’s a

dver

se e

ffec

t on

any

hist

oric

pr

oper

ties i

dent

ified

in th

e pr

ojec

t are

a th

at a

re re

com

men

ded

elig

ible

to th

e H

awai

‘i R

egis

ter o

f His

toric

Pla

ces.

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

In

trodu

ctio

n

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct,

Ka‘

ono‘

ulu

Ahu

pua‘

a, W

ailu

ku D

istric

t, M

aui I

sland

3

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

Fi

gure

1. M

ā‘al

aea

(199

6) a

nd P

u‘u

O K

ali (

1992

) 7.5

min

ute

USG

S to

pogr

aphi

c qu

adra

ngle

s sh

owin

g pr

ojec

t are

a, p

roje

ct a

rea

outli

ned

in re

d.

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

Intro

duct

ion

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct,

Ka‘

ono‘

ulu

Ahu

pua‘

a, W

ailu

ku D

istric

t, M

aui I

sland

4

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

Fi

gure

2. T

MK

show

ing

(2) 3

-9-0

1, Kūl

anihāk

o‘i B

ridge

repl

acem

ent p

roje

ct a

rea

outli

ned

in re

d.

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

Intro

duct

ion

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct,

Ka‘

ono‘

ulu

Ahu

pua‘

a, W

ailu

ku D

istric

t, M

aui I

sland

5

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

Fi

gure

3. C

onst

ruct

ion

plan

s sho

win

g th

e pr

opos

ed te

mpo

rary

brid

ge (f

igur

e co

urte

sy o

f Wils

on O

kam

oto

Cor

pora

tion)

.

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

Intro

duct

ion

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct,

Ka‘

ono‘

ulu

Ahu

pua‘

a, W

ailu

ku D

istric

t, M

aui I

sland

6

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

Fi

gure

4. C

onst

ruct

ion

plan

s sho

win

g th

e pr

opos

ed p

erm

anen

t brid

ge (f

igur

e co

urte

sy o

f Wils

on O

kam

oto

Cor

pora

tion)

.

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

En

viro

nmen

tal S

ettin

g

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

7 TM

K: (

2) 3

-9-0

01: 9

99, 1

62 ,

143

(por

s)

1.3

Envi

ronm

enta

l Set

ting

1.3.

1 N

atur

al E

nvir

onm

ent

Loca

ted

on th

e le

ewar

d fa

cing

slo

pes

of H

alea

kalā

, the

cur

rent

pro

ject

are

a is

adj

acen

t to

the

Kīh

ei c

oast

line

at m

ean

sea

leve

l (Fi

gure

5).

The

over

all t

opog

raph

y of

the

land

s co

mpr

isin

g th

e Kūl

anihāk

o‘i

Brid

ge p

roje

ct a

rea

is f

lat

to g

ently

slo

ping

, on

arid

lan

ds c

ompo

sed

chie

fly o

f al

luvi

um c

over

ed in

dun

e sa

nds d

rain

ed b

etw

een

the

Wai

akoa

and

Wai

ohul

i Gul

ches

. The

mou

th

of th

e Kūl

anihāk

o‘i G

ulch

mak

es u

p th

e st

udy

area

. The

mai

n so

ils w

ithin

the

proj

ect a

rea

are

of

the

Pūle

hu-‘

Ewa-

Jauc

as a

ssoc

iatio

n. T

his

soil

asso

ciat

ion

is m

ainl

y fo

und

in a

lluvi

al fa

ns a

nd in

th

e ba

sins

of

cent

ral M

aui.

The

spec

ific

soils

of

the

land

s su

rrou

ndin

g th

e pr

ojec

t are

a in

clud

e th

ose

of th

e K

ealia

Soi

l Ser

ies

(KM

W s

oil u

nits

), w

hich

incl

ude

Dun

e La

nd (

DL)

, Bea

ch S

and

(BS)

, ‘A

lae

(Aab

soil

units

), an

d Ja

ucas

sand

(JcC

), w

hile

the

soil

serie

s with

in th

e pr

ojec

t are

a ar

e pr

edom

inan

tly K

ealia

Silt

Loa

m (K

MW

) and

Dun

e La

nd (D

L) (F

igur

e 6)

.

The K

ealia

Soi

l Ser

ies c

onsi

sts o

f som

ewha

t poo

rly d

rain

ed so

ils o

n th

e coa

stal

flat

s. Th

e upl

and

porti

on o

f the

Kea

lia S

erie

s is i

nflu

ence

d m

ore

by th

e pr

esen

ce o

f vol

cani

c as

h an

d w

as d

evel

oped

fr

om m

ater

ial

wea

ther

ed f

rom

bas

ic i

gneo

us r

ock

(Foo

te e

t al

. 19

72:1

2).

Keā

lia s

oils

are

ge

ogra

phic

ally

asso

ciat

ed w

ith Pūl

ehu,

Mal

a -a

nd Ja

ucas

soils

, whi

ch ar

e use

d fo

r wild

life,

pas

ture

an

d ur

ban

deve

lopm

ent

(Foo

te e

t al

. 19

72:6

7).

The

Jauc

as S

oil

Serie

s is

cha

ract

eriz

ed b

y ex

cess

ivel

y dr

aine

d, c

alca

reou

s so

ils o

f the

coa

stal

are

a ne

xt to

the

ocea

n (F

oote

et a

l. 19

72:4

8).

Thes

e so

ils a

re d

evel

oped

from

cor

al a

nd sh

ells

dep

osite

d by

win

d an

d w

ave

actio

n. T

hey

are

leve

l to

stro

ngly

slop

ing

Rai

nfal

l acc

umul

atio

n w

ithin

the

proj

ect a

rea

aver

ages

less

than

15

to 1

9 in

ches

ann

ually

with

th

e he

avie

st ra

infa

ll oc

curr

ing

durin

g th

e w

inte

r mon

ths (

Dec

embe

r thr

ough

Feb

ruar

y) a

nd li

ttle

to

no ra

infa

ll du

ring

the

sum

mer

mon

ths (

June

thro

ugh

Aug

ust(G

iam

bellu

ca e

t al.

1986

; Ste

arns

and

M

acD

onal

d 19

42).

This

pat

tern

of

rain

fall

and

low

ann

ual

prec

ipita

tion

rate

may

hav

e on

ce

sust

aine

d a

low

land

, dry

shr

ub la

nd, a

nd g

rass

land

nat

ive

ecos

yste

m (

Prat

t and

Gon

199

8). T

he

maj

ority

of

the

land

scap

e w

ithin

the

pro

ject

are

a, h

owev

er, h

as b

een

mod

ified

by

hist

oric

era

ra

nchi

ng a

ctiv

ities

and

mod

ern

deve

lopm

ent.

Veg

etat

ion

with

in th

e pr

ojec

t are

a co

nsis

ted

of b

oth

typi

cal

wet

land

pl

ant

spec

ies

and

othe

r in

trodu

ced

plan

ts

incl

udin

g ak

ulik

uli

(Ses

uviu

m

port

ulac

astr

um),

kiaw

e tre

es (P

roso

pis

palli

da),

akia

ki (S

poro

bolu

s vi

rgin

icus

), m

ilo (T

hesp

esia

po

puln

ea) n

aupa

ka (S

caev

ola

tacc

ada)

, and

pōh

inah

ina

(Vite

x ro

tund

ifolia

).

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

En

viro

nmen

tal S

ettin

g

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

8 TM

K: (

2) 3

-9-0

01: 9

99, 1

62 ,

143

(por

s)

Fi

gure

5 O

verv

iew

of t

he c

urre

nt p

roje

ct a

rea

faci

ng w

est.

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

In

trodu

ctio

n

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

9

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

Fi

gure

6. M

ā‘al

aea

(199

6) a

nd P

u‘u

O K

ali (

1992

) 7.5

min

ute

USG

S to

pogr

aphi

c qu

adra

ngle

s sh

owin

g th

e so

ils o

f the

cur

rent

pro

ject

and

surr

ound

ing

area

.

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

In

trodu

ctio

n

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

10

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

1.3.

2 Bu

ilt E

nvir

onm

ent

The

proj

ect a

rea

is lo

cate

d al

ong

Sout

h Kīh

ei R

oad

at Kūl

anihāk

o‘i G

ulch

app

roxi

mat

ely

61

m (2

00 ft

) sou

th o

f the

inte

rsec

tion

with

Kao

noul

u St

. Kal

epol

epo

Park

, the

Kih

ei B

ay V

ista

co

ndom

iniu

m, a

nd th

e Pa

cific

Wha

le F

ound

atio

n vi

sito

r cen

ter a

re lo

cate

d to

the

sout

h an

d th

e A

STO

N M

aui L

u R

esor

t is l

ocat

ed to

the

north

east

of t

he p

roje

ct a

rea.

The

surr

ound

ing

area

has

be

en b

uilt

up a

nd in

clud

es se

vera

l lar

ge c

ondo

min

ium

dev

elop

men

ts in

clud

ing

the

Vill

as a

t K

enol

io, l

ocat

ed in

land

and

eas

t of t

he p

roje

ct a

rea.

Fi

gure

7. G

oogl

e Ea

rth (2

011)

aer

ial i

mag

e sh

owin

g pr

ojec

t are

a lo

catio

n in

rela

tion

to th

e su

rrou

ndin

g bu

ilt e

nviro

nmen

t.

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

Ba

ckgr

ound

Res

earc

h

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

11

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

Sect

ion

2 M

etho

ds

This

sec

tion

deta

ils th

e m

etho

ds u

sed

by C

SH p

erso

nnel

dur

ing

field

wor

k an

d th

e pr

epar

atio

n of

this

doc

umen

t. C

SH c

ompl

eted

the

AIS

und

er s

tate

arc

haeo

logi

cal p

erm

it N

o. 1

3-06

issu

ed b

y th

e SH

PD,

per

Haw

ai‘i

Adm

inis

trativ

e R

ules

(H

AR

) C

hapt

er 1

3-13

-282

and

the

AIS

was

co

nduc

ted

in c

ompl

ianc

e w

ith H

AR

Cha

pter

13-

276.

2.1

Fiel

d M

etho

ds

2.1.

1 Pe

dest

rian

Sur

vey

A 1

00 %

ped

estri

an su

rvey

of t

he e

ntire

pro

ject

are

a w

as u

nder

take

n fo

r the

pur

pose

of h

isto

ric

prop

erty

ide

ntifi

catio

n an

d do

cum

enta

tion.

The

fol

low

ing

met

hods

wer

e us

ed t

o co

mpl

ete

the

pede

stria

n in

spec

tion

of th

e cu

rren

t pro

ject

are

a:

1.

The

boun

dary

of t

he p

roje

ct a

rea

was

iden

tifie

d an

d m

aint

aine

d du

ring

the

cour

se o

f the

pe

dest

rian

surv

ey u

sing

a G

arm

in G

PSM

ap 6

0CSx

han

dhel

d G

PS u

nit w

ith th

e pr

ojec

t ar

ea d

ata

uplo

aded

and

vis

ible

on

the

map

scre

en;

2.

The

pede

stria

n in

spec

tion

of t

he s

tudy

are

a w

as a

ccom

plis

hed

thro

ugh

syst

emat

ic

trans

ects

at 5

met

er (1

6 ft)

inte

rval

s or

ient

ed n

orth

to s

outh

, par

alle

l to

the

long

axi

s of

th

e st

udy

area

.

2.1.

2 Su

bsur

face

Tes

ting

Prio

r to

the

inve

stig

atio

n th

e G

eote

chni

cal E

ngin

eerin

g Ex

plor

atio

n of

the

Kul

anih

akoi

Brid

ge

Rep

lace

men

t rep

ort f

rom

GEO

LAB

S, In

c., (

Kw

ock

2012

) was

revi

ewed

. The

ava

ilabl

e sa

mpl

es

Geo

labs

, Inc

., co

llect

ed w

ere

also

exa

min

ed a

t the

ir W

ailu

ku fa

cilit

y.

Due

to th

e sa

ndy/

wet

nat

ure

of th

e so

ils A

"pi

pe c

orin

g" m

etho

d w

as u

sed

to c

olle

ct c

olum

ns

for a

naly

sis.

A sh

ovel

test

was

firs

t han

d ex

cava

ted

into

the

rece

nt a

lluvi

um/fi

ll an

d si

fted

thro

ugh

a 0.

3 cm

(0.1

25 in

ch) m

esh.

Onc

e th

e un

derly

ing

sedi

men

t was

exp

osed

a 1

.5 m

(5 fo

ot) l

engt

h of

2

in (5

cm

) dia

met

er P

CV

pip

e w

as fo

r driv

en in

to th

e gr

ound

to c

olle

ct s

ampl

es o

f the

sed

imen

t (F

igur

e 8)

. Sub

sequ

ently

the

pipe

was

cap

ped,

rem

oved

and

take

n ba

ck to

the

CSH

Wai

luku

lab.

A

ll su

b-su

rfac

e ex

cava

tions

wer

e re

cord

ed w

ith a

Trim

ble

Pro

XH

GPS

uni

t and

pos

t-pro

cess

ed

to s

ub-m

eter

acc

urac

y. I

n ad

ditio

n, t

he t

opog

raph

y so

uthe

rn p

ortio

n of

the

pro

ject

are

a w

as

reco

rded

with

a S

okki

a Se

t IIB

2 to

tal s

tatio

n fo

r acc

urat

e el

evat

ions

.

2.2

Labo

rato

ry M

etho

ds

Sedi

men

t sa

mpl

es c

olle

cted

in

the

field

wer

e br

ough

t ba

ck t

o th

e C

SH l

ab f

or p

repa

ratio

n an

d su

bmitt

al f

or p

olle

n an

alys

is. T

wo

sam

ple,

fro

m P

ipe

Cor

e 1

was

sub

mitt

ed to

the

Pale

o R

esea

rch

Inst

itute

in G

olde

n, C

olor

ado.

No

cultu

ral m

ater

ials

(mid

den,

cha

rcoa

l, or

arti

fact

s) w

ere

obse

rved

or

colle

cted

dur

ing

this

inve

stig

atio

n.

Due

to th

e hi

ghly

org

anic

nat

ure

of th

ese

sam

ples

, the

nor

mal

che

mic

al e

xtra

ctio

n te

chni

que

was

m

odifi

ed. A

ppro

xim

atel

y 1.

25 c

ubic

cen

timet

ers

(cc)

of o

rgan

ic-r

ich

sedi

men

t was

sel

ecte

d fo

r eac

h sa

mpl

e, w

hich

rece

ived

a sm

all a

mou

nt o

f hyd

roch

loric

aci

d (1

0%) t

o re

mov

e an

y ca

lciu

m c

arbo

nate

s pr

esen

t in

the

soi

l. N

ext t

he s

ampl

es w

ere

scre

ened

thr

ough

250

-mic

ron

mes

h. T

he s

ampl

es w

ere

allo

wed

to

settl

e fo

r 2

hour

s, af

ter

whi

ch t

he s

uper

nata

nt w

as p

oure

d of

f an

d th

e sa

mpl

es w

ere

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

Ba

ckgr

ound

Res

earc

h

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

12

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

trans

ferr

ed to

50

ml t

ubes

. The

sam

ples

then

rece

ived

a 3

0 m

inut

e tre

atm

ent i

n ho

t hyd

roflu

oric

(HF)

ac

id to

rem

ove

inor

gani

c pa

rticl

es. T

he s

ampl

es w

ere

acet

ylat

ed fo

r 5 m

inut

es to

rem

ove

extra

neou

s, no

n-po

llen

orga

nic

mat

ter.

A li

ght m

icro

scop

e was

use

d to

coun

t pol

len

at a

mag

nific

atio

n of

500

x. P

olle

n pr

eser

vatio

n in

thes

e sa

mpl

es v

arie

d fr

om g

ood

to p

oor.

Com

para

tive

refe

renc

e m

ater

ial

colle

cted

at

the

Inte

rmou

ntai

n H

erba

rium

at U

tah

Stat

e U

nive

rsity

, the

Uni

vers

ity o

f Col

orad

o H

erba

rium

, and

the

Bis

hop

Mus

eum

H

erba

rium

was

use

d to

iden

tify

the

polle

n to

the

fam

ily, g

enus

, and

spec

ies l

evel

, whe

re p

ossi

ble.

Polle

n ag

greg

ates

wer

e re

cord

ed d

urin

g id

entif

icat

ion

of th

e po

llen.

Agg

rega

tes

are

clum

ps o

f a

sing

le ty

pe o

f pol

len

and

may

be

inte

rpre

ted

to re

pres

ent e

ither

pol

len

disp

ersa

l ove

r sho

rt di

stan

ces o

r th

e int

rodu

ctio

n of

por

tions

of t

he p

lant

repr

esen

ted

into

an ar

chae

olog

ical

setti

ng. T

he ag

greg

ates

wer

e in

clud

ed in

the

polle

n co

unts

as s

ingl

e gr

ains

, as i

s cus

tom

ary.

The

pre

senc

e of

agg

rega

tes i

s not

ed b

y an

"A

" ne

xt to

the

polle

n fre

quen

cy o

n th

e pe

rcen

tage

pol

len

diag

ram

. The

per

cent

age

polle

n di

agra

m

was

pro

duce

d us

ing

Tilia

2.0

and

TG

Vie

w 2

.0.2

. Tot

al p

olle

n co

ncen

tratio

ns w

ere

calc

ulat

ed in

Tili

a us

ing

the

quan

tity

of sa

mpl

e pr

oces

sed

in cu

bic

cent

imet

ers (

cc),

the

quan

tity

of e

xotic

s (sp

ores

) add

ed

to th

e sa

mpl

e, th

e qu

antit

y of

exo

tics c

ount

ed, a

nd th

e to

tal p

olle

n co

unte

d an

d ex

pres

sed

as p

olle

n pe

r cc

of s

edim

ent.

“Ind

eter

min

ate”

pol

len

incl

udes

pol

len

grai

ns th

at a

re f

olde

d, m

utila

ted,

or

othe

rwis

e di

stor

ted[

be

yond

rec

ogni

tion.

The

se g

rain

s w

ere

incl

uded

in th

e to

tal p

olle

n co

unt s

ince

they

are

par

t of

the

polle

n re

cord

. A m

ore

deta

iled

expl

anat

ion

of th

e m

etho

ds e

mpl

oyed

dur

ing

the

labo

rato

ry a

naly

sis i

s av

aila

ble

in th

e po

llen

anal

ysis

repo

rt, (A

ppen

dix

A)(

Cum

min

gs 2

013:

1).

2.3

Doc

umen

t Rev

iew

A

var

iety

of

reso

urce

s de

vote

d to

his

toric

al p

ersp

ectiv

es o

f th

e re

gion

and

trad

ition

al s

torie

s an

d ac

coun

ts w

ere

revi

ewed

. Res

earc

h ve

nues

incl

uded

the

Haw

ai‘i

Stat

e H

isto

ric P

rese

rvat

ion

Div

isio

n of

the

Dep

artm

ent

of L

and

and

Nat

ural

Res

ourc

es a

nd t

he S

urve

y O

ffic

e of

the

D

epar

tmen

t of A

ccou

ntin

g an

d G

ener

al S

ervi

ces.

All

rele

vant

Lan

d C

omm

issi

on A

war

ds (L

CA

s)

and

Roy

al P

aten

ts w

ere

rese

arch

ed u

sing

res

ourc

es a

ssoc

iate

d w

ith t

he W

aiho

na ‘

Ain

a on

line

data

base

(Wai

hona

‘Ain

a 20

02).

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

Ba

ckgr

ound

Res

earc

h

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

13

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

Fi

gure

8. D

rivin

g th

e Pi

pe C

ore

1 in

to th

e se

dim

ent,

view

to th

e ea

st.

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

Ba

ckgr

ound

Res

earc

h

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

14

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

Sect

ion

3 B

ackg

roun

d R

esea

rch

3.1

Trad

ition

al a

nd H

istor

ical

Bac

kgro

und

The

divi

sion

of

Mau

i’s la

nds

into

pol

itica

l dis

trict

s oc

curr

ed d

urin

g th

e ru

le o

f K

aka‘

alan

eo,

unde

r the

dire

ctio

n of

his

kah

una,

Kal

aiha

‘ōhi

‘a (

Beck

with

197

0:38

3). T

his

divi

sion

resu

lted

in

twel

ve d

istri

cts

or m

oku

durin

g tra

ditio

nal t

imes

: Hon

ua‘u

la, K

ahik

inui

, Kau

pō, K

īpah

ulu,

Hān

a,

Ko‘

olau

, Hām

ākua

Loa

, Hām

ākua

Pok

o, K

a‘an

apal

i, La

hain

a, a

nd K

ula.

The

cur

rent

pro

ject

are

a is

loca

ted

on th

e lee

war

d fla

nk o

f Hal

eaka

lā in

the m

oku

of K

ula a

nd in

the a

hupu

a‘a

of K

a‘on

o‘ul

u (F

igur

e 9)

alo

ng th

e sh

orel

ine

at Kīh

ei.

Fi

gure

9. A

por

tion

of th

e F.

S D

odge

map

(188

5) sh

owin

g K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a

in re

latio

n to

th

e tra

ditio

nal m

oku

of K

ula

(cro

wn

land

s in

yello

w, g

over

nmen

t lan

ds in

gre

en).

3.1.

1 M

ytho

logi

cal a

nd T

radi

tiona

l Acc

ount

s W

hile

the

myt

holo

gica

l an

d tra

ditio

nal

acco

unts

of

the

Kīh

ei a

rea

are

rela

tivel

y sc

arce

, an

anal

ysis

of t

he p

lace

nam

e m

eani

ngs

for t

he re

gion

sur

roun

ding

the

proj

ect a

rea

may

yie

ld s

ome

insi

ght i

nto

the

patte

rns o

f life

in a

n ar

ea. L

itera

l tra

nsla

tions

of s

ever

al o

f the

pla

ce n

ames

for l

and

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

Ba

ckgr

ound

Res

earc

h

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

15

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

area

s an

d di

visi

ons

near

to

the

proj

ect

area

are

lis

ted

belo

w.

Unl

ess

othe

rwis

e no

ted,

the

tra

nsla

tions

are

take

n fr

om P

ukui

et a

l. (1

974)

:

Tabl

e 1.

Pla

ce N

ames

in th

e vi

cini

ty o

f Kal

epol

epo.

Ako

lea

A sp

ecie

s of f

ern

(Pol

ypod

ium

kera

udre

nian

a) tr

aditi

onal

ly k

now

n to

ha

ve g

row

n in

ple

ntifu

l qu

antit

ies

at K

alep

olep

o, a

ccor

ding

to

Forn

ande

r (se

e Kam

a‘om

a‘o

belo

w).

Han

dy st

ates

that

the r

egio

n w

as

know

n to

supp

ort o

nly

the

swee

t pot

ato

(Han

dy 1

991:

511)

.

Ala

koa

Lit.,

“so

ldie

rs’ s

treet

.”

Kai

puka

i Hin

a Li

t., H

ina’

s m

eat d

ish.

” N

ame

give

n to

the

coas

tal r

egio

n ju

st n

orth

of

the

pres

ent-d

ay “

Gor

don

Gib

son

mon

umen

t to

Van

couv

er,”

whi

ch

is se

awar

d at

a p

rom

onto

ry fr

ontin

g th

e M

aui L

u R

esor

t pro

perty

.

Kal

aepō

haku

Li

t., “

the

ston

e pr

omon

tory

,” lo

cate

d so

uth

of th

e Kīh

ei L

andi

ng p

ier.

A ro

cky

prom

onto

ry w

hich

is a

bou

ndar

y m

arke

r in

Nor

th Kīh

ei.

Kal

e‘ia

Li

t., “

the

abun

danc

e”, p

ossi

bly

in re

fere

nce

to th

e re

sour

ces a

vaila

ble

from

the

fishp

onds

and

off

shor

e fis

hing

gro

unds

at M

ā‘al

aea.

Kal

epol

epo

Lit.,

“th

e di

rt.”

Acc

ordi

ng to

For

nand

er, K

alep

olep

o w

as k

now

n as

th

e se

awar

d ex

trem

ity o

f th

e pl

ain

of K

ama‘

oma‘

o. I

n Fo

rnan

der’

s “T

he L

egen

d of

Kek

uhau

pio,

” th

e st

ory’

s piv

otal

bat

tle o

ccur

s at t

he

edge

of K

ama‘

oma‘

o, at

Kal

epol

epo

(For

nand

er 1

919:

456)

. Aga

in, i

n Fo

rnan

der’

s “A

Sto

ry o

f Pu

upeh

e,”

a ba

ttle

is fo

ught

at t

he e

dge

of

the

plai

ns o

f Kam

a‘om

a‘o

at K

alep

olep

o.

Kal

uaihākōkō

(Poi

nt)

Lit.,

the

pit [

for]

wre

stlin

g. Hākōkō

is s

aid

to h

ave

been

the

nam

e of

a

chie

f. A

coa

stal

pro

mon

tory

at t

he K

alam

a Pa

rk a

rea

of Kīh

ei.

Kal

epea

moa

Li

t., “

the

com

b [a

cqui

red]

by

[a]

chic

ken.

The

cre

st o

f H

alea

kalā

’s

sout

hwes

t rift

zon

e, w

here

the

east

ern

boun

dary

line

of

Ka‘

ono‘

ulu

Ahu

pua‘

a te

rmin

ates

and

retu

rns w

est t

o th

e sh

orel

ine

of Kīh

ei a

long

its

bou

ndar

y w

ith W

aioh

uli A

hupu

a‘a.

Kam

a‘om

a‘o

Li

t., “

the

gree

nnes

s.” P

lain

nea

r K

alep

olep

o, w

here

, ac

cord

ing

to

Forn

ande

r, th

e la

rge

pond

of

Keā

lia i

s lo

cate

d. I

n Fo

rnan

der’

s “A

St

ory

of P

uupe

he, t

wo

prop

hets

, Pue

onui

okon

a an

d Pu

mai

a fo

ught

ov

er th

e fat

e of s

pirit

s of t

he d

ead

who

wer

e des

tined

to w

ande

r acr

oss

the

isth

mus

of M

aui.

The

battl

e to

ok p

lace

at K

alep

olep

o, n

ear K

eālia

Po

nd.

Pum

aia

was

ki

lled

by

the

owl,

Pueo

nuio

kona

, w

ho

dise

mbo

wel

ed P

umai

a an

d sp

read

his

rem

ains

acr

oss

the

akol

ea, a

sp

ecie

s of

fern

( Pol

ypod

ium

ker

audr

enia

na) o

nce

foun

d on

the

arid

pl

ains

of K

ama‘

oma‘

o (F

orna

nder

191

9:55

4).

Ka‘

ono‘

ulu

Lit.,

“th

e de

sire

[for

] bre

adfr

uit.”

Ahu

pua‘

a la

nd d

ivis

ion

in th

e K

ula

Dis

trict

of

Mau

i, w

ith a

lan

d ar

ea o

f 5,

715

acre

s. Th

e ea

ster

n

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

Ba

ckgr

ound

Res

earc

h

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

16

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

boun

dary

of t

his

ahup

ua‘a

term

inat

es a

t a p

oint

nam

ed K

alep

eam

oa

befo

re ru

nnin

g w

est b

ack

to th

e sh

orel

ine

of Kīh

ei

Ka‘ōp

ala

liter

ally

“th

e ru

bbis

h”; t

he tr

aditi

onal

bou

ndar

y lin

e be

twee

n Pū

lehu

N

ui A

hupu

a‘a

and

Wai

kapū

Ahu

pua‘

a

Kaw

ililip

oa

Kaw

ililip

oa is

an

‘ili o

f Kam

a‘ol

e A

hupu

a‘a,

cite

d by

Sto

kes i

n 19

18

as t

he s

ite o

f th

ree

heia

u so

uth

of K

alep

olep

o (S

ee S

ectio

n 4.

3,

Prev

ious

Arc

haeo

logi

cal R

esea

rch)

.

Ka‘

ie‘ie

“a

pla

ythi

ng f

or f

loat

ing

in t

he r

apid

s”,

an a

ncie

nt n

ame

for

Kal

epol

epo

(Ste

rling

199

8:25

2)

Keā

lia

liter

ally

“sa

lt en

crus

tatio

n”;

a po

nd n

ear

Kīh

ei a

nd m

ajor

sal

t pa

n lo

catio

n (S

terli

ng 1

998:

95)

Keā

huai

wi

liter

ally

“th

e bo

ne p

ile”;

the

nam

e of

a g

ulch

imm

edia

tely

adj

acen

t to

and

north

of W

aiak

oa G

ulch

in N

orth

Kīh

ei

Ken

olio

Pr

omin

ent S

outh

Mau

i fam

ily n

ame.

Kīh

ei

liter

ally

“ca

pe o

r clo

ak”;

san

dy p

oint

and

bou

ndar

y m

arke

r bet

wee

n Pū

lehu

Nui

and

Wai

kap ū

(Ste

rling

199

8:25

5); c

omm

only

use

d pl

ace

nam

e fo

r the

coa

stal

sout

h M

aui a

rea

Kīh

eipū

ko‘a

kī

hei

liter

ally

tra

nsla

tes

as “

cape

or

cloa

k” a

nd p

ūko‘

a lit

eral

ly

trans

late

s as

“co

ral h

ead”

; Kīh

eipū

ko‘a

was

a tr

aditi

onal

pla

ce-n

ame

for

the

shor

elin

e ne

ar K

eālia

bet

wee

n K

alep

olep

o an

d Mā‘

alae

a (S

terli

ng 1

998:

257)

Kik

aupō

haku

Li

t., “

rock

of

Kik

au.”

In

the

tradi

tiona

l sto

ry o

f th

e bu

ildin

g of

the

Kal

epol

epo

pond

wal

ls b

y W

ilcox

, Kik

au’s

roc

k w

as p

lace

d at

the

north

wes

t cor

ner o

f the

fish

pon

d w

all b

y na

men

ehun

e.

Koh

emāl

amal

ama

Lit.,

“the

vag

ina”

; als

o th

e anc

ient

nam

e for

the i

slan

d of

Kah

o‘ol

awe,

an

isl

and

loca

ted

appr

oxim

atel

y si

x m

iles

sout

hwes

t of

the

Kīh

ei

coas

tline

.

Kul

a (m

oku)

lit

eral

ly t

rans

late

d as

"pl

ain"

; tra

ditio

nally

kno

wn

as a

n ar

id f

lat

regi

on (H

andy

in S

terli

ng 1

995:

242)

Kūl

anihāk

o‘i

Lit.,

“agi

tate

d he

aven

that

stan

ds.”

Nam

ed fo

r a m

ythi

cal f

loat

ing

land

in

the

sky.

Wai

akoa

Li

t., “

wat

er (u

sed)

by

war

rior.”

Poha

ku K

i‘i

“tilt

ed st

one”

; a re

stin

g pl

ace

for t

rave

lers

Pūle

hu N

ui (a

hupu

a‘a)

La

rge

pūle

hu w

here

pūl

ehu

is li

tera

lly tr

ansl

ated

as “

broi

led”

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

Ba

ckgr

ound

Res

earc

h

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

17

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

The

abov

e pl

ace

nam

es, t

oget

her

with

the

envi

ronm

enta

l dat

a, s

ugge

st th

at th

e la

nds

of a

nd

surr

ound

ing

coas

tal K

a‘on

o‘ul

u w

ere

fairl

y dr

y an

d ba

rren

in a

n ag

ricul

tura

l sen

se b

ut r

ich

in

mar

ine

reso

urce

s. Pr

evio

us r

esea

rch

on p

re-C

onta

ct s

ettle

men

t in

the

Kul

a D

istri

ct (

Kol

b et

al.

1997

) has

sugg

este

d th

at m

ost p

erm

anen

t hab

itatio

ns w

ere i

n th

e upl

ands

with

a sm

alle

r per

man

ent

popu

latio

n lo

cate

d al

ong

the

coas

tline

. Whi

le a

rec

onst

ruct

ion

of th

e co

asta

l and

arc

haeo

logi

cal

land

scap

e of

Kul

a M

oku

unde

rsco

res

the

impo

rtanc

e of

the

upla

nds

as a

focu

s of

agr

icul

ture

and

ha

bita

tion,

Haw

aiia

n tra

ditio

ns a

nd th

e pr

esen

ce o

f fo

ur f

ishp

onds

are

evi

denc

e th

at th

e co

asta

l en

viro

ns w

ere

also

a fo

cus o

f set

tlem

ent a

nd m

arin

e ex

ploi

tatio

n. T

he re

lativ

e sc

arci

ty o

f rec

orde

d co

asta

l pla

ce n

ames

, how

ever

, may

be

an in

dica

tion

of a

smal

ler p

opul

atio

n th

at w

as w

idel

y sp

read

ou

t acr

oss

the

leew

ard

coas

tal l

ine.

The

vic

inity

sur

roun

ding

the

curr

ent p

roje

ct a

rea

was

als

o a

site

of c

onfli

ct b

etw

een

the

Haw

ai‘i

Isla

nd c

hief

Kal

anio

pu‘u

and

Mau

i Isl

and

chie

f Kah

ekili

and

is

per

haps

the

orig

in fo

r suc

h pl

ace

nam

es a

s “W

aiak

oa”

and

“Keā

huai

wi”

.

Not

e tha

t man

y of

the p

lace

nam

es ar

e ass

ocia

ted

with

regi

onal

shor

elin

e fis

hpon

ds. K

alep

olep

o Fi

shpo

nd (a

lso

nam

ed K

a‘on

o‘ul

u K

ai a

nd K

o‘ie

‘ie) i

s lo

cate

d al

ong

the

shor

elin

e of

Ka'o

no'u

lu

Ahu

pua'a

, with

in th

e tra

ditio

nal d

istri

ct o

f Kul

a, Is

land

of M

aui.

The

ahup

ua‘a

of K

a‘on

o‘ul

u is

on

e of

six

maj

or K

ula

land

div

isio

ns w

hich

ext

end

from

the

Oce

an t

o th

e up

per

reac

hes

of

Hal

eaka

lā.

Ka‘

ono‘

ulu

is s

ituat

ed n

ear

the

cent

er o

f th

e K

ula

Dis

trict

, w

ith Pūl

ehu

Nui

and

W

aiak

oa t

o th

e no

rth a

nd W

aioh

uli,

Kēō

kea

and

Kam

a'ole

to

the

sout

h. K

a‘on

o‘ul

u is

ap

prox

imat

ely

0.4

mile

wid

e at

the

shor

elin

e, a

nd 0

.7 m

ile w

ide

at K

alep

amoa

(9,0

00 ft

AM

SL).

The

ahup

ua‘a

has

a m

axim

um w

idth

of o

ne m

ile, w

hich

occ

urs a

t 800

ft A

MSL

. Kal

epol

epo

Pond

is

at t

he so

uthe

rn b

ound

ary

of th

e ah

upua

‘a (D

onha

m 1

996:

1).

3.1.

2 Tr

aditi

onal

Acc

ount

s Th

e ea

rlies

t ac

coun

t co

ncer

ning

Kīh

ei a

nd H

awai

ian

polit

ics

is g

iven

by

Kam

akau

(19

91)

durin

g th

e tim

e of

Ala

pa‘i

and

Kek

aulik

e:

Ala

pa‘i

saile

d fr

om K

ohal

a on

Haw

ai‘i.

..But

whe

n he

land

ed a

t Mok

ulau

in K

aupō

(M

aui)

and

hear

d th

at K

e-ka

u-lik

e w

as d

ying

, he

gave

up

all t

houg

ht o

f w

ar a

nd

wis

hed

only

to

mee

t K

e-ka

u-lik

e an

d hi

s (h

alf)

sis

ter

Ke-

ku‘i-

apo-

iwa-

nui..

.He

land

ed a

t Kīh

eipu

ko‘a

with

all

his c

hief

s and

figh

ting

men

...W

hile

he

was

at K

īhei

, A

lapa

‘i he

ard

that

the

rulin

g ch

ief o

f Oah

u w

as m

akin

g w

ar u

pon

Mol

okai

. Mos

t of

the

chie

fs o

f Mol

oka‘

i...w

ere

of H

awai

‘i...A

lapa

‘i's

sym

path

y w

as a

rous

ed, f

or

thes

e w

ere

his

own

brot

hers

and

chi

ldre

n (r

elat

ives

), an

d he

mad

e re

ady

to g

o to

th

eir h

elp

on M

olok

a‘i (

Kam

akau

199

1:70

).

Oth

er a

ccou

nts

invo

lve

the

cont

inui

ng c

onfli

ct b

etw

een

Kah

ekili

of

Mau

i Is

land

and

K

alan

i‘opu

‘u o

f Haw

ai‘i

Isla

nd d

urin

g th

e la

te 1

8th c

entu

ry. F

ollo

win

g a

losi

ng b

attle

at K

aupō

in

1775

, Kal

ani‘o

pu‘u

ded

icat

ed se

vera

l war

hei

au o

n H

awai

‘i Is

land

to a

id in

the

defe

at o

f Kah

ekili

. U

pon

hear

ing

this

new

s K

ahek

ili s

ent

for

the

kahu

na (

prie

st)

Kal

eopu

‘upu

‘u w

ho d

irect

ed

cons

truct

ion

of th

e hei

au o

f Kal

uli a

nd P

u‘uo

hala

on

the n

orth

side

of W

ailu

ku. W

hen

Kal

uli H

eiau

w

as c

ompl

eted

Kal

eopu

‘upu

‘u sa

id to

Kah

ekili

:

This

is th

e hou

se o

f you

r god

; ope

n th

e slu

ice g

ate

that

the f

ish

may

ente

r (K

amak

au

1991

:85)

.

In th

e ye

ar 1

776,

the

arm

y of

Kal

ani‘o

pu‘u

land

ed a

t Keo

neo‘

o‘io

with

thei

r war

can

oes e

xten

ding

to

Mak

ena

at H

onua

‘ula

and

pro

ceed

ed to

rava

ge th

e co

untry

side

. Kal

ani‘o

pu‘u

land

ed w

ith h

is

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

Ba

ckgr

ound

Res

earc

h

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

18

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

Ala

pa re

gim

ent a

t Kīh

eipū

ko’a

at K

eālia

to K

apa‘

ahu,

800

stro

ng a

nd e

ager

to d

rink

the

wat

ers o

f W

ailu

ku: Acr

oss

the

plai

ns o

f Pu

‘u‘a

inak

o (C

ane-

trash

-hill

) an

d K

ama‘

oma‘

o sh

one

the

feat

her c

loak

s of

the

sold

iers

… K

a-he

kili

was

at K

alan

ihal

e ju

st b

elow

Kih

ahal

e an

d ab

ove t

he p

late

au o

f Ka‘

ilipo

e at P

ohak

uaok

ahi …

Kal

eopu

‘upu

‘u [s

aid]

to K

a-he

kili,

“Th

e fis

h ha

ve e

nter

ed th

e sl

uice

; dra

w in

the

net.”

(Kam

akau

199

1:85

)

The f

orce

s of K

ahek

ili d

esce

nded

on

and

dest

roye

d th

e sol

dier

s of K

alan

i‘opu

‘u, s

layi

ng th

e A

lapa

(e

lite

sold

iers

of

Kal

ani‘o

pu‘u

) on

the

sand

hills

at t

he s

outh

east

of

Kal

ua [

an a

rea

clos

e to

the

pres

ent-d

ay W

aika

pū, a

ccor

ding

to th

e ac

coun

ts].

Onl

y tw

o m

en e

scap

ed to

Kīh

eipū

ko‘a

to te

ll K

alan

i‘opu

‘u th

e ne

ws o

f the

ir de

feat

. Afte

r a se

cond

day

of w

arfa

re, K

alan

i‘opu

‘u su

ed fo

r pea

ce

and

was

gra

nted

such

by

Kah

ekili

and

his

mes

seng

ers a

t Kīh

eipū

ko‘a

(Kam

akau

199

1:88

-89)

.

Forn

ande

r (18

80) n

otes

that

Kal

anio

pu‘u

, a ru

ling

chie

f of H

awai

‘i, w

as te

mpo

raril

y at

Kal

epol

epo

in th

e 17

50’s

(For

nand

er 1

880:

142)

.

Forn

ande

r’s

tradi

tiona

l ac

coun

ts f

or t

he p

ortio

n of

Kīh

ei i

nclu

ding

Kal

epol

epo

and

plai

ns o

f K

ama‘

oma‘

o at

the

edge

of

Keā

lia P

ond

incl

udes

“A

Sto

ry o

f Pu

upeh

e,”

abou

t tw

o pr

ophe

ts,

Pueo

nuio

kona

and

Pum

aia

who

foug

ht e

ach

othe

r ove

r the

fate

of s

prits

of t

he d

ead

who

wer

e sa

id

to w

ande

r ac

ross

the

cent

ral i

sthm

us o

f M

aui.

The

battl

e to

ok p

lace

at K

alep

olep

o, n

ear

Keā

lia

Pond

. Pum

aia

was

kill

ed b

y th

e ow

l, Pu

eonu

ioko

na, w

ho d

isem

bow

eled

Pum

aia

and

spre

ad h

is

rem

ains

acr

oss

the

akol

ea, a

spe

cies

of f

ern

(Pol

ypod

ium

ker

audr

enia

na) o

nce

foun

d on

the

arid

pl

ains

of K

ama‘

oma‘

o in

the

vici

nity

of K

eālia

Pon

d (F

orna

nder

191

9:55

4).

Forn

ande

r’s a

ccou

nt o

f the

chi

ef K

auho

lanu

imah

u, w

ho re

side

d at

Hon

ua‘u

la a

nd e

xerc

ised

roya

l au

thor

ity n

ames

him

as t

he b

uild

er o

f the

fish

pond

at K

eone

‘o‘io

(in

Kal

ihi A

hupu

a‘a)

(For

nand

er

1880

:70-

71).

Whe

n C

harle

s Wilc

ox w

rote

abo

ut K

alep

olep

o fo

r the

mon

thly

mag

azin

e of

Haw

ai‘i

nam

ed “

Para

dise

of

the

Paci

fic”

in D

ecem

ber,

1921

, his

arti

cle

incl

uded

the

tradi

tiona

l sto

ry o

f ho

w th

e ra

ce o

f Haw

aiia

ns k

now

n as

Na

Men

ehun

e, c

onst

ruct

ed th

e Kō‘

ie‘ie

fish

pond

. K

oiei

e is

the

anc

ient

nam

e of

Kal

epol

epo,

and

the

rui

ned

sea

wal

ls o

f fis

hpon

ds a

re t

he h

allm

arks

of

its i

mpo

rtanc

e to

the

rul

ers

of a

ncie

nt

Haw

aii.

Whe

n th

e K

onoh

iki s

umm

oned

the

peop

le o

f Mau

i to

build

fish

po

nds

for

the

king

at K

ēōke

a-ka

i, W

aioh

uli-k

ai a

nd K

aono

ulu-

kai,

one

man

, Kik

au, a

kilo

[fis

h-sp

otte

r], p

rote

sted

that

no

such

wor

ks c

ould

be

com

plet

ed w

ithou

t the

hel

p of

the

Men

ehun

e. F

or th

is K

ikau

was

told

that

w

hen

the

king

’s p

onds

wer

e co

mpl

eted

he

shou

ld b

e ba

ked

in th

e im

u[

unde

rgro

und

oven

].

In b

uild

ing

the

sea

wal

ls m

en w

ere

stat

ione

d in

long

line

s, pa

ssin

g st

ones

by

han

d fr

om th

e ro

cky

side

hills

mile

s aw

ay to

the

wor

kmen

layi

ng th

e co

urse

s for

the

wal

ls in

the

sea.

The

tram

ping

s of s

o m

any

busy

feet

rais

ed

muc

h du

st,

and

wor

kmen

thr

owin

g du

st a

t on

e an

othe

r pr

ompt

ed t

he

kono

hiki

to c

all t

hem

der

isiv

ely

“Kan

aka

o K

alep

olep

o ek

u i k

a le

po,”

or

“Kel

epol

epo

root

in th

e di

rt.”

At t

he c

ompl

etio

n of

the

Keo

kea-

kai p

ond

the

kono

hiki

gav

e sp

lend

or to

th

e ev

ent b

y rid

ing

on th

e ca

psto

ne w

hile

it w

as b

eing

car

ried

in a

litte

r of

stou

t pol

es o

n th

e sh

ould

ers

of o

ver t

wen

ty m

en to

its r

estin

g pl

ace

at th

e no

rthea

st c

orne

r of t

he p

ond.

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

Ba

ckgr

ound

Res

earc

h

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

19

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

Afte

r the

cer

emon

y he

sum

mon

ed K

ikau

and

ask

ed h

im h

e th

ough

t of i

t, an

d K

ikau

rep

lied

that

the

wor

ks w

ere

still

unf

inis

hed.

“W

hen

the

last

ston

e of

the

las

t po

nd i

s la

id y

our

life

shal

l be

for

feite

d,”

repl

ied

the

kono

hiki

.

The

com

plet

ion

of th

e se

a w

alls

of t

he W

aioh

uli P

ond

was

mar

ked

by a

si

mila

r cer

emon

y, a

nd tw

o he

avy

boul

ders

wer

e ca

rrie

d on

sepa

rate

litte

rs

from

the

qua

rry

a m

ile a

way

to

the

north

wes

t co

rner

of

the

pond

. The

ko

nohi

ki ro

de o

n th

e lar

ger o

f the

two

caps

tone

s and

, on

the o

ther

, his

wife

w

as c

arrie

d ah

ead

of h

im,

both

dre

ssed

in

the

cost

ume

of t

heir

rank

, at

tend

ed b

y ka

hili-

bear

ers a

nd k

auka

us [w

arrio

r chi

efs]

cha

ntin

g m

eles

.

As

the

seaw

alls

of t

he K

aono

ulu

pond

nea

red

com

plet

ion

a bl

ock

of la

va

fully

a to

n in

wei

ght w

as se

lect

ed fo

r the

cap

ston

e an

d fo

rty m

en p

ut th

eir

shou

lder

s to

the

litte

r of s

tout

pol

es a

nd w

aite

d. T

he k

onoh

iki m

ount

ed th

e ce

rem

onia

l sto

ne d

ress

ed in

his

war

clo

ak a

nd g

ave

the

wor

d. W

ith k

ahili

s w

avin

g an

d ka

ukau

s re

citin

g th

e gl

orie

s of

his

mel

e-in

oa, t

he r

ock

was

lif

ted

and

the p

roce

ssio

n m

oved

. Whe

n bu

t a th

ird o

f the

dis

tanc

e had

bee

n co

vere

d th

e lit

ter

brok

e do

wn,

the

big

sto

ne f

ell

to t

he e

arth

, an

d th

e ko

nohi

ki w

as th

row

n to

the

grou

nd a

nd fe

ll sp

raw

ling,

face

dow

n in

the

dirt.

That

nig

ht a

gre

at st

orm

aro

se –

rain

, win

d, h

ail,

thun

der a

nd li

ghtn

ing

and

an e

arth

quak

e an

d he

avy

stor

m w

aves

fro

m th

e se

a, w

ith a

flo

od o

f re

d w

ater

s fro

m th

e hi

llsid

es, s

pent

its f

ury

on K

alep

olep

o. In

the

mid

st o

f the

st

orm

the

elv

es o

r ee

pa,

birth

bro

ther

s of

Kik

au,

gath

ered

, an

d ea

ch

light

ning

flas

h re

veal

ed th

e hos

t of e

lves

bus

ily te

arin

g do

wn

the

seaw

alls

, un

doin

g th

e w

ork

of th

e ko

nohi

ki, s

o th

at K

ikau

mig

ht n

ot d

ie.

In th

e m

orni

ng th

e st

orm

had

pas

sed

– an

d th

e se

awal

ls o

f the

pon

ds b

uilt

with

so

muc

h la

bor

wer

e se

en t

o ha

ve b

een

torn

dow

n, a

nd t

he h

eavy

bo

ulde

r las

t rid

den

by th

e ko

nohi

ki w

hich

, whe

n se

t in

plac

e, m

eant

the

com

plet

ion

of th

e w

ork,

had

dis

appe

ared

.

Aga

in th

e pe

ople

wer

e su

mm

oned

to re

build

the

ruin

ed fi

shpo

nds,

only

to

have

the

final

cer

emon

y en

d w

ith a

n ac

cide

nt. A

noth

er s

torm

cam

e up

, a

swar

m o

f el

ves

at n

ight

, an

d th

e w

hole

wor

k m

yste

rious

ly u

ndon

e as

be

fore

.

The

kono

hiki

ack

now

ledg

ed h

is fa

ult a

nd o

ffer

ed to

be

guid

ed b

y K

ikau

in

rebu

ildin

g th

e ru

ined

pon

ds w

hich

mus

t be

com

plet

ed o

r his

ow

n lif

e w

ould

be

forf

eite

d to

the

king

. Kik

au to

ld h

im to

sum

mon

the

peop

le o

f K

oola

u to

brin

g op

ae a

nd th

e pe

ople

of W

ailu

ku to

brin

g ba

by ta

ro o

r tar

o sh

oots

(hā

kalo

)in g

reat

qua

ntiti

es a

nd w

hen

this

was

don

e K

ikau

wou

ld

invo

ke h

is a

umak

uas

[gua

rdia

n sp

irits

] to

sum

mon

the

men

ehun

es to

do

the

wor

k.

Whe

n th

ese

supp

lies w

ere

brou

ght i

n, th

e ta

ro c

ooke

d an

d th

e op

ae la

id in

th

e ti-

leav

es, K

ikau

adv

ised

the

kono

hiki

to p

rocl

aim

a ta

bu o

f sile

nce

for

the

peop

le to

rem

ain

sile

nt a

nd s

tay

indo

ors;

that

no

pig

be a

llow

ed to

sq

ueal

, no

dog

to b

ark,

no

roos

ter t

o cr

ow, o

n th

at p

artic

ular

nig

ht –

and

so

it w

as p

rocl

aim

ed.

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

Ba

ckgr

ound

Res

earc

h

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

20

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

That

eve

ning

the

first

sig

ns o

f the

bes

tirrin

g of

the

men

ehun

es w

ere

seen

in

the

risin

g of

spi

rals

of r

ed d

ust f

rom

afa

r of

f –

from

the

upla

nds

– as

th

ey c

ame

troop

ing

to th

e lo

wer

land

s th

ere

wer

e sw

irlin

g cl

ouds

of r

ed

dust

to th

e no

rth a

nd e

ast o

f Koi

eie

(for

mer

nam

e of

Kal

epol

epo)

.

In n

o tim

e (m

anaw

a ol

e) th

e ru

ined

wal

ls o

f the

pon

ds w

ere

rebu

ilt a

nd

then

, to

mar

k th

e co

mpl

etio

n of

thei

r wor

k, th

ey f

ell t

o th

e fin

al ta

sk o

f la

ying

, in

a se

lect

spo

t at t

he n

orth

wes

t cor

ner

of K

alep

olep

o po

nd, t

he

huge

bou

lder

now

kno

wn

as K

ikau

poha

ku.

One

of

seve

ral f

ishp

onds

alo

ng th

e co

ast o

f Kīh

ei, K

ō‘ie

‘ie F

ishp

ond

was

one

of

the

mos

t im

porta

nt o

nes

on M

aui

acco

rdin

g to

tra

ditio

n (K

olb

et a

l. 19

97:6

0).

The

orig

inal

bui

lder

of

Kō‘

ie‘ie

Fis

hpon

d is

not

kno

wn

but i

t is b

elie

ved

to h

ave

been

rebu

ilt a

t lea

st th

ree

times

bas

ed o

n tra

ditio

nal a

ccou

nts.

The

first

tim

e was

dur

ing

the

reig

n of

Kin

g K

ihap

i‘ila

ni (K

olb

et al

. 199

7:62

). Kō‘

ie‘ie

is th

e an

cien

t nam

e of

Kal

epol

epo.

Acc

ordi

ng to

Wilc

ox (1

921:

67) u

pon

com

plet

ion

of

Kō‘

ie‘ie

Fis

hpon

d th

e ko

nohi

ki w

as th

row

n to

the

grou

nd w

hen

the

litte

rs c

arry

ing

the

caps

tone

br

oke.

The

wor

kers

sai

d "U

a ko

nohi

ka K

alep

olep

o, u

a ek

u i k

a le

po,"

. It t

rans

late

s "t

he m

anag

er

of K

alep

olep

o, o

ne w

ho r

oots

in d

irt".

The

fishp

ond

and

regi

on h

ave

sinc

e be

en r

efer

red

to a

s K

alep

olep

o.

Bot

h of

the

fishp

onds

loca

ted

in th

e vi

cini

ty o

f the

pro

ject

are

a ar

e lis

ted

on th

e St

ate

Inve

ntor

y of

His

toric

Pla

ces

(Fig

ure

10).

The

Kō‘

ie‘ie

Fis

hpon

d (S

IHP

50-5

0-09

-128

8),

adja

cent

to

Kal

epol

epo

Park

is

the

smal

lest

of

the

fishp

onds

in

this

reg

ion

of K

īhei

. Th

e W

aioh

uli

Kai

Fi

shpo

nd i

s ju

st s

outh

of

Kō‘

ie‘ie

Fis

hpon

d, i

s su

bmer

ged

and

liste

d as

SIH

P 50

-50-

09-1

704.

K

ikuc

hi in

197

3 pe

rfor

med

a s

tudy

of

fishp

onds

whi

ch c

ateg

oriz

ed th

e Kō‘

ie‘ie

Fis

hpon

d as

a

Type

I, L

oko

Kui

pā ty

pe, o

r a “

fishp

ond

of li

ttora

l wat

er w

hose

side

or s

ides

faci

ng th

e se

a co

nsis

t of

a st

one

or c

oral

wal

l usu

ally

con

tain

ing

one

or m

ore

slui

ce g

ates

” (K

ikuc

hi 1

976:

37).

3.1.

3 Ea

rly

Hist

oric

Per

iod

Kīh

ei w

as o

ne o

f the

loca

tions

vis

ited

by th

e En

glis

h ex

plor

er C

apta

in G

eorg

e V

anco

uver

. A

mon

umen

t at

Mai

Poi

na ‘

Oe

Ia‘u

Bea

ch P

ark

in K

īhei

com

mem

orat

es V

anco

uver

's on

-sho

re

expe

ditio

n in

179

2, w

hen

he fi

rst m

et th

e ru

ling

chie

f Kah

ekili

. With

its

shel

tere

d co

astli

ne a

nd

easy

acc

ess

to u

pcou

ntry

reso

urce

s ov

er a

vas

t slo

pe, K

īhei

wou

ld c

ontin

ue to

be

a co

mm

on s

top

for

visi

ting

ship

s. In

184

1, W

ilkes

com

men

ted,

“A

t M

alae

a [M

ā‘al

aea]

Bay

the

re i

s go

od

anch

orag

e fo

r ves

sels

of a

ny si

ze, a

nd a

fine

fish

ery”

(Wilk

es 1

845)

.

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

Ba

ckgr

ound

Res

earc

h

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

21

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

Fi

gure

10.

The

cur

rent

pro

ject

loca

tion

on a

por

tion

of a

190

0 Mā‘

alae

a H

arbo

r sho

win

g th

e ne

arby

fish

pond

s (Fr

isby

190

0).

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

Ba

ckgr

ound

Res

earc

h

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

22

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

Dur

ing

the

early

and

mid

dle

1800

s, th

e H

awai

ian

dem

ogra

phy

was

aff

ecte

d by

two

dram

atic

fa

ctor

s: ra

dica

l dep

opul

atio

n re

sulti

ng fr

om W

este

rn d

isea

se; a

nd n

ucle

atio

n ar

ound

the d

evel

opin

g po

rt to

wns

. The

trad

ition

ally

Haw

aiia

n po

pula

tion

was

larg

ely

disp

erse

d an

d, a

lthou

gh th

ere

wer

e ro

yal c

ente

rs a

nd a

reas

of m

ore

conc

entra

ted

popu

latio

n, th

ese

area

s ne

ver c

ame

clos

e to

riva

ling

the p

opul

atio

ns o

f the

his

toric

por

t tow

ns th

at d

evel

oped

on

Haw

ai‘i’

s sho

relin

es d

urin

g th

e 180

0s.

In th

is re

gard

, Kuy

kend

all (

1938

:313

) not

es th

at in

the

perio

d fr

om 1

830

to 1

854:

The

com

mer

cial

dev

elop

men

t dur

ing

this

per

iod,

by

mag

nify

ing

the

impo

rtanc

e of

a

few

por

ts, g

ave

mom

entu

m a

nd d

irect

ion

to a

tow

nwar

d dr

ift o

f pop

ulat

ion;

the

popu

latio

n of

the

king

dom

as a

who

le w

as st

eadi

ly g

oing

dow

n, b

ut th

e po

pula

tion

of H

onol

ulu,

Lah

aina

and

Hilo

was

gro

win

g.

We

belie

ve t

hat

Kuy

kend

all’s

obs

erva

tion

was

mos

t lik

ely

the

dem

ogra

phic

pat

tern

at

the

Kal

epol

epo

entre

pot,

an a

rea

that

may

hav

e in

clud

ed th

e pr

ojec

t are

a w

hen

it ex

iste

d, a

nd a

hub

of

early

his

toric

act

ivity

for

Kīh

ei a

nd e

vent

ually

all

of K

ula

Mok

u (K

olb

et a

l. 19

97:6

9).

The

deve

lopm

ent o

f K

alep

olep

o as

an

entre

pot a

nd a

foc

us o

f C

hris

tian

life

in th

e 18

40s

and

1850

s m

ost l

ikel

y in

crea

sed

the

popu

latio

n in

the

imm

edia

te v

icin

ity a

bove

the

pre-

Con

tact

pop

ulat

ion

figur

es, c

ontra

ry to

the

isla

nd-w

ide

trend

of d

epop

ulat

ion.

On

the

2nd

of S

epte

mbe

r [1

853]

, Dav

id M

alo

was

ord

aine

d pa

stor

of

the

chur

ch a

t Keo

kea,

K

ula.

The

chu

rch

at K

alep

olep

o be

cam

e hi

s out

stat

ion,

whe

re h

e sp

ent a

gre

at d

eal o

f tim

e.

Mal

o’s f

athe

r had

bee

n co

nnec

ted

to K

ameh

ameh

a’s c

ourt

and

arm

y. M

alo

was

bor

n in

Kea

hou,

in

the

north

ern

part

of th

e K

ona

dist

rict (

Isla

nd o

f Haw

ai‘i)

in 1

795.

In h

is y

outh

Mal

o w

as p

art o

f th

e en

tour

age

of K

uaki

ni, b

roth

er o

f Que

en K

a‘ah

uman

u. M

alo

then

bec

ame

the

pupi

l of ‘

Auw

ae,

Kam

eham

eha’

s ba

rd, g

enea

logi

st a

nd r

itual

exp

ert.

Mal

o th

en s

tudi

ed a

t La

hain

alun

a w

hen

it op

ened

in 1

831.

Mal

o au

thor

ed a

cultu

ral h

isto

ry o

f Haw

ai‘i

abou

t 184

0 to

assi

st m

issi

onar

y Lo

rrin

A

ndre

ws w

ith h

is re

sear

ch o

n de

velo

ping

a d

ictio

nary

and

a g

ram

mar

for t

he H

awai

ian

lang

uage

; M

alo’

s M

oole

lo H

awai

i w

as t

rans

late

d by

Nat

hani

el B

. Em

erso

n (M

alo

1951

) an

d pu

blis

hed

(Val

eri 1

985:

xxv)

.

That

the

popu

latio

n an

d ar

eal e

xten

t of t

he K

alep

olep

o co

mm

unity

reac

hed

its z

enith

dur

ing

the

mid

180

0's a

ppea

rs to

be

supp

orte

d by

Kol

b (e

t al.

1997

:68)

:

The

anci

ent v

illag

e of

Kal

epol

epo

was

rel

ativ

ely

smal

l, an

d w

as b

uilt

arou

nd a

n ec

onom

y pr

imar

ily b

ased

upo

n th

e ex

ploi

tatio

n of

oce

an re

sour

ces-

-prim

arily

the

exce

llent

fish

ing

grou

nds a

s wel

l as t

hree

larg

e fis

hpon

ds. H

owev

er, a

s the

num

ber

of v

isiti

ng s

hips

inc

reas

ed,

Kal

epol

epo

soon

bec

ame

an i

mpo

rtant

pro

visi

onin

g ar

ea. B

y 18

50 w

e kn

ow th

at th

e ec

onom

ic o

ppor

tuni

ties

wer

e at

tract

ing

a nu

mbe

r of

Eur

opea

n en

trepr

eneu

rs.

In 1

820,

the

wha

ling

indu

stry

was

intro

duce

d in

Haw

ai‘i.

Alth

ough

the

wha

ling

trade

cen

tere

d on

Lah

aina

, mai

nly

affe

ctin

g th

e K

ula/

Kīh

ei a

rea

thro

ugh

agric

ultu

ral d

eman

ds, C

lark

(198

0:47

) no

tes

that

"Fr

om th

e 18

40s

to th

e 18

60s

a sm

all w

halin

g st

atio

n w

as m

aint

aine

d at

Kal

epol

epo

[Kīh

ei]."

The

intro

duct

ion

of w

halin

g to

the M

aui c

omm

unity

bro

ught

with

it an

incr

ease

d de

man

d fo

r foo

dstu

ffs a

nd in

par

ticul

ar th

e lo

ng-la

stin

g Iri

sh p

otat

o. A

fter 1

830,

dry

land

agr

icul

ture

in th

e ol

d K

ula

Dis

trict

exp

ande

d w

ith a

focu

s on

Iris

h po

tato

cul

tivat

ion.

The

Cal

iforn

ia G

old

Rus

h of

18

49 fu

rther

inte

nsifi

ed th

e de

man

d as

a C

alifo

rnia

-Haw

ai‘i

pota

to tr

ade

bega

n to

flou

rish.

Kul

a be

cam

e th

e ar

ea o

f hi

ghes

t pot

ato

prod

uctio

n an

d w

as k

now

n as

"th

e po

tato

dis

trict

" (th

e ar

ea

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

Ba

ckgr

ound

Res

earc

h

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

23

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

betw

een

2000

and

500

0 ft.

am

sl).

Dur

ing

this

tim

e pe

riod

suga

r cu

ltiva

tion

and

ranc

hing

wer

e es

tabl

ishe

d in

the

Kul

a re

gion

. Sug

ar w

as p

rese

nt p

rior t

o 18

46, w

ith si

x su

gar p

rodu

cers

ope

ratin

g on

the

slop

es o

f Hal

eaka

lā (W

ong

Smith

in B

row

n an

d H

aun

1989

:C-7

). A

s W

ong

Smith

poi

nts

out (

Brow

n an

d H

aun

1989

: C-6

), ra

nchi

ng w

as p

rese

nt in

the

area

prio

r to

the

1840

s. M

uch

of th

e pr

oduc

e, s

ugar

and

live

stoc

k m

oved

dow

n th

e K

alep

olep

o an

d K

ekua

wah

a‘ul

a‘ul

a Tr

ails

to th

e la

ndin

g at

Kal

epol

epo,

adj

acen

t to

the

proj

ect a

rea.

Don

ham

(199

2:5)

not

es th

at th

e in

unda

tion

of

land

cle

arin

g an

d cu

ltiva

tion

asso

ciat

ed w

ith th

e G

old

Rus

h re

sulte

d in

"de

fore

stat

ion

[whi

ch]

adve

rsel

y af

fect

[ed]

the

amou

nt o

f ra

infa

ll in

the

dist

rict,

and

perio

ds o

f dr

ough

t bec

ame

mor

e co

mm

on."

In th

e ea

rly 1

850’

s Jo

hn H

alst

ead

built

the

Koa

Hou

se a

t Kal

epol

epo

in Kīh

ei. A

t the

tim

e H

alst

ead

was

con

tem

plat

ing

the

cons

truct

ion

of th

e th

ree-

stor

y fr

ame

hous

e, n

eigh

bors

wag

ered

th

at th

e ho

use

“wou

ld n

ot b

e ab

le to

sta

nd u

p to

the

blas

ts o

f Kau

muk

u w

ind

whi

ch s

wee

ps th

e pl

ace

at ti

mes

like

a lo

caliz

ed to

rnad

o. T

he b

uild

er w

ent o

n w

ith h

is w

ork

and

won

the

wag

er.”

M

auia

n C

harle

s Wilc

ox w

rote

abo

ut th

e K

oa H

ouse

for t

he m

onth

ly m

agaz

ine

of H

awai

‘i na

med

“P

arad

ise

of th

e Pa

cific

” in

Mar

ch, 1

905:

N

o on

e re

mem

bers

the

actu

al d

ate

of it

s [K

oa H

ouse

] con

stru

ctio

n, b

ut th

e fa

ct th

at K

ing

Liho

liho

(Kam

eham

eha

IV) v

isite

d K

alep

olep

o on

a ro

yal

tour

im

med

iate

ly a

fter

acce

ssio

n to

the

thr

one

in t

he f

all

of 1

854,

and

st

ayed

ove

rnig

ht a

s the

gue

st o

f its

ow

ner,

is p

roof

it w

as b

uilt

befo

re th

at

time.

John

Jos

eph

Hal

stea

d w

as a

sci

on o

f a

nota

ble

New

Yor

k fa

mily

of

the

early

col

onia

l day

s who

….w

ent t

o se

a as a

wha

ler.

He c

ame

to H

awai

i and

le

ft sh

ip in

Lah

aina

in th

e ea

rly th

irtie

s. H

e en

gage

d in

bus

ines

s fir

st a

s a

carp

ente

r and

cab

inet

mak

er fo

r the

kin

g an

d la

ter a

s a tr

ader

He

was

said

to

hav

e pu

t up

the

first

fram

e ho

use

in L

ahai

na. W

hile

ther

e in

the

king

’s

serv

ice

he m

arrie

d K

auw

aiki

kila

ni, a

you

ng w

oman

of t

he c

hief

ess

clas

s, be

ing

a gr

andd

augh

ter o

f Isa

ac D

avis

, com

man

der o

f the

roya

l arti

llery

in

Kam

eham

eha’

s war

s of c

onqu

est.

With

the

new

s of t

he d

isco

very

of g

old

in C

alifo

rnia

in 1

848

cam

e or

ders

fr

om S

an F

ranc

isco

mer

chan

ts fo

r Iris

h po

tato

es a

nd o

ther

food

sup

plie

s fo

r the

Arg

onau

ts w

ho c

ame

hurr

ying

to th

e ne

w g

old

field

s. M

any

whi

tes

and

Haw

aiia

ns fi

tted

out a

nd le

ft La

hain

a fo

r the

new

El D

orad

o bu

t Mr.

Hal

stea

d di

d no

t joi

n th

e pi

onee

rs o

f 184

9. H

e ch

ose

inst

ead

to p

rom

ote

the

Irish

pot

ato

indu

stry

for t

he v

ictu

allin

g of

wha

le sh

ips i

n th

eir s

easo

nal

voya

ges a

fter w

hale

s.

He

mov

ed o

ver t

o K

alep

olep

o w

ith h

is fa

mily

and

shor

tly th

erea

fter b

uilt

for h

imse

lf th

e ol

d ho

use…

..fro

m th

e fo

rties

to th

e si

xtie

s at K

alep

olep

o a

smal

l w

halin

g st

atio

n w

as m

aint

aine

d. D

urin

g th

e w

inte

r an

d sp

ring

mon

ths

scho

ols

of w

hale

s w

ould

com

e to

sta

y or

cal

f in

the

quie

t wat

ers

of M

aala

ea B

ay, a

nd a

t suc

h tim

es w

hale

boa

ts m

anne

d by

nat

ive

crew

s of

ficer

ed b

y ex

perie

nced

wha

lers

wou

ld g

o ou

t to

battl

e th

e bi

g m

amm

als

and

if su

cces

sful

wou

ld re

turn

tow

ing

the

carc

ass i

n to

be

cut u

p an

d tri

ed

for o

il.

Som

e tim

e ag

o a

writ

er i

n Th

e Fr

iend

cla

imed

tha

t th

e ol

d ho

use

at

Kal

epol

epo

was

Rev

eren

d G

reen

’s g

rana

ry d

urin

g th

e w

heat

boo

m o

f the

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

Ba

ckgr

ound

Res

earc

h

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

24

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

fiftie

s and

ear

ly si

xtie

s, w

hen

the

uppe

r Mak

awao

cou

ntry

from

Mal

iko

to

Wai

ohul

i w

as c

ropp

ed t

o w

heat

, Po

ssib

ly s

ome

whe

at m

ay h

ave

been

sh

ippe

d fr

om K

alep

olep

o in

thos

e da

ys, f

or f

rom

ear

ly ti

mes

to th

e la

te

sixt

ies

it w

as a

shi

ppin

g po

rt fo

r Wai

luku

to K

ula

and

Mr.

Hal

stea

d ha

d on

e or

two

big

war

ehou

ses

stan

ding

mak

ai (s

easi

de) o

f his

resi

denc

e. S

. Lo

no,

the

olde

st r

esid

ent

of K

alep

olep

o ag

ed o

ver

seve

nty-

five

year

s, re

mem

bers

not

hing

of M

r. G

reen

’s a

ctiv

ities

in th

at ti

me,

exc

ept t

hat t

he

Rev

eren

d G

reen

vis

ited

Kal

epol

epo

quite

ofte

n, u

sual

ly to

pre

ach

a ser

mon

an

d ta

ke u

p a

colle

ctio

n.

At t

hat t

ime,

Kal

epol

epo

was

a th

rivin

g vi

llage

, with

two

chur

ches

, one

be

ing

a M

orm

on c

hurc

h w

here

Geo

rge

Can

non

or W

alte

r Mur

ray

Gib

son

expo

unde

d th

e C

hris

tian

doct

rines

of

Jose

ph S

mith

aga

inst

Chr

istia

n C

alvi

nism

as

prea

ched

by

the

Rev

eren

d G

reen

and

Dav

id M

alo.

At o

ne

time

Fath

er G

reen

pre

ache

d a

red

hot s

erm

on- a

fav

orite

hob

by o

f hi

s –

agai

nst m

ixed

mar

riage

s and

caus

ed q

uite

a st

ir of

scof

fing

from

the c

olon

y of

whi

tes

mar

ried

to H

awai

ian

wom

en li

ving

at K

alep

olep

o co

nsis

ting

of

J.J. H

alst

ead,

Mr.

Fern

, fat

her o

f the

late

may

or F

ern

of H

onol

ulu,

and

Mr.

Fred

enbe

rg.

Mr.

Fern

and

Fre

denb

erg

bein

g in

cha

rge

of t

he w

halin

g st

atio

n (W

ilcox

192

1).

3.1.

4 M

id- t

o la

te-1

800s

Th

e m

ost s

igni

fican

t cha

nge

in la

nd-u

se p

atte

rns

and

allo

catio

n ca

me

with

The

Gre

at M

āhel

e of

184

8 an

d th

e pr

ivat

izat

ion

of la

nd in

Haw

ai‘i.

Thi

s ac

tion

hast

ened

the

shift

of t

he H

awai

ian

econ

omy

from

a su

bsis

tenc

e-ba

sed

to a

mar

ket-b

ased

econ

omy.

Dur

ing

the M

āhel

e, al

l of t

he la

nds

in th

e K

ingd

om o

f Haw

ai‘i

wer

e di

vide

d be

twee

n mō‘ī (

king

), al

i‘i a

nd k

onoh

iki (

over

seer

of a

n ah

upua

‘a),

and

mak

a‘āi

nana

(ten

ants

of t

he la

nd) a

nd p

asse

d in

to th

e W

este

rn la

nd te

nure

mod

el

of p

rivat

e ow

ners

hip.

On

Mar

ch 8

, 18

48,

Kau

ikea

ouli

(Kam

eham

eha

III)

fur

ther

div

ided

his

pe

rson

al h

oldi

ngs

into

land

s he

wou

ld re

tain

as

priv

ate

hold

ings

and

par

cels

he

wou

ld g

ive

to th

e go

vern

men

t. Th

is a

ct p

aved

the

way

for

gov

ernm

ent l

and

sale

s to

for

eign

ers,

and

in 1

850

the

legi

slat

ure g

rant

ed re

side

nt al

iens

the r

ight

to ac

quire

fee s

impl

e lan

d rig

hts (

Mof

fat a

nd F

itzpa

trick

19

95: 4

1-51

).

Nat

ive H

awai

ians

who

des

ired

to cl

aim

the l

ands

on

whi

ch th

ey re

side

d w

ere r

equi

red

to p

rese

nt

test

imon

y be

fore

the

Boa

rd o

f Com

mis

sion

ers

to Q

uiet

Lan

d Ti

tles.

Upo

n ac

cept

ance

of a

cla

im

the

Boa

rd g

rant

ed a

Lan

d C

omm

issi

on A

war

d (L

CA

) to

the

indi

vidu

al. T

he a

war

dee

was

then

re

quire

d to

pay

in ca

sh an

amou

nt eq

ual t

o on

e-th

ird o

f the

tota

l lan

d va

lue o

r to

pay

this

equi

vale

nt

in u

nuse

d la

nd. F

ollo

win

g th

is p

aym

ent,

a R

oyal

Pat

ent w

as is

sued

that

gav

e fu

ll tit

le o

f ow

ners

hip

to th

e te

nant

. But

by

1850

, the

gov

ernm

ent o

f H

awai

i was

off

erin

g la

nd f

or s

ale

to b

oth

Nat

ive

Haw

aiia

ns a

nd fo

reig

ners

. Suc

h la

nds w

ere

refe

rred

to a

s Roy

al P

aten

t Gra

nts o

r as G

rant

s.

A n

umbe

r of

lan

d co

mm

issi

on a

war

d pa

rcel

s w

ere

loca

ted

in t

he n

ears

hore

reg

ion

of t

he

Ka‘

ono‘

ulu

Ahu

pua‘

a, i

n cl

ose

prox

imity

to

the

pres

ent

proj

ect

area

. The

se p

arce

ls a

re t

able

d be

low

. Fro

m th

ese

reco

rds,

it ap

pear

s th

at m

any

of th

e re

side

nts

of K

alep

olep

o ha

d ag

ricul

tura

l in

tere

sts i

nlan

d of

the

coas

t.

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

Ba

ckgr

ound

Res

earc

h

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

25

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

Tabl

e 2.

Lan

d C

omm

issi

on c

laim

s in

Kal

epol

epo

and

vici

nity

.

LC

A

Roy

al

Pate

nt

Num

ber

Cla

iman

t A

war

d T

ype

Acr

eage

0526

7 27

93

Kuh

iahi

wa

1 ‘ā

pana

3.

12

0276

4 --

--

Hio

na

1 ‘ā

pana

of k

ula

land

with

1 m

ala

of

Irish

pot

atoe

s at K

a‘on

o‘ul

u.

----

-

4120

B

5067

K

apoh

aku

[Kon

ohik

i of

Keo

kea]

4 ‘ā

pana

, one

of w

hich

is a

hou

se lo

t at

Kal

epol

epo

mea

surin

g 0.

25 a

cres

. 17

.89

5407

27

91

Mah

iai

3 m

ala

[cul

tivat

ed p

atch

es o

r fie

lds]

of

Iris

h po

tato

es a

t Ka‘

ono‘

ulu.

3.

49

6720

B

3102

N

ahel

u 4

‘āpa

na, o

ne o

f whi

ch is

a h

ouse

lot

in th

e ‘il

i [la

nd se

ctio

n] o

f K

alep

olep

o, b

ound

ed o

n th

e m

auka

si

de b

y M

ahia

i’s la

nd [s

ee L

CA

540

7 ab

ove]

.

20.1

8

5228

--

----

K

uihe

lani

--

----

----

28

.00

9673

63

29

Lono

aea

----

----

--

4.06

53

28

6575

Pu

puka

1

‘āpa

na

1.00

52

67

7467

K

auhi

ahiw

a 3

‘āpa

na, o

ne o

f whi

ch is

a h

ouse

lot

in th

e ‘il

i of K

alep

olep

o; b

ound

ed o

n th

e m

uaka

side

by

Kap

ohak

u’s l

and

[see

LC

A 4

120B

abo

ve].

4.50

7971

F 22

05

Nau

liuli

1 ‘ā

pana

3.

40

5279

65

23

Pale

kai

1 ‘ā

pana

10

.40

0323

7-M

74

47

Hew

ahew

a, H

. K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a

as li

sted

in th

e māh

ele

regi

stry

, Jul

y 12

, 184

9 5,

715

3.1.

5 Br

ief H

istor

y of

the

Ka‘

ono‘

ulu

Ran

ch C

ompa

ny

The

Ka‘

ono‘

ulu

Ran

ch C

ompa

ny w

as e

stab

lishe

d in

the

early

190

0’s

by H

arol

d W

ater

hous

e R

ice,

who

was

app

oint

ed d

ivis

ion

over

seer

for t

he M

aui A

gric

ultu

ral C

ompa

ny in

190

7, th

e sa

me

year

he

mar

ried

Cha

rlotte

M. B

aldw

in. H

e be

cam

e as

sist

ant m

anag

er o

f th

e M

aui A

gric

ultu

ral

Com

pany

sug

ar p

lant

atio

n in

190

9. H

e th

en p

urch

ased

the

Cor

nwel

l ca

ttle

ranc

h in

191

6,

deve

lopi

ng an

d st

ocki

ng th

e ran

ch w

ith p

ure-

bred

cattl

e and

hor

ses a

nd re

nam

ing

the r

anch

. Har

old

Wat

erho

use

Ric

e be

cam

e a

mem

ber o

f the

terr

itoria

l sen

ate

in 1

918.

Sen

ator

Ric

e an

d C

harlo

tte

Bal

dwin

had

four

chi

ldre

n, C

harlo

tte E

mily

, Har

old

Fred

eric

k “O

skie

,” M

aud

Bal

dwin

and

Mar

y M

cKin

ney

Ric

e (N

ellis

t 192

5).

As

of th

e tim

e of

Sta

teho

od, i

n 19

59, s

ome

1,00

0 ac

res

of th

e K

ula

fore

st d

istri

ct w

as in

the

priv

ate

land

hol

ding

s of

the

Ka‘

ono‘

ulu

Ran

ch C

ompa

ny.

Earli

er,

in 1

920,

the

Boa

rd o

f C

omm

issi

oner

s of

Agr

icu1

ture

and

For

estry

req

uest

ed t

hat

title

to

1,00

6 ac

res

of p

rivat

e la

nd

owne

d by

the

Ka‘

ono‘

ulu

Ran

ch, b

e ac

quire

d by

the

Terr

itory

. Und

er th

e la

w th

en in

eff

ect,

"if a

n

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

Ba

ckgr

ound

Res

earc

h

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

26

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

area

exc

eeds

40

acre

s an

exch

ange

can

not b

e m

ade.

” A

ccor

ding

to K

orte

, as t

here

was

insu

ffic

ient

m

oney

for l

and

purc

hase

s, th

e m

atte

r was

dro

pped

(Kor

te 1

961)

.

The

ranc

h is

run

tod

ay b

y H

enry

Ric

e, g

rand

son

of H

arol

d R

ice

(Kar

p 20

10).

In a

201

0 in

terv

iew

with

the

Wal

l Stre

et J

ourn

al, H

arol

d R

ice

desc

ribed

his

fam

ily c

ircum

stan

ces

that

lead

up

to

his

beco

min

g th

e m

anag

ing

gene

ral

partn

er o

f th

e K

a‘on

o‘ul

u R

anch

Com

pany

, w

hich

in

clud

ed th

e his

tory

of t

he ra

nch

land

s as a

pot

ato

farm

. The

arti

cle c

oncl

uded

by

desc

ribin

g H

enry

R

ice’

s da

y-to

-day

dut

ies,

whi

ch in

clud

es m

endi

ng fe

nces

and

taki

ng c

are

of th

e ra

nch

cattl

e an

d em

ploy

ing

a nu

mbe

r of c

owbo

ys to

hel

p in

thes

e ac

tiviti

es (K

arp

2010

).

At t

he p

rese

nt ti

me,

the

cattl

e ra

nch

oper

ates

mos

tly in

the

upla

nd re

ache

s of

the

Ka‘

ono‘

ulu

Ahu

pua‘

a, h

owev

er, i

n th

e lo

wer

ele

vatio

ns, a

land

par

cel s

old

by th

e K

a‘on

o‘ul

u R

anch

alo

ng

Kīh

ei’s

Pi‘i

lani

Hig

hway

is to

be

deve

lope

d in

to a

new

hig

h sc

hool

for K

īhei

, as

wel

l as

a ne

w

“out

let c

ente

r” ty

pe o

f sho

ppin

g ce

nter

(Im

ada

2012

).

By

the

time

John

Hal

stea

d cl

osed

shop

in 1

876,

the

boom

yea

rs o

f Kal

epol

epo

had

pass

ed. B

y 18

80 t

he g

over

nmen

t su

rvey

of

the

Kul

a ar

ea s

how

ed t

he d

emar

catio

n of

onl

y a

few

Lan

d C

omm

issi

on A

war

ds a

nd th

ose

who

had

rece

ived

aw

ards

had

repl

aced

them

with

gra

nts.

Low

er

Kul

a co

nsis

ted

prim

arily

of

past

urel

and

for

ranc

hing

(W

ong

Smith

in

Don

ham

199

0b:B

-6).

Ken

nedy

(199

2:7)

not

es th

at a

t thi

s poi

nt k

iaw

e w

as im

porte

d to

feed

cat

tle a

nd p

rovi

de w

ood.

Reg

ardi

ng t

he s

ettle

men

t at

Kal

epol

epo

and

the

impa

ct o

f th

e ch

ange

s as

soci

ated

with

the

ch

ange

to ra

nchi

ng o

n th

e ge

nera

l are

a kn

own

as Kīh

ei, C

lark

com

men

ts:

Hal

stea

d fin

ally

clo

sed

his s

tore

in 1

876,

as d

eman

ds fo

r his

goo

ds h

ad st

eadi

ly d

ecre

ased

, and

m

oved

to U

lupa

laku

a . .

. B

y th

is ti

me

the

once

thriv

ing

Haw

aiia

n vi

llage

at K

alep

olep

o ha

d be

en

alm

ost t

otal

ly a

band

oned

as w

ell.

The

slop

es o

f Hal

eaka

la h

ad g

radu

ally

bec

ome

denu

ded

of th

eir

fore

sts a

nd to

rren

tial r

ains

had

cau

sed

heav

y so

il ru

noff

s int

o th

e K

alep

olep

o sh

orel

ine.

Cat

tle h

ad

tram

pled

dow

n th

e br

ush

and

gras

sy fi

elds

, cau

sing

sand

dun

es to

drif

t and

fill

up th

e po

nd. C

loud

s of

dus

t file

d th

e ai

r ins

tead

of c

oolin

g w

inds

. Exc

ept f

or a

han

dful

of f

ishi

ng fa

mili

es, K

alep

olep

o (a

nd li

kely

the

Kīh

ei a

rea

in g

ener

al) w

as d

eser

ted.

(Cla

rk 1

980:

48).

Suga

r wou

ld so

on fi

ll th

e vo

id a

nd in

189

8 th

e Kīh

ei P

lant

atio

n C

ompa

ny (K

PC) w

as fo

unde

d.

The

KPC

beg

an su

gar o

pera

tions

in Kīh

ei a

nd o

n th

e pl

ains

acr

oss

cent

ral M

aui.

3.1.

6 19

00s

The

Kih

ei P

lant

atio

n C

ompa

ny, L

td. w

as o

rgan

ized

late

in 1

898

with

a c

apita

lizat

ion

of 6

0,00

0 sh

ares

at $

50 p

ar v

alue

. Wat

er w

as th

e m

ost c

ritic

al c

ompo

nent

in th

e de

cisi

on to

loca

te s

ugar

cu

ltiva

tion

alon

g th

e le

ewar

d sh

ores

of M

aui’s

arid

coa

stlin

e. T

he d

isco

very

of a

n am

ple

supp

ly o

f irr

igat

ion

wat

er e

arly

in 1

898

led

to th

e dr

illin

g of

a la

rge,

succ

essf

ul w

ell,

but t

he su

pply

of w

ater

w

as li

mite

d (S

tear

ns 1

942)

. Ove

r the

nex

t fou

r yea

rs, t

wo

ditc

hes

wer

e de

velo

ped

to s

uppl

emen

t th

e w

ater

nee

ds o

f the

4,8

73 a

cres

of s

ugar

und

er c

ultiv

atio

n at

Kīh

ei (G

ilmor

e 19

36).

The

hist

ory

of t

he K

īhei

Pla

ntat

ion

Com

pany

beg

ins

with

the

ann

exat

ion

of t

he H

awai

ian

Isla

nds

by th

e U

nite

d St

ates

in 1

898.

With

ann

exat

ion

cam

e po

litic

al s

tabi

lity

for H

awai

‘i. S

ugar

pr

ices

wer

e ris

ing

due

to th

e ou

tbre

ak o

f war

bet

wee

n th

e U

nite

d St

ates

and

Spa

in o

ver S

pain

's co

loni

es in

Cub

a, P

uerto

Ric

o an

d th

e Ph

ilipp

ines

. Hen

ry P

. Bal

dwin

, of t

he M

aui p

lant

atio

n of

H

C&

S, e

nter

ed in

to a

par

tner

ship

with

O‘a

hu b

usin

essm

an B

enja

min

F. D

illin

gham

to c

onve

rt Lo

rrin

A. T

hurs

ton’

s lan

dhol

ding

s in

Kīh

ei in

to a

suga

r ent

erpr

ise.

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

Ba

ckgr

ound

Res

earc

h

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

27

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

Up

to th

at ti

me,

sug

ar c

ultiv

atio

n w

ithin

the

cent

ral i

sthm

us o

f Mau

i was

cen

tere

d ar

ound

the

mai

n to

wns

of W

ailu

ku a

nd K

ahul

ui. W

ater

tunn

eled

from

spr

ings

in th

e W

est M

aui M

ount

ains

flo

wed

thr

ough

ditc

hes

in W

ailu

ku t

o irr

igat

e fie

lds

as f

ar a

way

as

Mā‘

alae

a. W

ater

fro

m t

he

win

dwar

d ra

in b

elt o

f Kai

lua

ran

thro

ugh

a ne

twor

k of

ditc

hes f

rom

Eas

t Mau

i to

Pā‘ia

, to

irrig

ate

field

s in

Pu‘u

nēnē

.

The

McC

andl

ess

Bro

ther

s dr

illed

a s

ucce

ssfu

l Mau

i-Typ

e w

ell (

U.S

. Geo

logi

cal S

urve

y W

ell

14 /

Haw

aiia

n C

omm

erci

al &

Sug

ar W

ell K

1) in

189

9. It

was

loca

ted

just

inla

nd fr

om th

e co

ast i

n N

orth

Kīh

ei, b

etw

een

Keā

lia P

ond

and

the

Wai

akoa

Hom

este

ad L

ands

. Thi

s w

ell

was

dril

led

verti

cally

to a

ppro

xim

atel

y 60

fee

t thr

ough

the

Hon

omanū

basa

lts, a

nd tu

nnel

ed la

tera

lly o

ver

1,50

0 fe

et in

ord

er to

skim

10

mill

ion

gallo

ns o

f fre

sh ir

rigat

ion

wat

er p

er d

ay fr

om so

urce

s ben

eath

th

e Kīh

ei p

lain

s (M

cCan

dles

s 193

6).

The K

ihei

Pla

ntat

ion

Com

pany

had

the M

cCan

dles

s Bro

ther

s dril

l tw

o or

thre

e add

ition

al M

aui-

Type

wel

ls o

n th

e no

rth s

ide

of re

serv

oir K

2 at

the

disc

harg

e en

d of

the

exis

ting

pipe

line

of W

ell

14. T

he p

lant

atio

n in

Kīh

ei fa

iled

in 1

908

befo

re th

e w

ell s

ite w

as a

ble

to b

e de

velo

ped.

It w

ould

ha

ve b

een

nam

ed th

e H

C&

S K

2 w

ell,

and

wou

ld h

ave

incl

uded

a la

rge

pum

ping

sta

tion

(Ste

arns

19

42).

The

plan

tatio

n co

mpa

ny in

Kīh

ei b

uilt

brid

ges t

o sp

an st

ream

s and

gul

ches

flow

ing

thro

ugh

the

com

pany

fiel

ds. T

he p

lant

atio

n ha

d pl

anne

d th

e co

nstru

ctio

n of

a m

ill in

Nor

th Kīh

ei, a

nd o

rder

ed

a pl

ant t

o be

bui

lt. It

was

dec

ided

that

the

new

HC

&S

mill

und

er c

onst

ruct

ion

at P

u‘unēnē

wou

ld

have

mor

e th

an e

noug

h ca

paci

ty to

mill

all

the

cane

from

the

Kīh

ei fi

elds

. The

ord

er fo

r the

mill

w

as tr

ansf

erre

d to

the

‘Ōla

‘a S

ugar

Com

pany

in H

awai

‘i, in

exc

hang

e fo

r a s

uppl

y of

ste

el ra

ils

for

new

rai

lway

req

uire

men

ts a

t Pu

‘unē

nē.

A l

arge

sca

le K

ona

stor

m h

it th

e pl

anta

tion

on

Nov

embe

r 15th

, 190

0, an

d ca

used

imm

ense

dam

age t

o bo

th Kīh

ei an

d th

e HC

&S

field

s in

Pu‘u

nēnē

(D

ean

1950

). B

ridge

s w

ere

knoc

ked

out,

build

ings

wer

e fla

ttene

d, a

nd w

asho

uts

fille

d irr

igat

ion

ditc

hes

with

silt

. R

epai

rs w

ere

effe

cted

im

med

iate

ly,

with

the

new

HC

&S

mill

at

Pu‘u

nēnē

co

mm

enci

ng o

pera

tions

Janu

ary

29, 1

902.

3.1.

6.1

Railw

ay O

pera

tions

The

Kih

ei P

lant

atio

n C

ompa

ny p

lann

ed to

con

stru

ct a

railw

ay to

mov

e th

eir c

ane.

The

sug

ar

agen

cy o

f W

illia

m D

imon

d &

Com

pany

pla

ced

an o

rder

for

a l

ocom

otiv

e fr

om t

he B

aldw

in

Loco

mot

ive

Wor

ks i

n Ph

ilade

lphi

a. T

he o

rder

was

pla

ced

Apr

il 18

99,

and

the

plan

tatio

n lo

com

otiv

e “H

alea

kala

” w

as b

uilt

and

sent

on

to M

aui (

Con

de 1

973)

.

By

Mar

ch o

f 19

00, t

he f

irst a

nnua

l rep

ort o

f th

e K

ihei

Sug

ar C

ompa

ny s

tate

d, “

It w

as o

ur

inte

ntio

n to

com

plet

e th

e m

ain

[rai

l]roa

d on

ly a

s fa

r as

Cam

p #2

, or f

or a

bout

2 m

iles,

but a

s th

e de

velo

pmen

t of C

amp

#3 re

quire

d pu

shin

g on

of

the

road

one

and

a h

alf

mile

s fu

rther

, thi

s ha

s be

en d

one,

hav

ing

been

com

plet

ed th

e 15th

of F

ebru

ary.

” An

addi

tiona

l six

mile

s of t

rack

conn

ecte

d th

e Kīh

ei w

harf

to th

e va

rious

wel

l pum

ping

sta

tions

, and

nor

th to

mee

t up

with

HC

&S

track

(C

onde

and

Bes

t 197

3). E

stab

lishi

ng th

e ra

ilroa

d at

Kīh

ei m

ade

it po

ssib

le to

har

vest

and

tran

spor

t ov

er tw

o th

ousa

nd to

ns o

f sug

ar in

a si

ngle

yea

r (D

ean

1950

).

The

3-fo

ot g

auge

tra

ck f

or t

he K

ihei

Pla

ntat

ion

Com

pany

rai

lroad

was

bui

lt to

the

sam

e sp

ecifi

catio

ns a

s th

e ra

ilway

link

ing

the

HC

&S

Com

pany

mill

at S

prec

kels

ville

to it

s fie

lds;

and

to

the

suga

r war

ehou

ses a

t the

Kah

ului

wha

rf. B

y 19

02, w

ith th

e ne

w P

u‘unēnē

mill

com

plet

ed, a

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

Ba

ckgr

ound

Res

earc

h

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

28

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

new

mill

ing

cont

ract

with

HC

&S

prov

ided

that

all

cane

load

ed b

y th

e K

ihei

Pla

ntat

ion

Com

pany

w

as to

be

grou

nd a

nd m

anuf

actu

red

into

suga

r by

HC

&S.

3.1.

6.2

Wat

er S

ourc

e D

evel

opm

ent

The

Low

rie D

itch

proj

ect,

nam

ed f

or f

orm

er H

C&

S m

anag

er W

illia

m J

. Low

rie, b

roug

ht a

n ad

ditio

nal s

ourc

e of

wat

er to

the

Kīh

ei p

lain

s. H

is p

lan

was

to b

egin

the

ditc

h at

the

Pāpa

‘a‘e

a R

eser

voir,

at t

he 1

,000

ft. e

leva

tion,

and

mai

ntai

n a

four

-foo

t dro

p pe

r mile

follo

win

g th

e di

tch’

s in

itial

plu

nge

from

the

Kai

lua

rese

rvoi

r. St

eep

mou

ntai

n gu

lche

s wer

e tra

vers

ed u

sing

the

forc

e of

th

e co

nsta

nt w

eigh

t of w

ater

flow

ing

in a

serie

s of s

ipho

ns. T

he H

aleh

aku

Gul

ch, a

t 250

feet

dee

p,

and

the

Māl

iko

Gul

ch, a

t ove

r 35

0 fe

et d

eep,

wer

e bo

th c

ross

ed b

y gi

ant s

ipho

ns f

abric

ated

of

thre

e-ei

ghth

s-in

ch ir

on, a

nd s

et in

pla

ce b

y Ja

pane

se la

bore

rs. A

t a w

eir l

ocat

ed a

bove

Pā‘

ia, t

he

allo

catio

n of

wat

er b

egan

. The

firs

t ten

th o

f the

wat

er fl

ow in

the

Low

rie D

itch

was

div

ided

out

to

the

Pā‘ia

Pla

ntat

ion

(an

11/2

0ths

sha

re) a

nd th

e H

aikū

Pla

ntat

ion

(a 9

/20t

hs s

hare

). Th

e di

stan

ce

trave

led,

from

Kai

lua t

o th

e pla

ntat

ion’

s Kīh

ei b

ound

ary,

was

21.

9 m

iles (

Thru

m 1

900)

.Mor

e wat

er

was

req

uire

d, b

oth

from

wel

ls a

nd f

rom

the

East

Mau

i wat

er s

hed.

The

man

ager

for

the

Kih

ei

Plan

tatio

n C

ompa

ny, W

.F. P

ogue

, ask

ed th

e m

anag

emen

t of H

C&

S fo

r an

even

larg

er a

lloca

tion

of w

ater

for t

he Kīh

ei la

nds.

In 1

901,

Sam

uel T

. Ale

xand

er o

rder

ed th

e con

stru

ctio

n of

a ne

w d

itch,

ta

ppin

g th

e w

ater

sour

ces f

rom

Nāh

iku

to H

onom

anū.

It w

as d

eter

min

ed th

at th

e K

ihei

Pla

ntat

ion

Com

pany

wou

ld re

ceiv

e 2/

9ths o

f the

cap

acity

from

the

ente

rpris

e (S

eeFi

gure

11)

(Dea

n 19

50).

Fi

gure

11.

A p

ortio

n of

an

acco

untin

g st

atem

ent f

or w

ater

del

iver

ed to

the

Kih

ei P

lant

atio

n C

ompa

ny in

190

7.

The

Kih

ei P

lant

atio

n C

ompa

ny f

aile

d to

live

up

to th

e ex

pect

atio

ns o

f its

pro

mot

ers

with

an

inad

equa

te w

ater

supp

ly a

s the

key

diff

icul

ty. W

ith th

e w

ater

s of t

he K

o‘ol

au D

itch

flow

ing

to th

e Kīh

ei fi

elds

, pro

duct

ion

appe

ared

to h

ave

hit i

ts p

eak.

Alth

ough

5,6

09 to

ns o

f sug

ar w

as d

eliv

ered

in

190

3, h

igh

cost

s req

uire

d a

chan

ge o

f man

ager

s in

Kīh

ei, a

nd a

redu

ctio

n of

the

HC

&S

mill

ing

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

Ba

ckgr

ound

Res

earc

h

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

29

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

char

ge to

$7

per t

on. T

he in

com

ing

HC

&S

man

ager

, Fra

nk F

owle

r Bal

dwin

, det

erm

ined

that

the

best

cou

rse

of a

ctio

n w

as to

buy

out

the

com

pany

for $

375,

000

(Con

de 1

973)

.

In 1

908,

the

land

s of

the

Kih

ei P

lant

atio

n C

ompa

ny w

ere

divi

ded

up b

etw

een

five

new

maj

or

busi

ness

ent

ities

of H

C&

S. T

he K

ahul

ui R

ailro

ad, w

hich

had

alre

ady

been

abs

orbe

d by

HC

&S,

ac

quire

d th

e ra

il lin

es t

o Kīh

ei a

nd t

he r

ollin

g st

ock

of t

he p

lant

atio

n. T

he K

ailu

a Pl

anta

tion

Com

pany

(99

4 ac

res)

, th

e K

alia

linui

Pla

ntat

ion

Com

pany

(92

3 ac

res)

, th

e K

ula

Plan

tatio

n C

ompa

ny (9

96 a

cres

), th

e M

akaw

ao P

lant

atio

n C

ompa

ny (9

82 a

cres

), an

d th

e Pu

lehu

Pla

ntat

ion

Com

pany

(978

acr

es) a

cqui

red

the

rem

aini

ng a

crea

ge n

ot in

clud

ed in

the

railr

oad

right

-of-

way

s. W

ater

rig

hts

reve

rted

to H

C&

S, a

nd w

ere

reap

porti

oned

bet

wee

n th

e ne

w p

lant

atio

ns.

Suga

r op

erat

ions

con

tinue

d in

Nor

th Kīh

ei u

ntil

circ

a 19

68, w

hen

the

HC

&S

Com

pany

beg

an to

leas

e its

m

argi

nal s

ugar

land

s in

north

Kīh

ei to

the

Troj

an S

eed

Com

pany

(a h

ybrid

cor

n re

sear

ch c

ompa

ny

from

Oliv

ia, M

inne

sota

), an

act

ion

whi

ch c

ontin

ues

to th

e pr

esen

t day

with

the

Mon

sant

o G

loba

l Se

eds C

ompa

ny.

3.1.

7 Th

e re

siden

tial a

rea

of K

īhei

Th

e re

side

ntia

l com

mun

ity o

f Kīh

ei g

rew

in th

e pr

e-W

WII

year

s bec

ause

of t

he su

nny

wea

ther

an

d w

hite

-san

d be

ache

s. Tr

uck

farm

ing

of a

lfalfa

had

bee

n do

ne si

nce

the

turn

of t

he c

entu

ry, o

n m

any

of th

e coa

stal

inla

nd K

ama‘

ole h

omes

tead

s. C

ivic

dev

elop

men

t in

Kīh

ei in

clud

ed th

e Kal

ama

Park

and

the

Kīh

ei R

oad.

An

artic

le i

n th

e M

aui

New

s de

scrib

ed t

he S

epte

mbe

r 9th

, 19

36

cele

brat

ion

of th

e co

mpl

etio

n of

the

road

bet

wee

n K

alep

olep

o an

d th

e K

alam

a Pa

rk (N

ews 1

936)

. A

ppro

xim

atel

y 15

00 p

erso

ns at

tend

ed a

luau

at K

alam

a Par

k Su

nday

giv

en

by t

he K

ihei

Com

mun

ity C

lub

to c

eleb

rate

the

ope

ning

of

the

2-m

ile

stre

tch

of p

aved

hig

hway

bet

wee

n K

alep

olep

o an

d th

e [K

alam

a] P

ark.

Earli

er i

n th

e su

mm

er t

he C

ount

y co

mpl

eted

ano

ther

2-m

ile s

tretc

h be

twee

n M

aala

ea A

irpor

t and

the

new

Kih

ei P

ark.

Wor

k on

the

rem

aini

ng

unpa

ved

sect

ion

betw

een

Kal

epol

epo

and

the

Kih

ei S

tore

is

now

in

prog

ress

.

The

artic

le c

ontin

ued

by d

escr

ibin

g fu

rther

pro

gres

s in

othe

r pub

lic w

orks

pro

ject

s in

Kīh

ei:

A n

ew h

igh

mar

k w

as re

ache

d in

cou

nty

road

con

stru

ctio

n du

ring

Aug

ust

whe

n sl

ight

ly m

ore

than

3 m

iles o

f col

d em

ulsi

fied

asph

alt p

avem

ent w

as

laid

in

the

coun

ty d

urin

g th

e 1

mon

th p

erio

d, C

ount

y en

gine

er A

.L.

Bur

dick

repo

rted

to th

e B

oard

of S

uper

viso

rs o

n Th

ursd

ay n

ight

.

This

, he

said

, brin

gs t

he t

otal

for

the

firs

t ei

ght

mon

ths

of t

he y

ear

to

slig

htly

mor

e th

an 1

1 m

iles o

f com

plet

ed g

radi

ng a

nd p

avin

g.

Roa

ds c

ompl

eted

so fa

r thi

s yea

r: K

ihei

Airp

ort t

owar

ds K

ihei

, 2.2

mile

s. K

ihei

, Kal

ama

Park

tow

ard

Kal

epol

epo,

2 m

iles.

Ham

akua

poko

Roa

d 1.

1 m

iles,

Farr

ingt

on A

venu

e, M

olok

ai 1

.5 m

iles;

Cam

p 5-

6 R

oad

1.61

mile

s;

Pule

hu R

oad

1.64

mile

s; W

aihe

e R

oad

.15

mile

s; K

eala

hou

Scho

ol

driv

eway

.16

mile

s; H

omes

tead

road

s, K

ula

.75

mile

s; to

tal 1

1.11

mile

s.

Cultu

ral

Surv

eys

Haw

ai‘i

Job

Code

: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

Prev

ious

Arc

haeo

logi

cal R

esea

rch

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

30

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

Fi

gure

12.

Aer

ial p

hoto

of K

ūlan

ihāk

o‘i B

ridge

(Sch

ool o

f Oce

an a

nd E

arth

Sci

ence

Tec

hnol

ogy

[SO

EST]

194

9)

Cultu

ral

Surv

eys

Haw

ai‘i

Job

Code

: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

Prev

ious

Arc

haeo

logi

cal R

esea

rch

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

31

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

3.1.

8 Im

pact

of t

he m

ilita

ry o

n th

e pro

ject

are

a

The

Dep

artm

ent

of t

he N

avy

cons

truct

ed a

woo

d-fr

ame

two-

stor

y st

ruct

ure

on t

he b

each

fr

ontin

g th

e pr

ojec

t are

a in

194

8, fo

llow

ing

the

end

of W

orld

War

II. T

he st

ruct

ure,

whi

ch re

mai

ns

toda

y as

the b

uild

ing

hous

ing

the

Haw

aiia

n Is

land

s Hum

pbac

k W

hale

Nat

iona

l Mar

ine S

anct

urar

y,

was

orig

inal

ly c

onst

ruct

ed to

hou

se m

ilita

ry e

quip

men

t use

d to

mon

itor t

he ef

fect

s of a

tom

ic b

omb

test

ing

in th

e Pa

cific

Oce

an (F

igur

e 13

).

The

com

plex

of

woo

d st

ruct

ures

con

sist

ed o

f tw

o tra

nsm

itter

bui

ldin

gs h

ousi

ng a

ban

k of

el

ectri

cal

gene

rato

rs i

n th

e ev

ent

that

ele

ctric

ity t

o th

e co

mpl

ex w

as i

nter

rupt

ed, a

nd a

sin

gle

adm

inis

trativ

e bu

ildin

g m

anne

d by

eng

inee

rs w

ho tr

ansm

itted

dat

a ga

ther

ed o

n th

e co

nditi

on o

f th

e up

per

atm

osph

ere

to a

lab

orat

ory

in B

ould

er,

Col

orad

o. T

he g

eoph

ysic

al s

tatio

n w

as

resp

onsi

ble

for

broa

dcas

ting

a se

ries

of r

adio

sig

nals

acc

urat

e to

with

in a

few

mill

iont

hs o

f a

seco

nd. F

or a

brie

f tim

e, t

he U

.S. B

urea

u of

Sta

ndar

ds c

lock

at K

alep

olep

o w

as a

par

t of

the

coas

tline

adj

acen

t to

the

anc

ient

fis

hpon

d. I

n 19

71 t

his

trans

mitt

ing

stat

ion

was

rel

ocat

ed t

o B

arki

ng S

ands

, on

the

isla

nd o

f Kau

a‘i.

Fi

gure

13.

197

1 ae

rial p

hoto

of a

nten

na, t

rans

mitt

er b

uild

ings

and

adm

inis

trativ

e bu

ildin

g fo

r W

WV

H, j

ust s

eaw

ard

of th

e pr

ojec

t are

a. P

hoto

cou

rtesy

of N

atio

nal I

nstit

ute

of

Stan

dard

s and

Tec

hnol

ogy

(http

://tf.

nist

.gov

/sta

tions

/ww

vhto

ur.h

tml).

Cultu

ral

Surv

eys

Haw

ai‘i

Job

Code

: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

Prev

ious

Arc

haeo

logi

cal R

esea

rch

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

32

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

3.1.

9 M

oder

n La

nd U

se

Beg

inni

ng i

n th

e 19

70’s

, de

velo

pmen

t in

the

reg

ion

of t

he p

roje

ct a

rea

shift

ed f

rom

rur

al

resi

dent

ial t

o va

catio

n co

ndom

iniu

m d

evel

opm

ent.

Bet

wee

n 19

70 a

nd 1

996

vaca

tion

rent

al u

nits

in

crea

sed

from

2,6

41 t

o 17

,442

. Th

e le

ewar

d co

asts

, in

clud

ing

Kīh

ei,

beca

me

popu

lar

tour

ist

dest

inat

ions

(Juv

ik a

nd Ju

vic

1998

:14)

.Tod

ay, t

he A

STO

N M

aui L

u R

esor

t is l

ocat

ed to

the

north

of

the

proj

ect a

rea

and

the K

ihei

Bay

Vis

ta C

ondo

min

ium

is lo

cate

d to

the

sout

h of

the

proj

ect a

rea.

The

pr

ojec

t are

a is

sou

th o

f th

e M

okul

ele-

Pi‘il

ani H

ighw

ay ju

nctio

n, a

long

Sou

th Kīh

ei R

oad.

The

ex

istin

g dr

aina

gew

ay a

nd a

ssoc

iate

d cu

lver

ts d

ue fo

r rep

lace

men

t are

at t

he Kūl

anihāk

o‘i S

tream

m

outh

, nea

r Kal

epol

epo

Bea

ch p

ark

and

fishp

ond

alon

g th

e sh

orel

ine.

3.2

Prev

ious

Arc

haeo

logi

cal R

esea

rch

This

sect

ion

prov

ides

a b

rief o

verv

iew

of t

he re

sear

ch a

nd fi

ndin

gs o

f pre

viou

s ar

chae

olog

ical

in

vest

igat

ions

in th

e ge

nera

l are

a su

rrou

ndin

g th

e cu

rren

t pro

ject

. The

se in

vest

igat

ions

are

list

ed

in T

able

3 a

nd th

eir

loca

tion

is p

rese

nted

in F

igur

e 14

. A b

rief

sum

mar

y of

the

mor

e re

leva

nt

inve

stig

atio

ns is

pre

sent

ed b

elow

.

The

maj

ority

of a

rcha

eolo

gica

l rec

onna

issa

nce

and

inve

ntor

y su

rvey

s in

the

Nor

th Kīh

ei a

rea

have

pro

duce

d re

lativ

ely

little

sign

ifica

nt in

form

atio

n in

the w

ay o

f arc

haeo

logi

cal d

ata.

Whi

le th

is

may

be

due

in l

arge

mea

sure

to

chan

ges

on t

he l

and

asso

ciat

ed w

ith s

ugar

can

e cu

ltiva

tion,

ra

nchi

ng, a

nd m

ilita

ry u

se, a

s w

ell a

s re

sort

and

hous

ing

cons

truct

ion,

it s

till s

eem

s in

esca

pabl

e th

at th

ere

are

only

few

are

as in

the

Haw

aiia

n Is

land

s abu

tting

san

dy b

each

es th

at h

ave

less

in th

e w

ay o

f doc

umen

ted

Haw

aiia

n cu

ltura

l dep

osits

than

Kīh

ei. A

rcha

eolo

gica

l pro

ject

s in

the

vici

nity

id

entif

ied

both

pre

-Con

tact

and

pos

t-Con

tact

site

type

s. M

any

of w

hich

wer

e as

soci

ated

with

the

suga

r pl

anta

tion

era

and

plan

tatio

n ca

mps

, ran

chin

g an

d W

WII

perio

ds in

his

tory

. Pre

-Con

tact

ar

chae

olog

ical

site

s in

clud

ing

dry

stac

ked

basa

lt w

alls

, fis

hpon

ds,

alig

nmen

ts,

poss

ible

bur

ial

mou

nds a

nd si

tes a

ssoc

iate

d w

ith tr

aditi

onal

Haw

aiia

n ag

ricul

ture

hav

e al

so b

een

disc

over

ed in

the

vici

nity

surr

ound

ing

the

proj

ect a

rea.

Each

of t

he fi

shpo

nds l

ocat

ed in

the

vici

nity

of t

he p

roje

ct a

rea

are

liste

d on

the

Stat

e In

vent

ory

of H

isto

ric P

lace

s. Th

e Kō‘

ie‘ie

Fis

hpon

d (S

IHP

50-5

0-09

-128

8), a

djac

ent t

o K

alep

olep

o Pa

rk is

th

e sm

alle

st o

f the

thre

e fis

hpon

ds in

this

regi

on o

f Kīh

ei. T

he W

aioh

uli K

ai F

ishp

ond

is ju

st so

uth

of Kō‘

ie‘ie

Fis

hpon

d, is

subm

erge

d an

d lis

ted

as S

IHP

50-5

0-09

-170

4. T

he Kēō

kea

Kai

Fis

hpon

d is

yet

furth

er to

the s

outh

and

is al

so su

bmer

ged

(SIH

P 50

-50-

09-1

738)

. Kik

uchi

in 1

973

perf

orm

ed

a st

udy

of fi

shpo

nds

whi

ch c

ateg

oriz

ed th

e Kō‘

ie‘ie

Fis

hpon

d as

a T

ype

I, Lo

ko K

uipā

type

, or a

“f

ishp

ond

of li

ttora

l wat

er w

hose

side

or s

ides

faci

ng th

e sea

cons

ist o

f a st

one o

r cor

al w

all u

sual

ly

cont

aini

ng o

ne o

r mor

e sl

uice

gat

es”

(Kik

uchi

197

6:37

).

Acc

ordi

ng to

an

early

isla

nd-w

ide

surv

ey b

y St

okes

, the

clo

sest

hei

au s

truct

ures

to th

e pr

ojec

t ar

ea w

ere

repo

rtedl

y so

uth

of K

alep

olep

o in

Kam

a‘ol

e A

hupu

a‘a;

and

wer

e de

scrib

ed i

n th

e fo

llow

ing

man

ner:

Hei

au o

f W

ailu

ku a

t Kaw

ililip

oa, l

and

of K

amao

le, i

nlan

d; s

aid

to b

e a

plat

form

. Not

see

n. H

eiau

of

Kol

ea a

nd K

awili

lipoa

, lan

d of

Kam

aole

. Sa

id to

hav

e bee

n fo

r hum

an sa

crifi

ce, n

ot se

en. H

eiau

at K

awili

lipoa

, lan

d of

Kam

aole

, bet

wee

n th

e ro

ad a

nd th

e be

ach.

Thi

s fo

unda

tion,

whi

ch h

as

been

des

troye

d, w

as p

roba

bly

a pl

atfo

rm o

rigin

ally

. It w

as s

ituat

ed o

n a

Cultu

ral

Surv

eys

Haw

ai‘i

Job

Code

: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

Prev

ious

Arc

haeo

logi

cal R

esea

rch

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

33

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

sand

y fla

t, qu

arte

r of

a m

ile fr

om th

e se

a; 2

00 f

eet w

est o

f the

road

and

20

0 to

300

feet

sout

h of

the

Mor

mon

Chu

rch

(Sto

kes 1

918:

125)

Thes

e he

iau

wer

e al

so d

escr

ibed

by

Wal

ker i

n 19

31. T

he W

ailu

ku H

eiau

was

not

ed a

s Wal

ker

Site

205

, the

Kol

ea H

eiau

as

Wal

ker S

ite 2

06 a

nd K

awili

poa

Hei

au a

s W

alke

r Site

207

(W

alke

r 19

31:2

71-2

73)

Stok

es (

1918

) re

porte

d a

heia

u na

med

Wai

luku

at

Kam

aole

in

the

‘ili

of

Kaw

ililip

oa, m

auka

[inl

and]

. He

also

repo

rted

a sa

crifi

cial

hei

au n

amed

Kol

ea in

abo

ut th

e sa

me

area

and

furth

er st

ated

that

he

had

not s

een

eith

er o

f the

m, b

ut th

at h

is in

form

ants

als

o re

porte

d an

un

nam

ed h

eiau

in th

e sa

me

‘ili,

on th

e se

a pl

ain,

200

mak

ai o

r wes

t of t

he lo

wer

road

and

the

sam

e di

stan

ce so

uth

of th

e M

orm

on c

hurc

h. T

his h

eiau

was

repo

rted

to h

ave

been

a k

ahua

[fou

ndat

ion]

an

d ha

d be

en d

estro

yed.

Cor

dy (1

977)

iden

tifie

d a

tota

l of 3

8 si

ngle

com

pone

nt a

nd m

ulti-

com

pone

nt a

rcha

eolo

gica

l si

tes

with

in th

e th

en p

ropo

sed

Pi‘il

ani H

ighw

ay ro

ad c

orrid

or. F

ollo

win

g th

at s

tudy

, Cox

(197

6),

perf

orm

ed a

n ar

chae

olog

ical

sur

face

sur

vey

and

exca

vatio

ns f

or th

e Pi

‘ilan

i Hig

hway

rig

ht-o

f-w

ay. C

ox id

entif

ied

six

site

s, in

clud

ing

thre

e si

te c

ompl

exes

con

tain

ing

seve

n fe

atur

es a

nd th

ree

isol

ated

fe

atur

es. T

he si

tes a

re o

f pre

-his

toric

and

his

toric

era

use

and

incl

ude

a cav

e tha

t was

a te

mpo

rary

hab

itatio

n sh

elte

r; a

C-s

hape

she

lter;

a hi

stor

ic h

ouse

com

plex

; an

ahu

(pos

sibl

e m

onum

ent/p

latfo

rm b

uria

l); a

nd a

m

isce

llane

ous a

lignm

ent.

No

furth

er w

ork

was

reco

mm

ende

d.

Nel

ler

and

Kea

u (1

981)

con

duct

ed a

n ar

chae

olog

ical

rec

onna

issa

nce

adja

cent

to th

e cu

rren

t pr

ojec

t are

a at

TM

K (

2) 3

-9-0

1:17

, 1, a

lso

know

n as

Kal

epol

epo

with

the

Kal

epol

epo

fishp

ond

fron

ting

the p

rope

rty. T

heir

findi

ngs i

nclu

de tw

o hi

stor

ic fe

nced

area

s rec

orde

d as

site

s whi

ch w

ere n

oted

as

pos

sibl

e gr

aves

, and

a p

latfo

rm o

f ind

eter

min

ate

func

tion.

Fur

ther

arc

haeo

logi

cal s

urve

y, d

ata

reco

very

an

d m

onito

ring

was

reco

mm

ende

d.

In 1

990,

Ken

nedy

con

duct

ed m

onito

ring

of t

he T

MK

(2)

3-9

-01:

015

, a

porti

on o

f w

hich

co

mpr

ises

the

curr

ent p

roje

ct a

rea.

Fin

ding

s re

sulti

ng fr

om m

onito

ring

incl

uded

mid

den

scat

ters

, a

sing

le v

olca

nic

glas

s fra

gmen

t, an

imal

bon

e an

d a

bone

pic

k w

ere

reco

rded

.

Furth

er n

orth

of t

he c

urre

nt p

roje

ct a

rea,

Ken

nedy

(19

91) p

refo

rmed

a fi

eld

insp

ectio

n fo

r an

inad

verte

nt b

uria

l fin

d. A

pro

file

was

dra

wn

of th

e bu

rial,

then

a th

ree

side

d fo

rm w

as c

onst

ruct

ed

to p

rote

ct th

e bu

rial a

nd th

e bu

rial w

as re

burie

d in

pla

ce.

Erik

Fre

deric

ksen

of

Xam

anek

Res

earc

hes

(E.

M.

Fred

eric

ksen

et

al.

1994

) co

nduc

ted

an

inve

ntor

y su

rvey

in K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a

east

of

the

curr

ent p

roje

ct a

rea

and

mau

ka o

f Pi‘i

lani

H

ighw

ay. A

tota

l of 2

1 ar

chae

olog

ical

feat

ures

ref

lect

ing

pre-

cont

act u

se o

f the

are

a, a

s w

ell a

s po

st-c

onta

ct

mili

tary

an

d ra

nch

use

wer

e re

cord

ed.

The

pre-

cont

act

or

Early

H

awai

ian

arch

aeol

ogic

al fe

atur

es in

clud

ed fi

ve st

one p

iles p

ossi

bly

repr

esen

ting

agric

ultu

ral u

se, f

ive s

urfa

ce

scat

ters

repr

esen

ting

pre-

cont

act t

empo

rary

hab

itatio

n, an

d on

e pet

rogl

yph.

Mili

tary

use

of t

he ar

ea

is r

epre

sent

ed b

y fiv

e st

one

cairn

s, th

ree

alig

nmen

ts,

and

one

encl

osur

e. A

sin

gle

feat

ure,

in

terp

rete

d as

an

eros

ion

cont

ainm

ent a

rea,

was

reco

rded

in a

ssoc

iatio

n w

ith ra

nchi

ng a

ctiv

ities

.

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

Prev

ious

Arc

haeo

logi

cal R

esea

rch

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

34

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

Tabl

e 3.

Pre

viou

s Arc

haeo

logi

cal S

tudi

es

Dat

e A

hupu

a‘a

Nat

ure

of S

tudy

Fi

ndin

gs

Stok

es 1

916

Isla

nd w

ide

Arc

haeo

logi

cal

Rec

onna

issa

nce

3 he

iau

in K

amao

le in

the

‘ili o

f Kaw

ililip

oa, l

ocat

ed

dire

ctly

sout

h of

the

pres

ent p

roje

ct a

rea.

Sto

kes d

id n

ot se

e an

y of

thes

e th

ree

heia

u. H

e no

ted

that

they

may

hav

e be

en

dest

roye

d.

Wal

ker 1

931

Isla

nd w

ide

Rec

onna

issa

nce

3 he

iau

in W

aioh

uli A

hupu

a‘a

abov

e 3,

000

ft. e

leva

tion.

Kik

uchi

197

3 St

atew

ide

fish

pond

surv

ey

Fish

pond

Sur

vey

Not

ed 3

fish

pon

ds in

Kal

epol

epo

area

.

(Cox

197

6) N

o pr

ojec

t are

a m

ap

Pūle

hu N

ui to

K

ama‘

ole

Arc

haeo

logi

cal

Inve

ntor

y Su

rvey

Pi‘il

ani H

ighw

ay ri

ght-o

f-w

ay. I

dent

ified

six

site

s, in

clud

ing

thre

e si

te c

ompl

exes

con

tain

ing

seve

n fe

atur

es a

nd th

ree

isol

ated

feat

ures

.

(Cor

dy 1

977)

Pū

lehu

Nui

to

Paea

hu

Arc

haeo

logi

cal

Rec

onna

issa

nce

Iden

tifie

d 38

site

s: 3

0 in

Wai

ohul

i, 0

in K

a‘on

o‘ul

u, a

nd 8

in

Kēō

kea

(Nel

ler a

nd K

eau

1981

) K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

rcha

eolo

gica

l R

econ

nais

sanc

e

Find

s inc

lude

two

hist

oric

fenc

ed a

reas

reco

rded

as s

ites

whi

ch w

ere

note

d as

pos

sibl

e gr

aves

, and

a p

latfo

rm o

f in

dete

rmin

ate

func

tion.

Fur

ther

arc

haeo

logi

cal s

urve

y, d

ata

reco

very

and

mon

itorin

g w

as re

com

men

ded.

(Bor

dner

and

Cox

198

2)

Wai

ohul

i and

K

eoke

a A

rcha

eolo

gica

l R

econ

nais

sanc

e

A to

tal o

f nin

e si

tes w

ere

loca

ted

durin

g th

e re

conn

aiss

ance

su

rvey

whi

ch in

clud

ed C

-sha

pes,

an L

-sha

pes,

a m

odifi

ed

bedr

ock

outc

rop,

a te

mpo

rary

hab

itatio

n sh

elte

r, st

one

alig

nmen

ts, a

nd a

hab

itatio

n si

te. C

ultu

ral m

ater

ial w

hich

co

nsis

ted

of sh

ell m

idde

n w

as p

rese

nt a

t som

e of

the

site

s.

(Ken

nedy

198

6)

Wai

ohul

i A

rcha

eolo

gica

l R

econ

nais

sanc

e

Are

a w

as c

lear

ed b

y bu

lldoz

er, r

ubbl

e m

ound

s alo

ng b

oth

east

and

wes

t boa

rder

s of p

roje

ct a

rea,

no

surf

ace

evid

ence

of

arc

haeo

logy

. No

furth

er a

rcha

eolo

gica

l wor

k re

com

men

ded.

(Ken

nedy

198

8b)

Coa

stal

K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

rcha

eolo

gica

l R

econ

nais

sanc

e N

o ar

chae

olog

ical

find

ings

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

Prev

ious

Arc

haeo

logi

cal R

esea

rch

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

35

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

Dat

e A

hupu

a‘a

Nat

ure

of S

tudy

Fi

ndin

gs

(Ken

nedy

198

8a)

Wai

ohul

i A

rcha

eolo

gica

l R

econ

nais

sanc

e N

o ar

chae

olog

ical

find

ings

. No

furth

er a

rcha

eolo

gica

l wor

k re

com

men

ded.

(Ken

nedy

198

9)

Wai

ohul

i A

rcha

eolo

gica

l Su

bsur

face

Te

stin

g R

esul

ts

No

hum

an b

uria

l fin

ding

s

(Don

ham

198

9)

Wai

ohul

i A

rcha

eolo

gica

l In

vent

ory

Surv

ey

Iden

tifie

d fo

ur si

tes,

incl

udin

g tw

o pr

evio

usly

unr

ecor

ded

site

s. R

ecom

men

ded

data

reco

very

(Ken

nedy

199

0b)

Coa

stal

W

aiak

oa

Surv

ey

No

arch

aeol

ogic

al fi

ndin

gs

(Sin

oto

1990

) C

oast

al

Wai

akoa

Su

rvey

& T

estin

g N

o ar

chae

olog

ical

find

ings

(oth

er th

an tw

o pi

eces

of

mid

den)

(Ken

nedy

199

0a)

Ka‘

ono‘

ulu

Mon

itorin

g R

epor

t R

ecor

ded

4 su

rfac

e m

idde

n sc

atte

rs, s

ingl

e fr

agm

ent o

f vo

lcan

ic g

lass

, ani

mal

bon

e an

d bo

ne p

ick.

(Ken

nedy

199

1)

Coa

stal

W

aiak

oa

Fiel

d In

spec

tion

Inad

verte

nt b

uria

l fin

d

(E. M

. Fre

deric

ksen

et a

l. 19

94)

Ka‘

ono‘

ulu,

m

auka

of

Pi‘il

ani

Hig

hway

Inve

ntor

y Su

rvey

21

site

s wer

e id

entif

ied,

som

e m

ilita

ry a

nd so

me

pre-

cont

act

(Bur

gett

et a

l. 19

98)

Ka‘

ono‘

ulu

Inve

ntor

y Su

rvey

Lo

ts A

and

B o

f the

Mau

i Lu

Res

ort.

No

arch

aeol

ogic

al

findi

ngs.

(Ham

mat

t and

Shi

dele

r 199

9)

Wai

ohul

i A

rcha

eolo

gica

l R

econ

nais

sanc

e N

o cu

ltura

l mat

eria

l, no

arc

haeo

logi

cal f

indi

ngs

(Pep

alis

and

Kol

b 20

00)

Wai

ohul

i A

rcha

eolo

gica

l ex

cava

tions

D

isco

vere

d so

ils fr

om in

land

pon

d

(McD

erm

ott e

t al.

2000

) W

aioh

uli

Add

ition

al

Arc

haeo

logi

cal

Inve

ntor

y Su

rvey

Con

firm

atio

n of

an

inla

nd p

ond

(SIH

P 50

-50-

09-4

981)

from

w

hich

14C

radi

ocar

bon

wer

e at

tain

ed th

at p

rovi

des e

vide

nce

of a

n ea

rlier

hab

itatio

n se

quen

ce in

Kih

ei th

an p

revi

ousl

y do

cum

ente

d.

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

Prev

ious

Arc

haeo

logi

cal R

esea

rch

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

36

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

Dat

e A

hupu

a‘a

Nat

ure

of S

tudy

Fi

ndin

gs

(McD

erm

ott 2

001)

C

oast

al K

ihei

Gra

duat

e Th

esis

; H

isto

rical

Ec

olog

y of

C

oast

al K

ihei

N/A

(Bor

thw

ick

et a

l. 20

02)

Wai

ohul

i In

vent

ory

Surv

ey

No

arch

aeol

ogic

al fi

ndin

gs

(Hill

et a

l. 20

05)

Wai

ohul

i

Lette

r Rep

ort f

or

a Fi

eld

Insp

ectio

n an

d Su

bsur

face

Te

stin

g

No

arch

aeol

ogic

al fi

ndin

gs

(Hill

et a

l. 20

10)

Pūle

hu N

ui,

Ka‘

ono‘

ulu,

W

aiak

oa

Miti

gatio

n Pr

ogra

m

No

cultu

ral d

epos

its o

r arti

fact

s obs

erve

d du

ring

miti

gatio

n w

ork.

No

hist

oric

pro

perti

es a

ffec

ted.

(Med

eiro

s et a

l. 20

12)

Ka‘

ono‘

ulu

Lite

ratu

re R

evie

w

and

Fiel

d In

spec

tion

Rec

orde

d K

ulan

ihak

oi B

ridge

(50-

50-1

0-76

06),

cons

truct

ed

in 1

911

cons

ider

ed n

ot si

gnifi

cant

bas

ed o

n a

lack

of

inte

grity

.

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

Prev

ious

Arc

haeo

logi

cal R

esea

rch

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

37

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

Fi

gure

14.

Por

tions

of t

he P

u‘u

o K

ali (

1992

) and

Mā‘

alae

a (1

996)

7.5

-min

ute

USG

S to

pogr

aphi

c qu

adra

ngle

s, sh

owin

g th

e cu

rren

t pro

ject

are

a re

lativ

e to

adj

acen

t are

as o

f pre

viou

s arc

haeo

logi

cal s

tudy

.

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

Ba

ckgr

ound

Res

earc

h

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

38

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

Unt

il re

cent

ly, t

he fe

w a

vaila

ble

radi

ocar

bon

date

s fro

m th

e Kīh

ei a

rea

wer

e co

nsis

tent

in th

eir

rath

er b

road

, la

ter

preh

isto

ric a

ge d

eter

min

atio

ns,

mos

t co

mm

only

pos

t A

.D.

1500

(D

. L.

Fr

eder

icks

en e

t al.

1993

; E. M

. Fre

deric

ksen

and

Fre

deric

ksen

199

5a, b

). Th

is fi

ts w

ith th

e m

odel

th

at th

e mor

e int

ensi

ve u

se o

f the

Kīh

ei ar

ea w

as a

late

r pre

con

tact

dev

elop

men

t tha

t cor

resp

onde

d w

ith th

e ex

pans

ion

of u

plan

d pe

rman

ent h

abita

tion,

cer

emon

ial

cons

truct

ions

, and

agr

icul

tura

l cl

earin

g af

ter A

.D. 1

400-

1500

(Kol

b et

al.

1997

:281

-282

).

With

out a

dou

bt, c

oast

al h

abita

tion

alon

g w

ith m

ore

popu

lous

inla

nd/u

plan

d se

ttlem

ent w

as

firm

ly e

stab

lishe

d by

A. D

. 140

0-15

00. T

he m

ajor

ity o

f per

man

ent h

abita

tion

wou

ld h

ave

been

in

the

upla

nds,

conc

entra

ted

in th

e w

ell-w

ater

ed a

nd f

ertil

e ag

ricul

tura

l are

as. C

oast

al p

erm

anen

t ha

bita

tions

wer

e lik

ely

less

num

erou

s and

cen

tere

d on

the

cere

mon

ial s

truct

ures

and

fish

pon

ds a

t K

alep

olep

o. W

hile

the

fish

pond

s of

the

Kul

a co

astli

ne a

re th

ough

t to

date

to th

e 15

00s

(Kol

b et

al

. 199

7:66

), th

e ch

rono

logi

cal t

imel

ine

for i

nitia

l set

tlem

ent o

f the

Kīh

ei a

rea

is st

ill u

nder

deb

ate.

B

ased

on

the

resu

lts o

f re

lativ

ely

rece

nt s

tudi

es (

McD

erm

ott

2001

; M

cDer

mot

t et

al.

2000

), ha

bita

tion

in th

e co

asta

l are

as m

ay d

ate

to a

s ea

rly a

s A

.D. 6

00-9

00. E

vide

nce

of e

arlie

r coa

stal

ha

bita

tion

in th

e Kīh

ei a

rea

has

rece

ntly

com

e to

ligh

t at e

xcav

atio

ns a

djac

ent t

o th

e si

te o

f th

e K

alep

olep

o C

hurc

h. C

ultu

ral l

ayer

s de

scrib

ed in

the

wor

k of

McD

erm

ott a

nd o

ther

s (2

000)

and

M

cDer

mot

t (20

01),

in c

onju

nctio

n w

ith th

ose

of P

epal

is a

nd K

olb

(200

2), p

rovi

de so

me

evid

ence

in

th

e fo

rm

of

char

coal

co

ncen

tratio

ns,

mid

den

depo

sits

, 14

C

date

s, an

d pa

lyno

mor

ph

iden

tific

atio

n, th

at se

ttlem

ent i

n th

e vi

cini

ty o

f an

inla

nd p

ond

feat

ure

had

occu

rred

by

circ

a A

.D.

600-

900.

Prio

r to

this

inve

stig

atio

n a

liter

atur

e re

view

and

fie

ld in

spec

tion

was

con

duct

ed b

y C

ultu

ral

Surv

eys

Haw

ai‘i,

Inc.

, (M

edei

ros

et a

l. 20

12).

One

his

toric

pro

perty

was

doc

umen

ted,

SIH

P 50

-50

-10-

7606

(Kūl

anihāk

o‘i B

ridge

).

3.3

Back

grou

nd S

umm

ary

and

Pred

ictiv

e M

odel

Pr

evio

us a

rcha

eolo

gica

l st

udie

s ha

ve l

ed t

o ar

chae

olog

ical

site

int

erpr

etat

ion

base

d on

the

di

visi

on o

f the

set

tlem

ent p

atte

rn fo

r Mau

i int

o th

ree

zone

s: 1

) coa

stal

; 2) b

arre

n or

tran

sitio

nal;

and

3) In

land

(Cor

dy 1

977;

Cox

197

6; W

alto

n 19

72).

The

coas

tal z

one

is a

n ap

prox

imat

ely

one-

four

th o

f a m

ile w

ide

band

runn

ing

alon

g th

e sh

orel

ine.

The

inla

nd z

oned

beg

ins

appr

oxim

atel

y fiv

e to

sev

en m

iles

from

the

shor

e an

d is

cha

ract

eriz

ed b

y la

rger

rain

fall

accu

mul

atio

n an

d m

ore

lush

veg

etat

ion.

The

tran

sitio

nal o

r bar

ren

zone

is c

lass

ified

as

the

area

bet

wee

n th

e ed

ge o

f the

co

asta

l zon

e and

beg

inni

ng o

f the

inla

nd z

one a

nd ch

arac

teriz

ed b

y br

ush/

scru

b ve

geta

tion

and

low

an

nual

rain

fall

accu

mul

atio

n.

Bas

ed o

n av

aila

ble

arch

aeol

ogic

al ev

iden

ce an

d in

terp

reta

tions

, and

as a

resu

lt of

the s

ettle

men

t pa

ttern

, si

te t

ypes

exp

ecte

d fo

r co

asta

l zo

nes,

whe

re t

empo

rary

hab

itatio

ns r

elat

ed t

o m

arin

e ex

ploi

tatio

n m

ay b

e pr

esen

t m

ay i

nclu

de s

tack

ed-s

tone

enc

losu

res,

and

poss

ibly

sm

alle

r ce

rem

onia

l stru

ctur

es, s

uch

as st

acke

d-st

one f

ishi

ng sh

rines

. It i

s pos

sibl

e tha

t hum

an b

uria

ls w

ould

ha

ve b

een

inte

rred

in th

e co

asta

l san

d du

nes w

here

pre

sent

.

With

tha

t sa

id, t

he c

urre

nt p

roje

ct a

rea

has

expe

rienc

ed g

roun

d di

stur

banc

es a

s a

resu

lt of

co

nstru

ctio

n of

the

Sou

th K

īhei

Roa

d an

d na

tura

l ev

ents

ass

ocia

ted

with

stre

am a

nd w

etla

nd

envi

ronm

ent,

incl

udin

g pe

riodi

c flo

odin

g. F

lood

ing

even

ts p

artic

ular

ly h

ave

caus

ed re

peat

ed a

nd

exte

nsiv

e da

mag

e to

the

brid

ge o

ver t

he y

ears

. As

a re

sult

of th

ese

dist

urba

nces

the

likel

ihoo

d of

lo

catin

g in

tact

cul

tura

l dep

osits

or a

rcha

eolo

gica

l rem

ains

wou

ld b

e lo

w.

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

Ba

ckgr

ound

Res

earc

h

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

39

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

Con

vers

ely,

the

proj

ect

area

bor

ders

Kal

epol

epo

and

may

hav

e be

en c

onsi

dere

d pa

rt of

the

villa

ge o

nce

loca

ted

ther

e. K

alep

olep

o vi

llage

bec

ame

a m

ajor

hub

of e

arly

his

toric

act

ivity

in th

e m

id-1

800s

. Se

vera

l hi

stor

ical

ly s

igni

fican

t pl

aces

, su

ch a

s th

e K

oa H

ouse

, th

e D

avid

Mal

o M

emor

ial

Chu

rch,

and

the

Kal

epol

epo

(Kō‘

ie‘ie

) fis

hpon

d w

ere

loca

ted

ther

e. P

ortio

ns o

f th

e fis

hpon

d ha

ve re

cent

ly b

een

rest

ored

(see

sec

tion

3.1.

2). A

dditi

onal

ly, d

ue to

the

coas

tal l

ocat

ion

and

dune

sand

env

ironm

ent,

hum

an re

mai

ns c

ould

be

pres

ent i

n sa

ndy

depo

sits

of t

he p

roje

ct a

rea.

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

Re

sults

of F

ield

wor

k

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

40

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

Sect

ion

4 R

esul

ts o

f Fie

ldw

ork

Prio

r to

the

inve

stig

atio

n th

e G

eote

chni

cal E

ngin

eerin

g Ex

plor

atio

n of

the

Kul

anih

akoi

Brid

ge

Rep

lace

men

t rep

ort f

rom

GEO

LAB

S, In

c., (

Kw

ock

2012

) was

revi

ewed

. The

ava

ilabl

e sa

mpl

es

wer

e ch

arac

teris

tic o

f re

cent

allu

vium

and

not

pon

d de

posi

ts.

The

bore

log

s sh

owed

tha

t th

e st

ratig

raph

y w

as re

lativ

ely

cons

iste

nt a

cros

s the

APE

(see

Sec

tion

6.1.

2 fo

r mor

e de

tails

).

No

addi

tiona

l his

toric

pro

perti

es w

ere

obse

rved

dur

ing

the

pede

stria

n su

rvey

. The

initi

al fi

eld

insp

ectio

n (M

edei

ros

et a

l. 20

12) i

dent

ified

one

his

toric

pro

perty

with

in th

e cu

rren

t pro

ject

are

a,

Kūl

anihāk

o‘i B

ridge

. The

brid

ge h

as si

nce

been

giv

en a

site

num

ber (

SIH

P 50

-50-

10-7

606)

and

is

incl

uded

in th

is re

port.

At t

he c

oncl

usio

n of

the

sub-

surf

ace

test

ing

thre

e sh

ovel

test

s w

ere

exca

vate

d (S

TP 1

-3) a

nd

two

pipe

cor

es w

ere

extra

cted

(Pip

e C

ores

1-2

) (Fi

gure

19)

. Tw

o so

il sa

mpl

es w

ere

subm

itted

for

polle

n an

alys

is.

4.1

Pede

stri

an S

urve

y R

esul

ts

SIH

P 50

-50-

10-7

606

(Kūl

anihāk

o‘i B

ridge

) w

as id

entif

ied

durin

g th

e in

itial

fie

ld in

spec

tion

desi

gnat

ed o

nly

as th

e Kūl

anihāk

o‘i B

ridge

but

a S

IHP

num

ber

was

not

req

uest

ed a

t tha

t tim

e.

(Med

eiro

s et a

l. 20

12).D

urin

g th

e inv

ento

ry su

rvey

we r

evis

ited

the h

isto

ric p

rope

rty an

d re

ques

ted

a si

te n

umbe

r. Th

e fo

llow

ing

site

des

crip

tion

was

ada

pted

from

the

initi

al L

RFI

(Med

eiro

s et

al.

2012

:34-

38).

No

addi

tiona

l his

toric

pro

perti

es w

ere

obse

rved

dur

ing

the

pede

stria

n su

rvey

.

4.1.

1 SI

HP

50-5

0-10

-760

6

Func

tion:

Tran

spor

tatio

n T

ype:

B

ridge

Tota

l Fea

ture

s:

1

Dim

ensio

n:

20

m (6

6 ft)

long

and

12

m (3

9 ft)

wid

e

Con

ditio

n:

Po

or

Age

:

H

isto

ric

Sign

ifica

nce

Cri

teri

a:

D

Des

crip

tion:

Acc

ordi

ng to

the

Mau

i Cou

nty

Dep

artm

ent o

f Pub

lic W

orks

, SIH

P 50

-50-

10-7

606

(Kūl

anihāk

o‘i B

ridge

) w

as c

onst

ruct

ed in

191

1 an

d co

nsis

ted

of f

our i

ndiv

idua

l re

info

rced

con

cret

e bo

x cu

lver

ts.

Each

cul

vert

cell

mea

sure

d 1.

8 m

(6

ft) w

ide

by 1

.2 m

(4 ft

) hi

gh b

y 11

.6 m

(38

ft) lo

ng. T

he to

tal s

pan

of th

e fo

ur c

ulve

rts is

8.5

m (2

7 ft.

9 in

) (Fi

gure

15

and

Figu

re 1

6).

Acc

ordi

ng to

Nor

man

Sai

to, a

n in

form

ant w

ho w

as o

nce

an e

ngin

eer

for

the

boar

d of

wat

er

supp

ly f

or th

e C

ount

y of

Mau

i in

the

1950

’s, t

he p

avin

g su

rfac

e ov

er th

e ex

istin

g cu

lver

t was

ap

plie

d in

the

1930

’s. T

his

incl

uded

som

e sh

orin

g-up

of t

he e

dge

of th

e ro

adw

ay u

sing

a h

isto

ric

cons

truct

ion

styl

e at

tribu

ted

to p

re-1

940’

s pl

anta

tion

mas

ons.

The

pres

ent-d

ay K

ūlan

ihāk

o‘i

Brid

ge a

ppea

rs to

cons

ist o

f tw

o se

ctio

ns o

f pre

fabr

icat

ed co

ncre

te cu

lver

t wel

ded

toge

ther

to fo

rm

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

Re

sults

of F

ield

wor

k

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

41

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

the

leng

th o

f th

e ex

istin

g br

idge

. Mr.

Saito

obs

erve

d th

at t

he m

ore

mod

ern

cons

truct

ion

styl

e pr

obab

ly o

ccur

red

beca

use

of th

e m

any

repa

irs th

e br

idge

had

und

ergo

ne d

ue to

stor

m d

amag

e.

Pres

ently

the

north

ern

and

sout

hern

win

g w

alls

hav

e di

ffer

ent c

onst

ruct

ion

styl

es. T

he n

orth

ern

wal

l is c

onst

ruct

ed o

f wat

er ro

unde

d la

rge

basa

lt co

bble

s with

a c

oars

e co

ncre

te m

orta

r typ

ical

of

early

190

0’s

cons

truct

ion

met

hods

whi

le th

e so

uthe

rn w

all i

s a

mod

ern-

day

rip-r

ap c

onst

ruct

ion

styl

e w

here

the

basa

lt ha

s be

en c

ut to

for

m a

leve

l sur

face

and

mod

ern

conc

rete

has

rep

lace

d or

igin

al m

ater

ial (

Figu

re 1

7 an

d Fi

gure

18)

.

Fi

gure

15.

Kūl

anihāk

o‘i B

ridge

, vie

w n

orth

wes

t.

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

Re

sults

of F

ield

wor

k

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

42

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

Fi

gure

16.

Kūl

anihāk

o‘i B

ridge

, vie

w n

orth

east

Fi

gure

17.

Nor

ther

n w

ing

wal

l his

toric

con

stru

ctio

n.

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

Re

sults

of F

ield

wor

k

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

43

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

Fi

gure

18.

Sou

ther

n w

ing

wal

l mod

ern

cons

truct

ion.

4.2

Sub-

Surf

ace T

estin

g R

esul

ts

Thro

ugh

shov

el te

stin

g an

d pi

pe c

orin

g w

e w

ere

able

to c

onst

ruct

a g

ener

al st

ratig

raph

y of

the

proj

ect a

re to

a d

epth

of a

ppro

xim

atel

y 3

m (1

0 ft)

bel

ow g

roun

d su

rfac

e (b

gs),

show

n in

Fig

ure

20 a

nd d

escr

ibed

in T

able

4. W

e w

ere

unab

le to

ext

ract

the

PCV

pip

e w

ith th

e so

ils in

tact

bel

ow

this

dep

th. T

he fi

eldw

ork

effo

rt is

sum

mar

ized

bel

ow.

4.2.

1 Sh

ovel

Tes

t 1

Sub-

surf

ace

test

ing

bega

n in

the

sout

heas

t por

tion

of th

e pr

ojec

t are

a (s

ee F

igur

e 19

) with

STP

1.

The

inte

ntio

n be

ing

to re

mov

e th

e m

oder

n fil

l, ex

pose

the

natu

ral s

edim

ent a

nd th

en e

xtra

ct a

co

lum

n sa

mpl

e. S

hove

l Te

st 1

, mea

surin

g 30

by

30 c

m (

12 b

y 12

in)

and

was

ter

min

ated

at

appr

oxim

atel

y 70

cm

(28

in)

bgs.

The

stra

tigra

phy

cons

iste

d of

app

roxi

mat

ely

7 cm

(3

in)

of a

m

oder

n A

hor

izon

(St

ratu

m I

a) a

bove

abo

ut 5

0 cm

(20

in)

of

mod

ern

unco

nsol

idat

ed s

ilt f

ill

(Stra

tum

Ib).

Stra

tum

Ic w

as ti

ghtly

pac

ked

grav

el fi

ll se

para

ted

from

Stra

tum

Ib b

y pl

astic

mes

h (F

igur

e 20)

. The

fill

was

like

ly a

ssoc

iate

d w

ith th

e na

tive p

lant

rest

orat

ion

proj

ect.

Una

ble

to b

reak

th

roug

h th

e gr

avel

fill

with

a sh

ovel

STP

2 w

as e

xcav

ated

farth

er n

orth

in a

n at

tem

pt to

col

lect

an

adeq

uate

soil

sam

ple.

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

Re

sults

of F

ield

wor

k

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

44

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

4.2.

2 Sh

ovel

Tes

t 2

Shov

el T

est 2

, mea

surin

g 30

by

30 c

m (1

2 by

12

in) w

as e

xcav

ated

to 9

5 cm

(37

in) b

gs. T

he

stra

tigra

phy

was

sim

ilar t

o th

e ST

P 1

(Fig

ure

20).

Bel

ow th

e co

nsol

idat

ed g

rave

l fill

(Stra

tum

Ic)

the

mor

e re

cent

nat

ural

sedi

men

t (St

ratu

m II

) was

exp

osed

. Stra

tum

II w

as a

dar

k ye

llow

ish

brow

n sa

ndy

loam

. Due

to th

e de

pth

of th

e fil

l and

inab

ility

to e

xtra

ct a

n ad

equa

te s

ampl

e, S

TP 2

was

te

rmin

ated

. and

STP

3 w

as e

xcav

ated

farth

er n

orth

dow

n sl

ope

and

clos

er to

the

stre

ambe

d.

4.2.

3 Sh

ovel

Tes

t 3/P

ipe C

ore 1

Sh

ovel

Tes

t 3, m

easu

ring

30 b

y 30

cm

(12

by 1

2 in

) was

exc

avat

ed to

a d

epth

of 1

50 c

m (

60

in) b

gs (F

igur

e 20

). A

t aro

und

70 c

m (2

8 in

) bgs

a d

ark,

org

anic

, ana

erob

ic se

dim

ent i

ndic

ativ

e of

st

agna

nt w

ater

/mar

sh (

Stra

tum

IV

) w

as o

bser

ved

(Fig

ure

21).

The

STP

was

exp

ande

d w

ith a

nd

benc

hed

abov

e St

ratu

m IV

to e

xtra

ct a

pip

e co

re sa

mpl

e fr

om b

etw

een

50 a

nd 2

10 c

m (2

0 an

d 83

in

) bgs

(see

Fig

ure

8). S

ubse

quen

tly th

e in

tact

stra

tigra

phy

was

exp

osed

bac

k at

the

CSH

Wai

luku

la

b re

veal

ing

anot

her d

epos

it of

stag

nant

/mar

sh s

edim

ents

(Stra

ta V

I) at

bet

wee

n 17

0 an

d 18

0 cm

(6

7 an

d 71

in) b

gs (F

igur

e 22

and

Fig

ure

23).

In a

ll, S

trata

III -

VII

wer

e re

pres

ente

d in

Pip

e C

ore

1. S

ampl

es o

f Stra

ta IV

and

VI w

ere

sent

to P

aleo

rese

arch

for a

naly

sis.

The

resu

lts a

re d

iscu

ssed

in

Sec

tion

5

4.2.

4 Pi

pe C

ore 2

Pi

pe C

ore 2

was

take

n fr

om th

e sur

face

in th

e stre

ambe

d (F

igur

e 24)

. The

stra

tigra

phy,

alth

ough

sa

ndie

r, w

as s

imila

r to

Pip

e C

ore

1 (F

igur

e 25

and

Fig

ure

26).

Stra

ta V

-VII

wer

e re

pres

ente

d (F

igur

e 20

).

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

Re

sults

of F

ield

wor

k

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

45

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

Figu

re 1

9. A

eria

l sho

win

g th

e lo

catio

ns o

f the

sub-

surf

ace

exca

vatio

n an

d SI

HP

50-5

0-10

-760

6.

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

4

Re

sults

of F

ield

wor

k

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

46

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

Fi

gure

20.

Pro

files

of t

he su

b-su

rfac

e ex

cava

tions

.

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

4

Re

sults

of F

ield

wor

k

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

47

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

Tabl

e 4.

Stra

tigra

phic

sum

mar

y of

the

sub-

surf

ace

inve

stig

atio

ns.

Stra

tum

Ia

Mod

ern

A h

oriz

on; 1

0YR

3/3

, dar

k br

own

sand

; sin

gle

grai

n st

ruct

ure;

ver

y fin

e siz

e;

loos

e dr

y co

nsis

tenc

y; n

on-p

last

ic;

no c

emen

tatio

n; m

ixed

orig

in;

abru

pt l

ower

bo

unda

ry;

smoo

th

topo

grap

hy;

man

y,

med

ium

ro

ots.

Aku

likul

i (S

esuv

ium

po

rtul

acas

trum

) gr

owin

g on

the

sur

face

. N

o cu

ltura

l m

ater

ial

or f

eatu

res

wer

e ob

serv

ed.

Stra

tum

Ib

Fill

horiz

on; 1

0YR

3/6

, dar

k ye

llow

ish

brow

n si

lt; s

ingl

e gr

ain

stru

ctur

e; lo

ose

dry

cons

iste

ncy;

non

-pla

stic

; no

cem

enta

tion;

ter

rigen

ous

orig

in;

very

abr

upt

low

er

boun

dary

; sm

ooth

top

ogra

phy;

man

y, f

ine

to m

ediu

m r

oots

. Th

is m

oder

n fil

l is

as

soci

ated

with

the

nativ

e pl

ants

rest

orat

ion

proj

ect.

No

cultu

ral m

ater

ial o

r fea

ture

s w

ere

obse

rved

.

Stra

tum

Ic

Con

solid

ated

gra

vel f

ill

Stra

tum

II

C h

oriz

on; 1

0YR

3/6

, dar

k ye

llow

ish

brow

n to

5/2

gra

yish

bro

wn

sand

y lo

am to

ver

y fin

e sa

nd;

sing

le

grai

n st

ruct

ure;

fr

iabl

e m

oist

co

nsis

tenc

y;

non-

plas

tic;

no

cem

enta

tion;

mix

ed o

rigin

; ver

y ab

rupt

low

er b

ound

ary;

wav

y to

pogr

aphy

; no

root

s. A

ltern

atin

g oc

ean

incu

rsio

ns la

ying

dow

n ve

ry fi

ne sa

nd d

epos

its al

tern

atin

g w

ith si

lty

loam

and

silt

y cl

ay l

oam

terr

estri

al d

epos

its. N

o cu

ltura

l m

ater

ial

or f

eatu

res

wer

e ob

serv

ed.

Stra

tum

III

C h

oriz

on;

10Y

R 2

/2,

very

dar

k br

own

sand

y lo

am;

very

fin

e si

ze;

sing

le g

rain

st

ruct

ure;

loo

se m

oist

con

sist

ency

; no

n -pl

astic

; no

cem

enta

tion;

ter

rigen

ous

orig

in;

very

abr

upt l

ower

bou

ndar

y; w

avy

topo

grap

hy; n

o ro

ots.

Hig

h en

ergy

eve

nt, l

ikel

y flo

odin

g. F

ive

perc

ent g

rave

l and

peb

ble

incl

usio

ns. N

o cu

ltura

l mat

eria

l or f

eatu

res

wer

e ob

serv

ed.

Stra

tum

IV

C h

oriz

on; 1

0YR

2/1

, bla

ck sa

ndy

clay

loam

; ver

y fin

e si

ze; m

assi

ve st

ruct

ure;

fria

ble

moi

st c

onsi

sten

cy;

slig

htly

pla

stic

; no

cem

enta

tion;

terr

igen

ous

orig

in;

very

abr

upt

low

er b

ound

ary;

sm

ooth

top

ogra

phy;

no

root

s. V

ery

finel

y be

dded

mar

sh/s

tagn

ant

wat

er s

oils

. H

ighl

y or

gani

c an

d an

aero

bic.

No

cultu

ral

mat

eria

l or

fea

ture

s w

ere

obse

rved

.

Stra

tum

V

C h

oriz

on; 1

0YR

3/3

, dar

k br

own

to 3

/2 v

ery

dark

gra

yish

bro

wn

sand

y lo

am to

silty

cl

ay lo

am, f

ine t

o m

ediu

m si

ze; s

ingl

e gra

in st

ruct

ure;

loos

e moi

st co

nsis

tenc

y; sl

ight

ly

plas

tic; n

o ce

men

tatio

n; m

ixed

orig

in; a

brup

t low

er b

ound

ary;

smoo

th to

pogr

aphy

; no

root

s. Fi

ne a

ltern

atin

g ho

rizon

tally

ban

ded

laye

rs fr

om o

cean

incu

rsio

n an

d st

ill w

ater

de

posi

tion,

hig

hly

orga

nic/

anae

robi

c. N

o cu

ltura

l mat

eria

l or f

eatu

res w

ere

obse

rved

.

Stra

tum

VI

C h

oriz

on; 1

0YR

2/1

, bla

ck s

andy

silt

; ver

y fin

e si

ze; m

assi

ve s

truct

ure;

non

-stic

ky

wet

con

sist

ency

; non

- pla

stic;

no

cem

enta

tion;

mix

ed o

rigin

; abr

upt l

ower

bou

ndar

y;

smoo

th to

pogr

aphy

; no

root

s. N

o cu

ltura

l mat

eria

l or f

eatu

res w

ere

obse

rved

.

Stra

tum

VII

C

hor

izon

; 10Y

R 3

/1, v

ery

dark

gra

y sa

ndy

clay

; fin

e to

coar

se si

ze; m

assi

ve st

ruct

ure;

sl

ight

ly-s

ticky

wet

con

sist

ency

; slig

htly

-pla

stic

; no

cem

enta

tion;

mix

ed o

rigin

; abr

upt

low

er b

ound

ary;

smoo

th to

pogr

aphy

; no

root

s. C

oral

line

sand

, no

cultu

ral m

ater

ial o

r fe

atur

es w

ere

obse

rved

.

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

4

Re

sults

of F

ield

wor

k

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

48

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

Fi

gure

21.

Pro

file

of th

e se

dim

ent i

n ST

P 3/

Pipe

Cor

e 1

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

4

Re

sults

of F

ield

wor

k

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

49

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

Fi

gure

22.

Pip

e C

ore

1 sh

owin

g St

rata

III-

V.

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

4

Re

sults

of F

ield

wor

k

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

50

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

Fi

gure

23.

Pip

e C

ore

1 sh

owin

g St

rata

V-V

II.

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

4

Re

sults

of F

ield

wor

k

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

51

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

Fi

gure

24.

Pip

e C

ore

2 be

ing

extra

cted

from

the

stre

ambe

d, v

iew

to th

e w

est.

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

4

Re

sults

of F

ield

wor

k

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

52

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

Fi

gure

25.

Pip

e C

ore

2 sh

owin

g St

rata

V-V

II.

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

4

Re

sults

of F

ield

wor

k

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

53

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

Fi

gure

26.

Pip

e C

ore

2 sh

owin

g St

ratu

m V

II.

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

Re

sults

of F

ield

wor

k

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

54

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

Sect

ion

5 R

esul

ts o

f Lab

orat

ory A

naly

sis

5.1

Soil

Sam

ple A

naly

sis

Polle

n an

alys

is o

f tw

o sa

mpl

es c

olle

cted

from

Stra

tum

IV a

nd V

I in

Pipe

Cor

e 1

(Tab

le 5

) pr

ovid

e a

reco

rd o

f ear

lier v

eget

atio

n. P

oace

ae p

olle

n (F

igur

e 27

and

Tab

le 6

) is

the

dom

inan

t in

both

sam

ples

, acc

ompa

nied

by

mod

erat

e qua

ntiti

es o

f var

ious

type

s of A

ster

acea

e pol

len

indi

catin

g th

at th

e ar

ea m

ay, i

ndee

d, b

e be

st d

escr

ibed

as

havi

ng b

een

a gr

assl

and

that

als

o su

ppor

ted

man

y pl

ants

in th

e su

nflo

wer

fam

ily (A

ster

acea

e). R

ecov

ery

of tw

o si

zes

of P

oace

ae p

olle

n w

as n

oted

. Th

e la

rger

Poa

ceae

mig

ht re

flect

gra

sses

suc

h as

pili

, whi

ch p

rodu

ce la

rger

pol

len.

In th

e lo

wer

sa

mpl

e C

heno

-am

pol

len

was

mod

erat

ely

abun

dant

, sug

gest

ing

loca

l gro

wth

of s

hrub

by a

heah

ea.

Pros

opis

pol

len

was

obs

erve

d in

bot

h sa

mpl

es, i

ndic

atin

g lo

cal g

row

th o

f ki

awe

and

rela

tivel

y re

cent

accu

mul

atio

n of

sedi

men

t in

this

loca

tion.

Sam

ple 2

, rep

rese

ntin

g St

ratu

m V

I, is

par

ticul

arly

ric

h in

pol

len

taxa

, as

it co

ntai

ns s

mal

l qua

ntiti

es o

f Aca

cia,

Aca

cia

koa,

Myr

tace

ae, C

opro

sma,

D

odon

aea,

Fab

acea

e, S

enna

-type

, Er

icac

eae,

Ile

x-ty

pe,

Kad

ua,

Hib

iscu

s, Si

da,

Wal

ther

ia,

Arte

mis

ia,

Bra

ssic

acea

e, a

nd E

upho

rbia

rep

rese

ntin

g ac

acia

, m

embe

rs o

f th

e m

yrtle

fam

ily,

'Aia

kane

ne, A

’ali’

i, m

embe

rs o

f the

legu

me

fam

ily s

uch

as k

olom

ona

or p

erha

ps th

e in

trodu

ced

cand

le b

ush,

mem

bers

of t

he h

eath

fam

ily, p

ossi

bly

holly

, au,

alo

alo,

‘ilim

a, ‘u

halo

a, ‘a

hina

hina

, m

embe

rs o

f the

mus

tard

fam

ily, a

nd k

alik

o. R

ecov

ery

of C

yper

acea

e po

llen

indi

cate

s tha

t sed

ges

grew

with

the g

rass

es. S

tratu

m V

I con

tain

s Pro

sopi

s as t

he p

rimar

y po

llen

repr

esen

ting

alie

n pl

ants

in

the

loca

l veg

etat

ion

com

mun

ity. F

erns

, rep

rese

nted

prim

arily

by

mon

olet

e an

d tri

lete

spor

es, a

s w

ell a

s spo

res t

ypic

al o

f the

Dic

kson

iace

ae, a

lso

grew

in th

e ar

ea (C

umm

ings

201

3:2)

. St

ratu

m V

I, al

so c

onta

ined

a sm

all q

uant

ity o

f Zea

may

s pol

len,

refle

ctin

g lo

cal c

ultiv

atio

n of

corn

/mai

ze. T

his p

olle

n is

larg

e and

hea

vy, u

sual

ly tr

avel

ing

no fa

rther

than

a fe

w te

ns o

f met

ers

from

the

pla

nts.

This

pol

len

exhi

bits

sev

eral

cha

ract

eris

tics

mak

ing

it di

stin

ct f

rom

tha

t of

su

garc

ane

in th

at it

is la

rger

, has

a d

iffer

ent s

urfa

ce te

xtur

e, a

nd th

e an

nulu

s sur

roun

ding

the

pore

is

wid

er(C

umm

ings

201

3:2)

. St

ratu

m I

V e

xhib

its f

ewer

pol

len

taxa

sug

gest

ing

that

veg

etat

ion

dive

rsity

dec

reas

ed.

Pand

anus

, Rau

volfi

a, a

nd S

caev

ola

polle

n re

cove

red

in th

is sa

mpl

e, b

ut n

ot th

e fr

om S

tratu

m V

I, in

dica

te th

at b

each

veg

etat

ion

incl

uded

hal

a, h

ao, a

nd n

aupa

ka. I

n ad

ditio

n, p

olle

n re

pres

entin

g al

iens

incl

uded

Cas

uari

na, E

rodi

um, a

nd L

euca

ena,

repr

esen

ting

Aus

tralia

n pi

ne, f

ilare

e, a

nd k

oa

haol

e gr

owin

g in

the

area

by

the

time

the

sedi

men

ts in

Stra

tum

IV a

ccum

ulat

ed. F

inal

ly, S

tratu

m

IV sa

mpl

e als

o co

ntai

ned

a sm

all q

uant

ity o

f Spo

rorm

iella

dun

g fu

ngal

spor

es(C

umm

ings

201

3:2)

. Sp

oror

mie

lla is

an

asco

myc

ete

fung

us fo

und

only

on

the

dung

of h

erbi

vore

s. T

he g

enus

is

wid

espr

ead

in s

ub-b

orea

l and

tem

pera

te r

egio

ns o

f th

e w

orld

. Spo

rorm

iella

spo

res

are

born

e in

as

com

ata

on th

e su

rfac

e of

dry

ing

dung

and

are

spre

ad p

assi

vely

to n

earb

y ve

geta

tion,

with

whi

ch

they

are

inge

sted

(Dav

is a

nd S

hafe

r 200

6) M

any

copr

ophi

lous

fung

i, su

ch a

s Sp

oror

mie

lla, r

ely

on a

cyc

lic p

roce

ss in

volv

ing

herb

ivor

e in

gest

ion

of s

pore

s w

ith f

olia

ge, g

erm

inat

ion

of s

pore

s fo

llow

ing

pass

age

thro

ugh

the

gut,

myc

elia

l gr

owth

with

in, a

nd e

vent

ual

spor

ulat

ion

on d

ung

(Wic

klow

et

al.

1980

). W

hile

gra

zing

, he

rbiv

ores

als

o ca

n in

adve

rtent

ly i

nges

t as

com

ata,

the

fr

uitin

g bo

dies

on

dung

that

con

tain

mill

ions

of i

ndiv

idua

l spo

res,

espe

cial

ly in

are

as w

here

den

se

herb

ivor

e pop

ulat

ions

exis

t (A

ptro

op an

d V

an G

eel 2

006)

. Dep

endi

ng o

n th

e con

text

of t

he sa

mpl

e,

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

Re

sults

of F

ield

wor

k

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

55

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

reco

very

of

Spor

orm

iella

in

arch

aeol

ogic

al s

ampl

es c

an b

e an

ind

icat

or f

or t

he p

rese

nce

and

utili

zatio

n of

her

bivo

res.

Inte

rpre

tatio

ns c

an ra

nge

from

the

pres

ence

of d

ung

on th

e la

ndsc

ape

to

burn

ing

dung

fo

r fu

el

to

the

utili

zatio

n of

in

test

inal

m

ater

ial

for

cook

ing

and

subs

iste

nce(

Cum

min

gs 2

013:

3).

Spor

orm

iella

ofte

n be

com

es m

ore

abun

dant

in H

isto

ric P

erio

d se

dim

ents

follo

win

g th

e hi

stor

ic

intro

duct

ion

of g

razi

ng a

nim

als.

Its i

ncre

asin

g pr

esen

ce i

n hi

stor

ic s

ampl

es h

as b

een

note

d in

nu

mer

ous

paly

nolo

gica

l stu

dies

(Dav

is 1

987)

. Spo

rorm

iella

fung

al s

pore

s ar

e no

t con

fined

to th

e du

ng o

f int

rodu

ced

herb

ivor

es, s

ince

they

als

o oc

cur o

n du

ng fr

om b

ison

, moo

se, w

ild sh

eep,

dee

r, el

k, c

arib

ou, a

nd ra

bbits

. The

incr

ease

of S

poro

rmie

lla s

pore

s in

his

toric

sed

imen

ts m

ay re

late

to

chan

ging

land

use

pat

tern

s an

d in

crea

se in

the

leng

th o

f tim

e th

at h

erds

of

anim

als

occu

py a

ny

give

n ar

ea (C

umm

ings

201

3:3)

.

Tabl

e 5.

Pro

veni

ence

Dat

a fo

r Soi

l Sam

ples

Col

lect

ed D

urin

g Ex

cava

tion

(ada

pted

from

C

umm

ings

201

3:4)

Sam

ple

No.

D

epth

(c

mbs

) St

ratu

m

Prov

enie

nce/

Des

crip

tion

Ana

lysis

001

79-8

0 IV

M

arsh

/Sta

gnan

t sed

imen

t Po

llen

002

175-

176

VI

Mar

sh/S

tagn

ant s

edim

ent

Polle

n

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

Re

sults

of F

ield

wor

k

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

56

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

Tabl

e 6.

Pol

len

Type

s Obs

erve

d in

the

Soil

Sam

ples

(ada

pted

from

Cum

min

gs 2

013:

5-7)

.

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

Com

mon

Nam

e N

at

Pol

End

Ind

TREE

S:

Acac

ia

Koa

, kol

u, k

oai'a

x

x

A

caci

a ko

a K

oa ‘

oh,

koai

’a,

koai

’e,

dwar

f koa

x

Myr

tace

ae

Myr

tle fa

mily

x

x x

X

Pand

anus

tect

oriu

s H

ala,

p h

ala

x

Rauv

olfia

sa

ndw

icen

sis

Hao

x

SHR

UB

S:

Cop

rosm

a 'A

iaka

nene

, ku

kuae

nene

, le

pone

ne,

nene

, pu

nene

, co

pros

ma

x

Dod

onae

a vi

scos

a A'

ali'i

, ('a

'ali'

i k

mak

ani,

'a'a

li'i

k

ma

kua,

k

mak

ani)

x

Eric

acea

e H

eath

fam

ily

x

Faba

ceae

Le

gum

e or

pea

fam

ily

x x

x x

Sen

na-ty

pe

Can

dle

bush

and

oth

ers

x

Ilex

aqui

foliu

m a

nd

Ilex

para

guar

iens

is

Engl

ish

or E

urop

ean

holly

, ye

rbe

mat

e, P

arag

uay

tea

x

Kad

ua

Au,

pilo

, 'A

wiw

i, ki

o'el

e,

etc.

x

x

Labo

rdia

K

amak

ahal

a

x

M

alva

ceae

M

allo

w fa

mily

x

x

x

Hib

iscus

Al

oalo

, ha

u,

koki

'o

ke

'oke

'o,

(hau

he

le,

koki

'o

kea,

pam

akan

i), m

a'o

hau

hele

, ka

ioha

la,

(aki

ahal

a,

hau

hele

w

ai),

koki

'o

(mk

), la

rge-

leav

ed

hau,

co

tton

or c

onfe

dera

te r

ose

(alo

alo

wai

khu

li,

wai

khu

li)

x

x x

Sid

a 'Il

ima,

Pric

kly

sida

x

x M

yrsi

ne

Kle

a,

‘lik

o,

Kle

a la

u nu

i, K

lea

lau

li’i

x

Scae

vola

N

aupa

ka

x x

Wal

ther

ia

'Uha

loa

('ala

'ala

p lo

a)

x?

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

Re

sults

of F

ield

wor

k

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

57

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

Com

mon

Nam

e N

at

Pol

End

Ind

HER

BS

AN

D G

RA

SSES

: A

ster

acea

e Su

nflo

wer

fam

ily

x

x x

Art

emis

ia

‘hi

nahi

na,

hina

hina

, hi

na

hina

kua

hiwi

x

x

Low

-spi

ne

Ast

erac

eae

Sunf

low

er fa

mily

; Inc

lude

s ra

gwee

d an

d ot

hers

x

x

x

Hig

h-Sp

ine

Ast

erac

eae

Sunf

low

er fa

mily

; Inc

lude

s Bi

dens

x

x

x

Lig

ulifl

orae

Su

nflo

wer

fam

ily,

chic

ory

tribe

x

Api

acea

e (U

mbe

llife

rae)

x

x

Car

yoph

ylla

ceae

Pi

nk fa

mily

x

x

Che

no-a

m

Achy

rant

hes,

Che

nopo

dium

oa

huen

se,

Amar

anth

us,

Cha

rpen

tiera

, etc

.

x

x

Cyp

erac

eae

Sedg

e fa

mily

x

x

x Eu

phor

bia

Kal

iko,

sp

urge

, M

exic

an

firep

lant

(wild

poi

nset

tia)

x

x

Poac

eae

Gra

ss fa

mily

x

x

x

Poac

eae

larg

e M

embe

rs

of

the

Gra

ss

fam

ily w

ith l

arge

r po

llen

such

as p

ili g

rass

x

Typh

a do

min

gens

is/la

tifol

ia

Cat

tail

x

ALI

ENS:

C

asua

rina

A

ustra

lian

pine

(Iro

nwoo

d,

Pain

a )

x

Erod

ium

St

orks

bill,

he

ron-

bill,

fil

aree

x

Leuc

aena

K

ao-h

aole

('ek

oa, l

iliko

a)

x

Pros

opis

K

iaw

e, m

esqu

ite

x

Zea

may

s M

aize

, cor

n A

gric

SPO

RES

:

Dic

kson

iace

ae

Tree

fern

fam

ily

x x

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

Re

sults

of F

ield

wor

k

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

58

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

Com

mon

Nam

e N

at

Pol

End

Ind

Lyco

podi

um

cern

uum

C

lub

mos

s (W

awae

’iole

)

X

Plan

t nam

es a

nd in

form

atio

n de

rived

from

(Wag

ner e

t al.

1990

)

Fern

(spo

re) n

ames

der

ived

from

(Sel

ling

1946

)

Nat

= N

atur

aliz

ed

Pol =

Pol

ynes

ian

intro

duct

ion

End

= En

dem

ic

Ind

= In

dige

nous

Polle

n id

entif

icat

ions

to sp

ecie

s wer

e m

ade

base

d on

the

fact

that

onl

y 1

spec

ies i

s rep

orte

d by

(Wag

ner e

t al.

1990

). Sp

ecie

s ide

ntifi

catio

n w

as n

ot m

ade

base

d on

mor

phol

ogic

cha

ract

eris

tics o

bser

ved

unde

r the

mic

rosc

ope.

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

Re

sults

of L

abor

ator

y A

naly

sis

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

59

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

Fi

gure

27.

Pol

len

Dia

gram

for s

ampl

es 1

and

2 (a

dapt

ed fr

om C

umm

ings

201

3:8)

.

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

Su

mm

ary

and

Inte

rpre

tatio

n

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

60

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

Sect

ion

6 S

umm

ary

and

Inte

rpre

tatio

n B

etw

een

May

9

and

10,

2013

C

ultu

ral

Surv

eys

Haw

ai‘i,

In

c.

(CSH

) co

mpl

eted

an

A

rcha

eolo

gica

l In

vent

ory

Surv

ey (

AIS

) fo

r th

e pr

opos

ed K

ūlan

ihāk

o‘i

Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent

Proj

ect.

The

field

wor

k, a

ccom

plis

hed

by H

alle

tt H

. Ham

mat

t, Ph

.D.,

Todd

D. M

cCur

dy, M

.A.,

and

Jona

s Mad

eus,

B.A

., to

ok 3

per

son-

days

to c

ompl

ete.

The

initi

al f

ield

insp

ectio

n (M

edei

ros

et a

l. 20

12)

iden

tifie

d on

e hi

stor

ic p

rope

rty w

ithin

the

curr

ent p

roje

ct ar

ea, K

ūlan

ihāk

o‘i B

ridge

(SIH

P 50

-50-

10-7

606)

. As p

er th

e fie

ld v

isit

with

SH

PD,

the

prim

ary

focu

s of t

he A

IS w

as to

add

ress

con

cern

s of s

ub-s

urfa

ce fi

shpo

nd d

epos

its in

the

APE

th

roug

h su

b-su

rfac

e te

stin

g/co

ring.

The

cur

rent

inve

stig

atio

n co

nsis

ted

of s

hove

l tes

ting

and

pipe

co

ring.

Whi

le n

o ne

w h

isto

ric p

rope

rties

wer

e di

scov

ered

dur

ing

the

curr

ent i

nves

tigat

ion,

two

sedi

men

t sam

ples

wer

e su

bmitt

ed fo

r pol

len

anal

ysis

.

6.1

Sum

mar

y of

Hist

oric

Pro

pert

ies a

nd S

ub-S

urfa

ce In

vest

igat

ions

W

ithin

the

Cur

rent

Pro

ject

Are

a 6.

1.1

SIH

P 50

-50-

10-7

606

SIH

P -7

606

(Kūl

anihāk

o‘i B

ridge

) w

as c

onst

ruct

ed in

191

1 an

d co

nsis

ted

of f

our i

ndiv

idua

l re

info

rced

con

cret

e bo

x cu

lver

ts.

Each

cul

vert

cell

mea

sure

d 1.

8 m

(6

ft) w

ide

by 1

.2 m

(4 ft

) hi

gh b

y 11

.6 m

(38

ft) lo

ng. T

he to

tal s

pan

of th

e fo

ur c

ulve

rts is

8.5

m (2

7 ft.

9 in

). Th

e pa

ving

su

rfac

e ov

er th

e ex

istin

g cu

lver

t was

app

lied

in th

e 19

30’s

. Thi

s in

clud

ed so

me

shor

ing-

up o

f the

ed

ge o

f the

road

way

usi

ng a

his

toric

con

stru

ctio

n st

yle

attri

bute

d to

pre

-194

0’s p

lant

atio

n m

ason

s.

6.1.

2 Su

b-Su

rfac

e Inv

estig

atio

ns

Due

to th

e de

pth

of th

e fil

l and

inab

ility

to e

xtra

ct a

n ad

equa

te s

ampl

e th

e co

ring/

sub-

surf

ace

test

ing

was

res

trict

ed t

o ne

ar t

he s

tream

bed.

Non

ethe

less

, th

e in

vest

igat

ion

yiel

ded

two

soil

sam

ples

fro

m S

trata

IV

and

V, b

oth

of w

hich

wer

e su

bmitt

ed to

the

Pale

oRes

earc

h In

stitu

te in

G

olde

n, C

olor

ado

for

polle

n an

alys

is. T

he r

esul

ting

repo

rt (C

umm

ings

201

3) in

dica

ted

that

the

sedi

men

ts in

Lay

ers V

I and

IV a

ccum

ulat

ed d

urin

g th

e hi

stor

ic e

ra. A

lthou

gh P

roso

pis p

olle

n w

as

obse

rved

in b

oth

sam

ples

, pol

len

repr

esen

ting

othe

r alie

n pl

ants

incl

udin

g A

ustra

lian

pine

, fila

ree,

an

d ko

a ha

ole

was

pre

sent

onl

y in

the

Stra

tum

IV. T

he p

olle

n re

cord

is o

ne o

f veg

etat

ion

typi

cal

in d

ry a

reas

and

may

bes

t des

crib

ed a

s mix

ed g

rass

land

. The

pre

senc

e of S

poro

rmie

lla d

ung

fung

al

spor

es i

n St

ratu

m I

V r

efle

cts

use

of s

ome

of t

he l

and

on t

he l

eew

ard

slop

es o

f H

alea

kalā

for

gr

azin

g.

The

Stra

tum

VI s

ampl

e co

ntai

ned

Zea

may

s pol

len,

whi

ch is

evi

denc

e in

this

cor

e of

the

grow

th

of c

orn

in th

e K

ula

area

of M

aui.

A H

awai

ian

Isla

nds m

ap fr

om 1

903

of M

aui d

epic

ts a

reas

acr

oss

the

leew

ard

slop

e of

Hal

eaka

la d

eem

ed g

ood

agric

ultu

ral

land

for

gro

win

g co

rn a

nd p

otat

oes

(Fig

ure

28).

Due

nsin

g (2

008:

160)

repo

rts th

at c

orn

was

gro

wn

in th

e H

awai

ian

Isla

nds a

s ear

ly a

s 18

26 f

or p

erso

nal c

onsu

mpt

ion,

alth

ough

it w

as c

lose

r to

the

mid

dle

of th

e N

inet

eent

h C

entu

ry

befo

re i

t be

cam

e a

viab

le c

omm

erci

al c

rop.

The

Mis

sion

ary

Her

ald

(Ric

hard

s et

al.

1829

) do

cum

ente

d it

bein

g av

aila

ble

on M

aui a

s ear

ly a

s 182

8:

Tour

Aro

und

Mau

i

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

Su

mm

ary

and

Inte

rpre

tatio

n

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

61

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

[An

expe

ditio

n by

Will

iam

Ric

hard

s, Lo

rrin

And

rew

s an

d Jo

nath

an

Gre

en]

Com

men

cem

ent o

f the

Tou

r

“Mon

day,

Aug

ust 1

8 [1

828]

, we

left

Laha

ina

with

the

desi

gn o

f mak

ing

the

tour

of M

aui.

The

exam

inat

ion

of th

e sc

hool

s in

the

seve

ral d

istri

cts o

f th

e Is

land

s w

as o

ur p

rimar

y ob

ject

. We

wis

hed

to se

e al

so th

e le

ngth

and

br

eadt

h of

the

land

. To

asce

nd it

s lof

ty m

ount

ains

, cro

ss it

s fru

itful

pla

ins,

desc

end

into

its

valli

es [

sic]

, to

lear

n th

e st

ate

of th

e pe

ople

; and

, as

we

had

oppo

rtun

ity, t

o af

ford

them

inst

ruct

ion.

We

set o

ut in

a d

oubl

e ca

noe,

ro

wed

by

twel

ve a

ble

bodi

ed m

en, a

nd s

oon

lost

sig

ht o

f La

hain

a. W

e st

eere

d N

.E.,

keep

ing

the

shor

es o

f Mau

i on

our r

ight

.

Her

e w

e ta

rrie

d ov

er n

ight

, in

tend

ing

in t

he m

orni

ng,

to a

scen

d th

e m

ount

ain

[Hal

eaka

la],

near

whi

ch w

e w

ere,

and

slee

p on

the

high

est l

and

on M

aui.

We w

ere t

old

by th

e nat

ives

, tha

t the

way

was

long

, but

the a

scen

t ve

ry e

asy.

We

supp

ose

no E

nglis

h tra

velle

rs (s

ic) h

ad e

ver

asce

nded

this

mou

ntai

n. (p

p 24

7)

Asce

nt o

f an

Extin

guis

hed

Volc

ano

Augu

st 2

1. W

e ro

se e

arly

, and

pre

pare

d fo

r ou

r asc

ent.

Hav

ing

proc

ured

a

guid

e, w

e se

t out

; tak

ing

only

a sc

anty

supp

ly o

f pro

visi

ons.

Hal

f way

up

the m

ount

ain,

we f

ound

ple

nty o

f goo

d w

ater

, and

at a

conv

enie

nt fo

unta

in,

we

fille

d ou

r cal

abas

h fo

r tea

. By

the

side

s of o

ur p

ath,

we

foun

d pl

enty

of

ohel

os,

(a j

uicy

ber

ry,

very

pal

atab

le),

and,

occ

asio

nally

, a

clus

ter

of

stra

wbe

rrie

s. O

n th

e lo

wer

part

of

the

mou

ntai

n, t

here

is c

onsi

dera

ble

timbe

r; b

ut a

s we

proc

eede

d, it

bec

ame

scar

ce, a

nd, a

s we

appr

oach

ed th

e su

mm

it, a

lmos

t the

onl

y th

ing,

of t

he v

eget

able

kin

d, w

hich

we

saw

, was

a

plan

t tha

t gre

w to

the

heig

ht o

f six

or

eigh

t fee

t, an

d pr

oduc

ed a

mos

t be

autif

ul fl

ower

[silv

ersw

ord]

. It s

eem

s to

be p

ecul

iar t

o th

is m

ount

ain,

as

our g

uide

and

serv

ants

mad

e or

nam

ents

of it

for t

heir

hat

s, to

dem

onstr

ate

to th

ose

belo

w, t

hat t

hey

had

been

to th

e to

p of

the

mou

ntai

n. (p

p 24

8)

It w

as n

earl

y 5 o

’clo

ck, w

hen

we r

each

ed th

e sum

mit;

but

we f

elt o

urse

lves

ri

chly

rep

aid

for

the

toil

of th

e da

y, b

y th

e gr

ande

ur a

nd b

eaut

y of

the

scen

e, w

hich

at

once

ope

ned

to o

ur v

iew

. The

day

was

ver

y fin

e. T

he

clou

ds, w

hich

hun

g ov

er th

e m

ount

ains

on

Wes

t Mau

i, an

d w

hich

wer

e sc

atte

red

prom

iscu

ously

, bet

wee

n us

and

the

sea,

wer

e fa

r be

low

us;

so

that

we

saw

the

uppe

r si

de (i

talic

s th

eirs

) of t

hem

, whi

le th

e re

flect

ion

of

the

sun

pain

ting

thei

r ve

rge

with

var

ied

tints

, m

ade

them

app

ear

like

ench

antm

ent.

We g

azed

on

them

with

adm

irat

ion,

and

long

ed fo

r the

pen

cil

of R

apha

el,

to g

ive

perp

etui

ty t

o a

pros

pect

, w

hich

aw

aken

ed i

n ou

r bo

som

s un

utte

rabl

e em

otio

ns. O

n th

e ot

her

side

, we

behe

ld th

e se

at o

f Pe

le’s

dre

adfu

l rei

gn. W

e st

ood

on th

e ed

ge o

f a tr

emen

dous

cra

ter,

dow

n w

hich

, a s

ingl

e m

isst

ep w

ould

hav

e pr

ecip

itate

d us

1,0

00 o

r 1,

500

feet

. Th

is w

as o

nce

fille

d wi

th l

iqui

d fir

e, a

nd i

n it,

we

coun

ted

sixt

een

extin

guis

hed

crat

ers.

To c

ompl

ete

the

gran

deur

of t

he s

cene

, Mou

na K

ea

and

Mou

na R

oa li

fted

thei

r lof

ty su

mm

its, a

nd c

onvi

nced

us,

that

, tho

ugh

far a

bove

the

clou

ds, w

e we

re fa

r bel

ow th

e fe

et o

f the

trav

elle

r (si

c) w

ho

asce

nds t

he m

ount

ains

of H

awai

i. By

this

time,

the

sun

had

near

ly su

nk in

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

Su

mm

ary

and

Inte

rpre

tatio

n

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

62

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

the P

acifi

c; a

nd w

e loo

ked

arou

nd fo

r a sh

elte

r dur

ing

the n

ight

. Our

gui

de

and

othe

r atte

ndan

ts w

e ha

d le

ft fa

r beh

ind;

and

we

relu

ctan

tly b

egan

our

de

scen

t, ke

epin

g al

ong

on th

e ed

ge o

f the

cra

ter.

(pp

248)

Afte

r des

cend

ing

abou

t a m

ile, w

e met

the p

oor f

ello

ws,

who

wer

e hob

blin

g al

ong

on th

e sh

arp

lava

, as f

ast a

s the

ir fe

et w

ould

suffe

r the

m. T

hey

wer

e gl

ad to

stop

for t

he n

ight

, tho

ugh

they

com

plai

ned

of th

e co

ld. W

e ki

ndle

d a

fire,

and

pre

para

tions

wer

e m

ade

for

tea

and

lodg

ings

. The

form

er w

e ob

tain

ed w

ith li

ttle

troub

le. W

e bo

iled

part

of a

chi

cken

, roa

sted

a fe

w po

tato

es, a

nd, g

athe

ring

roun

d th

e fir

e, w

e m

ade

a co

mfo

rtab

le m

eal;

but

the p

lace

of l

odgi

ng, w

e obt

aine

d w

ith so

me d

iffic

ulty

. At l

engt

h, w

e spr

ead

our

mat

s an

d bl

anke

ts in

a s

mal

l yar

d, e

nclo

sed,

pro

babl

y, b

y na

tives

, w

hen

pass

ing

from

one

sid

e of

the

isla

nd to

the

othe

r. W

e w

ere

with

in

twen

ty f

eet

of t

he p

reci

pice

, an

d th

e w

ind

whi

stled

acr

oss

the

valle

y,

forc

ibly

rem

indi

ng u

s of

a N

ovem

ber

even

ing

in N

ew E

ngla

nd.

The

ther

mom

eter

had

falle

n fro

m 7

7 to

43

(the

next

mor

ning

, the

ther

mom

eter

st

ood

at 4

0),

and

we

shiv

ered

with

the

col

d. T

he n

ight

was

lon

g an

d co

mfo

rtle

ss.

22. E

arly

in th

e m

orni

ng, w

e ar

ose,

and

rea

scen

ded

the

mou

ntai

n, to

its

sum

mit

and

cont

empl

ated

the

beau

ties o

f the

risi

ng su

n, a

nd g

azed

a w

hile

lo

nger

, on

the s

cene

ry b

efor

e us.

Ther

e see

med

to b

e but

one

or t

wo

plac

es,

whe

re th

e lav

a ha

d fo

und

a pa

ssag

e to

the s

ea, a

nd th

roug

h th

ese c

hann

els

[Koo

lau

and

Kau

po G

aps]

, it m

ust h

ave

rush

ed w

ith tr

emen

dous

vel

ocity

. N

ot h

avin

g an

inst

rum

ent,

we

wer

e un

able

to a

certa

in th

e he

ight

of t

he

mou

ntai

n. W

e pr

esum

e it

wou

ld n

ot f

all

shor

t of

10,

000

feet

. (T

his,

I be

lieve

, is

the

hei

ght

at w

hich

it

has

been

gen

eral

ly e

stim

ated

) Th

e ci

rcum

fere

nce

of th

e gr

eat

crat

er, w

e ju

dged

to b

e no

les

s th

an fi

fteen

m

iles.

We

wer

e an

xiou

s to

rem

ain

long

er, t

hat w

e m

ight

des

cend

into

the

crat

er,

to e

xam

ine

the

appe

aran

ce o

f th

ings

bel

ow,

and

asce

nd o

ther

em

inen

ces;

but

as w

e w

ere

near

ly o

ut o

f pro

visi

ons,

and

our w

ork

but j

ust

com

men

ced,

we f

inis

hed

our c

hick

en a

nd te

a, a

nd b

egan

our

des

cent

.” (p

p 24

8)

Not

hing

rem

arka

ble

occu

rred

, on

our

way

dow

n. W

hen

we

reac

hed

the

clus

ter

of h

ouse

s ne

ares

t the

mou

ntai

n, th

e oc

cupa

nts,

who

had

hea

rd o

f ou

r ap

proa

ch, k

indl

y pr

esen

ted

us w

ith r

oaste

d co

rn a

nd b

anan

as. (

pp

248)

.

Cor

n w

as g

row

n as

a fi

eld

crop

for h

orse

s and

cat

tle b

y ab

out 1

853

on M

aui,

parti

cula

rly in

the

Kul

a di

stric

t (C

raw

ford

193

7:10

1). P

ests

and

mos

aic

dise

ase,

as w

ell a

s th

e fa

ct th

at c

orn

was

not

w

ell i

nteg

rate

d in

to th

e lo

cal d

iet,

even

tual

ly le

ad to

the

redu

ctio

n in

acr

es d

evot

ed to

this

cro

p af

ter

1928

.Cor

n gr

own

at h

ighe

r el

evat

ions

and

then

tran

spor

ted

dow

n th

e Kūl

anihāk

o‘i G

ulch

w

ith th

e se

dim

ent i

s pro

babl

y re

spon

sibl

e fo

r rec

over

y of

this

pol

len.

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

Su

mm

ary

and

Inte

rpre

tatio

n

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

63

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

Fi

gure

28.

Por

tion

of a

188

5 H

awai

ian

Isla

nd M

ap (R

evis

ed 1

903)

show

ing

the

agric

ultu

ral l

and

mau

ka o

f the

cur

rent

pro

ject

are

a (D

onn

1903

).

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

Su

mm

ary

and

Inte

rpre

tatio

n

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

64

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

At t

he c

oncl

usio

n of

the

sub-

surf

ace

inve

stig

atio

n w

e w

ere

able

to e

stab

lish

that

at l

east

the

first

3

m (1

0 ft)

of s

edim

ent c

an b

e at

tribu

ted

to h

isto

ric a

lluvi

um fr

om Kūl

anihāk

o‘i G

ulch

. No

pond

se

dim

ents

wer

e ob

serv

ed to

this

dep

th. T

he s

tratig

raph

y ob

serv

ed w

as g

ener

ally

con

sist

ent w

ith

the

info

rmat

ion

colle

cted

by

GEO

LAB

S In

c.,(K

woc

k 20

12) f

rom

Bor

e H

oles

3, 4

, 6 a

nd 7

that

are

w

ithin

the

curr

ent A

PE (F

igur

e 29

). Th

ey re

cord

ed a

dar

k gr

ay c

lay

silt

to a

dep

th o

f 10

ft ab

ove

a gr

ayis

h ta

n co

ralli

ne sa

nd. T

he b

oreh

oles

clo

sest

to o

ur su

bsur

face

test

ing

area

3 a

nd 4

(Fig

ure

30

to F

igur

e 33

). Th

e lo

gs fo

r Bor

e H

oles

6 a

nd 7

are

ava

ilabl

e in

App

endi

x C

. The

cor

allin

e sa

nd w

e ob

serv

ed a

t aro

und

10 f

t (3

m)

in S

tratu

m V

II co

inci

des

with

the

findi

ngs

of G

EOLA

BS,

Inc

(K

woc

k 20

12).

Cu

ltura

l Sur

veys

Haw

ai‘i

Job

Code

: KA

ON

OU

LU 7

Sum

mar

y an

d In

terp

reta

tion

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

65

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

Fi

gure

29.

Site

pla

n sh

owin

g th

e lo

catio

n of

STP

's an

d pi

pe c

ores

in re

latio

n to

the

borin

g an

d bu

lk sa

mpl

es ta

ken

by G

EOLA

BS

Inc.

(a

dapt

ed fr

om K

woc

k 30

13:3

5).

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

Su

mm

ary

and

Inte

rpre

tatio

n

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

66

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

Fi

gure

30.

Log

of B

orin

g 3

(Kw

ock

3013

:45)

.

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

Su

mm

ary

and

Inte

rpre

tatio

n

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

67

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

Fi

gure

31.

Log

of B

orin

g 3

(Kw

ock

3013

:46)

.

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

Su

mm

ary

and

Inte

rpre

tatio

n

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

68

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

Figu

re 3

2. L

og o

f Bor

ing

4 (K

woc

k 30

13:4

7).

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

Su

mm

ary

and

Inte

rpre

tatio

n

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

69

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

Fi

gure

33.

Log

of B

orin

g 4

(Kw

ock

3013

:48)

.

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

Si

gnifi

canc

e Ass

essm

ents

And

Rec

omm

enda

tions

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

70

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

Sect

ion

7 S

igni

fican

ce A

sses

smen

ts

Sign

ifica

nce

asse

ssm

ents

hav

e be

en m

ade

in a

ccor

danc

e w

ith th

e St

ate

Dep

artm

ent o

f Lan

d an

d N

atur

al R

esou

rces

(DLN

R) C

hapt

er 1

3-28

4, H

awai

‘i A

dmin

istra

tive

Rul

es (H

AR

), en

title

d “R

ules

Gov

erni

ng P

roce

dure

s for

His

toric

Pre

serv

atio

n R

evie

w to

Com

men

t on

Sect

ion

6E-4

2,

Haw

ai‘i

Rev

ised

Sta

tute

s (H

RS)

, Pro

ject

s”; C

hapt

er 1

3-28

4-6

entit

led

“Eva

luat

ion

of

Sign

ifica

nce”

, sta

tes:

a.

Onc

e a

hist

oric

pro

perty

is id

entif

ied,

then

an

asse

ssm

ent o

f sig

nific

ance

sha

ll oc

cur.

The

agen

cy s

hall

mak

e th

is in

itial

ass

essm

ent,

or d

eleg

ate

this

ass

essm

ent,

in w

ritin

g, to

the

SHPD

. Thi

s inf

orm

atio

n sh

all b

e su

bmitt

ed c

oncu

rren

tly w

ith th

e su

rvey

repo

rt, if

his

toric

pr

oper

ties a

re fo

und

in th

e su

rvey

.

b.

To b

e si

gnifi

cant

, a h

isto

ric p

rope

rty s

hall

poss

ess

inte

grity

of

loca

tion,

des

ign,

set

ting,

m

ater

ials

, w

orkm

ansh

ip,

feel

ing,

and

ass

ocia

tion

and

shal

l m

eet

one

or m

ore

of t

he

follo

win

g cr

iteria

:

A. S

ites

that

are

ass

ocia

ted

with

eve

nts

that

hav

e m

ade

a si

gnifi

cant

co

ntri

butio

n to

bro

ad p

atte

rns o

f our

his

tory

; or

B. S

ites t

hat a

re a

ssoc

iate

d w

ith th

e liv

es o

f per

sons

sign

ifica

nt in

our

pas

t; or

C

. Si

tes t

hat e

mbo

dy th

e dis

tinct

ive c

hara

cter

istic

s of a

type

, per

iod,

or m

etho

d of

con

stru

ctio

n, o

r th

at r

epre

sent

s th

e w

ork

of a

mas

ter,

or th

at p

osse

sses

hi

gh a

rtis

tic v

alue

s, or

tha

t re

pres

ents

a s

igni

fican

t or

dis

tingu

isha

ble

entit

y, w

hose

com

pone

nts m

ay la

ck in

divi

dual

dis

tinct

ion;

or

D.

Site

s w

hich

hav

e yi

elde

d, o

r m

ay b

e lik

ely

to y

ield

, inf

orm

atio

n im

port

ant

in p

rehi

stor

y or

his

tory

; or

E. S

ites

whi

ch h

ave

an im

port

ant v

alue

to th

e na

tive

Haw

aiia

n pe

ople

or

to

anot

her e

thni

c gro

up o

f the

Sta

te d

ue to

ass

ocia

tions

with

cultu

ral p

ract

ices

on

ce c

arri

ed o

ut, o

r stil

l car

ried

out

, at t

he p

rope

rty

or d

ue to

ass

ocia

tions

w

ith tr

aditi

onal

bel

iefs

, eve

nts,

or o

ral a

ccou

nts-

thes

e as

soci

atio

ns b

eing

im

port

ant t

o th

e gr

oups

’ his

tory

and

cul

tura

l ide

ntity

.

7.1

SIH

P 50

-50-

10-7

606

7.1.

1 C

rite

rion

of S

igni

fican

ce D

Th

is h

isto

ric b

ridge

has

yie

lded

inf

orm

atio

n im

porta

nt t

o th

e un

ders

tand

ing

of t

he f

irst

gene

ratio

n of

con

cret

e br

idge

s in

the

Haw

aiia

n Is

land

s. Fo

r thi

s rea

sons

SIH

P -7

606

is c

onsi

dere

d si

gnifi

cant

und

er C

riter

ion

D. S

uffic

ient

info

rmat

ion

conc

erni

ng S

IHP-

7606

was

col

lect

ed d

urin

g th

is in

vest

igat

ion.

Bas

ed o

n th

e ab

ove

sign

ifica

nce

eval

uatio

n of

50-

50-1

0-76

06, C

ultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i, In

c.

is re

com

men

ding

no

furth

er w

ork.

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

Pr

ojec

t Effe

ct an

d M

itiga

tion

Reco

mm

enda

tions

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

71

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

Sect

ion

8 P

roje

ct E

ffect

and

Miti

gatio

n R

ecom

men

datio

ns

An

arch

itect

ural

rev

iew

of

SIH

P 50

-50-

10-7

606

was

con

duct

ed in

Dec

embe

r of

201

2 by

the

Arc

hite

ctur

al B

ranc

h of

SH

PD (L

OG

: 201

2.37

34 D

OC

: 121

2RS6

4) b

ased

on

the

initi

al L

itera

ture

R

evie

w a

nd F

ield

Ins

pect

ion

(Med

eiro

s et

al.

2012

). It

was

con

clud

ed th

at a

lthou

gh th

e br

idge

do

es r

epre

sent

the

firs

t ge

nera

tion

if co

ncre

te b

ridge

s in

Haw

ai‘i,

it

has

sinc

e lo

st a

ny

dist

ingu

ishi

ng a

rchi

tect

ural

cha

ract

eris

tics.

A d

eter

min

atio

n of

no

effe

ct o

n hi

stor

ic p

rope

rty w

as

reco

mm

ende

d(A

ppen

dix

B).

8.1

Miti

gatio

n R

ecom

men

datio

ns

Whi

le s

ub-s

urfa

ce te

stin

g w

as n

ot c

ompl

eted

by

CSH

ben

eath

S. K

ihei

road

, bor

ing

logs

from

th

e G

eote

chni

cal

repo

rt co

mpl

eted

by

Geo

labs

Inc

. (K

woc

k 20

12),

reco

rded

the

pre

senc

e of

co

ralli

ne s

and

arou

nd 3

.7 m

(12

ft)

belo

w th

e su

rfac

e of

the

road

. The

pre

senc

e of

this

type

of

sedi

men

t dep

osit

may

pre

sent

the

pote

ntia

l for

enc

ount

erin

g se

nsiti

ve c

ultu

ral r

esou

rces

in a

sub

-su

rfac

e co

ntex

t. In

add

ition

the

subs

urfa

ce te

stin

g fo

r tra

ditio

nal f

ishp

ond

depo

sits

was

lim

ited

to

3m (1

0 ft)

bel

ow th

e gr

ound

sur

face

. The

refo

re, a

ny s

ub-s

urfa

ce e

xcav

atio

n ex

ceed

ing

3 m

(10)

fe

et o

r co

ntai

ning

cor

allin

e sa

nd a

nd t

he c

ulve

rt re

mov

al s

houl

d be

mon

itore

d by

a q

ualif

ied

arch

aeol

ogis

t.

8.2

Disp

ositi

on o

f Mat

eria

l A

ll of

the d

ata g

athe

red

and

gene

rate

d du

ring

the c

ours

e of t

his i

nves

tigat

ion

are c

urre

ntly

bei

ng

cura

ted

and

hous

ed a

t th

e M

aui

Off

ice

of C

ultu

ral

Surv

eys

Haw

ai‘i

Inc.

(18

60 M

ain

Stre

et,

Wai

luku

, HI 9

6793

), w

ith c

opie

s on

file

at th

e m

ain

offic

e of

Cul

tura

l Sur

veys

Haw

ai‘i,

Inc.

(41-

1537

Kal

ania

naol

e H

WY

# 2

00, W

aim

anal

o, H

I 967

95-1

185)

.

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

Re

fere

nces

Cite

d

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

72

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

Sect

ion

9 R

efer

ence

s Cite

d A

ptro

op, A

ndre

and

Bas

Van

Gee

l

2006

Fu

ngi o

f the

Col

on o

f th

e Y

ukag

ir M

amm

oth

and

from

Stra

tigra

phic

ally

Rel

ated

Pe

rmaf

rost

Sam

ples

. Rev

iew

of P

alae

obot

any

and

Paly

nolo

gy (1

41):2

25-2

30.

Bor

dner

, Ric

hard

and

Dav

id W

. Cox

1982

B

iolo

gica

l and

Arc

haeo

logi

cal R

econ

nais

sanc

e, T

MK

2-2

-02:

Por

tion

of 4

2, Kīh

ei,

Mau

i, H

awai

i. En

viro

nmen

t Im

pact

Stu

dy C

orpo

ratio

n, M

aui a

nd H

onol

ulu,

HI.

Bor

thw

ick,

Dou

glas

F.,

Tod

d Tu

lchi

n an

d H

alle

t H. H

amm

att

20

02

Arch

aeol

ogic

al I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for

the

Prop

osed

Alig

nmen

t of t

he N

orth

-Sou

th

Col

lect

or R

oad

(Ka‘

ono‘

ulu

Stre

et t

o W

aipu

‘ilan

i Ro

ad),

Wai

ohul

i Ah

upua

‘a (

Kīh

ei),

Dis

tric

t of

Mak

awao

, Is

land

of

Mau

i (T

MK

3-9

-01)

. Pr

epar

ed f

or M

&E

Paci

fic,

Inc.

C

ultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i, In

c., K

ailu

a, H

I. B

urge

tt, B

erde

na, L

isa H

umph

rey

and

Rob

ert L

. Spe

ar

19

98

An A

rcha

eolo

gica

l Inv

ento

ry S

urve

y of

Lot

s A &

B o

f the

Mau

i Lu

Reso

rt in

Kih

ei,

Ka‘

ono‘

ulu

Ahup

ua‘a

, Wai

luku

Dis

tric

t, M

aui,

Haw

aii.

Prep

ared

for M

aui L

u H

otel

Cor

p.,

Kih

ei, H

I. Sc

ient

ific

Con

sulta

nt S

ervi

ces,

Inc.

, Hon

olul

u, H

I. C

onde

, Jes

se C

. and

Ger

ald

M. B

est

19

73

Suga

r Tr

ains

Nar

row

Gau

ge R

ails

of

Haw

aii.

Gle

nwoo

d Pu

blis

hers

, Fe

lton,

C

alifo

rnia

. C

ordy

, Ros

s H.

19

77

Kih

ei F

lood

Con

trol

Pro

ject

: Arc

heol

ogic

al R

econ

nais

sanc

e &

Lite

ratu

re S

earc

h.

Hon

olul

u.

Cox

, Dav

id W

.

1976

Th

e Arc

haeo

logy

of K

ula,

Mau

i fro

m Pūl

ehu

Nui

Ahu

pua‘

a to

Kam

a‘ol

e Ahu

pua‘

a:

Surf

ace

Surv

ey,

Pi‘il

ani

Hig

hway

. Pr

epar

ed

for

Stat

e of

H

awai

i D

epar

tnm

ent

of

Tran

spor

tatio

n H

ighw

ays

Div

isio

n an

d U

.S.

Dep

artm

ent

of T

rans

porta

tion

Fede

ral

Hig

hway

s A

dmin

istra

tion,

Hon

olul

u, H

I, Pr

ojec

t N

o. F

-031

-1(4

) C

ontra

ct N

o. 5

966.

A

rcha

eolo

gica

l Res

earc

h C

ente

r Haw

aii,

Inc,

Law

a‘i,

HI.

Cra

wfo

rd, D

avid

Liv

ings

ton

19

37

Haw

aiis

Cro

p Pa

rade

. Adv

ertis

er P

ublis

hing

Co.

, Ltd

., H

onol

ulu,

HI.

Cum

min

gs, L

inda

Sco

tt

20

13

Polle

n An

alys

is o

f Sam

ples

from

Aug

er 1

of t

he K

aono

ulu

7 Pr

ojec

t, M

aui.

Doc

. N

o. 1

3-05

5. P

aleo

Res

earc

h In

stitu

te, G

olde

n, C

olor

ado.

D

avis

, Ow

en K

.

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

Re

fere

nces

Cite

d

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

73

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

19

87

Spor

es o

f th

e D

ung

Fung

us S

poro

rmei

lla:In

crea

sed

in A

bund

ance

in

His

toric

Se

dim

ents

and

Bef

ore

Plei

stoc

ene

Meg

afau

nal E

xtin

ctio

n. Q

uate

rnar

y Re

sear

ch (2

8):2

90-

294.

D

avis

, Ow

en K

. and

Dav

id S

. Sh

afer

2006

Sp

oror

mie

lla F

unga

l Sp

ores

, a

Paly

nolo

gica

l M

eans

of

Det

ectin

g H

erbi

vore

D

ensi

ty. P

alae

ogeo

grap

hy, P

alae

oclim

atol

ogy,

Pal

aeoe

colo

gy (2

37):4

0-50

. D

ean,

Art

hur

L.

19

50

Alex

ande

r &

Bal

dwin

, Lt

d. a

nd t

he P

rede

cess

or P

artn

ersh

ips.

Ale

xand

er &

B

aldw

in L

td. a

nd A

dver

tiser

Pub

lishi

ng C

ompa

ny, H

onol

ulu.

D

onha

m, T

here

sa K

.

1989

Ar

chae

olog

ical

Inve

ntor

y Su

rvey

Piil

ani R

esid

entia

l Com

mun

ity -

Phas

e I,

Land

of

Wai

ohul

i, M

akaw

ao D

istr

ict,

Isla

nd o

f Mau

i. Pa

ul H

. Ros

enda

hl, I

nc.,

Hilo

, HI.

19

96

Nat

iona

l Reg

iste

r of

Hist

oric

Pla

ces

regi

stra

tion

form

for

Kal

epol

epo

Fish

pond

. N

atio

nal P

arks

Ser

vice

, Was

hing

ton,

D.C

. D

onn,

Joh

n M

.

1903

M

aui,

Haw

aiia

n Is

land

s (Re

vise

d) [m

ap].

1:60

,000

. Sur

veye

d by

W. D

. Ale

xand

er,

C.

J. Ly

ons,

M.

D.

Mon

sarr

at,

F. S

. D

odge

, S.

E.

Bis

hop,

E.

D.

Bal

dwin

and

W.

R.

Law

renc

e. H

awai

ian

Gov

ernm

ent S

urve

y, O

n fil

e at

Lib

rary

of C

ongr

ess

Geo

grap

hy a

nd

Map

Div

isio

n W

ashi

ngto

n, D

.C. 2

0540

-465

0 U

SA.

Due

nsin

g, D

awn

E.

20

08

Haw

ai'i's

For

gotte

n C

rop:

Cor

n on

Mau

i, 18

51-1

951.

The

Haw

aiia

n Jo

urna

l of

H

isto

ry 4

2.

Foot

e, D

onal

d E

., E

. L. H

ill, S

. Nak

amur

a an

d F.

Ste

phen

s

1972

So

il su

rvey

of i

slan

ds o

f Kau

ai, O

ahu,

Mau

i, M

olok

ai, a

nd L

anai

, Sta

te o

f Haw

aii.

Uni

ted

Stat

es S

oil C

onse

rvat

ion

Serv

ice,

Was

hing

ton

DC

. Fo

rnan

der,

Abr

aham

1880

An

Acc

ount

of t

he P

olyn

esia

n Ra

ce, I

ts O

rigi

n an

d M

igra

tions

. Vol

. II.

Trub

ner &

C

o., L

udga

te H

ill, L

ondo

n, E

ngla

nd.

Fred

eric

ksen

, Dem

aris

L., W

alte

r M

. Fre

deri

ckse

n an

d E

rik

M. F

rede

rick

sen

19

93

An A

rcha

eolo

gica

l In

vent

ory

Surv

ey a

nd D

ata

Reco

very

Rep

ort

for

Loke

lani

In

term

edia

te S

choo

l, Lo

cate

d in

the

Ahup

ua‘a

of W

aioh

uli,

Mak

awao

(Wai

luku

) Dis

tric

t, Is

land

of M

aui (

TMK

: 2-2

-02:

por

43)

. Xam

anek

Res

earc

hes,

Puka

lani

, HI.

Fred

eric

ksen

, Eri

k M

. and

Dem

aris

L. F

rede

rick

sen

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

Re

fere

nces

Cite

d

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

74

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

19

95a

Dat

a Re

cove

ry R

epor

t for

Site

50-

50-1

0-35

29 in

the

Road

“C

” C

orri

dor,

Wai

ohul

i Ah

upua

‘a, M

akaw

ao a

nd W

ailu

ku d

istr

icts

, Mau

i Isl

and

(TM

K 2

-2-0

2: p

or. 6

6, 6

7; 3

-9-

02:1

09).

Xam

anek

Res

earc

hes,

Puka

lani

, HI.

19

95b

Inve

ntor

y Su

rvey

Rep

ort f

or R

oad

“C”

Cor

rido

r, W

aioh

uli A

hupu

a‘a,

Mak

awao

an

d W

ailu

ku d

istr

icts

, M

aui

Isla

nd (

TMK

2-2

-02:

por

. 66,

67;

3-9

-02:

109)

. X

aman

ek

Res

earc

hes,

Puka

lani

, HI.

Fred

eric

ksen

, Eri

k M

., W

alte

r M

. Fre

deri

ckse

n an

d D

emar

is L

. Fre

deri

ckse

n

1994

Ar

chae

olog

ical

In

vent

ory

Surv

ey

and

Bota

nica

l Su

rvey

Re

port

, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u Ah

upua

‘a, W

ailu

ku a

nd M

akaw

ao D

istr

icts

, Isl

and

of M

aui (

TMK

3-9

-01:

16 a

nd 2

-2-0

2:

Por.

15).

Xam

anek

Res

earc

hes,

Puka

lani

, HI.

Fris

by, E

.R

19

00

Haw

aiia

n Is

land

s, M

aala

ea B

ay,

Mau

i I.

Regi

ster

No.

246

2 [m

ap].

1:10

000.

Su

rvey

ed b

y E.

R. F

risby

. Tre

asur

y D

epar

tmen

t, U

.S. C

oast

and

Geo

dect

ic S

urve

y, O

n fil

e at

H

awai

i C

oast

al

Eros

ion

Web

site

ht

tp://

ww

w.so

est.h

awai

i.edu

/asp

/coa

sts/

mau

i/tsh

eet.a

sp.

Gia

mbe

lluca

, Tho

mas

W.,

Mic

hael

A. N

ulle

t and

Tho

mas

A. S

chro

eder

1986

Ra

infa

ll At

las o

f Haw

ai‘i.

Rep

ort:

Div

isio

n of

Wat

er a

nd L

and

Dev

elop

men

t R76

. D

epar

tmen

t of

Land

and

Nat

ural

Res

ourc

es, D

ivis

ion

of W

ater

and

Lan

d D

evel

opm

ent,

Hon

olul

u, H

I. G

oogl

e E

arth

2011

"N

orth

Kih

ei".

[A

eria

l Im

ager

y].

Flig

ht L

ine:

764

112.

04m

E 23

0023

8.60

mN

. Ph

oto:

3/2

3/20

11. G

oogl

e Ea

rth.

Ham

mat

t, H

alle

tt H

. and

Dav

id W

. Shi

dele

r

1999

Ar

chae

olog

ical

Ass

essm

ent

for

Sout

h K

ihei

Roa

d Im

prov

men

ts, L

ipoa

Str

eet

to

Kul

anih

ako'

i Str

eet,

Wai

ohul

i Ahu

pa'a

(Kih

ei) K

ula,

Mau

i. C

ultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

i, In

c.,

Kai

lua,

Oah

u.

Hill

, Rob

ert R

., T

anya

Lee

-Gre

ig a

nd H

alle

tt H

. ham

mat

t

2010

C

ompl

etio

n Re

port

fo

r Ar

chae

olog

ical

M

itiga

tion

Prog

ram

: D

une

Syst

em

Alte

ratio

ns a

nd S

and

Rem

oval

Alo

ng S

outh

Kih

ei R

oad:

Pul

ehu

Nui

, K

a'on

o'ul

u an

d W

aiak

oa A

hupu

a'a;

Wai

luku

and

Mak

awao

Dis

tric

ts; M

aui I

slan

d TM

K: (

2) 3

-9-0

01: 0

25

(por

.) an

d 3-

8-00

4: 0

07 (p

or.).

Cul

tura

l Sur

veys

Haw

aii,

Inc.

, Wai

luku

, Mau

i. H

ill, R

ober

t R.,

Tan

ya L

. Lee

-Gre

ig a

nd H

alle

t H. H

amm

att

20

05

Fiel

d In

spec

tion

and

Subs

urfa

ce T

estin

g of

a 1

-acr

e Pa

rcel

in

Kīh

ei,

Wai

ohul

i Ah

upua

‘a, M

akaw

ao D

istr

ict,

Mau

i Isl

and

[TM

K (2

) 3-9

-001

:151

]. P

repa

red

for J

osep

h K

ealo

ha, I

nc. C

ultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i, In

c., W

ailu

ku, H

I. Im

ada,

Lee

.

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

Re

fere

nces

Cite

d

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

75

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

20

12 P

ublic

-priv

ate

partn

ersh

ip e

yed

for

Kih

ei h

igh

scho

ol. M

aui N

ews,

July

29,

201

2,

Wai

luku

, Haw

aii,

Ju

vik,

Son

ia P

and

Jam

es O

. Juv

ic (e

dito

rs)

19

98

Atla

s of H

awai

i. Th

ird e

d. U

nive

rsity

of H

awai

i Pre

ss, H

onol

ulu.

K

amak

au, S

amue

l Man

aiak

alan

i

1991

K

a Po

‘e K

ahik

o Th

e Pe

ople

of O

ld.,

edite

d by

D. B

. Bar

rère

. Tra

nsla

ted

by M

. K.

Puku

i. B

erni

ce P

. B

isho

p M

useu

m S

peci

al P

ublic

atio

n 51

. B

isho

p M

useu

m P

ress

, H

onol

ulu,

HI.

Kar

p, H

anna

h.

20

10 H

enry

Ric

e's A

hupu

a'a. W

all S

tree

t Jou

rnal

, Jan

uary

22,

201

0, N

ew Y

ork,

K

enne

dy, J

osep

h

1986

Ar

chae

olog

ical

Wal

k-Th

roug

h Ex

amin

atio

n of

TM

K 3

-9-0

1 Pa

rcel

s 14

4 an

d 14

5.

Prep

ared

for

Bus

ines

s In

vest

men

t, Lt

d. A

rcha

eolo

gica

l Con

sulta

nts

of H

awai

i, H

alei

wa,

H

I.

1988

a Ar

chae

olog

ical

Wal

k-Th

roug

h Re

conn

aiss

ance

Sur

vey

of P

ropo

sed

Dev

elop

men

t of

TM

K:

3-9-

1:11

Loc

ated

at

Kih

ei, I

slan

d of

Mau

i. Pr

epar

ed f

or W

ilson

Oka

mot

o &

A

ssoc

iate

s, H

onol

ulu,

HI.

Arc

haeo

logi

cal C

onsu

ltant

s of H

awai

i, H

alei

wa,

HI.

19

88b

Arch

aeol

ogic

al W

alk-

Thro

ugh

Surv

ey o

f th

e Pr

opos

ed K

a‘on

o‘ul

u Su

bdiv

isio

n,

(TM

K: 3

-9-0

1:15

, 148

& 1

49) L

ocat

ed a

t Kih

ei, M

aui,

Ahup

ua‘a

of K

a‘on

o‘ul

u Pr

epar

ed

for W

arre

n U

nem

ori,

Inc.

, Wai

luku

, HI.

Arc

haeo

logi

cal C

onsu

ltant

s of

Haw

aii,

Hal

eiw

a,

HI.

19

89

Arch

aeol

ogic

al S

ubsu

rfac

e Te

stin

g Re

sults

Con

cern

ing

the

Prop

osed

Kia

we

Terr

ace

Subd

ivis

ion

TMK

: 3-

9-1:

11,

Kih

ei,

Mau

i. Pr

epar

ed f

or W

ilson

Oka

mot

o &

A

ssoc

iate

s, H

onol

ulu,

HI.

Arc

haeo

logi

cal C

onsu

ltant

s of H

awai

i, H

alei

wa,

HI.

19

90a

Arch

aeol

ogic

al M

onito

ring

Rep

ort

Con

cern

ing

Phas

e I

& I

I of

the

Pro

pose

d K

aono

ulu

Esta

tes,

Lcoa

ted

at K

ihei

, M

aui,

TMK

3-9

-014

:15.

Pre

pare

d fo

r H

erbe

rt K

. H

orita

Rea

lty, I

nc.,

Hon

olul

u, H

I. A

rcha

eolo

gica

l Con

sulta

nts o

f Haw

aii,

Hal

eiw

a, H

I.

1990

b Ar

chae

olog

ical

Sur

vey

Repo

rt fo

r TM

K 3

-9-0

1:99

and

TM

K 3

-9-0

1:64

. Pre

pare

d fo

r Ja

mes

Sch

ular

& A

ssoc

iate

s, H

onol

ulu,

HI.

Arc

haeo

logi

cal

Con

sulta

nts

of H

awai

i, H

alei

wa,

HI.

19

91

Mr.

Mik

e Jo

nes S

chul

ar &

Ass

ocia

tes.

Inad

vert

ent D

isco

ver o

f Hum

an R

emai

ns a

t TM

K:

3-9-

01:6

4 an

d 99

, Lo

cate

d K

ihei

, M

aui.

Nov

embe

r 8,

199

1. A

rcha

eolo

gica

l C

onsu

ltant

s of H

awai

i. H

alei

wa,

HI.

K

ikuc

hi, W

illia

m K

.

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

Re

fere

nces

Cite

d

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

76

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

19

76

Preh

isto

ric H

awai

ian

Fish

pond

s. Sc

ienc

e 19

3.

Kol

b, M

icha

el J

., Pa

tty J

. Con

te a

nd R

oss C

ordy

1997

K

ula:

Th

e Ar

chae

olog

y of

U

pcou

ntry

M

aui

in

Wai

ohul

i an

d K

eoke

a,

An

Arch

aeol

ogic

al a

nd H

isto

rica

l Set

tlem

ent S

urve

y in

the

Kin

gdom

of M

aui.

Stat

e of

Haw

aii

Dep

artm

ent o

f Lan

d an

d N

atur

al R

esou

rces

Sta

te H

isto

ric P

rese

rvat

ion

Div

isio

n, H

onol

ulu.

K

orte

, Kar

l H.

19

61

A B

rief

His

tory

of

the

Fore

st R

eser

ves

of t

he I

slan

d of

Mau

i, St

ate

of H

awai

i. U

npub

lishe

d ty

pew

ritte

n m

anus

crip

t. D

ivis

ion

of F

ores

try,

Dep

artm

ent

of L

and

and

Nat

ural

Res

ourc

es, H

onol

ulu.

K

woc

k, T

eddy

s.

20

12

Geo

tech

nica

l En

gine

erin

g Ex

plor

atio

n K

ulan

ihak

oi B

ridg

e Re

plac

emen

t So

uth

Kih

ei R

oad

Kih

ei, M

aui,

Haw

aii (

DRA

FT) G

eola

bs, I

nc.,

Hon

olul

u, H

awai

i. M

alo,

Dav

id

19

51

Haw

aiia

n an

tiqui

ties

(Moo

lelo

Haw

aii).

2d

ed.

Tran

slat

ed b

y D

r. N

atha

niel

B.

Emer

son.

Ber

nice

Pau

ahi

Bis

hop

Mus

eum

, H

onol

ulu.

Spe

cial

pub

licat

ion.

Bis

hop

Mus

eum

, Hon

olul

u,.

McD

erm

ott,

Mat

t

2001

Th

e H

isto

rical

Eco

logy

of C

oast

al Kīh

ei, D

istri

ct o

f Kul

a, M

aui.

Mas

ter's

The

sis,

Dep

artm

ent o

f Ant

hrop

olog

y, U

nive

rsity

of H

awai

‘i, Mān

oa H

onol

ulu.

M

cDer

mot

t, M

att,

Dav

id S

hide

ler

and

Hal

let H

. Ham

mat

t

2000

Ad

ditio

nal A

rcha

eolo

gica

l Inv

ento

ry S

urve

y In

vest

igat

ions

for t

he 7

.4-A

cre

Parc

el

Prop

osed

for

the

Kia

we

Mau

ka P

arce

l D

evel

opm

ent

on K

ulan

ihak

oi R

oad,

Wai

ohul

i Ah

upua

à, K

ihei

, Dis

tric

t of K

ula,

Mau

i (TM

K 3

-9-0

1:15

5). P

repa

red

for W

ilson

Oka

mot

o &

Ass

ocia

tes,

Hon

olul

u, H

I. C

ultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i, In

c., K

ailu

a, H

I. M

edei

ros,

Col

leen

P.,

Rob

ert H

. Hill

and

Hal

latt

H. H

amm

att

20

12

An A

rcha

eolo

gica

l Lite

ratu

re R

evie

w a

nd F

ield

Insp

ectio

n fo

r Kul

anih

ako`

i Br

idge

Re

plac

emem

ent P

roje

ct, K

aòn

o'ul

u Ah

upua

à, W

ailu

ku D

istr

ict,

Mau

i Isl

and

TMK

: (2)

3-

9-00

1:99

9, 0

15, 1

47, 1

62, (

pors

). Pr

epar

ed f

or W

ilson

Oka

mot

o C

orpo

ratio

n. C

ultu

ral

Surv

eys H

awai

ì, W

ailu

ku, H

I. N

elle

r, E

arl a

nd C

harl

es K

eau

19

81

Arch

aeol

ogic

al

Reco

nnai

ssan

ce

for

Kao

noul

u Be

ach

Lot.

Cou

nty

of

Mau

i D

epar

tmen

t of P

arks

and

Rec

reat

ion,

Wai

luku

, HI.

Nel

list,

Geo

rge

F.

19

25

The

Stor

y of

Haw

aii a

nd It

s Bui

lder

s. H

onol

ulu

Star

Bul

letin

Hon

olul

u, H

I. N

ews,

Mau

i.

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

Re

fere

nces

Cite

d

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

77

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

19

36 K

ihei

Res

iden

ts e

njoy

luau

as

Hig

hway

Ope

ns. M

aui N

ews,

09-0

9-19

36, W

ailu

ku,

Haw

aii,

Pe

palis

, Jea

nne

and

Mic

hael

J. K

olb

20

00

Earl

y H

uman

Act

ivity

at

a Le

ewar

d co

asta

l Po

ndfie

ld n

ear

Kal

epol

epo,

Mau

i. H

onol

ulu,

Haw

aii.

20

02

Early

Hum

an A

ctiv

ity a

t a

Leew

ard

Coa

stal

Pon

dfie

ld n

ear

Kal

epol

epo,

Mau

i. H

awai

ian

Arch

aeol

ogy

8:33

-39.

Pr

att,

Lin

da W

. and

Sam

uel M

. III

Gon

1998

Te

rres

trial

Eco

syst

ems.

In A

tlas

of H

awai

‘i Th

ird

Editi

on.,

edite

d by

S. P

. Juv

ik

and

J. O

. Juv

ik, p

p. 1

21-1

29. U

nive

rsity

of H

awai

i Pre

ss.,

Hon

olul

u, H

I. R

icha

rds,

Will

iam

, Lor

rin

And

rew

s and

Gre

en J

onat

han

18

29

Tour

Aro

und

Mau

i. Pr

epar

ed fo

r Cro

cker

and

Bre

wst

er, N

o. 4

7, W

A. S

t., B

osto

n.

Scho

ol o

f Oce

an a

nd E

arth

Sci

ence

Tec

hnol

ogy

[SO

EST

], U

nive

rsity

of H

awai

‘i at

Mān

oa

[UH

Mān

oa]

19

49

Mau

i O

rtho

-rec

tifie

d H

isto

rica

l Sh

orel

ine

Mos

aics

: K

aana

pali4

9mos

. [a

eria

l ph

oto]

. Unk

now

n Sc

ale.

SO

EST/

UH

Mān

oa, H

onol

ulu,

HI.

Selli

ng, O

lof H

.

1946

St

udie

s in

Haw

aiia

n Po

llen

Stat

istic

s: P

art

1, T

he S

pore

s of

the

Haw

aiia

n Pt

erid

ophy

tes.

. B

erni

ce P

. B

isho

p M

useu

m S

peci

al P

ublic

atio

n 37

. B

isho

p M

useu

m,

Hon

olul

u, H

I. Si

noto

, Aki

1990

Po

st-F

ield

Sum

mar

y, K

ihei

Kai

Mak

ani T

estin

g. P

repa

red

for M

aui A

rchi

tect

ural

G

roup

, Wai

luku

, HI.

Ber

nice

Pau

ahi B

isho

p M

useu

m, H

onol

ulu,

HI.

Stea

rns,

Har

old

T. a

nd G

ordo

n A

. Mac

Don

ald

19

42

Geo

logy

and

Gro

und-

Wat

er R

esou

rces

of t

he I

slan

d of

Mau

i, H

awai

i (In

clud

ing

Hal

eaka

la S

ectio

n, H

awai

i Nat

iona

l Par

k). V

ol. B

ulle

tin 7

. Ter

ritor

y of

Haw

aii,

Div

isio

n of

Hyr

drog

raph

y in

coo

pera

tion

with

the

Geo

logi

cal S

urve

y, U

nite

d St

ates

Dep

artm

ent o

f th

e In

terio

r., H

onol

ulu,

HI.

Stok

es, F

.G.

19

18

Mor

e M

aui H

eiau

Site

s. In

Thr

um's

Haw

aiia

n Al

man

ac a

nd A

nnua

l Thr

um, T

hos.

G.,

Hon

olul

u, H

awai

i. V

aler

i, V

aler

io

19

85

Kin

gshi

p an

d Sa

crifi

ce:

Ritu

al a

nd S

ocie

ty i

n An

cien

t H

awai

i. U

nive

rsity

of

Chi

cago

Pre

ss, C

hica

go, I

llino

is.

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

Re

fere

nces

Cite

d

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

78

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

Wag

ner,

War

rren

L.,

Der

ral R

. Her

bst a

nd S

. H. S

ohm

er

19

90

Man

ual

of t

he F

low

erin

g Pl

ant

of H

awai

i 1

and

2. B

isho

p M

useu

m S

peci

al

Publ

icat

ion

83, H

onol

ulu,

HI.

Wai

hona

‘Ain

a

2002

M

ahel

e D

atab

ase,

Wai

hona

‘A

ina

Cor

pora

tion,

http

://w

ww

.wai

hona

.com

/. (

last

ac

cess

ed N

ovem

ber 2

009)

. W

alke

r, W

insl

ow

19

31

Arc

haeo

logy

of

Mau

i. M

anus

crip

t. B

erni

ce P

auah

i B

isho

p M

useu

m.

Hon

olul

u,

Haw

ai‘i.

W

alto

n, B

eth

19

72

A Pr

elim

inar

y Re

port

on

an A

rcha

eolo

gica

l Su

rvey

of

the

Port

ion

of P

iilan

i H

ighw

ay fr

om S

take

195

+00

to S

take

250

+00

. Wal

ton

Ente

rpris

es, H

onol

ulu,

HI.

Wic

klow

, D. T

., Sr

.K. A

ngel

, C. D

. P. a

nd J

. Lus

senh

op

19

80

Fung

al C

omm

unity

Exp

ress

ion

in L

agom

orph

Ver

sus R

umin

ant F

eces

. Myc

olog

ia

(72(

5)):1

015-

1021

. W

ilcox

, Cha

rles

1921

K

alep

olep

o. I

n Pa

radi

se o

f th

e Pa

cific

. V

ol.

34,

No.

12.

E.A

. La

ngdo

n-B

oyle

, H

onol

ulu.

W

ilkes

, Cha

rles

1845

N

arra

tive o

f the

U.S

. Exp

lori

ng E

xped

ition

in th

e Haw

aiia

n G

roup

. Vol

. V. V

oyag

e of

the

U.S

. Exp

lorin

g Sq

uadr

on 1

838-

1842

. Wile

y &

Put

nam

, Lon

don.

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

A

ppen

dix

A

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

Kul

anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

Wai

luku

Dist

rict,

Mau

i Isla

nd

A-1

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

App

endi

x A

Pol

len

Ana

lysis

Rep

ort

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

‘i Jo

b Co

de: K

AO

NO

ULU

7

A

ppen

dix

A

An

Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

he P

ropo

sed

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anih

ako‘

i Brid

ge R

epla

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ent P

roje

ct, K

a‘on

o‘ul

u A

hupu

a‘a,

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luku

Dist

rict,

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i Isla

nd

A-2

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

Cultu

ral S

urve

ys H

awai

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b Co

de: K

AO

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ULU

7

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ppen

dix

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Arc

haeo

logi

cal I

nven

tory

Sur

vey

for t

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ropo

sed

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anih

ako‘

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ge R

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roje

ct, K

a‘on

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u A

hupu

a‘a,

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rict,

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i Isla

nd

A-3

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

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ral S

urve

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awai

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b Co

de: K

AO

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7

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ppen

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Arc

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logi

cal I

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tory

Sur

vey

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anih

ako‘

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ge R

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roje

ct, K

a‘on

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u A

hupu

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rict,

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i Isla

nd

A-4

TMK

: (2)

3-9

-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

Cultu

ral S

urve

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awai

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AO

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ppen

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tory

Sur

vey

for t

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anih

ako‘

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ge R

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roje

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a‘on

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Dist

rict,

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i Isla

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A-5

TMK

: (2)

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-001

: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

Cultu

ral S

urve

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awai

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ppen

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Sur

vey

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anih

ako‘

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rict,

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A-6

TMK

: (2)

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: 999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

Cultu

ral S

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awai

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ppen

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tory

Sur

vey

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anih

ako‘

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rict,

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A-7

TMK

: (2)

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, 162

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ppen

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Sur

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TMK

: (2)

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ATI

ON

K

AH

OO

LAW

E IS

LAN

D R

ESER

VE

CO

MM

ISSI

ON

LA

ND

ST

ATE

PA

RK

S

HIS

TO

RIC

PR

ESE

RV

AT

ION

DIV

ISIO

N

DE

PAR

TM

EN

T O

F L

AN

D A

ND

NA

TU

RA

L R

ESO

UR

CE

S

POST

OFF

ICE

BO

X 6

21

HO

NO

LULU

, HA

WA

II

9680

9

NE

IL A

BE

RC

RO

MB

IE

GO

VER

NO

R O

F H

AW

AII

June

25,

201

4

Dr.

Hal

lett

H. H

amm

att

LOG

NO

: 201

4.00

115

Cul

tura

l Sur

veys

Haw

ai‘i,

Inc.

D

OC

NO

: 140

6JP1

6 18

60 M

ain

Stre

et

Arc

haeo

logy

W

ailu

ku, H

awai

i 967

93

Alo

ha D

r. H

amm

att:

SUB

JEC

T:

Cha

pter

6E-

8 an

d N

atio

nal H

isto

ric

Pres

erva

tion

Act

Sec

tion

106

Rev

iew

- R

evis

ed A

rcha

eolo

gica

l Inv

ento

ry S

urve

y fo

r th

e K

lani

hako

i Bri

dge

Rep

lace

men

t Pro

ject

K

aon

oul

u A

hupu

aa,

Wai

luku

Dis

tric

t, Is

land

of M

aui

T

MK

(2) 3

-9-0

01: 1

43, 1

62, 9

99 (p

ortio

ns)

Than

k yo

u fo

r sub

mitt

ing

the

revi

sed

draf

t rep

ort e

ntitl

ed A

n Ar

chae

olog

ical

Inve

ntor

y Su

rvey

for

the

Kla

niha

koi

Brid

ge R

epla

cem

ent P

roje

ct, K

aon

oul

u Ah

upua

a, W

ailu

ku D

istr

ict,

Mau

i Isl

and,

TM

K:

(2)

3-9-

001:

999

, 162

, 14

3 (p

ors)

, Tod

d D

. McC

urdy

and

Hal

lett

Ham

mat

t (20

14).

We

rece

ived

the

revi

sed

subm

ittal

on

Janu

ary

9, 2

014.

The

revi

sed

draf

t rep

ort w

as p

repa

red

in s

uppo

rt of

com

plia

nce

with

sta

te a

nd f

eder

al h

isto

ric p

rese

rvat

ion

revi

ew

regu

latio

ns C

hapt

er 6

E-8

and

Sect

ion

106

of t

he N

atio

nal

His

toric

Pre

serv

atio

n A

ct (

NH

PA).

We

prev

ious

ly

revi

ewed

the

draf

t inv

ento

ry s

urve

y re

port

and

reco

mm

ende

d re

visi

ons

(Log

201

3.43

97, D

oc 1

309C

G03

). Th

ank

you

for

incl

udin

g th

e up

date

d co

nstru

ctio

n pl

ans

and

map

s de

pict

ing

the

appr

oxim

ate

0.9

acre

are

a of

pot

entia

l ef

fect

, whi

ch c

onsi

sts

of t

he d

etou

r br

idge

, the

tem

pora

ry s

uppo

rt st

ruct

ure,

and

the

rep

lace

men

t of

the

exi

stin

g br

idge

. The

191

1 K

ulan

ihak

oi B

ridge

is li

sted

in th

e St

ate

Inve

ntor

y as

50-

50-1

0-76

06 b

ased

on

Crit

erio

n D

. The

br

idge

has

suf

fere

d se

vere

det

erio

ratio

n so

it

no l

onge

r ha

s an

y di

stin

guis

hing

arc

hite

ctur

al c

hara

cter

istic

s. Th

eref

ore,

it h

as lo

st in

tegr

ity a

nd is

not

elig

ible

for

the

Nat

iona

l Reg

iste

r (L

og 2

012.

3734

, Doc

121

2RS6

4). T

he

hist

oric

brid

ge h

as y

ield

ed in

form

atio

n im

porta

nt to

the

unde

rsta

ndin

g of

the

first

gen

erat

ion

of c

oncr

ete

brid

ges

in

the

Haw

aiia

n Is

land

s. Su

ffic

ient

inf

orm

atio

n w

as c

olle

cted

and

no

furth

er w

ork

reco

mm

ende

d fo

r Si

te 7

606.

No

addi

tiona

l hi

stor

ic p

rope

rties

wer

e id

entif

ied

durin

g th

e su

rvey

. A

n ar

chae

olog

ical

mon

itorin

g pr

ogra

m i

s re

com

men

ded,

and

we

conc

ur w

ith th

at a

sses

smen

t.

Cha

nges

mad

e ac

cord

ing

to o

ur r

eque

sted

rev

isio

ns a

re a

dequ

ate;

the

arc

haeo

logi

cal

inve

ntor

y su

rvey

mee

ts t

he

requ

irem

ents

of

Haw

ai‘i

Adm

inis

trativ

e R

ule

§ 13

-276

and

is a

ccep

ted

as f

inal

. Ple

ase

send

one

har

dcop

y of

the

final

doc

umen

t, cl

early

mar

ked

FIN

AL,

alo

ng w

ith a

cop

y of

this

revi

ew le

tter a

nd a

text

-sea

rcha

ble

PDF

vers

ion

on

CD

to

the

Kap

olei

SH

PD o

ffic

e, a

ttent

ion

SHPD

Lib

rary

. We

look

for

war

d to

con

tinue

d co

nsul

tatio

n re

gard

ing

hist

oric

pro

perti

es (3

6 C

FR P

art 8

00.4

), an

d th

e as

sess

men

t of a

dver

se e

ffec

ts (3

6 C

FR P

art 8

00.5

). Pl

ease

con

tact

Je

nny

Pick

ett a

t (80

8) 2

43-5

169

or Je

nny.

L.Pi

cket

t@H

awai

i.gov

for a

ny q

uest

ions

or c

once

rns a

bout

this

lette

r.

Mah

alo,

Ther

esa

K. D

onha

m

Dep

uty

His

toric

Pre

serv

atio

n O

ffic

er

cc:

Cou

nty

of M

aui D

SA F

ax: (

808)

270

-797

2

Dep

artm

ent o

f Pla

nnin

g (p

lann

ing@

mau

icou

nty.

gov)

Ann

alis

e K

ehle

r (an

nalis

e.ke

hler

@m

auic

ount

y.go

v)Ta

nya

Lee-

Gre

ig (L

eeG

reig

@cu

ltura

lsur

veys

.com

)

APPENDIX E

Traffic Assessment Report for Kūlanihākoʻi Bridge Replacement

Wilson Okamoto Corporation

December 2012

APPENDIX F

Drainage Report for Kūlanihākoʻi Bridge Replacement

Wilson Okamoto Corporation

March 2013

APPENDIX G

Pre-Assessment Consultation Comment and Response Letters

APPENDIX H

Draft EA Comment and Response Letters

Ala

n M

. Ara

kaw

aM

ayor

JEFF

RE

Y A

.MU

RR

AY

FIR

E C

HIE

F

RO

BE

RT

M.S

HIM

AD

AD

EPU

TY

FIR

E C

HIE

F

Cou

nty

of M

aui

Dep

artm

ent o

f Fir

e an

d Pu

blic

Saf

ety

Fire

Pre

vent

ion

Bur

eau

313

Man

ea P

lace

-Wai

luku

, Haw

aii

9679

3(8

08) 2

44-9

161

-Fax

(808

) 244

-136

3

Aug

ust 1

3, 2

013

To

:M

r. D

avid

Goo

deD

irect

or, P

ublic

Wor

ksA

ttn: W

endy

Kob

ashi

gaw

a

Mr.

Will

Spe

nce

Dire

ctor

, Dep

artm

ent o

f Pla

nnin

g

Re

:K

ulan

ihak

o’i B

ridg

e R

epla

cem

ent

Kih

ei, M

aui,

HI

Dea

r Sirs

:

Than

k fo

r the

allo

win

g th

e D

epar

tmen

t of F

ire a

nd P

ublic

Safe

ty th

e op

portu

nity

to

com

men

t on

the

prop

osed

pro

ject

. A

t thi

s tim

e, o

ur o

ffic

e re

stat

es th

e fo

llow

ing

com

men

ts th

at w

ere

prov

ided

to W

ilson

Oka

mot

o C

orpo

ratio

n in

Dec

embe

r 201

2:

-Our

off

ice

requ

ests

that

the

min

imum

cle

ar w

idth

of t

he b

ridge

afte

r rep

air b

e at

le

ast 2

0 fe

et (t

he m

inim

um w

idth

for f

ire a

ppar

atus

acc

ess)

to a

llow

for f

ire

appa

ratu

s acc

ess.

-The

pro

ject

mus

t be

able

to su

ppor

t the

wei

ght o

f the

hea

vies

t fire

app

arat

us in

di

stric

t; w

hich

wou

ld b

e th

e la

dder

truc

k at

the

Wai

lea

Stat

ion

with

a G

VW

of

70,0

00 #

.

Thes

e sp

ecifi

cs sh

ould

app

ly to

the

tem

pora

ry d

etou

r roa

d in

pla

ce w

hile

the

proj

ect i

s be

ing

com

plet

ed.

If th

ere

are

any

ques

tions

or c

omm

ents

, ple

ase

feel

free

to c

onta

ct m

e at

244

-916

1 ex

t. 23

.

Sinc

erel

y,

Paul

Haa

keC

apta

in, F

ire P

reve

ntio

n B

urea

u

AREA OF POTENTIAL EFFECT AREA OF POTENTIAL EFFECT

ESTIMATION OF SHORELINE SETBACK CALCULATIONS ESTIMATION OF SHORELINE SETBACK CALCULATIONS

AVERAGE LOT DEPTH (ALD) METHOD: AVERAGE LOT DEPTH (ALD) METHOD:

151.50'+153.60'+355.50' = 660.60'/3 = 220.20' (ALD) 151.50'+153.60'+355.50' = 660.60'/3 = 220.20' (ALD)220.20' X 25% = 55.05' (SHORELINE SETBACK) 220.20' X 25% = 55.05' (SHORELINE SETBACK)

ANNUAL EROSION HAZARD RATE (AEHR) METHOD: ANNUAL EROSION HAZARD RATE (AEHR) METHOD:

USING EROSION RATE MAP - NORTH KIHEI, MAUI, HAWAII USING EROSION RATE MAP - NORTH KIHEI, MAUI, HAWAIITRANSECT 8 = (1.60' X 50 YR) = 80.0' + 25' = 105.0' SETBACK TRANSECT 8 = (1.60' X 50 YR) = 80.0' + 25' = 105.0' SETBACKTRANSECT 7 = (1.65 X 50) = 82.5 + 25 = 107.5 TRANSECT 7 = (1.65 X 50) = 82.5 + 25 = 107.5TRANSECT 6 = (1.55 X 50) = 77.5 + 25 = 102.5 TRANSECT 6 = (1.55 X 50) = 77.5 + 25 = 102.5TRANSECT 5 = (1.70 X 50) = 85.0 + 25 = 110.0 TRANSECT 5 = (1.70 X 50) = 85.0 + 25 = 110.0TRANSECT 4 = (2.10 X 50) = 105.0 + 25 = 130.0 TRANSECT 4 = (2.10 X 50) = 105.0 + 25 = 130.0TRANSECT 3 = (2.50 X 50) = 125.0 + 25 = 150.0 TRANSECT 3 = (2.50 X 50) = 125.0 + 25 = 150.0TRANSECT 2 = (2.60 X 50) = 130.0 + 25 = 155.0 TRANSECT 2 = (2.60 X 50) = 130.0 + 25 = 155.0TRANSECT 1 = (2.55 X 50) = 127.5 + 25 = 152.5 TRANSECT 1 = (2.55 X 50) = 127.5 + 25 = 152.5TRANSECT 0 = (2.50 X 50) = 125.0 + 25 = 150.0 TRANSECT 0 = (2.50 X 50) = 125.0 + 25 = 150.0

USING EROSIOIN RATE MAP - KAWILILIPOA, MAUI, HAWAII USING EROSIOIN RATE MAP - KAWILILIPOA, MAUI, HAWAIITRANSECT 7 = (2.00 X 50) = 100.0 + 25 = 125.0 TRANSECT 7 = (2.00 X 50) = 100.0 + 25 = 125.0TRANSECT 8 = (1.75 X 50) = 87.5 + 25 = 112.5 TRANSECT 8 = (1.75 X 50) = 87.5 + 25 = 112.5TRANSECT 9 = (1.90 X 50) = 95.0 + 25 = 120.0 TRANSECT 9 = (1.90 X 50) = 95.0 + 25 = 120.0

1 INCH = 60 FEET

60

N. KIHEI N. KIHEITRANSECT TRANSECT

8


7N. KIHEI N. KIHEITRANSECT TRANSECT

6N. KIHEI N. KIHEITRANSECT TRANSECT

5


4


3


2


1


0KAWILILIPOA KAWILILIPOATRANSECT TRANSECT

7

KAWILILIPOA KAWILILIPOATRANSECT TRANSECT

8

KAWILILIPOA KAWILILIPOATRANSECT TRANSECT

9

AEHR - NORTH KIHEI AEHR - NORTH KIHEI

AEHR - KAWILILIPOA AEHR - KAWILILIPOA

CERTIFIED SHORELINE CERTIFIED SHORELINEREVISED ON 9/18/2015 REVISED ON 9/18/2015

ALD ALD

ALD ALD

APPENDIX I

Additional Comment and Response Letters Included in

Revised Final Environmental Assessment

revised final environmental assessment - Hawaii.gov

Documents