Reviewing the latest research into nutritional benefits for cardio health Food Matters Live 2015 Gary Frost Imperial College London
Reviewing the latest research into
nutritional benefits for cardio health
Food Matters Live 2015
Gary Frost Imperial College London
Trends in disease
Current Recommendation
• Plenty of fruit and vegetables
• Plenty of starchy foods such as bread, rice, potatoes and pasta.
Choose wholegrain varieties wherever possible
• Some low fat milk and dairy products
• Some meat, fish, eggs, beans and other non-dairy sources of
protein
• Only a small amount of foods and drinks high in fats and/or
sugar.
• Choose options that are lower in fat, salt and sugar whenever
you can.
• Want to add to this in a constructive way
Overweight
Overweight
How do we turn this tanker
around?
Whole system approach food
environment
How can we design foods and
the environment to maintain
body weight?
Energy intake remains a massive
problem
Appetite regulation
• Suppressing appetite is not easy
• Fundamental to survival
• Lessons from dietary fibre
• We need to understand the relationship between
food and circuits that control appetite
• We need high quality randomised control trials
Overall scheme of metabolic map
Myocardial
infarctions
Heart
failure
Cardiac
dysfunction
dyslipidaemia
Metabolically
healthy
High cholesterol High glucose Hypertension
Brain
disorders Nephropathy Atherosclerosis Stroke Retinopathy
Risk factors of the ‘metabolic syndrome’
Pathologies resulting from the ‘metabolic syndrome’
Visceral
adiposity
LDL elevated
Glucose toxicity
Fatty liver
gut
inflammation
endothelial
inflammation
systemic
Insulin resistance
systemic
inflammation
Hepatic IR
Adipose IR
Muscle metabolic
inflexibility
adipose
inflammation
Microvascular
damage
Myocardial
infarctions
Heart
failure Cardiac
dysfunction
Brain
disorders
Nephropathy
Atherosclerosis
β-cell failure
Reversible process
β-cell Pathology
High cholesterol
High glucose
gluc Risk factor
Hypertension
dyslipidaemia
ectopic
lipid overload
Irreversible process
Hepatic
inflammation
Stroke
IBD
fibrosis
Retinopathy
Metabolically
healthy
Nakatsuji, Metabolism 2009
Caloric excess
Portfolio or dietary patterns may be more important
than individual nutrients
• Dietary approaches to stop hypertension
• Mediterranean Diet
• Portfolio Diet
• Diabetes prevention study
• Holistic view of diet may be more powerful in
prevention of coronary heart disease than a
single nutrient focus
Body composition
BMI: 30.2 BMI: 29.1
Body Fat Mapping • Total adipose tissue
• Regional adipose tissue:
– Subcutaneous
•Peripheral
•Abdominal
– Internal
•Peripheral
•Abdominal
– Inter-muscular (EMCL)
– Intramyocellular (IMCL)
– Pericardial
– Hepatic (IHCL)
–Pancreatic
Waists are getting bigger
Targeting the colon
How do you target different adipose tissue deposits?
Fermentable carbohydrates may offer a way forward
Wider aspects on microbiota
Estruch R et al. N Engl J Med 2013;368:1279-1290.
Kaplan–Meier Estimates of the Incidence of Outcome Events in the Total Study Population.
Have we got a full understanding?
High levels of triglyceride in the plasma changes the behaviour of monocytes
Antioxidants, polyphenols and CHD
Current evidence is clear there is no benefit of vitamin
supplementation in the prevention or management of heart
disease
Breading in functionality
Summary
• We should not throw out current dietary guidelines with a hard
evidence base.
• Need systems that will enhance compliance
• Energy intake remain the biggest public health problem with no
solution
• There needs to be focus afford on novel solutions to aid reduction in energy
intake
• Understanding basic biology may lead to new understanding and better
targeting of lipid
• Novel foods and novel ingredients may play a role but the evidence
base needs to be strong
• Novel food systems producing the same product but with reduced
cardiovascular health is very important