1 Review of Long-term Memory Long-term memory Working or Short-term Memory Sensory Input Sensory Memory Attention Encoding Retrieval Maintenance Rehearsal Retrieval transfers info from LTM to STM Forgetting - inability to retrieve previously available information Why do people forget?
Maintenance Rehearsal. Sensory Memory. Working or Short-term Memory. Encoding. Attention. Long-term memory. Sensory Input. Retrieval. Review of Long-term Memory. Retrieval transfers info from LTM to STM Forgetting - inability to retrieve previously available information - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
1
Review of Long-term Memory
Long-term memory
Working orShort-term
Memory
Sensory
Input
Sensory Memory
Attention Encoding
Retrieval
Maintenance Rehearsal
Retrieval transfers info from LTM to STM Forgetting - inability to retrieve previously
available information Why do people forget?
2
Forgetting theories
Poor encoding theories
Decay theoriesInterference
theoriesRetrieval-cue
theories
3
When do we forget?
Forgetting can occur at any memory stage
Retrieval from long-term memoryDepending on interference,retrieval
cues, moods, and motives, some things get retrieved, some don’t.
Long-term storageSome items are altered or lost.
Short-term memoryA few items are both noticed
and encoded.
Sensory memoryThe senses momentarily register
amazing detail.
4
Forgetting as encoding failure
Info never encoded into LTM
EncodingX Long-termmemory
Encoding failureleads to forgetting
Short-termmemory
5
Which is the real penny?
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
(f) (g) (h) (i) (j)
(k) (l) (m) (n) (o)
6
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
(f) (g) (h) (i) (j)
(k) (l) (m) (n) (o)
Answer
7
Encoding failures
Even though you’ve seen thousands of pennies, you’ve probably never looked at one closely to encode specific features
8
Other encoding failure demos
What letters accompany the number 5 on your telephone?
Where is the number 0 on your calculator?
According to this theory, objects seen frequently, but info never encoded into LTM
9
Forgetting as retrieval failure
Not all forgetting is due to encoding failures Sometimes info IS encoded into LTM, but we can’t
retrieve it
Retrieval failureleads to forgetting
RetrievalX
Encoding
Short-termmemory
Long-termmemory
10
Tip of the tongue phenomenon
a.k.a. TOT experienceCan’t retrieve info that you absolutely
know is stored in your LTMExample: ???Evidence of forgetting as an inability to
Retrieval cue - a clue, prompt or hint that can help memory retrieval
Forgetting the result of using improper retrieval cues
23
Recall vs. Recognition tests
Importance of retrieval cues evident in recall vs. recognition tests
Recall tests - must retrieve info learned earlier Examples: Fill-in-the-blank test; essay exams
Recognition tests - only need to identify the correct answer Example: Multiple choice tests
24
What is the capital of Vermont?
Raise your hand if you know the answer
25
What is the capital of Vermont?A. BrattleboroB. MontpelierC. RutlandD. CabotRaise your hand if you know the answerWhich was easier: recall or recognition?For your psychology exam, would you rather
have a fill-in-the-blank or a multiple choice test?
26
Which retrieval cueswork best?
Encoding specificity principle - cues used during initial learning more effective during later retrieval than novel cues
27
Which retrieval cueswork best?Context-dependent memory - improved
ability to remember if tested in the same environment as the initial learning environment Better recall if tested in classroom where you
initially learned info than if moved to a new classroom
If learning room smells of chocolate or mothballs, people will recall more info if tested in room with the same smell
compared to different smell or no smell at all
28
Context dependent effects
Time of day is also important
9
6
12
3
Learn at 3pm Perform better at 3pm
9
6
12
3 9
6
12
3
Than 9pm
29
Context-dependent effects
Words heard underwater are best recalled underwater
Words heard on land are best recalled on land
Water/land
Land/water
Water/water
Land/land
Different contextsfor hearing and recall
Same contextsfor hearing and recall
Percentageof wordsrecalled
30
State-dependent effects
Recall improved if internal physiological or emotional state is the same during testing and initial encoding