Rethinking Industrial Animal Production

This leaflet was developed by Food Tank in collaboration with members of the funding and donor communities to help foundations and individual donors gain a better understanding of the negative impacts of industrial animal production. It is not meant to be comprehensive guide, but to give an overview of the most serious problems inherent in factory farming. Above all, it highlights effective solutions and approaches to bring about the more economically and environmentally sustainable production of meat, eggs, and dairy that will be of particular interest to funders. Furthermore, of all the pressing issues facing our plant and food system, this is among the most underfunded work and there is an urgent need for more donors to engage in this incredibly important occupation.

RETHINKING INDUSTRIAL

ANIMAL PRODUCTION

2RETHINKING INDUSTRIAL ANIMAL PRODUCTION

W W W . F O O D T A N K . C O M

WHERE DO ANIMAL PRODUCTS COME FROM?

Industrial animal operations, or factory farms, are meat, egg, and dairy production facilities that raise a large number of animals within a confined area. The vast majority of animal products produced in the United Statesand a rising proportion worldwide now come from these systems. According to a United Nations report in 2007, industrial animal operations account for an estimated 67 percent of poultry production, 50 percent of egg production, 42 percent of pork production, and 7 percent of beef production worldwide.1 Intensive animal agriculture first began in the United States in the 1930s.2,3 Federal policies encouraged the overproduction of grain crops and industry mergers reduced the price of meat, forcing farmers to raise a larger numbers of animals on cheap grain feed to stay afloat.4

An estimated 80 percent of growth in the global livestock sector comes from industrial production systems in countries like China, Brazil, and India.5 In 2012, China produced quadruple the amount of meat, eggs, and dairy than it produced just a few decades ago.6,7 While meat production and consumption is increasing, power and profits are concentrated in the hands of fewer and fewer large producers.8

1383000 000

517000 000

654000 000296

000 000 430000 000

654000 000

2817000 000

58110000 000

Animals slaughtered worldwideOfficial and estimated data, 2011, heads (Meat Atlas)

80PERCENT

of global livestock sector growth comes from industrial systems



PUBLIC HEALTH IN JEOPARDY Factory farms have the potential to endanger public health in numerous ways. Air pollution from factory farms can cause

increased rates of respiratory conditions and other health problems in nearby communities.9 Drinking water contaminated from factory farm lagoon runoff can contain hazardous pathogens, hormones, and nitrates.10

Factory farms typically feed healthy animals low doses of antibiotics to increase weight. An estimated 80 percent of all antibiotics used in the U.S. are fed to livestock.11 According to a recent study, New York State dairy operations could reduce antibiotic use by 84 percent without compromising animal health.12 This overuse and misuse of antibiotics has contributed to the evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, putting public health at risk.13 Each year in the U.S., some 2 million people develop antibiotic-resistant infections and at least 23,000 die.14 In developing countries with limited medical facilities, the death toll can be higher.15

PUTTING THE PLANET AT RISKFactory farms are incredibly resource intensive, making them an inefficient source of nutrients.16 Animal production, especially

from industrial systems, is one of the biggest consumers of water worldwide, while nearly 2 billion people suffer from water scarcity.17,18 Roughly 36 percent of global cereal crops are used for livestock feed.19 The rising demand for land to grow livestock feed encourages deforestation, including the deforestation of the Amazon forest region.20,21 Additionally, livestock production is responsible for at least 15 percent of all human-induced greenhouse gas emissions.22

In the U.S., factory farms generate 40 times more waste than the amount of human waste.23 Nitrate runoff from factory farms contributes to an annual dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico, which, in 2014, was the size of Connecticut.24



ANIMAL WELFARE ENDANGEREDConfining a large number of animals in small spaces prevents them from practicing their natural behaviors. This can

lead to anxiety, sickness, and premature death.25 Laying hens are typically caged with 4 to 10 other birds, each with floor space the size of a letter-sized sheet of paper; this makes it impossible for them to spread their wings.26 The average gestation stall is so small that sows are unable to turn around, walk, or root.27

Infectious diseases spread more rapidly among animals in factory farms.28 Dairy cows have high rates of infertility due to infection caused in part by cramped and dirty living conditions and unsanitary milking equipment.29 Droppings in crowded, poorly ventilated broiler chicken sheds can release enough ammonia to damage a chickens eyes and lungs.30

In developing nations, poor technology and training can result in painful and lengthy deaths for animals. In Indonesia and other countries, dull, short knives mean that multiple painful cuts are required for animal slaughter.31



WORKERS SAFETY AND LABOR RIGHTS COMPROMISED

Livestock production and processing facilities in the U.S. are virtually unregulated, making it difficult to monitor worker injuries resulting from unsafe working conditions.32 Processors often increase animal disassembly line speeds to maximize profits and now require American poultry workers to dismember and gut up to 175 birds per minute. These repetitive motions can cause lifelong injuries and disabilities.33

Workers in animal processing in the U.S. report more than 80 percent more injuries than the average for all U.S. workers.34 These workers are typically low-income or undocumented immigrants who cant leverage for better conditions, pay, or health insurance.35 Workers are often denied bathroom or rest breaks or time to sharpen their tools, resulting in chronic pain and injury.36 In fact, many workers dont report accidents for fear of being fired.37

In many developing nations, labor safety standards are non-existent. Workers at Indian egg production facilities often work in sandals or barefoot and do not wear facemasks, which could shield them from harmful fumes.38

IMPACTS OF INDUSTRIAL ANIMAL OPERATIONS ON LOCAL COMMUNITIES

Communities near industrial animal operations are plagued by foul odors, water contamination, and air pollution.39 The odors can be so strong that residents near factory farms are wary of leaving the house or opening windows.40

In Iowa, an estimated 8,000 family farms raise their own livestock, compared to 80,000 in the 1980s.41 Today, through a process called vertical integration, industrial operations contract small farmers to raise livestock.42 Currently, almost all poultry production in the U.S. is contract-based, but these contractors have little bargaining power. Big companies demand poultry contractors invest in infrastructure, but contractors report that their compensation of US$.04 to US$.06 per pound remains constant.43,44 A decade ago, medium-sized contractors typically earned less than US$20,000 per year.45

Photo courtesty of blog4critique.blogspot.com

6W W W . F O O D T A N K . C O M

N

Ending Non-Therapeutic Antibiotic Use In Livestock

1

Empowering Communities to Fight Industrial Interests

6 Forming Multi-Sector Coalitions8

Propelling Independent Research10 Addressing the Global Dimensions of Factory Farming

9 Answering Important Questions and Filling Knowledge Gaps

11

Funding Producer Transition7

Curbing Animal Product Consumption4 Supporting Farmers Through Informative Labeling

5

Petitioning for Stricter Environmental Regulations and Better Enforcement of Existing Regulations

2

Adopting High Animal Welfare Standards 3

FARMER

2014 GRACE

FUNDING OPPORTUNITIES FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTUREEFFECTIVE APPROACHES TO BRING POSITIVE CHANGE

CM

MY

CY

CMY



FUNDING OPPORTUNITIES FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE

While the meat, egg, and dairy industries can reach into their deep pockets to expand factory farming and lobby for policies favorable to them, groups working to oppose factory farming and create solutions lack serious investments. They need an alternative funding pool to launch their endeavors. Animal production systems where livestock and workers are treated with dignity, farmers are

fairly compensated, and waste is managed responsibly should be the future of animal production.

EFFECTIVE APPROACHES

TO BRING POSITIVECHANGE

1 Ending Non-Therapeutic Antibiotic Use In Livestock: The excessive use of antibiotics in livestock is directly endangering public heath. In Denmark, a ban on non-therapeutic antibiotic use has significantly decreased the presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in both farm animals and humans.46 Many other European countries have initiated similar bans, but North America has yet to follow suit. In the U.S., the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), Center for Food Safety, and Food and Water Watch are all contributing to the Meat without Drugs Campaign. NRDC has already won two lawsuits against the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), but more funding is needed to fuel the fight for a full ban.47

2 Petitioning for Stricter Environmental Regulations and Better Enforcement of Existing Regulations: Current regulations do little to protect the environment from pollution by factory farms, but the legal system may offer a solution. After being challenged in court by Waterkeeper Alliance, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published a stricter set of regulations to prevent factory farm pollution in 2008.48 Iowa Citizens for Community Improvement protested that the Iowa Department of Natural Resources (DNR) failed to uphold the Clean Water Act, putting citizens health at risk from factory farm manure runoff. The EPA agreed and is redefining DNR policies to keep communities healthy and safe.49

Forming Multi-Sector Coalitions

Answering Important Questions



3 Adopting High Animal Welfare Standards: The inhumane and unnecessary confinement of animals must be phased out and ultimately banned to successfully reform animal production systems. However, while the E.U. voluntarily banned battery cages for hens and sow gestation crates and the New Zealand and Australian governments are phasing out sow gestation crates, the U.S. has made little progress in animal welfare legislation. Fortunately, numerous advocacy organizations around the globe are working to advance higher welfare standards to benefit animals and consumers, including the Animal welfare approved program, Humane Society of the United States and Compassion in World Farming.

4 Curbing Animal Product Consumption: There exists a stark contrast between rates of meat consumption within developing, emerging, and industrialized countries. In the developing world, people eat nearly 34 kilograms of meat a year, but consumers in industrialized nations eat nearly 80 kilograms each year, most of which comes from factory farms.50 While meat, eggs, and dairy can be scarce and vital sources of nutrients in the developing world, the overconsumption of animal products in industrialized nations and increasingly in emerging economies like India and China places a disproportionate pressure on global resources. To encourage consumers to reduce their intake of animal products, Meatless Monday offers recipes and resources for carnivores going meat-free once a week.52 And food companies like Beyond Meat have developed great tasting sustainable alternatives to animal products.53

5 Supporting Farmers Through Informative Labeling: Food labels should be clear and allow consumers to support humane production. Already, Animal Welfare Approved certifies products from humanely raised animals, making it easier for consumers to navigate their choices.54 With help from donors, they provide grants for improving farm animal welfare. Certified Humane Raised and Handled is one of the most trusted labels for animal food products and works to improve animal production transparency in Brazil, Canada, Peru, and the U.S.55

6 Empowering Communities to Fight Industrial Interests: Through education, organization, and guidance, communities can stand up for themselves to demand clean, healthy neighborhoods and to protect local industries.56,57 The Socially Responsible Agriculture Project aims to educate the public about the negative effects of industrial animal production on small farmers and works with concerned communities around the U.S. to create sustainable, ecological, and economically viable family-scale farming alternatives so that local economies can thrive, even in the shadow of CAFOs.58

7 Funding Producer Transition: It is vital to provide support to help producers transition from factory farm style operations to more humane, environmentally friendly systems. Many farmers are in a vicious cycle of contract farming and loans tied to industrial production systems. They need technical assistance and infrastructure like mobile abattoirs, processing centers, and community kitchens to develop new products. In addition, they need help marketing their products to consumers. The Rural Advancement Foundation International helps small farmers transition and thrive by cultivating supportive markets and providing information about organic cultivation, understanding corporate contracts, and favorably structuring agricultural loans.59

8 Forming Multi-Sector Coalitions: Factory farming has far-reaching implications, and change will require alliances among different groups. Experts in economics, public health, agribusiness, and veterinary science must join farmers, politicians, and consumers to create safer, more sustainable animal production systems. In the past, the Pew Commission on Industrial Farm Animal Production brought together a multidisciplinary group of experts to publish landmark reports on factory farming and was able to elevate the profile of these issues.60 The Food Chain Workers Alliance unites workers in food production, slaughtering, packaging, and distribution to advocate for better wages and workers rights.61 There is a need to support continued efforts like these, along with emerging efforts like the Animal Agriculture Reform


RETHINKING INDUSTRIAL ANIMAL PRODUCTION

Collaborative, which coordinates leading NGOs, researchers, and foundations to address the effects of factory farms on behalf of public interests.

9 Addressing the Global Dimensions of Factory Farming: As global demand for animal products rises, U.S. and European animal production businesses are partnering with governments and businesses in emerging economies to globalize and deregulate animal production systems.62 In an effort to reduce trade barriers, the Trans-Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) could reverse Europes progress in sustainable animal production by pressuring policymakers to repeal the non-therapeutic antibiotic ban.63

While negotiations on the TTIP and other trade agreements are confidential, large agribusinesses will benefit from these partnerships as meat production becomes increasingly globalized and decreasingly regulated. Public Citizen and the Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy are currently working to educate the public about the trade negotiations and to petition for greater transparency.64,65

10 Propelling Independent Research: Scientifically sound and unbiased research is crucial to efforts for more sustainable production. However, many research and academic institutions accept corporate funding, which can influence research methods, goals, and outcomes.66 Greater transparency is needed to see if there are connections linking political contributions from those in favor of industrial animal agriculture to politicians. Support is also needed for institutions leading efforts to study the true costs of industrial animal agriculture to public and environmental health and animal and worker welfare. Independent research organizations like Johns Hopkins Center for a Livable Future promote research about the connections between diet, food production, environment, and human health.67

11 Answering Important Questions and Filling Knowledge Gaps: The time has come to seriously address factory farming, particularly within emerging economies and developing countries. Researchers need to identify alternative animal production models that can sustain current and future demands; find better strategies for animal waste management; and explore the influence of consumers diet choices on the development of industrial animal production. Currently, there is very little funding available to support such research initiatives.

ONLY WITH YOUR HELP CAN WE WORK TO IMPROVE THIS CRITICALLY IMPORTANT SECTOR OF OUR GLOBAL FOOD SYSTEM!

Fixing the unwholesome system of industrial animal production cant happen without funding from donors like you. Researchers and organizations need grants and donations to sustain their work and transform the way meat, eggs, and dairy are produced. We urge donors to choose an approach that relates best to their own grant-making missions and commit to learning

more about it in the next six months. Better yet, try committing to one donation in the coming year to support an effective approach towards more sustainable animal production. For more information or to learn more about any of these issues please visit foodtank.com, gracelinks.org, or email [email protected].



18 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, The State of Food and Agriculture 2009: Livestock in the Balance, 2009. http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/i0680e/i0680e.pdf.

19 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, World Agriculture Towards 2030/2050 (2012 Revision), 78, June 2012. http://www.fao.org/docrep/016/ap106e/ap106e.pdf.

20 Herrero, M., Thornton, P.K., Gerber, P., and Reid, R.S., Livestock, livelihoods and the environment: understanding the trade-offs. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 1, 111-120, 2009. http://dels.nas.edu/resources/staticassets/banr/AnimalProductionMaterials/CurrentOpinionIssue2.pdf.

21 Nepstad, D.C., Stickler, C.M., Soares-Filho, B., and Merry, F., Interactions among Amazon land use, forests and climate: prospects for a near-term forest tipping point. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363.1498, 1737-1746, 2008. http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/363/1498/1737.short.

22 Gerber, P.J., Steinfeld, H., Henderson, B., Mottet, A., Opio, C., Dijkman, J., Falcucci, A. and Tempio, G, Tackling Climate Change Through Livestock: A Global Assessment of Emissions and Mitigation Opportunities. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2013. http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3437e/i3437e.pdf.

23 Graham, J.P., & Nachman, K.E., Managing Waste from Confined Animal Feeding Operations in the United States, The need for Sanitary Reform, Journal of Water and Health, 8, 646-670, 2010. http://www.globalenvironmentalhealth.com/uploads/2/1/8/2/21821416/managing_waste_from_cafos.pdf.

24 United States Geological Survey, Real-time Monitoring Pays Off for Tracking Nitrate Pulse in Mississippi River Basin to the Gulf of Mexico, http://www.usgs.gov/newsroom/article.asp?ID=3668#.U5Homy83cmU, published August 21, 2013, viewed June 6, 2014.

25 Temple Grandin, Humane Treatment of Livestock in J. Peter Clark and Christopher Ritsons Practical Ethics for Food Professionals: Ethics in Research, Education and the Workplace (John Wiley & Sons, 2013), http://books.google.com/books?id=Q22ctWXJRbIC&printsec=frontcover - v=onepage&q&f=false.

26 United Egg Producers, Animal Husbandry Guidelines for U.S. Egg Laying Flocks, 2010. http://www.uepcertified.com/pdf/2010-uep-animal-welfare-guidelines.pdf.

27 Fraser, David. Understanding animal welfare. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 50. Suppl 1 (2008): S1. http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1751014750S1S1.pdf&sa=U&ei=WABYU

28 J.A. Mench et al., The Welfare of Animals in Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, August 2010. http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/themes/animal-welfare/aw-awhome/detail/en/item/11934/icode/en/.

29 Ruegg, P.L. Managing cows, milking and the environment to minimize mastitis, WCDS Advances in Dairy Technology 24, 351-359, 2012. http://www.wcds.ca/proc/2012/Manuscripts/Ruegg 2.pdf.

30 Olanrewaju, H.A., et al. Interactive effects of ammonia and light intensity on ocular, fear and leg health in broiler chickens. International journal of poultry science 6.10 (2007): 762-769. http://handle.nal.usda.gov/10113/15958.

31 Bidda Jones, The Slaughter of Australian Cattle in Indonesia: An Observational Study, RSPCA Australia, 2011. http://www.rspca.org.au/sites/default/files/website/Campaigns/Live-export/Cattle-to-Indonesia/Live_exports-scientific_report.pdf.

32 Pew Commission on Industrial Farm Animal Production, Putting Meat on the Table: Industrial Farm Animal Production in America, 2008. http://www.ncifap.org/_images/PCIFAPFin.pdf.

1 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, The State of the Worlds Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, 2007. http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/a1250e/a1250e00.htm.

2 Pew Commission on Industrial Farm Animal Production, Putting Meat on the Table: Industrial Farm Animal Production in America, 2008. http://www.ncifap.org/_images/PCIFAPFin.pdf.

3 Graham, J.P. and Nachman, K.E., Managing Waste from Confined Animal Feeding Operations in the United States, The Need for Sanitary Reform, Journal of Water and Health, 2010. http://www.globalenvironmentalhealth.com/uploads/2/1/8/2/21821416/managing_waste_from_cafos.pdf.

4 Food and Water Watch, Factory Farm Nation: How America Turned its Livestock Farms into Factories, 2010. http://www.factoryfarmmap.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/FactoryFarmNation-web.pdf.

5 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Livestocks Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options, 2006. ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/a0701e/a0701e.pdf.

6 Shefali Sharma, The Need for Feed: Chinas Demand for Industrialized Meat and Its Impacts, Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy, February 2014. http://www.iatp.org/files/2014_03_26_FeedReport_f_web.pdf.

7 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, LEAD Home, China: Background, http://www.fao.org/agriculture/lead/lead/networks/china1/en/, viewed June 11, 2014.

8 Degen, Ronald Jean, and K. Matthew Wong, An Examination of the Resource-Based Horizontal Acquisition strategy of JBS--the Biggest Meat Packer in the World, Proceedings of the New York State Economics Association 5.1, 37-46, 2012. http://nysea.bizland.com/nysea/publications/proceed/2012/Proceed_2012_p037.pdf.

9 Carrie Hribar, Understanding Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations and Their Impact on Communities, National Association of Local Boards of Health, 2010. http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/ehs/docs/understanding_cafos_nalboh.pdf.

10 Harter, T., Kourakos, G., and Lockhart, K., Assessing Potential Impacts of Livestock Management on Groundwater, NI R 14-03 Supplemental Paper 2, 2014. http://nicholasinstitute.duke.edu/sites/default/files/ni_r_1403_sr2_final.pdf.

11 Bartlett, John G., Gilbert, David N., and Spellberg, Brad, Seven ways to preserve the miracle of antibiotics, Clinical Infectious Diseases 56.10, 1445-1450, 2013. http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/56/10/1445.full.

12 Doane, Marie, and Sarenbo, Sirkku, Antibiotic usage in 2013 on a dairy CAFO in New York State, USA, Infection and Epidemiology, 4: 24259, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/iee.v4.24259.

13 Tomson, Gran, and Ioana Vlad. The need to look at antibiotic resistance from a health systems perspective, Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences 119.2, 117-124, 2014. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24673267.

14 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States, 2013. http://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/threat-report-2013/pdf/ar-threats-2013-508.pdf#page=36.

15 The World Bank, Minding the Stock: Bringing Public Policy to Bear on Livestock Sector Development, 2009. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTARD/Resources/FinalMindingtheStock.pdf.

16 Aiking, Harry, Future protein supply, Trends in Food Science & Technology, 20, 1-9, 2010. https://www.unihohenheim.de/fileadmin/einrichtungen/agnas/Documents/Aiking__2010.pdf.

17 Mekonnen, Mesfin M., and Hoekstra, Arjen Y., A Global assessment of the water footprint of farm animal products, Ecosystems 15, 401-415, 2012. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s1002101195178.



53 Beyond Meat Website, http://beyondmeat.com/, viewed August 5, 2014.

54 Animal Welfare Approved Website, http://animalwelfareapproved.org/, viewed August 5, 2014.

55 Certified Humane Website, http://certifiedhumane.org/, viewed August 5, 2014.

56 Brooks, Lauren, Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations: What are the Potential Community Costs? Practice Guide #26. University of Louisville, Center for Environmental Policy and Management, 2010. http://buffaloriveralliance.org/Resources/Documents/PG26%20 %20Community%20Costs%20of%20CAFOs.pdf.

57 Ashwood, Barbara M. Rural residents for responsible agriculture: Hog CAFOs and democratic action in Illinois, Journal of Rural Social Sciences, 28.3, 7688, 2013. http://www.ag.auburn.edu/auxiliary/srsa/pages/Articles/JRSS%202013%2028%203%207688.pdf.

58 Socially Responsible Agricultural Project Website, http://www.sraproject.org/, viewed August 5, 2014.

59 Rural Advancement Foundation International USA website, http://rafiusa.org/, viewed August 12, 2014.

60 Pew Commission on Industrial Farm Animal Production Website, http://www.ncifap.org, viewed August 5, 2014.

61 Food Chain Workers Alliance Website, http://foodchainworkers.org, viewed August 5, 2014.

62 Wilkinson, John. The globalization of agribusiness and developing world food systems, Monthly Review 61, no. 4, 2009. http://courses.arch.vt.edu/courses/wdunaway/gia5524/wilkinson.pdf.

63 Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy, 10 Reasons TTIP is Bad for Good Food and Farming, http://www.iatp.org/documents/10-reasons-ttip-is-bad-for-good-food-and-farming, published May 16, 2014, viewed July 2, 2014.

64 Public Citizen, The Trans-Pacific Partnership: Undermining Food Safety, http://www.citizen.org/tpp-food-safety-facts, viewed August 5, 2014.

65 Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy, Analysis of the draft Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) chapter on food safety, and animal and plant health issues (proposed by the European Commission, as of June 27, 2014), http://www.iatp.org/documents/analysis-of-the-draft-transatlantic-trade-and-investment-partnership-ttip-chapter-on-food-, viewed August 5, 2014.

66 Salon, Monsantos College Strangehold, http://www.salon.com/2012/05/14/monsantos_college_strangehold/, published May 14, 2012, viewed July 8, 2014.

67 Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for a Livable Future, http://www.jhsph.edu/research/centers-and-institutes/johns-hopkins-center-for-a-livable-future/index.html, viewed August 5, 2014.

33 Public Citizen, Relaxing Regulations at Poultry Plants a Threat to Worker, Consumer Safety, Health Letter, http://www.citizen.org/Page.aspx?pid=6149, published November 2013, viewed June 10, 2014

34 Bureau of Labor Statistics, Incidence Rates of Non-Fatal Occupational Injuries and Illnesses by Industry and Case Types, 2010, 2010. http://www.bls.gov/iif/oshwc/osh/os/ostb2813.pdf.

35 Fitzgerald, A.J., A Social History of the Slaughterhouse: From Inception to Contemporary Implications, Human Ecology Review,17, 2010, 5869. http://www.humanecologyreview.org/pastissues/her171/Fitzgerald.pdf.

36 Southern Law Poverty Center and Alabama Appleseed Center for Law and Justice, Unsafe at These Speeds: Alabamas Poultry Industry and its Disposable Workers, 2013. http://www.splcenter.org/sites/default/files/downloads/publication/Unsafe_at_These_Speeds_web.pdf.

37 Public Citizen, Relaxing Regulations at Poultry Plants a Threat to Worker, Consumer Safety, Health Letter, http://www.citizen.org/Page.aspx?pid=6149, published November 2013, viewed June 10, 2014.

38 Brighter Green, Veg or Non-Veg? India at the Crossroads, 2012. http://www.brightergreen.org/files/india_bg_pp_2011.pdf.

39 Hribar, Carrie, Understanding Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations and Their Impact on Communities, National Association of Local Boards of Health, 2010. http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/ehs/docs/understanding_cafos_nalboh.pdf.

40 Nicole, Wendee, CAFOs and Environmental Justice: The Case of North Carolina, Environmental Health Perspectives, 121, a182a189, 2013. http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/121a182/.

41 Iowa Citizens for Community Improvement, http://iowacci.org/in-the-news/dairy-cafo-spill-may-4-only-one-of-many/, viewed June 27, 2014.

42 Key, Nigel. Production Contracts and Farm Business Growth and Survival, Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 45.2, 277293, 2013. http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/149144/2/jaae620.pdf.

43 Modern Farmer, Chicken Growing and its Discontents, by Andrew Jenner, http://modernfarmer.com/2014/02/chicken-farming-discontents/, published February 24, 2014, viewed June 10, 2014.

44 Farm Aid, Life Under Contract: Poultry Farming in Arkansas, http://www.farmaid.org/site/apps/nlnet/content2.aspx?c=qlI5IhNVJsE&b=2723875&ct=13135015, published May 16, 2013, viewed June 10, 2014.

45 James M. MacDonald, The Economic Organization of U.S. Broiler Production, United States Department of Agriculture, 2008. http://www.ers.usda.gov/media/205671/eib38_1_.pdf.

46 Marshall B.M., Levy S.B., Food Animals and Antimicrobials: Impacts on Human Health, (Clinical Microbiology Reviews), October 2011. http://cmr.asm.org/content/24/4/718.full.pdf+html.

47 Natural Resources Defense Council, Saving Antibiotics: What you Need to Know About Antibiotic Use on Farms, http://www.nrdc.org/food/saving-antibiotics.asp, viewed July 2, 2014.

48 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES), Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFO) - Final Rule, http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/afo/cafofinalrule.cfm, viewed June 5, 2014.

49 Sierra Club: Iowa Chapter. Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations, http://iowa.sierraclub.org/CAFOs/CAFOindex.htm, viewed June 4, 2014.

50 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Food Outlook - May 2014, 2014. http://www.fao.org/docrep/019/I3751E/I3751E.pdf.

51 Alexandratos, N., and Bruinsma, J. World agriculture towards 2030/2050: the 2012 revision. No.1203. ESA Working paper, 2012. http://www.fao.org/3/aap106e.pdf.

52 Meatless Monday Website, http://www.meatlessmonday.com/, viewed August 5, 2014.


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