Respiration The respiratory system is a series of tubes that brings oxygen into the body and gets rid of carbon dioxide.

Respiration•The respiratory system is a series of

tubes that brings oxygen into the body and gets rid of carbon dioxide.

•Compare inhaled and exhaled air.•What is the trend?

5 %~ 1 %16 %78 %EXHALED

0.03 %~ 1 %21 %78 %INHALED

CO2ArO2N2GAS

Breathing (Ventilation)• Inhalation

▫The diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract.

▫The chest cavity enlarges.▫The pressure in the lungs decreases.▫ (Bolye’s Law) ↑ volume = ↓ pressure ▫Air rushes into the lungs.

• Exhalation▫The diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax.▫The chest cavity decreases in size.▫The pressure in the lungs increases.▫ (Bolye’s Law) ↓ volume = ↑ pressure▫Air rushes out of the lungs.

The diaphragm is a curved sheet of smooth muscle which separates the thorax from the abdomen. When it contracts, the diaphragm flattens, which INCREASES the volume of the THORAX, which then EXPANDS the lungs. Contracting the diaphragm therefore is associated with breathing IN, NOT OUT.

trachea bronchus (2)

bronchiole (thousands)

Diagram:

6

12

nostril

mouth

larynx

lung

bronchus

nasal cavity

pharynx

trachea

bronchus

bronchiole

alveolidiaphragm

•What pathway does air follow as you inhale?

nasal cavity or mouth

pharynx (throat)

larynx and vocal cords

trachea

bronchi

bronchioles

alveoli

•What pathway does air follow as you exhale?

nasal cavity or mouth

pharynx (throat)

larynx and vocal cords

trachea

bronchi

bronchioles

alveoli

Air Processing• Blood vessels in your nasal cavity and

respiratory passages warm the air.• Hairs in your nose trap dust and debris.• Mucous in your nasal cavity and respiratory

passages trap dust and germs.• Cilia in your respiratory passages sweep mucous

up out of lungs.

Gas Exchange• In the alveoli, oxygen diffuses into blood vessels

and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood vessels into the alveoli.

Constriction/tightening of the airways causing less air to flow into the lungs

Cells in the airways might make more mucus than usual.

Asthma

Wednesday, April 10, 2013

Triggered by allergens such as…..exercise, strong odours, strong emotion, weather……

Corrected by brochodiators (puffer) which are medications that open up the airways…..

Asthma

Pneumonia

Pneumonia is the inflammation of the alveoli.

Infection from viruses, bacteria or inhaled irritants (cigarette smoke) causes the alveoli to become inflamed and filled with mucus which makes it difficult to breath.

Symptoms include difficulty breathing, cough, wheezing chest pain and fatigue.

Wednesday, April 10, 2013

Viruses, bacteria or inhaled irritants infect the epithelium of the bronchi, resulting in inflammation and increased secretion of mucus.

Bronchitis

Wednesday, April 10, 2013

Viruses, bacteria or inhaled irritants infect the epithelium of the bronchioles, resulting in inflammation and increased secretion of mucus.

Bronchiolitis

Wednesday, April 10, 2013

Circulation• The circulatory

system distributes nutrients and oxygen to all of the body’s cells, removes waste from cells, and regulates the body’s temperature.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oE8tGkP5_tc

Blood• Blood is composed

of cells and plasma.

• Plasma is the liquid component of blood in which blood cells are suspended.

• Red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the body’s cells, and carbon dioxide from the body’s cells to the lungs.

• Hemoglobin is complex protein found in red blood cells that contains an iron molecule.

• The main function of hemoglobin is to carry oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues, and to exchange the oxygen for carbon dioxide.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5LjLFrmKTSA

•An antibody, a protective protein produced by the immune system in response to the presence of a foreign substance, called an antigen.

•Antibodies recognize and latch onto antigens and mark them to be removed from the body.

Blood Types

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ttjn1jVACk8

universal acceptor

universal donor

White blood cells fight infections.

Platelets allow the blood to clot when blood vessels are broken.

Blood Vessels

• Arteries carry blood away from the heart.• Veins carry blood towards the heart.

• As your heart pumps blood through your body, you can feel a pulsing in some of the blood vessels close to the skin's surface, such as in your wrist, neck, or upper arm.

Pulse Points on the Body

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• Counting your pulse rate is a simple way to find out how fast your heart is beating.

• Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels. Their walls are only one cell thick.

• Capillaries supply oxygen and nutrients to every cell in the body, and remove carbon dioxide and wastes.

Wednesday, April 10, 2013

thick

small opening

thin

large opening

single cell

The Heart• The heart has 4

chambers:• The right chambers

receive deoxygenated blood from the body and pump it to the lungs.

• The left chambers receive oxygenated blood from the lungs and pump it to the body.

the right atrium

receives the oxygen-poor blood from the body

the right ventricle

pumps the oxygen-poor blood to the lungs

right atrium

right ventricle

the left atrium

receives the oxygen-rich blood from the lungs

the left ventricle

pumps the oxygen-rich blood to the body

left atrium

left ventricle

Heart Attack

A heart attack occurs when one or more of the arteries supplying your heart with oxygen-rich blood (coronary arteries) become blocked.

Sudden Cardiac Arrest

• Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is a condition in which the heart suddenly and unexpectedly stops beating.

• If this happens, blood stops flowing to the brain and other vital organs.

• A sudden cardiac arrest victim's chance of survival decreases 10% with each passing minute after collapse.

• Therefore, the chance of survival is 0% after 10 minutes.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zdemKH_v_aI

Nowadays schools, places of worships, gyms, museums, concert halls, etc ... have defibrillators available in case of a cardiac emergency.by choice.

Defibrillators