ReSouk 2012 Proceedings-FINAL

4th EMUNI Research SoukThe Euro-Mediterranean Student Research Multi-conference

2012BRIDGING GAPS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN RESEARCH SPACE17 18 April 2012

Conference Proceedings

Editors: Laris Gaiser, MA, Denis uri Design: Peter Florjani Published by: EMUNI University, Sonna pot 20, SI-6320 Portoro For the publisher: mag. Laris Gaiser First printing: September 2012 Print-run: 500

CIP - Kataloni zapis o publikaciji Narodna in univerzitetna knjinica, Ljubljana 001.8(082)(086.034.4) EMUNI. Research Souk (4 ; 2012) Bridging gaps in the Mediterranean research space [Elektronski vir] : conference proceedings / 4th EMUNI Research Souk [being] The Euro-Mediterranean Student Research Multi-conference, 17-18 April 2012 ; editors Laris Gaiser, Denis uri. - 1st printing. - El. knjiga. - Portoro : EMUNI University, 2012 ISBN 978-961-6805-05-6 1. Gl. stv. nasl. 2. Gaiser, Laris 263125760

Table of Contents2 3th About 4 EMUNI Research Souk (EMUNI ReS)

Papers / Projects

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4th EMUNI Research Souk (EMUNI ReSouk)The Euro-Mediterranean Student Research Multi-conference Bridging gaps in the Mediterranean Research SpaceEMUNI ResearchSouk* is in different countries and institutions of the Mediterranean Region. multi-conference simultaneously implemented by EMUNI members in different countries of the Euro-Mediterranean region. A students research conference where participants are stimulated to present their project on one of the following UfM priorities (De-pollution of the Mediterranean, Maritime and Land Highways, Civil Protection, Alternative Energies, Higher Education and Research, The Mediterranean Business Development Initiative). An EMUNI contribution to multicultural dialogue and mutual understanding among people.A

Recent pressures to expand higher education and the current economic crisis have also led to a significant decrease in the quality of education and research in universities, and there is an apparent lack of coordination between universities, colleges, and other technical training establishments. As a result, while the number of graduates from the different stages of education is increasing, they lack in most cases the core competences and relevant skills needed in a knowledge economy. In terms of the human potential and particularly regarding researchers, we can see that, despite possible reservations with regard to quality, the human potential becoming involved in research is on the rise. We cannot say the same in the field of R&D expenditure, where the gap between the two shores of the Mediterranean remains high. And we must speak similarly about scientific production, which clearly confirms the cognitive gap between the aforementioned Northern and Southern Mediterranean countries. Promoting access by professionals and researchers from different areas of study to greater contact with other approaches implies the advancement of a deeper and more genuine examination of key questions articulating relations between Europe, the Maghreb and the Mashrek, such as political and economic rapprochement, international migrations, security matters, growing interculturalization, environmental problems the Arab Spring, and scientific exchange. All these questions make clear the growing interdependence of the three shores, and the multiplicity of factors involved in Mediterranean relations which cannot therefore be analyzed or studied in isolation, because the Mediterranean is a single whole, diverse but integral at all levels and in all areas of analysis. This will be the main theme of this year's Research Souk.*Souk is an Arabic word for Market or Bazaar

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Papers are published as they were sent by the authors. PAPER TITLE 2ND WORLD WAR: BRIDGING THE MEMORIES OF TWO PEOPLES A COMPARISON OF LIQUID-LIQUID MICROEXTRACTION METHODS BASED ON DISPERSIVE, ULTRASOUND-ASSISTED EMULSIFICATION AND SINGLE-DROP COUPLED TO LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY FOR DETERMINATION OF BENFOTHIAMINE A GREEN PRECONCENTRATION TECHNIQUE PREVIOUS TO LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY FOR NEONICOTINOID INSECTICIDES QUANTIFICATION IN WATER SAMPLES A PRELIMINARY STUDY. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OBESITY AND INMUNE SYSTEM IN RATS. ADOPTION IN A COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE AN AUTONOMUS UNDERWATER VEHICLE WITH TOWED SURFACE BOAT FOR LONG-RANGE INSPECTION OF THE MAR MENOR ANALYSIS OF PLATFORMS FOR OFFSHORE WIND TURBINES ARSENIC: ELEMENT CARCINOGENIC AND ANTINEOPLASMATIC ARTISTIC EXCHANGES BETWEEN SPAIN AND ITALY: FRANCISCO SALZILLO AND THE MEDITERRANEAN CULTURE. ASSESSMENT OF AFFILIATION TO PHYLOGENETIC GROUPS (I TO VII) INTO THE BACILLUS CEREUS GROUP AS A VALUABLE TOOL FOR PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS IN FOOD INDUSTRY ASSESSMENT OF BY-PRODUCTS FROM FRESH-CUT PRODUCTS FOR REUSE AS BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS: OBTAINING A WATERMELON JUICE FUNCTIONAL. ASSESSMENT OF MINIMUM ENVIRONMENTAL STREAM FLOWS BY DIFFERENT METHODS IN MEDITERRANEAN BASINS. CASE STUDY: SEGURA BASIN CACTUS PEAR FRUITS AS SOURCE OF A BIOACTIVE FOOD COLORANT CARTOGRAPHICS RE-INTERPRETATIONS CLEAN RENEWABLE BLUE ENERGY COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES FOR THE USE OF THE ICT IN THE CAMPUS MARE NOSTRUM CORRELATION AND REGRESSION IN THE TRAINING OF TEACHERS DESIGN OF THE POWER SYSTEM OF A SOLAR AUTONOMOUS SURFACE VEHICLE FOR UNDERWATER INSPECTION WORKS. DESIGNING MULTICULTURAL SPACES IN THE MEDITERRANEAN AREA DETERMINATION OF SOME ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS IN BEVERAGES USING A SOLVENTLESS EXTRACTION METHOD DIFERENCES: IS THERE A NEED FOR A BRIDGE? ECONOMIC GROWTH AND EDUCATION EFFECTIVE ENFORCEMENT OF EU ENVIRONMENTAL LAW BY INDIVIDUALS & NGOS EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT DEFICIT IRRIGATION STRATEGIES ON THE YIELD AND BERRY QUALITY OF TABLE GRAPE, ORCHAD CRIMSON EL VIAJE ENTRE REALIDAD Y DESEO DEL ODISEO CERNUDIANO EMPIRICAL - DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF THE VALUES OF PARENTS AND TEACHERS IN THE REGION OF MURCIA EMPLOYEE PERCEPTION OF ANNUAL PERFORMANCE INTERVIEWS ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN EDUCATION SECTOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENTS IN PORT AREAS, AN APPLICATION TO CARTAGENA PORT EVALUATION OF WHEY PROTEIN REMOVAL FROM STAINLESS STEEL SURFACES IN A CONTINUOUS FLOW DEVICE FEASIBILITY STUDY OF RECLAIMED WATER USE AND DEFICIT IRRIGATION IN CITRUS CROPS. FOREST ROAD-NET AS A RULER OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN A COASTAL Page 6

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MOUNTAINOUS AREA FREE SOFTWARE AND THE ENVIRONMENT: A FITTING RELATION! GENEALOGA NAVAL WIKI: GENERATION AND DISSEMINATION OF KNOWLEDGE SHARED OVER THE INTERNET HOTEL REVIEWS DATABASES. THE CASE OF SPANISH COASTAL HOTELS HYDRODYNAMIC MODELLING FOR COASTAL MONITORING. THE MAR MENOR CASE STUDY IMPLEMENTATION OF A VECTOR CONTROL FOR GRID-CONNECTED RENEWABLE AGENT SYSTEMS INCIDENCE AND IMPACT OF LAW 34/2006, OF ACCESS TO ADVOCACY, IN THE NEW UNIVERSITY ACADEMIC ORGANIZATION IN SPAIN INFLUENCE OF SEX IN THE FLESH QUALITY OF TURBOT (PSETTA MAXIMA). INTERACTIVE EBOOKS: A TEACHING-LEARNING OPPORTUNITY FOR CLASSROOMS AND STUDENTS. INTERNACIONALIZATION OF HIGHER EDUCATION: BRIDGING THE NORTH AND SOUTH OF MEDITERRANEAN LE VOILE ISLAMIQUE DANS LESPACE EUROPEN UNE FAUSSE QUESTION MECHANISATION AND HUMAN INTERVENTION IN TRANSLATION: EVALUATION OF A MACHINE TRANSLATION OF AN ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENT OF THE A.U.TH. MEDICAL WASTES: A GLOBAL PROBLEM AND THE CURRENT LEGAL FRAMEWORK IN GREECE MEDIUM SIZED PORTS AND CITIES IN EUROMED REGION A PROPOSAL FOR THE FUTURE RESEARCH MICROWAVES AS ENERGY SOURCE IN ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL AND MEDICAL APPLICATIONS MUSSELS AS BIOMONITORS TO ASSESS ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION ONLINE TOOLS IN THE HOSPITAL CLASSROOMS OF THE REGION OF MURCIA OPTIMAL OPERATION OF A WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT USING METAHEURISTICS: A DYNAMIC MULTIBOJECTIVE APPROACH OPUNTIA BIOMASS AS BIOSORBENT: CHEMICAL CARACTERIZATION PREDICTORS OF RISK OF LEARNING DISABILITIES PRELIMINARY ISOTOPIC AND CHEMICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE KORONIA LAKE CATCHMENT PROJECT TASKS AND CONNECTING ISSBS WITH FIRMS ISSBS PROMOTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP AS A SOLUTION FOR CRISIS PROSOPON IN THE CONTEMPORARY ART PUBLIC OPINION AND ENVIRONMENT: INFLUENCE OF MEDIA IN PUBLIC OPINION OF SOCIAL PARTNERS IN THE CITY OF GRANADA PUBLIC POLICIES AND TERRITORIAL RESEARCH IN EUROMED NEXT PERSPECTIVES RETINOIC ACID-INDUCED TREACHER COLLINS SEQUENCE WITH TOOTH GERM ABNORMALITIES. EXPERIMENTAL STUDY IN RAT EMBRYOS. RISK SOCIETY AND THE PRESERVATION OF WILD NATURE. THE CASE OF THE GROUP ACTION FOR THE WILD LIFE SEQUENTIAL PATTERNS DISCOVERY IN AMBIENT INTELLIGENCE SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF SOCIAL COMPETENCE IN URBAN GROUPS SOCIAL DEMAND FOR RESTORING MEDITERRANEAN COASTAL LAGOONS SOME CONSIDERATIONS ABOUT THE RD 99/2011, WHICH REGULATES THE PHD PROGRAMS IN SPAIN STUDY OF ELECTRICAL PHENOMENA IN ORGANIC DEVICES: SOLAR CELLS, DIODES, THIN FILM TRANSISTORS THE ARAB SPRING AND THE MEDITERRANEAN COMMON FUTURE, LEARNING FROM PAST 294 295 305 311 321 330 335 343 352 367 375 381 385 395 406 415 424 432 441 449 462 470 477 484 490 498 509 519 527 534 542 548 553

SOUTHERN EUROPEAN DEMOCRATIC TRANSITIONS? THE ARK ON THE WATERS OF THE THRONE THE AUTORITARIAN ENFORCEMENT OF EU ENVIRONMENTAL LAW BY THE EU ORGANS THE CONTAMINATION OF THE BAY OF PORTMAN. PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE THE EVOLUTION OF BREASTFEEDING IN SOUTHERN SPAIN THE FORGOTTEN CRYSTALS: RECOVERY OF MEMORY AS PROUSTIAN THEORY THE IMPORTANCE OF COMPARATIVE LAW RESEARCH IN THE MEDITERRANEAN SPACE THE POLITICAL MORALITY OF GREEK CHILDREN AND THE READING OF PINOCCHIO TRANSLATED INTO GREEK THE PORTUGUESE TILE IN THE RUDMIN ACCULTURATION LEARNING MODEL: A FUSION CASE THE POSSIBILITIES OF RESEARCH THE CASE OF AL-ANDALUS THE PROCESS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF OFFICIAL MASTERS IN SPAIN THE ROLE OF MEDITERRANEAN DIET IN GERIATRIC PHYSICAL THERAPY THE RULE OF THE APPARENT: THE IMPACT OF FRENCH FASHION IN MURCIA (1759-1808) THE TAX SYSTEM OF THE RADIOACTIVE DISCHARGES IN THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA THE UNIVERSITY RESEARCH AND ITS RELEVANCE FOR THE SOCIETY. PROTECTION AND TRANSFER THERMAL INACTIVATION KINETICS OF LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES UNDER NONISOTHERMAL CONDITIONS IN A CONTINUOUS HEATING SYSTEM THREE HOUSES AND A MEDITERRANEAN SEA TI/NI-BASED MULTIMETALLIC SYSTEM FOR THE EFFICIENT ALLYLATION OF CARBONYL COMPOUNDS TOWARDS A GREENER ANALYTICAL LABORATORY: USE OF IONIC LIQUIDS IN DISPERSIVE LIQUID-LIQUID MICROEXTRACTION FOLLOWED BY ELECTROTHERMAL ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY TOWARDS A RELIABLE BCI SYSTEM WITH A LOW COST HEADSET TRANSLATION OF DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS: NORMS IN THE TRANSLATION ACT AND EXAMPLES BY USING TOOLS OF THE QUANTITATIVE LINGUISTICS. TYPOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION FOR THE WINES ARCHITECTURES IN EUROMED COUNTRIES ULYSSES INTRODUCTION AND PRESENCE IN ITALIAN LITERATURE UNE APPROCHE GOPOLITIQUE DE LA QUESTION DE LEAU EN MDITERRANE TRAVERS LES RIVALITS DE POUVOIRS ENTRE LES DIFFRENTES COMMUNAUTS AUTONOMES DESPAGNE. UP-GRADING OF DISCARDED FISH SPECIES IN THE ALBORAN SEA USE OF A COMMERCIAL LIPASE FOR THE BIOCATALYTIC SYNTHESIS OF POLYGLYCEROL POLYRICINOLEATE USING ENERGY BALANCE MODEL TO UNDERSTAND CLIMATE AND ITS PROCESSES VINEYARD AS AN IDENTITY ELEMENT OF MEDITERRANEAN LANDSCAPES NOTES TO A RESEARCH PROJECT WELFARE AND DISEASES OF FARMED FISH WHAT HAPPENED, HAPPENED. WHAT WILL BE, WILL BE? - A PATH-DEPENDENCY ANALYSIS OF DONATED TOURISM PROJECTS IN SOUTH EAST EUROPE WILD ANIMALS COME INTO THE CLASSROOM! AN INTERDISCIPLINARY ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION PROGRAM BY ARCTUROS. 563 569 579 585 593 600 611 618 626 632 637 644 649 654 662 668 680

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Proceedings of the 4th EMUNI Research Souk

2nd WORLD WAR: BRIDGING THE MEMORIES OF TWO PEOPLES Koutrakis Spyridon ([email protected]) Theologian, Graduate of the Italian Department of the Aristotle University, Professor of Italian Language Postgraduate Student B year of studies in Literature and Culture (Italian Department) in Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Bika Styliani ([email protected]) Graduate of the Italian Department of the Aristotle University Master in Language Didactics, Professor of Italian Language Postgraduate Student B year of studies in Literature and Culture (Italian Department) in Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Tsekreli Olga ([email protected]) Graduate of the Department of Philology and Philosophy of the University of Padua, Professor of Italian Language Postgraduate Student B year of studies in Literature and Culture (Italian Department) in Aristotle University of Thessaloniki

ABSTRACT Purpose of this notice constitutes the exploitation development of the registration of the personal experiences of people who have acted in a given time, as well as those who came into direct contact and rescued the testimonies and the memories of all those who had participated and which transmuted to words and to art. Based on the memories of Yannis Mperatis, Stratis Myrivilis, Lillika, Nakou, Giorgio Bassani, Angelos Terzakis, Italo Calvino and Nuto Revelli, but that does not mean that they were the only ones, who have experienced the second world war either by having participate actively - even in the first row of the front - or having remained in the rear, we are approaching art who dealt with the specific historical period (paintings, sculptures, drawings). Those writers used as material for their writings their own life stories and conveyed what experienced, desiring to bequeath to the future generations a precious material. The artists from their side other contemporary with the history event and other later of this - keep the memory alive, bridging the common experiences of the two peoples. All this can be a useful tool in the hands of the teacher in the context of the educational activity both in Greece and in Italy. In addition, we have tried to find the answers to a sequence of questions that have arisen during this specific research: - how intersect the painful personal experiences of two independent and sovereign States

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how these concrete experiences can serve as useful tools in education at all levels how the use of those experiences is converted to image and emotion through art, in order to bridge the memories of two peoples. Moving towards such a direction, therefore, we are also introducing the interdisciplinary function of this educational activity, which involves the sciences of History, Art, Political Sciences and of course Philology.

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Keyword: interdisciplinarity, teaching, art, literature, 2nd World War

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The 2nd World War and especially the Greek-Italian conflict of 1940 - 1941 was a tragic experience in the history of the two peoples through the centuries. The official history has been assigned to register what actually happened at the time, helping thereby to create a national consciousness of each nation. However, the preservation of the memory of those events, undertake (history apart) literature and art which reflect in a subjective way the events due to the influence of the personal perceptions, the experiences and the believes that every creator carries inside of existence, but also because of the conditions laid down by those who assign projects in the case of visual arts. Moreover, as George Freris mentions 1, history consists a cell of literature, which enriches with a number of items and situations, while the literature on its behalf, contributes to the recognition of history in the collective consciousness. This interaction, coupled with works of art, will cross-check the painful experiences of two peoples, Greeks and Italians in our case. The writers Yannis Mperatis, Stratis Myrivilis, Lillika, Nakou, Giorgio Bassani, Angelos Terzakis, Italo Calvino and Nuto Revelli, wanted to communicate their messages through the narration of the personal experiences of both war events lived, and everyday life. Each author within the narrative organization of its speech, presents a series of events, plots, actions and reactions in order to reach the desired result. Speaks differently but essential. Talks about war operations and military events. Shows the details, the facts of life, the various episodes that have experienced those left behind the lines. This way the atmosphere of the era gets encourage in an excellent way, laying down many of the human aspects of the drama, developing advanced interpretations and simulated live performances and events. So the reader is "obliged" to reflect critically on the same historical event through political ideologies, interests, concerns and responsibilities, if desires to stay in constant spiritual awareness through those experiences of his. The authors with their work confirm that the literature is part of social chain which compacts the society. The literary language has the potential to cause reactions, likes and dislikes, to criticize the social evolution, to give cause for thought, to question or even to be incorporated into the system willing to change it, to fight it, to fix it or improve it. According to Italo Calvino 2:

[] , (. ) , , , ,

Freris G. 2003. . In Dia-Keimena, Annual Edition of the Laboratory of Comparative Litterary History of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. 5. Thessaloniki.2

1

Calvino I. 2005. . Athens: Kastaniotis, p.34.

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and also Lillika Nakou 3:

, .

, ! , , , ; , , , . ,

while Terzakis exclaims 4:

the time during which the Revelli 5 admits that: Sanno [the alpinists] che dalla guerra hanno tutto da perdere e nulla da guadagnare. And arrives Myrivilis 6 to show what a waste with an image: , . , [] [] ,

History is the narration of acts of people and not of demigods and in order to provide beneficial lessons must be telling the truth with all its imperfections and meannesses man possess and reflect on his works 7. Through the reflection of remembrance that is left from these people (calendars, memoirs, official files etc.) but also with the advantage offered by time distance, nowadays we have the opportunity, recreating the era through the pages of literary books, to pass by the shame of defeat standing with courage and honesty in front of all those who have fulfilled their duty and from both sides. Art expresses ideas and emotions, giving the opportunity for people to converse with each other, to express the various aspects of their culture, to come closer and to bridge gaps 8. In our case, a series of works of art in Greece as well as in Italy perform the triple purpose of preserving the memory of the event, rendering honors to the fallen and acting in a disincentive way for the future being harsher in the value of peace. Such works of art are:

Nakou L. 2006. . Athens: Hestia, p. 47. Terzakis A. 19--?. , . Athens: Hestia, p. 92. 5 Revelli N. 2005. Le due guerre, Guerra fascista e guerra partigiana. Torino: Einaudi, p. 71. 6 Mirivilis S. 1959. To : . Athens: Hestia, p. 142. 7 Tservi . 1967. . Athens: Alvin Redman Hellas, p. 10. 8 Papanoutsos E. 2003. . Athens: Noisi, pp. 21-22.3 4

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The monument for the fallen of 2nd World War in S. Angelo di Gatteo. The monument is intended to be a hymn to life, while underlining how fragile the authoritarian regimes are. Those concepts exactly capture the sculptural form, by the pigeons flying in the sky, while the whole upward movement refers directly to the liberation of Italy. It exalts life and celebrates

for the freedom gaine(Monumento ai Caduti Civili della Seconda Guerra Mondiale, S. Angelo di Gatteo (FC) Italy, 2005, Studio Manzi e Zanotti Designers)

Particular reference should be made to the Monument of the fallen Italians, which has not been set up on the Italian territory, but on the Greek island of Kefalonia in order to honor the thousands of Italians who fell from the Germans after refusing to lay down theirarms. The monument is a tribute to those who did not want to surrender and were sacrificed in one of the worst wars and especially during one of the most inhuman battles that took place on the island.

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While most of the monuments venerate the memory of those soldiers sacrificed in the battlefields for the defense of the homeland, similar treatment is reserved for everyday heroes as witnesses the work of Kostas Dompoulas under commission of Ipirotiki Hestia. The artwork is titled Ipeirotissa and can be admired close to the White Tower of Thessalonki, Greece.

Kostas Dompoulas (Ipeirotissa, 2,20m, bronze, 1983 Thessaloniki, Greece)

Respectively by Roberto Russo the work titled Resistenza

(La Resistenza, acrilic and string on canvas, Palazzo del Quirinale, Rome, Italy)

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and by Arturo Maggio with his La seconda Guerra mondiale uphold the memory of that period for the Italian side.

(La seconda Guerra mondiale, tempera on canvas, Palazzo del Quirinale, Rome, Italy)

From the Greek side, the work of sculptor Lazarus Lameras dominates the battlefield in Kalpaki, where stands the statue in honor to hero soldier, or the unknown soldier.

(Hero soldier or Uknown soldier, 5,5m, bronze, 1966, Kalpaki Greece)

The painter Alexandros Alexandrakis with his Aera wanted to immortalize on a portray the Greek soldiers to advance on the Albanian mountains. Due to a frontal attack scene, one of

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the most representative of the painter, and to the excellent organization of synthesis, is achieved the perfect impression of the epic spirit which dominated on the Albanian front.

(Aera, oil on canvas, 1.10x1,50cm, 1967, private collection)

The contribution of all of the above is not disputed in everyday life, but equally important is the role they play in the educational activity. The modern school needs to have as a base the full development of the personality of the young man, therefore not only aims at the acquisition of knowledge and information which will become its qualifications to find a profession but also will cultivate him in an emotional and humanistic way leading him to acquire aesthetic experience. The combination of these will help the student to become aware of itself and be integrated smoothly in a multicultural and ever-changing society 9. The education based on knowledge is well-grounded. The course of memory in historical events, either individually or collectively it takes place always affects the creation of the necessary national maturity 10 and maintains images, activates emotions, forms consciences. Rises the interest and helps in the sensitization of the pupil who is viewer reader simultaneously. This way a young person is being created cultivated mentally and morally who acquires the skills to become an active citizen who will participate consciously in the public affairs and will criticize and in the meantime will be able to communicate in different cultural environments, to formulate and to exchange views, thus promoting the dialogue and the development of civilization. In accordance with what Howard Gardner 11 writes in his book Art Education and Human Development and what the Syllabus 12 for the teaching of literature in Greece defines, we can understand that through the reading of a literary text and the observation of the work of art:

Papanoutsos E. 2003. . Athens: Noisi, p.14. allerghis . . 1990. . In Diadromes 18: 87-88. 11 Gardner . 1990. Art Education and Human Development. California: The Getty Institute for the Arts. Los Angeles.9 10

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universal values are being expressed and the people realize who they really are,

a mental and emotional experience, sometimes painful, is offered, that will lead to a correct interpretation of the facts, the representation of reality filtered by the author or the artist is being accomplished presenting the ideas, the values and the beliefs of the period to which they relate, our perceptions and ideas about the world and life are being aroused.

With the exploitation of works of art during tuition, is carried out a global approach to humanitarian and social content courses such as history, social and political education, religious 13. Fiction writers, artists and historians, in its own way, contribute to the not abatement of the memory for everything lived themselves and thousands of people in both Nations. Because it is meaningful that the memories of that era revive and survive so that people not to forget but continue to live, work and create in assimilating what is foreign.

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http://www.pi-schools.gr/download/programs/depps/4deppsaps_Logotexnias_Gymnasiou.pdf Voros F. 1995. . In Ta Ekpedeytika 37 : 193-21.

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REFERENCE LIST Calvino I. 2005. . Athens: Kastaniotis. Freris G. 2003. . In Dia-Keimena, Annual Edition of the Laboratory of Comparative Litterary History of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. 5. Thessaloniki. Gardner . 1990. Art Education and Human Development. California: The Getty Institute for the Arts. Los Angeles. allerghis . . 1990. . In Diadromes 18: 87-88. Mirivilis S. 1959. To : . Athens: Hestia. Nakou L. 2006. . Athens: Hestia. Papanoutsos E. 2003. . Athens: Noisi. Revelli N. 2005. Le due guerre, Guerra fascista e guerra partigiana. Torino: Einaudi. Rigopoulos G. 1989. ;. In Ikastiki pedia 6: 34-40. Terzakis A. 19--?. , . Athens: Hestia. Tservi . 1967. . Athens: Alvin Redman Hellas. Voros F. 1995. . In Ta Ekpedeytika 37 : 193-21.

Sites (date of access 5/4/2012)

http://www.pi-schools.gr/download/programs/depps/4deppsaps_Logotexnias_Gymnasiou.pdf http://www.phorum.gr/viewtopic.php?f=45&t=123868&start=20http://www.phorum.gr/viewt opic.php?f=45&t=123868&start=20

http://prasinosmperes.gr/gr/content/&tid=117 http://www.quirinale.it/qrnw/statico/artecultura/mostre/2011_SantEgidio/immaginihtm/3_big.htm http://www.quirinale.it/qrnw/statico/artecultura/mostre/2011_SantEgidio/immaginihtm/5_big.htm

http://www.nhmuseum.gr/details2.php?lang=1&wh=1&the1id=1&the2id=7&the3id=23&thei d=28&open1=1&open2=7&open3=23&thepid=327&page=2

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A COMPARISON OF LIQUID-LIQUID MICROEXTRACTION METHODS BASED ON DISPERSIVE, ULTRASOUND-ASSISTED EMULSIFICATION AND SINGLEDROP COUPLED TO LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY FOR DETERMINATION OF BENFOTHIAMINE Mara Bravo-Bravo, Pilar Vias, Ignacio Lpez-Garca and Manuel Hernndez-Crdoba Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Spain [email protected]

ABSTRACT A comparison was carried out using three procedures based on Liquid-Liquid Microextraction (LPME) for determination of benfothiamine (BT), Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction (DLLME), Ultrasound Assisted Emulsification Microextraction (USAEME) and Directly Suspended Drop Microextraction (DSDME). Best results were obtained by using DLLME coupled to liquid chromatography (LC) with fluorimetric detection. The sample was submitted to an enzymatic hydrolysis step using alkaline phosphatase. Then, a derivatization by chemical oxidation with ferricyanide at pH 13 to form fluorescent thiochrome was carried out. For DLLME, 0.5 mL of acetonitrile containing 90 L of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane was rapidly injected into 10 mL of a sample solution containing 24% sodium chloride. Phase separation was carried out by centrifugation, and the sedimented phase was submitted to LC. The mobile phase was 90% 10 mM KH2PO4 (pH 7) solution and 10% acetonitrile at 1 mL min-1. The calibration graph was obtained using aqueous standards. The main advantage of the method is that, while direct injection of thiochrome cannot be carried out due to the high alkalinity of the extract, the use of DLLME permits a lower detection limit and provides a non-corrosive extract of BT. Keywords: Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, Liquid chromatography, Fluorescence detection, Benfothiamine, Nutraceuticals

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1. INTRODUCTION Benfothiamine (BT) or S-benzoylthiamine O-monophosphate is a synthetic derivative of thiamine (vitamin B1) which, after absorption, may be dephosphorylated by cells in an enzymatic process, giving liposoluble BT. Its absorption and biodisponibility are higher (5-25 fold) than those of vitamin B1 and it is used as palliative for thiamine nutritional deficiencies (Gilman et al. 1990) and to inhibit the formation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGE), important for diabetics (Balakumar et al. 2010). The last advances on nutrition science are introducing new terms such as nutraceuticals and nutricosmetics. These products use natural ingredients, usually extracted from plants or fruits, minerals and vitamins. Liquid chromatography (LC) is a powerful analytical technique that can be used as a confirmation method or screening test for drugs, excipients, additives and contaminants from the raw material, pharmaceuticals or nutraceuticals to ensure quality and safety (Velagaleti et al. 2003). The sample preparation is a complex analytical step and the future is linked to the research and development of new analytical methods. Liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) includes several miniaturized techniques based on the extraction of the analytes into a liquid phase (Nern et al. 2009). Dispersive liquidliquid microextraction (DLLME), which is based on the use of a ternary solvent system, saves time and decreases the use of organic solvents, favouring its inclusion in the list of clean procedures (Cruz-Vera et al. 2011, Rezaee et al. 2006, 2010). Benfothiamine has mainly been determined using pharmacological methods (Balakumar et al. 2008, Snchez-Ramrez et al. 2006), and very few analytical techniques have been proposed using LC (Hoshino et al. 1984, Poongothai et al. 2010, Salem 2010). As regards to the new green sample preparation techniques, DLLME has only been applied for the determination of thiamine and its esters in different types of food (Vias et al. in press). However, no reference has been found to the coupling of LC and DLLME for BT determination. Consequently, this contribution represents the first study of BT using green chemistry principles to develop a miniaturized sample treatment procedure based on DLLME coupled to reversed-phase LC. A comparison with other LPME methods as USAEME and SDME was also carried out. Detection was performed using an enzymatic hydrolysis step followed by precolumn fluorescence derivatization involving oxidation to the highly fluorescent thiochrome. 2. ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE Samples were first submitted to an enzymatic hydrolysis step. Amounts of 0.02-0.5 g were weighed, diluted to 100-mL in a volumetric flask and filtered using a PVDF 0.45 m filter. An aliquot of 100 L was introduced into an amber 15-mL screw cap glass tube and 1 mL of

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10 mM KH2PO4 buffer solution (pH 7), 25 units of ALKP and 3 mL of pure water were added. The sample was incubated in a block with magnetic stirring at 55 C for 2 h in the absence of light. Then, the sample was cooled and transferred to a 10-mL volumetric flask. For DLLME, the 10 mL aliquot submitted to enzymatic hydrolysis was placed in a 15-mL screw cap glass tube with conical bottom. Volumes of 2 mL of a 2 M sodium hydroxide solution and 50 L of 0.01 M potassium ferricyanide were added for derivatization and the mixture was vortex shaken. Sodium chloride was added to reach a 24% m/v concentration. Then, 0.5 mL of acetonitrile containing 90 L of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane was rapidly injected into the sample solution using a micropipette, and the mixture was again gently shaken manually for several seconds. A cloudy solution consisting of very fine droplets of tetrachloroethane dispersed through the sample solution was formed, and the derivatized thiochrome was extracted in the fine droplets. After centrifugation for 1 min at 4000 rpm, the extraction solvent was sedimented at the bottom of the conical tube (the volume was about 40 L). Twenty microlitres of the sedimented phase were removed with a microsyringe and injected into the LC using as mobile phase a 90/10 (v/v) mixture of 10 mM KH2PO4 (pH 7)/acetonitrile at a flow-rate of 1 mL min-1. The analytical column used for the reversed-phase technique was a Discovery RP-AmideC16 (15 cm x 0.46 cm x 5 m). The fluorescence detector operated at an excitation wavelength of 375 nm and an emission wavelength of 438 nm. 3. OPTIMIZATION OF THE METHOD For the determination of BT, a prior enzymatic hydrolysis step was necessary to achieve dephosphorylation using alkaline phosphatase (ALKP). The parameters influencing the hydrolysis, namely pH, enzyme and substrate concentration, and both the temperature and time of the incubation step, were optimized (Fig. 1). Optimal values were pH 7, enzyme concentration 25 units, substrate concentration 1 g mL-1, incubation temperature 55 C and incubation time 2 h. [Include Figure 1] The oxidation to thiochrome is a very efficient, simple and fast derivatization reaction that produces a highly fluorescent derivative. An alkaline medium is needed for the reaction, and the optimal conditions were pH 13 (obtained by adding 2 mL of 2 M NaOH solution) and oxidant concentration 5x10-4 M. Separation using an amide-based stationary phase with trimethylsilyl endcapping was used. The optimal composition of the mobile phase was studied using several phosphate buffers at pH values ranging from 4 to 8 and phosphate concentrations in the 10-50 mM range. The addition of acetonitrile was assayed in an attempt to decrease the retention of thiochrome. The

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best separation was achieved using a mixture (90% v/v) of 10 mM KH2PO4 buffer solution (pH 7) and 10% v/v acetonitrile. The flow-rate was 1 mL min-1. The parameters affecting the DLLME procedure, namely the type and volume of both the extraction and disperser solvents, the addition of salt and the centrifugation time, were optimized. 10 mL of an aqueous solution or a sample containing 100 ng mL-1 BT and the derivatizing reagents were submitted to DLLME. In this way, a 10 mL sample volume was concentrated into a 40 L fraction, which implied a preconcentration factor close to 250. The extraction solvent must have a higher density than water, low solubility in the same, a high extraction capacity and good chromatographic behaviour. Thus, the halogenated hydrocarbons were selected and Fig. 2A shows that the best extraction efficiency was obtained using 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane. The disperser solvent must be miscible with both the extraction solvent and the aqueous phase. Acetone, methanol and acetonitrile were assayed and the extraction efficiency was higher when using acetonitrile (Fig. 2B). The volume of the extractant solvent strongly affects the preconcentration factor and was studied in the 40 to 120 L range. Peak areas increased with increasing extraction solvent volumes in the range 40-90 L. On further increasing the volume of extraction solvent, peak areas decreased as a consequence of dilution, and so 90 L was selected (the volume of the sedimented phase was 40 10 L after extraction and centrifugation). The volume of the disperser solvent directly influences the formation of the cloudy solution, the degree of dispersion of the extraction solvent in the aqueous phase and, consequently, the extraction efficiency. The variation of this volume modifies the volume of the sedimented phase. Thus, the volumes assayed for the disperser solvent were 0.25-2 mL. Highest sensitivity was attained with 0.5 mL of acetonitrile. The effect of the amount of sodium chloride was studied between 0 and 24% m/v and sensitivity was higher for a 24% m/v concentration. The centrifugation time and speed, necessary to disrupt the cloudy solution and collect the sedimented phase were evaluated. A centrifugation time of 1 min and a speed of 4000 rpm were selected. [Include Figure 2] 4. ANALYTICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND VALIDATION The method was validated for linearity, detection and quantification limits, selectivity, accuracy and precision. The calibration curve using DLLME was obtained by least-squares linear regression analysis of the peak area versus benfothiamine concentration, using six levels in duplicate. The calibration parameters were ordinate 1.240.048, slope 0.2870.003 mL ng-1 and correlation coefficient 0.9998. The limit of detection (LOD, calculated as three times the standard error of the estimate) was 0.8 ng mL-1. The selectivity of the method was judged from the absence of interfering peaks at the BT elution time for blank chromatograms. No matrix compounds existed that might give a false positive signal in the blank samples. The

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repeatability was calculated by using the relative standard deviation from a series of ten consecutive DLLME-LC analyses of an aqueous standard solution containing 10 ng mL-1 BT. A RSD value of 2.8 % was obtained. The matrix effect was studied by comparing the slopes of aqueous standards and standard additions calibration graphs for the different nutraceuticals, obtained by plotting concentration (at six different levels) against peak area and following linear regression analysis. A statistical paired t-test was carried out, and the p values obtained were in all cases higher than 0.05. Consequently, the matrix effect was discarded and calibration can be carried out using aqueous standards. The proposed method was applied to the determination of BT in three nutraceuticals of different characteristics. Table 1 shows the results obtained by the DLLME-LC procedure, as well as the contents declared by the manufacturer. To test the accuracy of the method, the nutraceuticals were fortified and analyzed, taking into account the known BT contents for these samples. An average recovery SD (n=9) of 96 8 was obtained. [Include Table 1] 5. CONCLUSIONS The determination of benfothiame in nutraceuticals can be carried out using a miniaturized preconcentration procedure based on DLLME coupled to LC with fluorescence detection. Very low quantities of organic solvent were needed, and so the procedure can be regarded as environmentally friendly. Furthermore, it avoids the inconvenience of the direct injection of thiochrome, which cannot be carried out due to the high alkalinity of the extract. The absence of a matrix effect allows calibration using aqueous standards, and low detection limits were obtained.

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REFERENCES Balakumar, P., Sharma, R. and Singh, M. 2008. Pharm. Res. 58: 356. Balakumar, P., Rohilla, A., Krishan, P., Solairaj, P. and Thangathirupathi, A. 2010. Pharmacol. Res. 61: 482. Cruz-Vera, M., Lucena, R., Crdenas S. and Valcrcel, M. 2011. Anal. Methods. 3: 1719. Gilman, A.G., Rall, T.W., Nies, A.S. and Taylor, P. 1990. Goodman and Gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics, 8th ed., Pergamon Press, New York, USA. Hoshino, T., Senda, M., Hondo, T., Saito M. and Tohei, S. 1984. J. Chromatogr. A. 316: 473. Nern, C., Salafranca, J., Aznar M. and Batlle, R. 2009. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 393: 809. Poongothai, S.,Ilavarasan R. and Karrunakaran, C.M. 2010. lnt. J. Pharm. Pharmaceut. Sci. 2: 133. Rezaee, M., Assadi, Y., Milani Hosseini, M.R., Aghaee, E., Ahmadi F. and Berijani, S. 2006. J. Chromatogr. A. 1116: 1. Rezaee, M., Yamini, Y. and Faraji, M. 2010. J. Chromatogr. A. 1217: 2342. Salem, H. 2010. Chromatographia. 72: 327. Snchez-Ramrez, G., Caram-Salas, N., Rocha-Gonzlez, H., Vidal-Cantu, G., MedinaSantillan, R., Reyes-Garca G. and Granados-Soto, V. 2006. Eur. J. Pharm. 530: 48. Velagaleti, R., Burns, P. and Gill, M. 2003. Drug Inform. J. 37: 407. Vias, P., Lpez-Garca, I., Bravo-Bravo M. and. Hernndez-Crdoba, M. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. In press.

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TABLE Table 1 Benfothiamine content in nutraceuticals Samplea BT foundb, mg/capsule Terraternal BT 189 12 Smart BT 80.1 0.2 Rehab BT 12.5 0.5b a

BT declared, mg/capsule 200 80 12.5

Mean standard deviation, n=3 Nutraceuticals contained among others: vitamin C, aminoacids, curcumine, pomegranate extract, ginger root, rice flour, cellulose, magnesium stearate, silicon dioxide

FIGURES

Fig. 1. Influence of the enzyme concentration (A) and the incubation time (B) on the enzymatic hydrolysis step. Concentration of BT, 100 ng mL-1

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Fig. 2. Influence of different extraction solvents (A) and disperser solvents (B) on the determination of BT by DLLME. Concentration of BT, 100 ng mL-1

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A GREEN PRECONCENTRATION TECHNIQUE PREVIOUS TO LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY FOR NEONICOTINOID INSECTICIDES QUANTIFICATION IN WATER SAMPLES Gema Frez Melgarejo, Natalia Campillo, Pilar Vias and Manuel HernndezCrdoba* Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, E-30071 Murcia, Spain e-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT This paper proposes a liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) technique for the determination of five neonicotinoid insecticides (thiamethoxam, clothianidin, imidacloprid, acetamiprid and thiacloprid) in waters of different procedence. DLLME was performed by adding a mixture containing 100 L of chloroform (as extraction solvent) and 1.5 mL of acetonitrile to 10 mL of the sample, to which 1 g of sodium chloride was added except in the case of seawaters, forming a cloudy solution. The settled phase obtained after centrifugation of the mixture was evaporated to dryness and reconstituted in 50 L of acetonitrile, an aliquot of 20 L being submitted to reversed-phase liquid chromatography (LC) with photodiode array detection (DAD). Because the salt content in the aqueous phase affected the extraction efficiency for DLLME, seawater samples were quantified against external aqueous standards prepared in the presence of 3.5% m/v NaCl, whereas for the rest of water samples a 1.0% m/v salt was used. Detection limits in the range 14 - 48 ng L-1, depending on the sample analysed and the compound, were obtained. None of the samples analysed was found to contain residues at concentrations higher than the corresponding detection limits for each insecticide. This simple, accurate, sensitive and selective method can be used in the determination of trace levels of the five insecticides studied in water samples. Keywords: Neonicotinoid; Insecticides; Water; Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME); Liquid chromatography (LC).

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1 INTRODUCTION Neonicotinoids are a group of insecticides with a wide range of chemical and biological properties, consequently they are used throughout the world for crop protection and in veterinary medicine (Maienfisch et al. 2001). These compounds act as agonists at the insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, leading to insect paralysis and death. The broad spectrum insecticidal activity, low application rates, mode of action and low toxicity for vertebrates, means that they account for about 15-20% the world insecticide market, imidacloprid being the most sold insecticide (Xu et al. 2006). Nevertheless, the results obtained in recent toxicological studies have suggested thiamethoxam and imidacloprid may have negative effects on human health (Green et al. 2005; Duzguner and Erdogan 2010). When a pesticide is sprayed over crop fields, directly applied to soil or released to the environment, it can reach the water by runoff or leaching through the soil. The concentration levels of pesticide residues in drinking water are obviously of public concern. The European Union Directive on water quality establishes the maximum concentration admissible for pesticides in 0.1 g L-1 for each individual substance and 0.5 g L-1 for the sum of pesticides, including their metabolites (Council Directive 1998). Liquid chromatography (LC) is the method of choice for neonicotinoid analysis because direct GC analysis is not suitable considering the thermolability and polarity of these chemicals. Although several methods have been published for the determination of neonicotinoids in different matrices, few of them are dealing with waters (Ying and Kookana 2004; Seccia et al. 2005; Zhou et al 2006; Starner and Goh 2012; Wang et al 2012). Sample enrichment techniques have to be included in the whole procedure in order to reach the low detection limits required for the analysis of waters. In this sense, solid-phase extraction (SPE) has been the most used technique (Ying and Kookana 2004; Seccia et al. 2005; Zhou et al. 2006; Starner and Goh 2012). Immunoassays have also proven as alternative methods for the determination of neonicotinoids in water samples (Li and Li 2000; Kim et al. 2003; Kim et al. 2006). Environmentally friendly sample preparation techniques have replaced classical methods, because extraction can be performed rapid and directly, without organic solvent, and even can be easily automated. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) has been successfully applied for the extraction and preconcentration of different organic compounds in aqueous samples (Rezaee et al. 2006; Zgoa-Grzekowiak and Grzekowiak 2011) but, as far as we know, it has not been applied for the determination of neonicotinoid insecticides in water samples, corresponding to the aim of the present work using LC with diode-array detection (DAD). 2 SAMPLES AND ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE Eight seawater samples were obtained from several harbours and beaches of southeast of Spain. Five river water samples, three tap water and three mineral water samples were

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analysed. For DLLME, 10 mL of sample were placed in a 15 mL screw cap glass centrifuge tube with conical bottom where 1 g of NaCl has been previously weighted. No salt was added to seawater samples. A mixture containing 100 L CHCl3 and 1.5 mL acetonitrile was rapidly injected into the aqueous solution using a syringe, forming a cloudy solution. After extracting for few seconds, the mixture was centrifuged for 2 min at 4000 rpm and the organic droplets were sedimented at the bottom of the conical tube, being transferred to a 2-ml vial by means of a 100-L syringe and then evaporated to dryness with a mild nitrogen stream. The residue was dissolved in 50 L of ACN and 20 L was injected in the LC-DAD system, where the analytes were separated on a Spherisorb ODS2 column (150 mm x 4 mm, 5 m). The mobile phase consisted on a gradient programme: 8 min isocratic elution with 10:90 ACN:phosphate buffer, 7 min linear gradient to 25:75, maintained for 7 min. The mobile phase flow-rate was 1 mL min-1. The retention times of the insecticides are included in Table 1, as well as the absorption wavelengths used to monitorize each compound. [Table 1 here] 3 OPTIMIZATION OF THE DLLME Preliminary experiments were carried out in order to optimize the DLLME procedure using 10 mL of an aqueous standard solution containing the analytes at 50 ng mL-1. When extraction solvents of higher density than water were assayed, they accumulated rapidly at the bottom of the conical tube and were ease to collect. CCl4, CHCl3, CH2Cl2 and C2H2Cl4 were considered as extractants. Best recoveries were obtained with CHCl3 using 1.5 mL of ACN as disperser. In order to study the effect of the extraction solvent volume, 1.5 mL ACN containing different volumes of CHCl3 (50 - 200 L) were submitted to the DLLME procedure, while other experimental conditions were kept constant. By increasing the volume, sensitivity of all analytes increased up to 100 L and then remained constant or slightly decreased as consequence of a dilution effect. Consequently, 100 L were used. The influence of ionic strength was evaluated at 0-30% (m/v) NaCl concentrations in the aqueous phase. Concentrations higher than 20% (m/v) could not be used because the organic phase did not settle. A slight increase of sensitivity was observed for thiametoxan, clothianidin and imidachloprid when NaCl concentration increased up to 20% (m/v), the contrary effect was attained for acetamiprid and thiacloprid. Therefore, a 10% (m/v) was selected as a compromise value. To evaluate the influence of the pH in the aqueous phase, pH was adjusted to values ranging between 3 and 8 with a 0.01 M phosphate buffer solution. The volume of the sedimented organic solvent did not vary and no significant differences in the analytical signal were appreciated for the target analytes. Consequently, samples were analyzed without pH adjustment.

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Mixture of extractant, disperser and the aqueous phase were manually shaken for different times between a few seconds and 5 min, before submitting the mixture to centrifugation for 5 min at 4000 rpm. Similar peak areas were obtained in all cases, indicating that the DLLME procedure was practically time-independent, this being one of the most important advantages of the technique. Neither the volume of the sedimented phase nor sensitivity for the analytes changed when samples were centrifuged for different times in the interval 1-10 min at 4000 rpm, or at different centrifugation speed ranging from 2000 to 6000 rpm for 2 min. The centrifugation conditions adopted were 4000 rpm and 2 min. 4 ANALYTICAL CHARACTERISTICS The linear concentration ranges were 0.2-100 ng mL-1 for acetamiprid and thiacloprid and 0.5100 ng mL-1 for the rest of compounds. Seawaters were quantified against aqueous external standards prepared with a 3.5% m/v NaCl concentration, whereas the quantification of the rest of samples was carried out against aqueous external standards containing 1% m/v salt. Table 2 shows the slopes and intercepts obtained for aqueous calibration graphs using standards with 1% (m/v) salt. Correlation coefficients were in all cases higher than 0.996. The detection limits were calculated on the basis of three times the standard deviation of the intercept of the calibration graphs (Table 2). The quantification limits, calculated on the basis of ten times the standard deviation of the intercept of the calibration graphs, ranged between of 80 and 160 ng L-1, depending on the compound, for seawater samples and between of 50 and 115 ng L-1, for the rest of water samples analyzed. The repeatability was calculated using the relative standard deviation of the peak areas for ten successive analysis of a river water and a seawater fortified at a concentration level of 10 times the quantification limit of each compound (Table 2). [Table 2 here] 5 ANALYSIS OF THE SAMPLES AND METHOD VALIDATION None of the samples analysed contained the neonicotinoid insecticides at least above the corresponding detection limits. Therefore, the samples analysed accomplished with the EU Directive on water quality. The reliability of the procedure was checked by recovery studies for two seawaters, two river waters and one tap water spiked at two concentration levels, corresponding to 10 and 25 times the corresponding quantification limits, and analysed by duplicate. An average recovery S.D. (n=100) of 98.2 4.7 was obtained. 6 CONCLUSION An accurate and reliable method for the determination of five neonicotinoid insecticides in waters based on DLLME-LC-DAD has been developed. The proposed method has many practical advantages, including low sample consumption (10 mL), rapidity considering that

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the extraction by DLLME is instantaneous, and the simplicity of the equipment used. Moreover, the use of a microextraction technique catalogued as environmentally friendly, is of a great interest considering the importance of the green analytical chemistry as actual tendency for sample treatment.

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REFERENCE LIST Council Directive 98/83/EC of 3 November 1998 on the quality of water intended for human consumption. Duzguner, V., and Erdogan, S. 2010. Accute oxidant and inflammatory effects of imidacloprid in the mammalian central nervous system and liver in rats. Pest. Biochem. Physiol. 97:13-18. Green, T., Toghill, A., Lee, R., Waechter, F., Weber, E., Peffer, R. Noakes, J., and Robinson, M. 2005. Thiametoxam induced mouse liver tumors and their relevance to humans. Part 2: Species differences in responses. Toxicol. Sci. 86:48-55. Kim, H.J., Liu, S.Z., Keum, Y.S. and Li, Q.X. 2003 Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the insecticide thiamethoxam. J. Agric. Food Chem. 51: 1823-1830. Kim, H.J., Shelver, W.L., Hwang, E.C., Xu, T., and Li, Q.X. 2006. Automated flow fluorescent immunoassay for part per trillion detection of the neonicotinoid insecticide thiamethoxam. Anal. Chim. Acta 571: 66-73. Li, K., and Li, Q.X. 2000. Development of an. enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the insecticide imidacloprid. J. Agric. Food Chem. 48: 3378-3382. Maienfisch, P., Huerlimann, H., Rindlisbacher, A., Gsell, L., Dettwiler, H., Haettenschwiler, J., Sieger, E., and Walti, M. 2001. The discovery of thiamethoxam: a secondgeneration neonicotinoid. Pest Manag. Sci. 57:165-176. Rezaee, M., Assadi, Y., Hosseini, M.R.M., Aghaee, E., Ahmadi, F., and Berijani, S. 2006. Determination of organic compounds in water using dispersive liquidliquid microextraction. J. Chromatogr. A 1116:1-9. Seccia, S., Fidente, P., Attard Barbini, D., and Morrica, P. 2005. Multiresidue determination of nicotinoid insecticide residue in drinking water by liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Anal. Chim. Acta 553:21-26. Wang, W.N., Li, Y.P., Wu, Q.H., Wang, C., Zang, X.H., and Wang, Z. 2012. Extraction of neonicotinoid insecticides from environmental water samples with magnetic grapheme nanoparticles as adsorbent followed by determination with HPLC. Anal. Meth. 4:766772. Xu, T., Jacobsen, C.M., Cho, I.K., Hara A.H., and Li, Q.X. 2006. Application of an Enzymelinked Immunosorbent Assay for the Analysis of Imidacloprid in Wiliwili Tree, Erythrina sandwicensis O. Deg, for Control of the Wasp Quadrastichus erythrinae. J. Agric. Food Chem. 54:8444-8449. Ying, G.G. and Kookana, R.S. 2004. Simultaneous determination of imidacloprid, thiacloprid, and thiamethoxam in soil and water by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection. J. Environ. Sci. Health Part B 39:737-746. Zgoa-Grzekowiak, A., and Grzekowiak, T. 2011. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. Trends Anal. Chem. 30:1382-1399.

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Zhou, Q., Ding, Y., and Xiao, J. 2006. Sensitive determination of thiamethoxam, imidacloprid and acetamiprid in environmental water samples with solid-phase extraction packed with multiwalled carbon nanotubes prior to high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 385, 1520-1525.

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Table 1 Characteristics of insecticides Compound Molecular formula Thiamethoxam C8H15ClN5O3S Clothianidin C6H8ClN5O2S Imidacloprid C9H10ClN5O2 Acetamiprid C10H11ClN4 Thiacloprid C10H9ClN4S

Water solubility, M (pH 7, 25 C) 1.5 x 10-3 0.22 4.7 x 10-3 2.2 x 10-3 1.9 x 10-4

Wavelength, nm 253 270 270 245 245

Retention time, min 9.61 12.81 14.38 16.36 19.15

Table 2 Analytical characteristics of the proposed method Compound Slopea, mL ng-1 Intercepta Detection RSDc, % RSDd, % limitb, ng L-1 Thiamethoxam 3.612 0.090 0.22 0.03 25 (35) 5.0 4.2 Clothianidin 3.025 0.065 -0.32 0.03 30 (48) 5.8 3.3 Imidacloprid 3.560 0.059 0.51 0.04 34 (45) 4.5 3.1 Acetamiprid 6.730 0.042 -0.98 0.04 18 (27) 2.6 2.0 Thiacloprid 6.304 0.062 1.04 0.03 14 (25) 3.1 2.2 a b Mean value standard deviation (n=7). Values into brackets correspond to detection limits obtained for seawater samples. c Values obtained for a spiked river water sample. d Values obtained for a spiked seawater sample.

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A PRELIMINARY STUDY. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OBESITY AND INMUNE SYSTEM IN RATS. Javier Mat Snchez, Carlos Gmez Gallego, Javier Garca Alonso, Gala Martn-Pozuelo. Inmaculada Navarro Gonzlez, Mara Jess Periago*. Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Veterinary Faculty. University of Murcia SPAIN E-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT In recent years, several studies have proposed that obesity might be to inflammatory disorder. In addition, oxidative stress has been suggested as a potential inducer of inflammatory status and susceptibility to obesity and related disorders. The aim of our study was to carry out a preliminary study to characterize the impact on immune system of atherogenic diet in a Sprague-Dawley rat model. Rats were feed ad libitum with a high fat and hypercholesterolemic diet for seven weeks. After this period all the animals were euthanized and samples of blood and spleen were collected. The lymphocyte populations in all samples were analyzed by flow cytometry. Any effect of the diet was observed in lymphocytes B and T, and NK and NKT cells in peripheral blood and spleen. Statistical differences were only found in the balance between NK and NKT cells in spleen and blood. Our results suggest that there are alterations in the immune system in animals subjected to atherogenic diet as a result of the development of a possible inflammatory response, associated with a obesity related disorders like non-alcoholic fatty disease. Taking into consideration that Mediterranean diet provides a wide range of antioxidants, with a high intake of carotenoids and specially lycopene from tomato and tomato products, the addition of plant foods to human diet following the Mediterranean diet principles could have also a beneficial effects in the immune system in contrast of a diet with high fat. These results must be completed with the analysis of cytokines and gene expression with the aim of establishing the mechanisms by which unbalanced diets and obesity modulate immune responses and to confirm if the SpragueDawley model could be employ as a good animal model for human diseases.

Keywords: Lycopene, obesity, immune system, inflammatory disorder, Sprague-Dawley, atherogenic diet.

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A PRELIMINARY STUDY. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OBESITY AND INMUNE SYSTEM IN RATS. Javier Mat Snchez, Carlos Gmez Gallego, Javier Garca Alonso, Gala Martn-Pozuelo, Inmaculada Navarro Gonzlez, Mara Jess Periago. Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Veterinary Faculty. University of Murcia SPAIN E-mail: [email protected]

1

INTRODUCTION

Mediterranean diet has been proposed as a healthy nutritional model with cardioprotective effect since it provides to the human diet high level of complex carbohydrates (starch and dietary fibre), an adequate amount of mono-and polyunsaturated fatty acids, a wide variety of vitamins and antioxidants, as well as a low proportion of saturated fat. Such a nutritional profile is related to the high consumption of plant foods, legumes, olive oil, fish, and to the lower intake of red meat. In addition, the Mediterranean diet has been also associated with a low incidence of overweight and obesity. It is generally established that obesity is a serious public health problem that currently reaches the pandemic dimension in the United States. In Spain, the obesity prevalence rate reached already 14% without differences between genders (Rodrguez et al.. 2011). With the substantial increase in the prevalence of obesity in developed countries, appears a parallel increase of chronic diseases and associated clinical signs such as diabetes mellitus type 2, dyslipidemia, hypertension, coronary heart disease and stroke, cholelithiasis, osteoarthritis, heart failure, reproductive disorders and psychological disturbances. Besides these complications, obese individuals have a greater susceptibility to suffer from some types of cancer and infections. All this indicates that obesity has adverse effects on the components of the immune system and its functionality (Lamas et al., 2003). Immunological changes associated to obesity are related with changes in antibody production and response, as well as with changes in leukocyte populations and lymphocyte proliferation (Marcos et al., 2003). In addition to its role as energy reserve in the form of triglycerides, adipose tissue has important endocrine functions producing several hormones and other signal molecules that act directly on the immune system (Ahima et al. 2002). The aim of this preliminary study was to ascertain the relationship between obesity and cellular immune response through the development of an in vivo animal model with rats. To achieve this objective, rats were subjected to an atherogenic diet (hypercholesterolemic and high fat diet) to induce a higher caloric intake, leading to an overweight in the experimental group.

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2 2.1

MATERIAL AND METHODS Animals

Eight male Sprague-Dawley rats 8 weeks old (weighing 225-250 g), were obtained from the Animal Research Centre of the Murcia University. The rats were maintained under controlled temperature (22C), air humidity (55%) and 12 h light-dark cycle conditions for two weeks before starting the experiment. During this period they had free access to the diet and tap water. Animals were randomly divided into two groups (4 in each one) which were fed a standard laboratory diet (Teklad Global 14% Protein Rodent Maintenance diet, Harland Laboratories) and a hypercholesterolemic and high fat diet (Atherogenic rodent diet TD02028, Harland Laboratories), respectively. The animal study was carried out under appropriate guidelines and was approved by the Bioethics Committee of Murcia University. 2.2 Experimental design

Rats were fed ad libitum during seven weeks with free access to the water. At the end of the experiment all rats were deprived of food overnight, anesthetized with isofluorane and euthanized using an intraperitoneal injection of sodium pentobarbital. Blood was extracted by heart puncture and immunological changes associated to obesity are related with changes in antibody production and response and with changes in leukocyte populations and lymphocyte proliferation. Spleens were collected in all animals and were immediately prepared to the analysis of immune system cells by flow cytometry. Liver was also weighed and analysed to determine the total fat content by Soxhlet method. 2.3 Determination of differences in lymphocyte population by FACS (fluorescenceactivated cell sorting) These analyses were performed as described previously by Alam et al. (2010). Cell isolation. Single-cell suspensions of spleen cells were acquired by gently pressing the spleen through a plastic mesh. Erythrocytes of spleen and blood samples were extracted by hypotonic lysis using BD Pharm LyseTM (555899. BD Biosciences. San Jos. USA). Flow cytometry. Rat T/B/NK Cell Cocktail (558495. BD Biosciences. San Jos. USA) was employed to identify rat T, B, NK and NKT lymphocyte populations by direct immunofluorescent staining. Flow cytometry was performed using fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS) Calibur flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson) and Cell Quest (BD) software. 2.4 Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 15.0 software. Experimental variables were checked for normality and homogeneous variance using the Kolmogorov-Smirnoff and the Levene tests, respectively. Student-T test was applied to determine the significant differences

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(P 0.05) between both experimental groups. Results are expressed as mean standard deviation. 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table 1 shows the final body weight, height and the liver weight of the rats of both groups (group N rat fed the standard diet and group A rats fed atherogenic diet). The final body weight was higher in group A than in group N, reaching a final weight of 448.38 g and 406.75 g respectively. Hence these animals can be considered with overweight. We have chosen a nutritional model used previously by other authors (Ahmed et al., 2009) in which rats were fed the high cholesterol and/or high fat diet ad lib, leading to an obesity stage and a nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In fact, in our study animals from A group also showed a fatty liver with a significant increase in the liver weight, which is related to the NAFLD. Fat contents were 16.56 1.22 % and 3.32 0.32 % in groups A and N, respectively.

Table 1. Body weight, height and liver weight of the rats of group N (standard diet) and group A (atherogenic diet).GROUP ANIMAL 1 N 2 3 4 1 A 2 3 4 WEIGHT (g.) 366 397.5 434 429.5 466.5 350.5 530.5 446 448.38 74.52 MEAN (g.) SD (g.) HEIGHT (cm) 22.3 406.75 31.66 24.4 25 24.7 25 23.1 26 24.5 LIVER WEIGHT (g.) 9.2 10.34 12.22 11.43 19.87 19.32 20.68 20.13

Results related to the immune system cells are shown in Table 2. Cells were characterized according to their light and immunofluorescence characteristics. A single cell suspension of cells isolated was analyzed by FACS for each animal and tissue assayed. In order to determine the appropriate distribution of the cell populations, cell suspensions were stained with appropriate combinations of monoclonal antibodies. A maximum of 20000 gated events were recorded. Due to the high variability among animals no significant differences were observed in the lymphocytes B and T, and NK and NKT cells in peripheral blood and spleen. Statistical differences were only found in the balance between NK and NKT cells in spleen and blood. These differences were mainly due to a marked decrease in NK cells and increase in NKT cells in animal fed hypercholesterolemic and high fat diet. Accordingly, significant

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reductions in blood NK cell population have been reported in cardiovascular disease patients (Backteman et al., 2012). Moreover, our results show an increase in B lymphocyte population in blood and spleen upon atherogenic diet consumption.

Table 2. Effect of diet on blood and spleen lymphocyte populations.Blood B cells T cells NK cells NKT cells NK/NKT1

Spleen A 41.10 7.91 51.07 6.69 1.60 1.05 1.26 0.91 1.35 0.30b N 51.10 2.32 27.84 2.07 5.36 0.58 1.83 0.09 2.93 0.30a A 61.56 11.83 23.85 9.80 2.62 1.84 1.12 0.68 2.20 0.36b

N 33.14 3.63 45.59 11.16 2.55 0.91 0.68 0.14 3.87 1.39a

a-b

The group N was the group feed with standard diet and the group A was fed with atherogenic diet. Statistical differences are shown with letters; groups with different letter have statistically significant differences at level of P < 0.05.

Dietary factors promote obesity and obesity-related disorders, such as fatty liver disease. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) can progress to an inflammatory process that can lead to fibrosis and apoptosis of hepatocyte (Angulo et al., 2002). For this reason changes in the lymphocytes and inflammatory mediators (mainly cytokines) have been described in animals with NAFLD associated with obesity (Adler et al., 2011). NKT cells are components of the innate immune system that regulate immune responses, and in addition accelerate liver injury by producing proinflammatory cytokines and killing hepatocytes. On the contrary, NK cells inhibit liver fibrosis via killing early-activated and senescent-activated stellate cells and producing IFN- (Solonski and Diehl, 2005). 4 CONCLUSIONS AND FURTHER STUDIES

Our preliminary results suggest that a diet with a high content in fats could affect the proper function of the immune system with changes in NK and B cells in blood and spleen. Findings from the present study appear to indicate that a Sprague-Dawley model could be employed to study how an inappropriate diet affects immune system and also whether nutritional intervention could avoid these effects. Taking into consideration that Mediterranean diet provides a wide range of antioxidants, with a high intake of carotenoids and specially lycopene from tomato and tomato products, the addition of plant foods to human diet following the Mediterranean diet principles could also have beneficial effects on the immune system compared to fat-rich diet.

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These results must be completed with analysis of cytokines and gene expression with the aim of establishing the mechanisms whereby unbalanced diets and obesity modulate immune responses. Also, future studies will help to confirm whether the Sprague-Dawley model could be a feasible experimental animal model for the study of human diseases and the role played by dietary habits.

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REFERENCES Adler, M., Taylor S., Okebugwu K., Yee H., Fielding C., Fielding G., Poles M. 2011. Intrahepatic natural killer cell T cell populations are increased in human hepatic steatosis. World J Gastroenetrol: 7, 17(13):1725. Ahima, R. and Flier J. 2002. Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. Trends Endocrinol Metab., 11: 327-32. Ahmed, U., Redgrave T., Oates P. 2009. Effect of dietary fat to produce non-alcoholic fatt liver in the rat. J Gastroenterol Hepatology, 24: 1463. Alam, C., Valkonen S., Ohls S., Trnqvist K. and Hnninen A. 2010. Enhanced trafficking to the pancreatic lymph nodes and auto-antigen presentation capacity distinguishes peritoneal B lymphocytes in non-obese diabetic mice. Diabetologia, 53: 346355. Angulo, P. 2002. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. N. Engl. J Med, 346:1221. Backteman K, Andersson C, Dahlin LG, Ernerudh J and Jonasson L. 2012. Lymphocyte subpopulations in lymph nodes and peripheral blood: a comparison between patients with stable angina and acute coronary syndrome. PLoS One. 7(3): In press. Lamas, O., Mart A., Martnez JA. 2003. Obesidad e inmunocompetencia. En: Marcos A (ed) Actualizacin en nutricin. Inmunidad e infeccin. Madrid: Panamericana: 125-32. Li, Z., Soloski M., Diehl A., 2005. Dietary factors alter hepatic innate immune system in mice with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology, 42(4):880-5. Marcos, A., Nova E., Montero A. 2003. Changes in the immune system are conditioned by nutrition. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 57 (Supl. 1):S66-9. Rodriguez, E.; Lpez B., Lpez A. and Ortega. R. 2011. Prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en adultos espaoles. Nutr. Hosp. 26: 355-363. ISSN 0212-1611.

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ADOPTION IN A COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE Anja Suknaic, University Fernando Pessoa, Portugal [email protected]

ABSTRACT

In the Mediterranean area an interconnected diversity exists that can be seen also through different legal systems. The western type of legal systems such as in Slovenia and the legal systems that apply Islamic law have a different interpretation of the concept of adoption. In this paper I researched what are the main distinctions between adoption in Slovenian law and Islamic law and what are the similarities of Slovenian foster system and Islamic adoption. The differences and similarities were pointed out by the use of a comparative analysis. The results of the research have shown that adoption is not legally possible in Islamic law in a way that it is known in law system that is applied in Slovenia. However, there were discovered similarities with the foster system in Slovenia and Islamic adoption, where the legal relation between the caretaker and the child have more common points. The system of adoption is a typical example of evolution of legal regulations that in most of the world tend to change, but in Islamic world stay very traditional.

Keywords: Slovenian law, foster system, Islamic law, comparison, adoption

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1

INTRODUCTION

Many couples that want to have a family and cannot have children of their own decide for the process of adoption. Adoption nowadays seems as a worked out procedure that is pretty universal among the countries functioning according to the western model. However, the Islamic world has its own set of rules and therefore also their own way of interpretation of adoption. Adoption of a child in an Arabic country that implements Islamic law is very different that in western world, or in other words it is much more difficult to perform it. In this paper the adoption system comparison between two very different law systems will be presented. This kind of comparison is important because the Mediterranean is becoming an ever more interconnected area, where it is crucial to understand each others differences and similarities in order to be able to function together better. The main subject will be the comparison between the Slovenian adoption system and the text on this subject written in the Islamic Holy book Quran, which is the main source of Islamic law. The main objective of this research will be to define the main differences and similarities, to discover what kind of form of adoption exists in Islamic law and how is this similar with Slovenian legislation on adoption. The Islamic concept of adoption will also be compared with the foster family system that exists in Slovenia, which does, as we will see further on in the paper, have much more common points than the Islamic form of adoption. The main research question to which I will try to answer with this research is: What kind of system of adoption is recognized in the Islamic law? The paper will be divided on several chapters. In the first chapter I will write about main characteristics of the adoption system in Slovenia. In the second chapter I will analyze the parts of Quran that contain statements about adoption rules. Further on I will compare the two legal systems on adoption. In the next chapter I will make a comparison between the concept of adoption in Islamic law and the foster system in Slovenia. In the last chapter I will make a conclusion in which I will, basing on my findings, answer to my research question. The writing of the paper will be based on interpretation of primary and secondary resources.

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2

ADOPTION SYSTEM IN SLOVENIA

The adoption in Slovenia is regulated by the Law on marriage and family relations in the articles (134145). In Slovenia, the only form of adoption is full adoption, which means that the adoptee is fully separated from his biological parents and settled in the adoptive family. With adoption all the rights and obligations of the adoptee to his biological parents and other relatives stop and also all the rights and obligations of the biological parents and relatives stop as well (Law on marriage and family relations, article 143). Adopted children may be only the ones whose parents are unknown or have been absent for a year, or if the parents agreed that they want to give the child to adoption. If the parents no longer have the parenting rights, that a consent from their side is not necessary (Law on marriage and family relations, article 141). The adopter can be only an adult person that is at least 18 years older form the adoptee. In special circumstances, if it is in the adoptees benefit, the person that adopts can be less than 18 years older from the adoptee (Law on marriage and family relations, article 137). According to the Law, with adoption the relation between the adoptee and his descendants and the adopter and his relatives becomes the same as between blood relatives (Law on marriage and family relations, article 142). The Law states that the adoptive couple or individual is defined, after the adoption, in the Birth register as the adoptees parents (Law on marriage and family relations, article 145).

2.1

Adoption from an Other Country

The adoption from another country is regulated by the principles of international adoption. In Slovenia the international adoption is regulated by the Hague convention on protection of children and co-operation in respect of intercountry adoption. If the couple wants to adopt a child from one of the contacting states than they have to do in accordance with the procedure determined in the convention. If the country is not a contracting state of the convention, the adoption can occur anyway, but in that case always the state of the child determines the terms and the process of adoption.

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The state of the child decides also which documents are necessary for the adoption and in what form they have to be presented (Ministrstvo za delo, druino in socialne zadeve 2012).

3

ADOPTION IN AN ARABIC COUNTRY WITH ISLAMIC LAW

If a couple wishes to adopt a child from an Islamic country which is not a contacting state of the Hague convention, than it has to do it in accordance with the regulations of the state of the child. The adoption according to Quran is quite different from the western model of adoption that we know in Slovenia. Legal adoption in not allowed and possible in Islam (Hussain 2011). In Quran (33: 4), it is written: "(...) And he has not made your adopted sons your [true] sons (...). This implies that the child you adopt cannot be your own son and you are just the caretaker or guardian, not the biological parent. In Quran (33: 5) it is written: "Call them by the names of their fathers; it is more just in the sight of Allah (...). The adoptive child has to keep the biological family`s name and surname and does not change it for the one of the adoptive family (Huda 2012). Under Islamic law, only relatives with legitimate blood relationship to the deceased are entitled to inherit from the deceased (Hussain 2011). Therefore the adopted child cannot inherit from his adoptive parents, but he inherits from his biological parents. In Quran we cannot find anything written about how much does the adopted child inherit, because he is not included in the heritage, he must get the belongings of his biological parents. However there is written that the caretakers have to take care of the belongings of the adopted child and not take them away from him: "And give to the orphans their properties and do not substitute the defective [of your own] for the good [of theirs]. And do not consume their properties into your own. Indeed, that is ever a great sin." (Quran 4:2). And it is also written that when the adoptee reaches a marriageable age, the guardian has to release the property of the adoptee, so he can manage it himself. In Quran this is written in chapter 4 paragraph 6: "And test the orphans [in their abilities] until they reach marriageable age. Then if you perceive in them sound judgment, release their property to them. (...)".

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There is also a special relation between the members of the adoptive family and the adopted child after he is grown up. In Quran we can find specific prohibitions who a person in general is allowed to marry and who not, but there s no specific clause on what is the relation toward the adopted child which in fact is not in blood relation. Therefore essentially members of the adoptive family would be permissible as possible marriage partners (Huda 2012). In Quran (4:23) this is stated as:Prohibited to you [for marriage] are your mothers, your daughters, your sisters, your father's sisters, your mother's sisters, your brother's daughters, your sister's daughters, your [milk] mothers who nursed you, your sisters through nursing, your wives' mothers, and your stepdaughters under your guardianship [born] of your wives unto whom you have gone in. But if you have not gone in unto them, there is no sin upon you. And [also prohibited are] the wives of your sons who are from your [own] loins, and that you take [in marriage] two sisters simultaneously, except for what has already occurred (...)

Because of the nature of the Islamic law, the international adoption is very difficult, usually even impossible, because the law of these states does not acknowledge adoption in any form.

4

COMPARATIVE ANALYSES OF TWO SYSTEMS OF ADOPTION

If we compare the adoption procedure in countries that execute Islamic law and Slovenia, we can see that the system is not very similar. In Islamic countries the legal adoption is not possible, they are not familiar with this practice, and the adopter is more a caretaker than an official parent. In Slovenia the only form of adoption is full adoption, which mean full separation from the biological parents and the adoptive family becomes the legal family. In Islamic law the adoptee is always connected with his biological parents, he doesn`t change his name and he also inherits from his biological parents, not from the adoptive family. The relation between the adoptive family and adoptee is the same as if the family is his biological family, therefore it is not acceptable for the adoptee to marry someone from his family. In Islamic law this is represented differently. Since the adoptee is not in fact treated as a member of family but is considered a member of his biological family, the members of the adoptive family would be permissible as possible marriage partners. As in the case of Slovenia an international adoption is possible and Slovenia is a member of the Hague convention, which makes the international adoption procedure with other

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contracting states much easier. It also allows adoption from non contracting states, but than the adoption is more in the hands of the legislation of the country of the child. On the other hand in Islamic law the concept of full adoption is not possible and therefore also international adoption can be very difficult.

5

COMPARISON OF SLOVENIAN FOSTER SYSTEM AND ISLAMIC ADOPTION

In Slovenian legal system there is a system of foster family that is very similar to the concept of adoption in the Islamic world. In the Law on marriage and family relations it is defined that the foster system is a system of caretaking with which the child is enabled a normal growing up and personal development (Law on marriage and family relations, article 154). With foster system the rights and duties of the child`s biological parents don`t stop (Law on marriage and family relations, article 156). The main rights and obligations that still remain to the parents are: the right to personal contact with the child; the obligation to financially support the child; the right of the child to inherit from the biological parents (Student info. ND). In this dimension we can see the similarity with the Islamic law, where also the rights of biological parents don`t stop and child inherits from biological parents. The foster system implies that also the assets that the foster child posses are protected and managed in a right way. The social services estimate the value of belongings of the foster child and the foster family or person can change or manage these belongings only with the permission of the social services (Law on marriage and family affairs, article 189). This also resembles to the Islamic law adoption where the caretaker manages the belongings of the child, but he cannot use these belongings in his interest, he is only entitled to take care of it. The foster person however has the right to refund of all the costs that are connected with the fostering process. The money is given by the state (Law on marriage and family affairs, article 196). In Islamic law there are no special definitions about the refund of costs, except if the caretaker is poor than he can be entitled to some part of the belongings of the child he is taking care of. Taking care of an abandoned child is considered good work that needs to be done without payment, according to Quran.

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Another similarity that can be mentioned is also that in foster system the child keeps his family name and does not change it like in adoption. Also in Islamic law, the name of the child stays the same.

6

CONCLUSION

According to the research made we can see that the concept of adoption in Islamic law, does not exist in the form as it does in the western world. The comparison with the foster system in Slovenia is much more similar to the form of adoption in Islamic law. The child can never be considered as a real part of the family because, he has to keep his family name and he does not inherit from the parents. If we consider an international adoption of a child from an Islamic country that is not a contracting state of The Hague convention, than we can say the adoption is very difficult or almost impossible. Because in this case the adoption procedure is determined by the country of the child and therefore the country that has Islamic law, which does not acknowledge full adoption. Therefore the answer to the research question is that the system of adoption that is recognized in the Islamic law is a kind that is not similar to full adoption that is known to Slovenia but has more similarities to the foster system. Most of all is an abandoned child in Islamic country given a caretaker and not so much a new parent. Therefore the child does not really have a new family but always stays connected with his biological one. The abandoned children have to be taken care of, but in a much different form than in Slovenia. This kind of research helps us better understand the differences that exist in the world. Even though the world is under the influence of globalization and countries are starting to look a like there are still many existing differences, especially between the Arabic world and the western model of the world. The system of adoption is a typical example of evolution of legal regulations that in most of the world tend to change, but in Islamic world not. Therefore the cohesion is almost impossible because we have on one side very traditional regulations that exists in the same form for centuries and on the other side the regulations that change according with the evolution of the world and the people. This kind of comparison is important to show that even though Mediterranean is a very interconnected area there are still differences that exists between the European Mediterranean and Islamic Mediterranean, that have to be understood and that have to be respected in order to make the cooperation in the region efficient, because understanding and respect is a way of bridging the gaps.

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REFERENCE LIST

Huda. 2012. Adopting a child in Islam Islamic legal rulings about foster parenting and adoption. Ahttp://islam.about.com/cs/parenting/a/adoption.htm (29. 12. 2011). World Organisation for Cross-border Co-operation in Civil and Commercial Matters. 1993. Convention on Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption (The Hague, 29 May 1993, in force since 1 May 1995). Available at: http://www.hcch.net/index_en.php?act=conventions.text&cid=69 Hussain, A. (Dr.). 2011. Islamic Laws on Inheritance. Islam101. Available at: http://www.islam101.com/sociology/inheritance.htm (29. 12. 2011). Law on marriage and family relations 1976. http://zakonodaja.gov.si/rpsi/r00/predpis_ZAKO40.html (30. 12. 2011). Ministrstvo za delo, druino in socialne zadeve. 2012. http://www.mddsz.gov.si/si/delovna_podrocja/druzina/posvojitve/ (1. 2. 2012). Quran. http://quran.com/ (5. 2. 2012). Student info. ND. Roditeljska pravica. mapa/.../968455_druzinsko___plonk.doc (2. 2. 2012). www.student-info.net/sis (Slovenia)

Posvojitve.

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