Research Module 15 and Module 16

7/29/2019 Research Module 15 and Module 16

1/20


2/20

It is important for a researcher to make a

decision regarding the level of

measurement he/she will adopt because

this will influence the techniques for dataanalysis.

A researcher formulates a scale for every

variable of a study.

Among the four levels of measurement, the

interval scale requires the most creativity on

the part of the researcher in defining the

range by which a given variable is scored.


3/20

First Rule:

make sure that the items formulated are

related to the variable being studied.Second Rule:

principle of unidimensionality.

In scoring items in a scale, remember to assignequal units from one point of the continuum toanother.


4/20

This is made up of a set of

categories that are organized

according to scale positions on acontinuum.


5/20

This requires the rater to compare

an element with a group with

known characteristics.


6/20

A multiple- item scale consists of a series of items inorder to depict a particular attribute. The rater (or

judge) expresses agreement with each of theseitems to which specific scores are assigned. A

composite score for all items can be obtained,showing the overall profile of the element beingevaluated.

Three techniques will be discussed here as

examples of this type of scale. Differential scale

Summated scale

Semantic differential scale


7/20

This type of scale consists of bothfavorable and unfavorable items concerning

a person, event, concept, or object to whicha rater is asked to react. The rater marks onlythe items with which he/she agrees. A score isobtained by computing the mean of thescale value of the items to which the raterresponds. The score indicates the ratersposition of favorable or unfavorable attitude,with a continuum of 1 to 11 points.


8/20

1. Items that depict an attitude or an attributerelevant to a particular issue formulated. The itemsshould be formulated so that they are distributedover various points on the dimension underlying theattitude or attribute.

2. Next, a panel of judges is asked to rate thestatements on a scale from 1 to 11, where 6 serves asthe neutral position.

3. The scale value of an item is assigned by obtainingthe mean of the position to which it is assessed by a

group of judges. Only the statements where there ismost consistency in rating among the judges areconsidered in the scale.

4. Final selection is made by taking items that arespread out evenly along the scale from one point ofthe continuum to the other.


9/20

This is sometimes called the Likert

Scale, after the person whoconceptualized it. This is a very popularscale because it is relatively easy toformulate, compared with the ThurstonScale.


10/20

1. Items are assembled according to the attitudeinvestigated- that is, whether favorable orunfavorable.

2. These items are administered to a group that is

representative of those to whom the scale will beadministered.

3. Participants are made to indicate eitheragreement or disagreement to all the items.

4. The total score is obtained by adding item scores.

The mean may also be used to determine the profileof the one evaluated. 5. The items that are finally selected are those that

show a difference between the high scorers and thelow scorers in the pretest.


11/20

This is actually the easiest to formulate

among the three. It is like a summatedscale since every respondent is expected

to answer all items.


12/20

1. The selection of the concepts to berated.

2. The selection of the appropriateadjective pairs to depict the concept orconcepts.

3. Scores can be analyzed fordifferences between concepts, betweenscales, and the overall components ofthe scale.


13/20


14/20

Secondary techniques of data

collection include methods of gatheringinformation obtained by other entities.

There are many such resources ofinformation. These includes;

STATISTICAL RECORDS

PERSONAL RECORDS

NARRATIVE DOCUMENTS


15/20

First, they are economical as the materials

have already been collected by others.

Second, the materials can be retrievedanytime at the convenience of the

researcher, for as long as the gatekeepers

of the information will give the researcher

access to the information. Third, secondary techniques do not result in

or lead to reactivity on the part of the units

of analysis.


16/20

A basic responsibility of the researcherin dealing with secondary sources ofinformation is to establish rapport with the

gatekeepers of the information.


17/20

One of the secondary sources ofinformation in census data. These are

often collected, regularly by institutionsand have the advantage of enablingthe conduct of trend studies.

Statistical and census data are usefulin responding to quantitative researchproblems and do not require much coston the part of the researcher.


18/20

Personal records serve as a source of

raw data about the profile of people. Theyare compiled regularly about each personand can be aggregated by a researcher

to serve a particular research purpose.


19/20

Narrative documents include thosethat are regularly prepared by agencies or

specific individuals within an institution,including development plans and annual

reports.


20/20

Scaling Techniques & Secondary Techniques

PROJECT IN RESEARCHMary Michealle Alvarez

Wybeet Campugan

Clexandrea Corpuz

II- MENDEL

Research Module 15 and Module 16

Documents