1 Requirements for a European Requirements for a European Human Biomonitoring Human Biomonitoring programme programme for priority assessment of for priority assessment of environmental chemicals environmental chemicals Matti Jantunen Matti Jantunen, , Terttu Terttu Vartiainen Vartiainen, , Hannu Hannu Kiviranta Kiviranta KTL KTL- Environmental Health, Kuopio, FINLAND Environmental Health, Kuopio, FINLAND European Conference on Human Biomonitoring Paris, November 4 th –5 th , 2008 If you need to know something to make the right decision, and if you can measure what you need to know, consider measuring it! Pros and cons of HBM Pros and cons of HBM Pros: Pros: HBM integrates the impacts of - all exposure media, - all pathways and routes of entry, - all geographic locations and microenvironments, - all activities and consumer products Cons: Cons: • HBM is not applicable for all chemicals of interest • HBM reflects exposures differently for different chemicals • Biological guideline values (BGV) are available for only a limited set of chemicals • Relationships of HBM to exposure and to health are poorly known for most chemicals
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Requirements for a European Requirements for a European Human Biomonitoring Human Biomonitoring programmeprogramme
for priority assessment of for priority assessment of environmental chemicalsenvironmental chemicals
Matti JantunenMatti Jantunen, , TerttuTerttu VartiainenVartiainen, , HannuHannu KivirantaKiviranta
KTLKTL--Environmental Health, Kuopio, FINLANDEnvironmental Health, Kuopio, FINLAND
European Conference on Human BiomonitoringParis, November 4th – 5th, 2008
If you need to know something to make the right decision,and if you can measure what you need to know,
consider measuring it!
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Pros and cons of HBMPros and cons of HBM
Pros:Pros:HBM integrates theimpacts of - all exposure media,- all pathways and
routes of entry,- all geographic
locations and microenvironments,
- all activities and consumer products
Cons:Cons:• HBM is not applicable for all
chemicals of interest• HBM reflects exposures
differently for different chemicals
• Biological guideline values (BGV) are available for only a limited set of chemicals
• Relationships of HBM to exposure and to health are poorly known for most chemicals
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German Environmental SurveysGerman Environmental Surveys
RepresentativeRepresentativepopulation study withpopulation study with5000 subjects in each5000 subjects in each- GerES I 1985/6- GerES II 1990/1
Feasibility Study for EHES:Feasibility Study for EHES:European Health Examination Survey European Health Examination Survey
Tolonen et al. KTL:n julkaisuja B 22/2008
ProposalProposal for nationally representativefor nationally representativepopulation health studies in Europepopulation health studies in Europe- 8..12 countries � all EU - 4000 - 10000 subjects in each country- - 25 - 64 y (…and older)MinimumMinimum- Physiological: Height, weight, waist circ.
diastolic and systolic blood pressure, - Blood: Total and HDL cholesterol, fasting
glucose- Questionnaire: SES, smoking, health; CV
disease, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetesGeneralGeneral- Common protocols- Comparability across countries and time- EU funded coordination & QA/QC - Centralised database - National sampling nationally funded- Encouraged use for public health and research
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What should a European What should a European HBM HBM ProgrammeProgramme give us give us -- 1 1
Technical:Technical:- Body burdens (BB) of
environmental chemicals- Time trends
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Dioxin Dioxin BBsBBs (& exposures) of breastfeeding (& exposures) of breastfeeding mothers in Finland are declining rapidly mothers in Finland are declining rapidly
From 19871987
to
19931993--66
Cumulative distributions of TEQ BBs of Finnish women in 1993-6 (lower) vs 1987 (higher)
0
20
40
60
80
100
1,E-07 1,E-06gTEQ/individual
cum
ula
tive
freq
uen
cy (%
)
Kiviranta H. et al. 2005 Chemosphere 60(7):854-869Valentini M. 2007 MSc Thesis Univ Degli Studi di Milano
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What should a European What should a European HBM HBM ProgrammeProgramme give us give us -- 1 1
Technical:Technical:- Body burdens (BB) of
environmental chemicals- Time trends - Areal distributions
(geographic, urban/industrial/ rural/traffic, proximity to sources)
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Proximity to the source did not increase Proximity to the source did not increase HpCDFHpCDF and OCDF body burdens and OCDF body burdens
Kiviranta H. et al. 2005 Chemosphere 60(7):854-869Valentini M. 2007 MSc Thesis Univ Degli Studi di Milano
Cumulative distributions of HpCDF BBs from Kuusankoski of women in Kymijoki basin vs. rest of Finland
0
20
40
60
80
100
1,E-11 1,E-10 1,E-09 1,E-08 1,E-07
HpCDF (gTEQ/individual)
cum
ulat
ive
freq
uenc
y (%
)
45 % of women in Kymijoki basin and
25 % of all women in Finland do not eat fish
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What should a European What should a European HBM HBM ProgrammeProgramme give us give us -- 1 1
Technical:Technical:- Body burdens (BB) of
environmental chemicals- Time trends- Areal distributions
(geographic, urban/industrial/ rural/traffic, proximity to sources)
- Population distributions (age, gender, SES, ethnicity, etc.)
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Accumulation of PCDD/Fs in Finnish men over age Accumulation of PCDD/Fs in Finnish men over age
Male PCDD/F body burdens in Finland
y = 2E-08x - 3E-07R2 = 0,35
1,E-08
1,E-07
1,E-06
1,E-0510 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
age (y)
WH
O:T
EQ
(g/in
divi
dual
)
Kiviranta H. et al. 2005 Chemosphere 60(7): 854-869Valentini M. 2007 MSc Thesis Univ Degli Studi di Milano
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What should a European What should a European HBM HBM ProgrammeProgramme give us give us -- 1 1
Technical:Technical:- Body burdens (BB) of
environmental chemicals- Time trends- Areal distributions
(geographic, urban/industrial/ rural/traffic, proximity to sources)
- Population distributions (age, gender, SES, ethnicity, etc.)
Professional fishermenProfessional fishermen’’s dioxin exposures are an order s dioxin exposures are an order of magnitude higher than the otherof magnitude higher than the other’’ss
Cumulative distributions of TEQ (PCDDs+PCDFs) in the fishermen (blue) and all men (brown)
0
20
40
60
80
100
1,E-07 1,E-06 1,E-05 gTEQ/individual
cum
ulat
ive
freq
uen
cy (%
)
Kiviranta H. et al. 2005 Chemosphere 60(7):854-869
Valentini M. 2007 MSc Thesis UnivDegli Studi di Milano
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What should a European What should a European HBM HBM ProgrammeProgramme give us give us -- 1 1
Technical:Technical:- Body burdens (BB) of
environmental chemicals- Time trends- Areal distributions
(geographic, urban/industrial/ rural/traffic, proximity to sources)
- Population distributions (age, gender, SES, ethnicity, etc.)
Requirements for the European HBM Requirements for the European HBM programmeprogramme
-- Representative population Representative population samplesample – ca. 10 000 per year –all Europe and subpopulations of interest
-- Continuous samplingContinuous sampling and analysis programme
-- Blood & urine samplesBlood & urine samples from each individual
-- Broad range of analysesBroad range of analyses of the known toxic but also harmless compounds
-- PBPK or simpler modelsPBPK or simpler models to estimate BBs and doses from the measured HBM data
Steering committeeSteering committee representing representing EC EC and and MSsMSs
Independent Independent programmeprogrammemanagementmanagement and and QA/QCQA/QC
• Centralised protocols, sample analysis and GIS database
• Inter-linguistically validated exposure questionnaires to collect
• environment characteristics – natural and man made – for the sampled individuals
National population sampling and National population sampling and HBM sample collectionHBM sample collection
MaximumMaximum data accessibilitydata accessibility for the public, media, industry, public authorities and scientists
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This would be expensive!This would be expensive!Who should, who would pay? Who should, who would pay?
- EHBM programme would cost in the order of 10-20 M�/yr- … only a fraction of the costs of the current environmental monitoring
programmes in Europe- Yet, the European HBM Programme data would much more directly
serve chemical risk identification, assessment and prevention- If I am asked, EU should pay for the centralised programme
development, management, sample analysis and database operationsand the Member States should pay for the national sampling
-- The EHBM Programme benefits for Europe would exceed its costs The EHBM Programme benefits for Europe would exceed its costs by far via by far via
-- early identification of public health risks , and early identification of public health risks , and -- effective allocation of resources effective allocation of resources
for the development, implementation and accountability for the development, implementation and accountability assessment of chemical risk policiesassessment of chemical risk policies
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EHBM EHBM –– EHES? EHES?
Close collaboration between EHBM and EHES wouldClose collaboration between EHBM and EHES would- create a huge, diverse and not easily managed programme with many
countries, interests, parties and – obviously – conflicts,- save cost and resources for both programmes, - improve the quality of, reduce the time and resource requirements for
and enable otherwise unfeasible EH assessments, and - create unforeseen environmental health research, risk assessment,
risk management and policy assessment opportunities.
- For the European level HBM programme blood/urine samples from only 2..5 % of the EHES sample would be necessary
- For national HBM interests – regional, urban/rural/industrial-hot-spots, ethnic subpopulations, etc. – a larger proportion of the domestic EHES population sample could be chosen.
The moment for coordinating EHBM The moment for coordinating EHBM –– EHES is now!EHES is now!
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I I I appreciateappreciateappreciate youryouryour invitationinvitationinvitation & & & attentionattentionattention
QUESTIONS?QUESTIONS?QUESTIONS?
So, when you need to know something to make the right decision,and when you really can measure what you need to know,By all means, do measure it!
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Privacy issues!? Privacy issues!? AggregatedAggregated, unidentifiable individual or , unidentifiable individual or identifiable individualidentifiable individual data?data?
-- That is the problem!That is the problem!
- Identification of and attribution of exposures to sources is based on advanced statistical techniques – PCA and PMF
- These techniques require individual level data but not identificationof the individuals
- Consequently, with individual data on the BBs of chemicals, personal environments, activities and behaviour, we can attribute exposures to sources in the homes, workplaces, transport, consumer products and personal activities
- … but we do not need spatial resolution, and can, therefore, protect each individual’s identity
- EHBM programme’s spatial coverage is – anyway – too low to identify and assess the impacts of local sources.
If only aggregated data can be used, we have the data If only aggregated data can be used, we have the data but are not allowed to analyse it!but are not allowed to analyse it!
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Contribution from one industrial source of Contribution from one industrial source of HpCDFHpCDF and and OCDF can be seen in the elevated OCDF can be seen in the elevated HpCDFHpCDF/PCDD+PCDF /PCDD+PCDF
ratio in the human ratio in the human BBsBBs
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1,E-04 1,E-03 1,E-02 1,E-01
HpCDF/WHO TEQ ratio
Cum
ulat
ive
freq
uen
cy (%
)
Valentini M. 2007 MSc Thesis Univ Degli Studi di Milano