1 E4224v2 Republic of Albania Ministry of Public Works and Transport Water Project Implementation Unit Albania Water Sector Investment Project PHRD Grant No TF093096-AL Consultant Services for Preparation of the Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Management Plan Environmental Impact Assessment Report Draft for consultation May 2013 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized
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E4224v2
Republic of Albania
Ministry of Public Works and Transport
Water Project Implementation Unit
Albania Water Sector Investment Project PHRD Grant No TF093096-AL
Consultant Services for Preparation of the Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental
LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................................................... 5
4.1 Description of Project Component 1- Priority water supply ................................................................ 29
4.1.1 The Fushe Milot Wellfield ......................................................................................................... 29
4.1.2 The Pumping Station.................................................................................................................. 30
4.1.3 The Main Transmission Pipeline ............................................................................................... 32
4.1.4 The Bulk reservoirs .................................................................................................................... 32
4.2 The socio-economic context ................................................................................................................. 34
4.2.1 Water demand in the Durres region ........................................................................................... 35
3
4.2.2 Water Demand in the Rural Area............................................................................................... 37
4.2.3 Social impact of the project ....................................................................................................... 38
5 RISK ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS .................................................................... 40
5.1 Water resources ..................................................................................................................................... 40
5.3.1 The investigations considered necessary before project implementation .................................. 56
5.3.2 The expected impacts during the construction phase ................................................................ 57
5.3.3 The expected impacts during the project’s life .......................................................................... 57
5.4 Air quality ............................................................................................................................................. 60
5.4.1 Sources of atmospheric pollution and their potential impact on the project area. ..................... 60
5.4.2 The investigations considered as necessary before project implementation ............................. 61
5.4.3 The expected impacts during the construction phase ................................................................ 61
5.4.4 The expected impacts during the project’s life .......................................................................... 61
5.8.2 Alternative sources of water supply ........................................................................................... 70
5.9 Alternatives for the routing of the pipeline and the location of pumping stations. .............................. 73
5.10 Conclusions of the EIA ......................................................................................................................... 78
6.1 The need for the project ........................................................................................................................ 84
6.2 Description of the Wastewater component ........................................................................................... 84
6.3 Description of the works ....................................................................................................................... 85
6.4 Description of the Project area .............................................................................................................. 86
6.7.4 Air quality .................................................................................................................................. 91
6.7.5 Physical cultural resources ......................................................................................................... 91
6.8 Analysis of alternatives and their impact on the environment .............................................................. 91
6.8.1 No project Option ...................................................................................................................... 91
6.8.2 Alternatives for the routing of the mains and the location of pumping stations. ....................... 92
6.9 Conclusions of the EIA ......................................................................................................................... 92
6.10 Triggering of World Bank’s OPs .......................................................................................................... 92
7 Public disclosure ...................................................................................................................................... 94
8 Environmental Mitigation Plan ................................................................................................................ 94
9 Environmental Monitoring Plan .............................................................................................................. 94
ANNEX 1 – DESCRIPTION OF HYDROLOGY IN THE PROJECT AREA ............................................. 95
ANNEX 2 DATA SOURCES ....................................................................................................................... 103
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1 MAP OF DURRES SUPPLY ZONES & PROJECT AREA ................................................ 11
FIGURE 2 PROPOSED NEW WELLFIELD ............................................................................................ 31
FIGURE 3- ROUTE OF PROPOSED MAIN TRANSMISSION PIPELINE FROM NEW PUMPING
STATION TO DURRES ............................................................................................................................... 33
FIGURE 4- ROUTE OF PROPOSED MAIN TRANSMISSION PIPELINE FROM WELLSFIELD
TO PUMPING STATION ............................................................................................................................. 34
FIGURE 5 PROJECTED DEVELOPMENTS OF DURRES TO 2027 ................................................... 35
FIGURE 6- PROJECTED WATER DEFICIT FOR DURRES CITY ..................................................... 36
FIGURE 22 -SATELLITE IMAGE OF THE SITE OF SUB-COMPONENT 2 ..................................... 88
FIGURE 23 RIVER MATI AND ISHMI BASINS .................................................................................... 96
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ACRONYMS
AAS Albanian Archeological Service
AIEC Average Incremental Economic Cost
ALL Albanian Lek
BP Bank Policy
CV Curriculum Vitae
DDWW Durres District Water Works
DN Diameter Nominal
DTEM Digital Terrain Elevation Model
DWSRP Durres Water Supply Rehabilitation Project
DWU Durres Water Utility
EC European Commission
EIB European Investment Bank
EOI Expression of Interest
EU European Union
EUR Euro
FIDIC International Federation of Consulting Engineers
GCM Global Circulation Model
GDEM Geo-referenced Digital Elevation Model
GDWSS General Directorate of Water Supply and Sewerage
GEF Global Environment Facility
GIS Geographical Information System
GPS Global Positioning System
GRP Glass Fiber Reinforced Pipes
IDA International Development Association
km2 Square kilometers
LRMC Long Run Marginal Cost
m3/sec Cubic meters per second
Mamsl Meters above mean sea level
Masl Meters above sea level
Mbgl Meters below ground level
METI Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
MPWT Ministry of Public Works and Telecommunications
MWWP
NAC
Municipal Water and Wastewater Project
National Archaeological Council NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NGO Non Governmental Organization
NPV Net Present Value
NRW Non-Revenue Water
O&M Operation and Maintenance
OP Operational Procedures
PAD Project Appraisal Document
PAP Project Affected Persons
PID Project Information Document
PDO Project Development Objectives
PFS Pre-Feasibility Study
PIU Project Implementation Unit
PV Present Value
QA Quality Assessment
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QC Quality Control
RAP Resettlement Action Plan
REA Regional Environmental Agency
RFP Request for Proposals
RTA Rapid Technical Assessment
SLR Sea Level Rise
TDS Total Dissolved Solids
TOR Terms of Reference
UTM Universal Trans Mercator
WGS World Geodetic System
WRA Water Regulatory Agency
WRM Water Resources Management
WSIP Water Supply Investment Project
WSS Water Supply System
WSURP Water Supply Urban Rehabilitation Project
% Percent
◦C Degrees Celsius
g/l Micrograms per liter
Mg/l Milligrams per liter
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1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This Environmental Impact Assessment Report has been prepared on behalf of the Ministry of Public Works
and Transport (MPWT) as foreseen in the TOR. It presents the state of the environment in the condition ex-
ante the implementation of the project, and the expected impacts of the project on the environment - in terms
of impact on soil, water, air, vegetation, natural habitats - as well as the social consequences of these same
impacts. It also compares the different project alternatives.
Policy, legislation and administrative framework
The National Law of Albania sets out the rules and modalities for carrying out an EIA. The present report
follows the guidelines of World Bank Operational Policy (OP) 4.01 and Albanian legislation. The other OPs
which have been taken into account are: OP 4.04 Natural Habitats; OP 4.11 Physical Cultural Resources; OP
4.12 Involuntary Resettlement; OP 4.37 Dams; OP 4.36 Forests; OP 7.50 Projects in International Waters;
OP 7.60 Projects in Disputed Areas. Details of legislation and applicable procedures above are provided in
Section 2 of the report.
Objectives and summary description of the proposed project
The Project Development Objectives (PDO) are:
(i) to improve the quality of water services in the Durres Utility Service Area;
(ii) to improve access to wastewater services and transmission of wastewater to treatment in critical parts
of the Service Area; and
(iii) to improve operational and financial performance of Durres Water Utility.
As the second largest city of Albania, with a population that swells to twice its 200,000 residents during the
summer months, Durres was the Government’s priority location for piloting its institutional and policy
reform agenda, coupled with critical investment financing.
The project will be implemented by a Project Management Unit (PMU) established at the Ministry of Public
Works and Transport (MPWT). The following project components are assessed in the present study:
Component 1 - Priority Water Supply Investments. This component consists of:
The development of a new wellfield
At initial phase of the project, two wellfield alternatives have been considered. These two
alternatives are the existing Fushe Kuqe wellfield area and Fushe Milot wellfield area (See Figure 1).
Hydrogeological studies performed during the project show that the existing Fushe Kuqe wellfield
may have already reached its maximum yield, and therefore cannot provide additional amounts of
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water. Additional groundwater extraction at this location will likely cause a decrease in groundwater
level that would lead to seawater intrusion into the groundwater system. On the other hand, Fushe
Milot wellfield is found to be the feasible and is the preferred option. Discussion of alternatives is
presented in Section 5.9 of this Report. The location of proposed Fushe-Milot wellfield is shown in
Figure 1. The proposed wellfield, which would be rehabilitated, will consist of five extraction wells
as well as one monitoring well. Two of the new production wells will be adjacent to the existing
wells that are no longer operational (due to closure of industrial facility they served), while the others
will be located up to 50 meters from two other existing wells (due to land ownership issues or
physical constraints). More details on this is to be found in section 4.1 of this Report.
A pump station
As it is given in Figure 1, two alternative pipe routings were proposed by COWI for transmission
main, with two variants. Variant 2, which is located adjacent to the existing polder pump station –
Hydrovore - is chosen as the pump station area. A discussion of these alternatives is provided in
section 5.9 of this Report.
A transmission main (pipeline)
The proposed route for the transmission main alternatives are shown in Figure 1. In terms of route
selection methodology, mainly existing roads are selected as pipeline route in order to minimize
environmental impacts. In this respect, the pipeline route follows almost entirely existing roads,
leading from the well field to Durres, with a branch off at Porto Romano. A discussion of route
alternatives is provided in section 5.9 of this Report.
Bulk water reservoirs
Bulk water reservoirs are planned to supply the villages along Fushe Kruje main pipeline route and
Fushe Kuqe main pipeline route.
Component 2: Wastewater Investments
This component will finance priority wastewater investments in Durres aimed at enhancing the existing
sewerage network’s capacity to handle the increased water supply in an environmentally and socially
sustainable manner, including upgrading of critical parts of the sewerage network and provision of high-
pressure sewer cleaning equipment.
Impacts of Project Component 1 - Priority Water Supply Investments
Socio-economic environment
The project responds to the urgent need to satisfy water demand in Durres and also improves access to
potable water for the villages along the Fushe Kuqe main pipeline route. A separate study of the social
impact of the project has been prepared by DRN-ACER entitled “Durres Water pipeline Resettlement
Action Plan and Social Assessment” – with the draft final analysis produced in January 2012. In addition to
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this study, a specific study is performed for resettlement and land acquisition requirement of the Project. In
that respect a study report named “Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) and Resettlement Policy Framework
(RPF)” was prepared by Government of Albania and cleared by the World Bank in January 2013, in
compliance with the Albanian Law on Land Acquisition and the World Bank’s OP 4.1.2. The RAP reveals
that the only affected parties from land acquisition, for the construction of the new Water Pipeline, are the
private land owners. A total of 28 land owners are identified in locations where a small portion of their land
will need to be expropriated according to the Albanian legislation in force. Land acquisition affects 34 plots
in four administrative units, in total 3487m2: (i.) Milot Commune – 6 land owners; (ii) Fushe Kuqe
Commune – 3 land owners; (iii) Ishem Commune – 18 land owners; (iv) Sukth Municipality – 1 land owner.
The estimated total cost of land compensation for the proposed project is calculated to the amount of
4,246,330.00 ALL (approximately US$ 40,442) for a total of land surface of 3487m2. Details of socio-
economic impacts are available in separate studies, as indicated above.
Summary of the Main Environmental impacts
This section outlines only the main impacts of the proposed Project. More comprehensive analysis is
presented in sections 5 and 6 of this Report.
Water resources
Potential impact of the project is expected on groundwater resources. There are specific risks associated with
water extraction from any aquifer, which may produce impacts that need to be prevented, or limited, through
mitigation measures, and adequately monitored.
The major potential risks over groundwater sources are as follows:
Overexploitation of the groundwater resource can cause a decrease in groundwater level, and a risk
of seawater intrusion. In the area of Fushe Kuqe plain, the phenomenon of seawater intrusion is
already an evident risk. The proposed location of the wellfield in Fushe Milot is further east of the
Adriatic coast and is likely to be of a lower risk of sea water intrusion. Over exploitation of the well-
field could lower the water table and adversely affect the production rate of the existing wells used to
locally irrigate some agricultural land downstream from the Project area, and/or could damage the
local vegetation and eco-systems. This situation could further have negative impact on water quality
in the local rivers and wells, cause changes in local aquatic ecosystems and have other negative
effects. It is worth noting that the proposed project aims to rehabilitate an existing wellfield (Fushe
Milot) to its original production level, following closure of the existing production wells in early
1990. During its prior operation, no observable phenomenon, such as those described above, were
detected. As a further measure, however, and in order to safeguard the aquifer, periodic monitoring
of water quality and impacts, if any, of extraction on areas surrounding the production wells during
construction and operation of the Fushe Milot Wellfield has been included in the project design and
EMP. If water extraction is managed carefully and responsibly, any potential negative effects can be
mitigated and/or completely avoided.
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FIGURE 1 MAP OF DURRES SUPPLY ZONES & PROJECT AREA
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The old, closed mines and landfills situated at the zone of contribution (up-gradient) of
rehabilitated wellfield in the catchment area of Mati River, which is the main recharge
source of Fushe Milot alluvial aquifer, poses the risk of contaminating the aquifer. Site visits
were carried out to the landfills and confirmed to be closed under an EU-financed hotspot
closure program. Furthermore, according to a specific hydrogeological study performed in
the scope of the Project, the quality monitoring data testify that the groundwater quality has
not suffered significant changes since the start of water extraction in the Fushe Kuqe and
Fushe Milot alluvial aquifer, in early 1960s. Several sample water quality tests carried out
by the Albanian Geological Survey and Institute of Public Health confirm that all water
quality parameters within the Fushe Milot wellfield area are within acceptable limits.
Soils and Geo-hazards
Main project impact on soils is expected during pipeline construction. Land preparations for
construction corridor, trenching, pipeline installation and re-instatement activities are main impact
sources. Permanent above ground facilities are also causes of soil loss. In order to minimize these
impacts, the existing roads will be used as pipeline routes. In addition to mitigation, surface soil
(vegetable soil) will be separately stored and not mixed with excavated materials. Additionally,
effective reinstatement techniques including erosion control will be used. These mitigations will be
addressed in the EMP.
During the operation of the project, subsidence (that is, of sinkholes developing as a consequence of
the alteration of the level and pressure of the underground water table) is the only risk in terms of
geo-hazard. Existing well sites show that such impact is not observed in the project area. Therefore,
the potential subsidence problem is not expected in the rehabilitated wellfield area. However, the
risk should be monitored. In this respect, especially in the initial years of exploitation of the
rehabilitated wellfield, careful monitoring of potential impacts shall be undertaken; details are
provided in the EMP report.
Natural habitats
Major units of the project including underground wells, pumping station and bulk reservoirs are
located on public lands surrounded with agricultural fields and rural developments, none of which
are classified as natural habitats or protected areas. The transmission main is routed alongside
existing paved roads or between the roads and the agricultural fields. There are two protected areas
located in the project area of the transmission main. These areas are “Rruskull” in Durres and
“Patok-Fushekuge-Ishem” in Kurbin. These areas, at the time of classification, were comprised of
marshes and agricultural fields, and both areas have the same protection category of IV. The
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existing level of protection has been enacted in 1960s, and various developments have taken place
since that time. The land, as observed during project preparation in 2012 and 2013, is heavily
modified by human impact in what can now be described as a peri-urban area. The section of the
transmission main that traverses Patok-Fushekuge-Ishem protection area is of an approximate
distance of 9,000 meters. In this section, a local road in agricultural fields is selected as a
transmission route. Therefore, there will be no direct impact to the marshes during the construction.
Additionally, the hydrogeological study shows that the aquifer used as water source has no
connection to marshes. According to environmental legislation of Albania, there is no limitation for
transmission main construction in the agricultural fields.
Air quality and noise
A temporary impact on air quality is expected during construction period of the project. Dust and
exhaust emissions are the major impact sources for air quality in this period. These emissions are
originated by movement of vehicles along construction corridor, soil stripping, trench excavation,
back-filling and reinstatement during the construction. No impact on air quality is expected during
operational phase. Impact on noise will be temporary during construction activities. Site
preparedness and construction of the pipeline will include the following noise-generating activities:
Route passage preparation; soil stripping; trenching; pipe stringing, welding and laying; and
backfilling. Generally, these activities involve the use of a mobile plant along the spread. During the
operation phase there will only be a minor impact (noise) for some point sources, namely the
pumping station and pumps of wells. Noise impacts are related to point sources such as electricity
cabs, pumps site, wellfields and they will be limited to the proximity of these sites.
Climate change
Although the present knowledge about climate change is not such as to allow for precise predictions
at the local scale and over the medium term time horizon, climate change should be factored in the
present evaluation since it may affect adversely the quantity and quality of water resources. In
practical terms, this can be done by factoring climate change in a hydrological model for the
management of the well field, coupled with adequate monitoring of levels and quality of
underground water table. This will allow prediction of the sensitivity of the well field to the effects
of climate change, and early warning to decision makers so that extraction can be adapted if need be
in order to prevent negative effects (seawater intrusion, concentration of pollutants).
Physical cultural resources
The Project is unlikely to have an impact on Physical cultural resources, as no known cultural
resources are impacted upon by the pipeline, the pumping station and reservoirs. Nevertheless, a
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protocol has been developed as part of the EMP report to set out the procedure to be followed in
case of findings during the construction phase.
Cumulative impacts
The risks of excessive lowering of the underground water table using inadequate or inappropriate
operating practices; resulting seawater intrusion; and pollution of the underground water table from
upstream industrial facilities, if these activities are re-started at certain point in future – could have a
cumulative effect. However, application of relevant mitigation measures in respect to water
extraction, and due diligence in respect to currently closed industrial facilities will prevent this
situation from occurring.
The impact of climate change is liable to further exacerbate these risks, through an intensification of
extreme events and periodical fall in the recharging of the underground water table. The existing
body of knowledge in this respect is rather limited, and more research of climate change related
impacts is necessary in future years.
Analysis of project alternatives
Several alternative options were reviewed: “no project”; two wellfield locations; two transmission
main routes; and two locations for the pumping station. In addition, consideration was given to the
impact of a water demand management program, such as the universal metering program under the
proposed project. However, even with a substantial reduction of waste and losses, a water demand
management program could not sufficiently reduce losses to the point that the deficit of 30,000
m3/day could be alleviated. Details of this are shown in section 5.8 and 5.9 of this Report. Taking
into account the above considerations, the final selection has been to use Fushe Milot Wellfield, the
western transmission route and Hydrovore location for the pumping station.
Conclusions of the draft EIA report in respect to water supply component
Impacts
The project will have a definite beneficial impact on the socio economic conditions in Durres and in
the villages of communes Thumana, Fushe Kuqe, Ishem, Manza, Katund i Ri, Xhafzotaj, Sukth,
Rashbull. However, the project might have a limited negative impact on the rural populations if
their wells should be affected; this risk shall be offset by appropriate monitoring and management
of the wellfield.
The main risks of the project regarding i) excessive use of the water aquifer, ii) intrusion of
seawater; and iii) pollution from the infiltration of surface waters, are minimized by selection of a
suitable site as a result of a detailed hydrogeological study. Additionally, an effective monitoring
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program has been suggested for the management of groundwater table and water quality. Durres
Water Utility will be supported under the project in designing and implementing a water demand
management program that will include universal metering to better control and monitor water use
and reduce wastage and theft, as well as a Performance Improvement Plan to monitor and reduce
technical and managerial non-revenue water losses.
The project’s impact on soils is expected to be minor. The risk of subsidence, cannot be ruled out
entirely, even though the experience of similar projects in the area has not produced such effects.
Based on past experience with the wellfield, however, the risk of subsidence is considered very
minor. No evidence has arisen in the course of preparing this report that suggests any incidence of
subsidence during the 30 year period of prior operation. Therefore, if it were to occur it would most
likely be localized and limited and occur during the initial production phase for which the
contractor would be responsible for undertaking remedies. Appropriate monitoring at the beginning
of the exploitation of the new wellfield is recommended and has been provisioned under the
construction contract.
The project will have negligible impacts on air quality, noise, and natural habitats.
The project will have a minor impact in terms of involuntary resettlement. This issue is dealt with in
the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) and Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF), which provide
additional information.
Project Component 2: Wastewater Investments
This component will finance priority wastewater investments in Durres aimed at enhancing the
existing sewerage network’s capacity to handle the increased water supply in an environmentally
and socially sustainable manner, including upgrading of critical parts of the sewerage network and
provision of high-powered sewer cleaning equipment.
The works consist of the rehabilitation of an existing sewage system in the prime tourism area of
Durres (which is declared a wastewater priority of the Durres Water Utility), and connection of the
said network with the existing, recently completed Wastewater Treatment Plant, which is capable
of receiving the complete load from this development. This project component will replace the
existing decrepit wastewater network built in 1970s, which is in a very bad state of repair, where
two out of six pumping stations do not function, and some of the manholes are damaged and
without covers.
The new wastewater network (primary, secondary and tertiary) that will replace the existing one,
will serve an area approximately 6 km long and 600 m wide, which is currently home to
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approximately 15 thousand residents. The improvement in wastewater collection and treatment,
over and above replacing the old network will also cater for the tourism facilities which have been
developed in the area (Hotels, high rise apartment blocks) and the resulting influx of tourists during
the peak summer season (June-July-August) which brings additional load of up to 95,000
capita/day.
Description of the Project Area
The project area for subcomponent 2 (wastewater network) is a built up area facing the beach,
where the network runs along existing roads, replacing the old dilapidated one. Only for a tract of
3km does the new piping run along the upper limit of the beach (alongside the main road), which is
used for recreational purposes and retains no features as a natural habitat. From the northern limit of
the area being serviced, the route runs along existing roads and through a suburb (light service
industry, residential) to reach the existing Wastewater Treatment Plant. The location of various
investments related to wastewater component are shown in FIGURE 19 – MAP OF PROJECT AREA
FOR COMPONENT 2 (WASTEWATER INVESTMENTS) in section 6.2 -“Description of the Wastewater
component “of this report.
Expected Impacts of the Wastewater Component
The project has no anticipated adverse impacts on natural habitats or forests, as none exist on site.
Regarding water resources, the project will have beneficial impacts only, as its implementation will
considerably reduce the amount of untreated wastewater polluting the surface and underground
water resources.
The project will have no negative impact on soils. The project will produce very limited air
pollution during the construction phase, due to the use of machinery for excavation and vehicles
servicing the site. This will take place within residential and commercial areas; however pollution
levels will remain within acceptable limits as for extraordinary maintenance works. Air pollution
levels will be abated by applying the mitigation measures as a part of good construction practice.
No negative impact on air quality is expected during the project’s operational phase.
The project will produce noise during the construction phase, due to the use of machinery for
excavation and vehicles servicing the site. This will take place within residential and commercial
areas; however noise levels will remain within acceptable limits as for extraordinary maintenance
works. Noise levels will be abated by applying appropriate prescriptions in the BOQ, as detailed in
the EMP report. No negative impact on noise is expected during the project’s operational phase.
Physical cultural resources
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As the wastewater mains will be running along existing roads, without requiring the excavation of
new areas or affecting existing buildings, no impact with Physical cultural resources is foreseen in
either the construction or the exploitation phase.
Socio-economic environment
The Project brings about an improvement in quality of life, public health, and in the general quality
of the environment, and improves the area’s value as a tourism attraction. Disruption of the
recreational use of the beach will be limited during the construction phase only.
Positive impacts of the Project
The project will produce beneficial impacts on water resources (abating pollution), air (elimination
odors from leakage and uncovered manholes), on international waters (by reducing wastewater
pollution into the Adriatic Sea) on quality of life and public health, and on the economy by
enhancing the value as a tourism attraction, of the area being serviced
Analysis of alternatives and their impact on the environment
The “no project-option” would mean leaving wastewater system in a decrepit state; leakage of
wastewater would continue, and untreated wastewater would seep into the soil and the water table,
and ultimately the Adriatic Sea. There would be no advantages of any kind in this option.
There are no practical alternatives to replacing the network within this built-up environment.
Conclusions of the EIA in respect to wastewater component
There shall be no negative environmental impacts from the implementation of this project
component. The very limited negative impacts in the construction phase are not different from those
of any large-scale maintenance operation. No negative impacts are to be expected in the operational
phase, provided that ordinary maintenance of the network and the pumping stations is exercised.
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2 POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK
The Republic of Albania has adopted a body of environmental laws and regulations which cover the
issues of environmental protection and management, water management including groundwater
extraction, public participation in environmentally-related matters, wastewater disposal,
management of surface waters and marine environment. Albania has made considerable progress
towards its objective of aligning to EU legislation, in view of Albania’s goal of joining the
European Union.
Albania is also a signatory to several international agreements on the environment, with which the
project shall comply. These developments resulted in a complex set of rules and regulations that are
applicable to the present Project.
This section of the Report briefly presents the relevant legislation and norms which have been
considered during Project preparation.
2.1 The legal and institutional framework Approved in 1998, the Albanian Constitution establishes the general framework for the protection
of environment, and endorses the principles of sustainable development and sustainable
management of natural resources, as well as the public’s right to freedom of information on the
environment.
2.1.1 General legislation on the Environment
The main legislation is consisting of:
Fundamental Law on Environmental Protection with related laws and by-laws;
Legislation on Water Management
Legislation on EIA and Environmental Permit
Legislation dealing with the public information and consultation
Fundamental Law on Environmental Protection and Related Legislation
The fundamental law on the environment is Law No. 10431 of 9.6.2011, “On Environmental
Protection”, which has the purpose of aligning the Albanian environmental laws with EU
environmental legislation, and in particular with the Directive 2004/35/KE of the European
Parliament and Council, dated 21 April 2004 on environmental liability, prevention and
rehabilitation of damage on environment. The Law has come into force in January 2013. The Law
elevates the obligation for environmental protection to a higher level from the laws related to this
field enacted in period 1993-2002. The Law specifies protection and improvement of environment,
prevention or reduction of risk for human health, prevention of human life risks, improvement of
life quality, and provisions of means for Albania’s sustainable development. The Law is giving
references to water resource protection, water quality norms and standards, air and soil protection
etc. It also deal with goals and principles of EIA, EIA relation to technical designs and declares the
National Environmental Agency (NEA) as the competent authority for definition of conditions
related to environmental permits. This Law is also underlining the obligation of any state or private
entity to invite public and other interested parties to participate at activities related to environmental
protection.
Other relevant pieces of legislation:
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Law No. 10463, of 22.9.2011, “On Integrated Management of Wastes”, which gives rules and
framework for environmental protection caused from waste contamination.
Law No. 8897, of 16.5.2002 “On Protection of Air from Pollution”, which details measures for
prevention from air pollution.
Law No. 8905, of 2002, “On Protection of Marine Environment from Pollution and Damage”,
which incorporates into the Albanian national legislation the obligations that result from her joining
the Convention for the Protection of Mediterranean Sea and its Protocols.
Law No. 8364, of 2.7.1998 “On Hazardous Substances and Waste”, which refers to pollution
control in respect to hazardous substances generation and solid and wastewater management.
Law No. 9587, of 20.7.2006, “On Biodiversity Protection”, which provides for the protection of
animal and plant species, and contributes towards the approximation of national environmental law
to EU norms.
Law No. 9868, of 4.2.2008, “Amendments to Regulations of the Law on Protected Areas, No
8906, dated in 6.6.2002”, that amends previous laws and by-laws regarding protected areas, in
compliance with IUCN categories and structure of protected areas. Among others it prescribes the
integration of buffer zones in the peripheral parts of protected areas, gives the land-use in any
subcategory of protected areas as well as defines the prohibited activities in any sub-zones of
protected areas.
2.1.2 Legislation on Water Management
The basic Law on water management is Law No. 111 of 15.11.2012, on “Integrated Management
of Water Resources”, which focusses on protection of water sources, distribution and efficient
administration of water and defines the institutional framework for administration and management
of waters for community benefits and socio-economical interest of the country. This Law is referred
to in the Law on Environmental Protection of 2011, and the Law Environmental Permit (No. 10448
of 2011), in part related to environmental permit procedures for water extraction and discharge
related projects. The Law describes the hygienic-sanitary areas for protection of water resources
defined for water production, which are considered as Protected Areas, provides spatial structure of
such areas (composed of First Protected Area, Closed Protected Area and Remote Protected Area),
including lists of prohibited activities for each of them. The Law defines the Water Basin Agency
as the responsible institution for monitoring of surface and groundwater bodies to be used for
drinking water supply.
Law No. 8102, of 28.3.2008, on “Regulatory Framework for Water Supply, Removal and
Treatment of Waste Waters”, specifies the establishment of a regulatory framework and an
independent regulatory entity for water supply and removal or treatment of polluted waters. The
Law specifies the functions, competences, procedures and standards, under which the Regulatory
Entity will operate.
Law No. 9115, of 27.4.2003, on “Environmental Treatment of Polluted Waters” addresses the
treatment of polluted industrial and urban waters. The Law establishes a separate license system on
requirements, terms and conditions for construction sites of plants and installations for water
purification operations. The purpose of this Law is to protect the environment and human health
from the negative impact of polluted waters by setting rules for environmental treatment of such
waters and defining binding obligations upon subjects who discharge polluted waters in the
environment. In this regard, and following the provisions of this Law, the Council of Ministers
approved the Decision (DCM) No. 177, of 31.3.2005, on “Permitted norms for liquid discharges
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and criteria for environmental zoning of rivers or sea waters”, which defines measurable and
controlled discharges coming from the water treatment plant.
Water resources were also regulated by Law No. 8093, of 21.3.1996, “Law on Water Resources”,
which established the National Water Council (NWC) and its Technical Secretariat. The Law
regulates the conservation, development and utilization of water reserves and its distribution. It
establishes a separate system of permits, authorizations and concession for different purposes of
water use.
Water supply and wastewater management were further regulated by Law No. 8102 on “Some
Changes and Additions to the Law No. 8093 on Water Resources”, which aims at ensuring a
safe and reliable drinking water supply and wastewater treatment. The Law establishes the national
Water Supply and Sanitation Regulatory Commission under the auspices of the Ministry of
Territorial Adjustment and Tourism.
Several Decision of Council of Ministers (DCM), where also relevant for this Project. These are: DCM No. 35, dated 18.1.2006, “On Approval of the Regulation for Works on Pipeline Systems and Removal of Wastewaters”. It described technical condition for wastewater pipelines, and conditioning norms for discharges of used water in approximation with EU legislation. DCM No. 145, dated 26.2.1998, “On Approval of Hygienic-Sanitary Regulation for Evaluation of Drinking Water Quality, Design, Construction and Supervision of Drinking Water Supply Systems”. This DCM, among others, provides the spatial dimensions of protective sanitary areas.
2.1.3 Legislation on Environmental Impact assessment and Environmental Permitting
Economic activities that could have a significant impact on the environment or are connected to use
of natural resources are permitted only after conducting an Environmental Impact Assessment
(EIA).
The latest Law regarding EIA is Law No. 10440, of 7.7. 2011 on “Environmental Impact
Assessment”. The Law has come in force in early 2013. This Law specifies general procedures for
EIA, the authorities which formalize and approve procedures and defines two types of EIA, namely
“profound” and “preliminary”. The classification of EIA categories in respect to various
investments are given in the annexes to the Law (Annex 1 for the profound EIA and Annex 2 for
the preliminary EIA). The Law defines the requirements for the issuance of the environmental
permit for EIA categories. It also refers to NEA, which is according to the Law No. 10431 of 2011
designated as a competent authority for definition of conditions for the environmental permit. The
Law gives the rules regarding the process of public information during EIA preparation process. In
accordance with types of investment (groundwater extraction), the Project related to Durres Water
Supply is belonging to group for which the clauses referring to profound EIA should apply.
Law No. 10448, of 14.7.2011, on “Environmental Permits”, gives the rules and new procedures
related to the EIA process, categorization and permits. This Law categorizes the types of
environmental permits, the competent authority for verification of each type of license, consultation
procedures etc. The Law describes the general principles that conditions basic obligations of the
subjects that apply for environmental permits and in respect to profound EIA specify that the
documentation should be presented to the National Center of Licensing (NCL) after consultation
with National Environmental Agency. The Law also specifies required documentation needed to be
delivered to NCL for requesting the environmental permit.
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DCM No. 13, of 4.1.2013, on “Approval of the Rules, Responsibilities and Deadlines for
Development of EIA Procedures”, details the procedures, clarifies the documentation needed for
environmental permit requests, defines consultation and information procedures etc. In accordance
with this DCM, the time required to get the Environmental Permit for Profound EIA Reports is up
to 2 months from date of submission of relevant documentation.
Public Consultation
Albania has signed the Aarhus Convention in 1999 and ratified it in 2001. From this period
onwards, public consultation remains an important part of any new development actions. In the
Article 17 of the Law No. 10440 of 2011, the EIA preparation process is conditioned upon public
hearing process. The Law specifies how and when the public hearing and consultation should be
organized and how these should be reflected in the EIA Report. Furthermore, DCM No. 994, of
2008, on “Public Opinion on Environmental Decision Making”, deals with rules of public
participation on decisions for environmental permit of activities that impact the environment.
2.1.4 INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS FOR WATER PROTECTION AND ADMINISTRATION
During the period 1995-2005, water resources management activities were extremely complex due
to a number of sectors, ministries and agencies involved. This complexity is underlined in
respective provisions of the Water Resource Law, which defined the composition of National Water
Council (NWC) as a body responsible for determining the main lines of policy and for making
major decisions related to it.
Main Authorities on Water Administration
The main authorities responsible for water resources management are the National Water Council
(NWC); The Ministry of Environment, Forests and Water Administration; the Technical Secretariat;
and the River Basin Agencies (RBAs) which operate on a regional level. Recently the Technical
Secretariat has been re-organized and a new General Directorate on Water Administration
established that will take over the functions of the Technical Secretariat and will supervise work of
the RBA’s. The Water Regulatory Authority functions under the National Water Regulatory
Commission, as an independent body with the exclusive right to set tariffs and license operators in
the water sector.
River Basin Agencies
The territory of Albania is divided into six River Basins (Semani, Drini/Buna, Vjosa, Ishem/Erzen,
Shkumbini, and Mati). For each of these basins the Law on Water Resources established the River
Basin Council and the River Basin Agency. The River Basin Councils’ responsibilities are (i)
rational protection, development, and operation of water resources within the boundaries of its
basin; (ii) fair distribution of water within the boundaries of its basin, according to the purposes for
water use and effective administration; and (iii) protection of water resources against pollution,
misuse, and overuse. The River Basin Councils are headed by the Prefect and have between 9 and
19 members selected from ministries, representatives of businesses, and consumer representatives.
They are supported by the River Basin Agencies (RBAs) that function as a technical secretariat to
RBCs.
The River Basin Agencies are responsible for implementation of the Law on Water Resources,
decisions made “their” RBC and for management of water resources within its basin areas. They
undertake the technical evaluation of applications for water abstraction and recommend them to
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RBC for approval. They also support the respective municipalities in solving problems related to
the water resources.
The Durres water Supply Project Area falls within the administrative territory of two River Basin
Councils/Agencies, (i) RBC Mati, with offices in Lezha and RBC Ishem/Erzen, with offices in
Tirana. The respective RBCs gather in Lezha and Tirana.
2.1.5 World Bank EIA Requirements and applicable OPs.
The World Bank’s safeguard policies are designed to avoid, mitigate, or minimize adverse
environmental and social impacts of projects supported by the World Bank (WB). WB promotes the
implementation of systems that meet the above purposes and at the same time ensures that
development resources are used transparently and efficiently to achieve desired outcomes. In
addition to Safeguard Operational Policy (OP) for Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01), several
other policies have been taken into account during preparation of the Project, and in particular:
- OP 4.04 Natural Habitats
- OP 4.11 Physical Cultural Resources;
- OP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement
- OP 4.37 Dams
- OP 4.36 Forests
- OP 7.50 Projects in International Waters
- OP 7.60 Projects in Disputed Areas
The Bank requires preparation of the environmental assessments (EA) of projects proposed for
Bank financing, to help ensure that they are environmentally sound and sustainable. While
preparing EA, the authors should take into account that:
EA takes into account the natural environment (air, water, and land); human health and safety;
social aspects (involuntary resettlement, indigenous peoples, and physical cultural resources); and
transboundary and global environmental aspects.
EA considers natural and social aspects in an integrated way. It also takes into account the
variations in project and country conditions; the findings of country environmental studies;
national environmental action plans; the country's overall policy framework, national legislation,
and institutional capabilities related to the environment and social aspects; and obligations of the
country, pertaining to project activities, under relevant international environmental treaties and
agreements.
EA Instruments
Depending on the project (dimension, scope of the project and impacts), a variety of instruments
can be used to answer the Bank's EA requirement:
- environmental impact assessment (EIA),
- regional or sectoral EA,
- environmental audit,
- hazard or risk assessment,
- Environmental management plan (EMP).
Environmental Screening
The Bank undertakes environmental screening of each proposed project to determine the
appropriate extent and type of EA. The Bank classifies the proposed project into one of four
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categories, depending on the type, location, sensitivity, and scale of the project and the nature and
magnitude of its potential environmental impacts.
The four categories are:
a. Category A: A proposed project is classified as Category A if it is likely to have significant
adverse environmental impacts that are sensitive, diverse, or unprecedented. These impacts may
affect an area broader than the sites or facilities subject to physical works.
b. Category B: A proposed project is classified as Category B if its potential adverse environmental
impacts on human populations or environmentally important areas - including wetlands, forests,
grasslands, and other natural habitats - are less adverse than those of Category A projects.
c. Category C: A proposed project is classified as Category C if it is likely to have minimal or no
adverse environmental impacts. Beyond screening, no further EA action is required for a Category
C project.
d. Category FI: A proposed project is classified as Category FI if it involves investment of Bank
funds through a financial intermediary, in subprojects that may result in adverse environmental
impacts.
It has been determined that the present Project falls in the second group of projects and belongs to
environmental Category B. This type of project could have adverse impact on human health and
environmental components (air, water, soil, flora, fauna and landscape), but in the present case its
likely effects are site-specific, not major and not irreversible. Where existing, the negative effects
could be effectively offset and mitigated by application of the environmental mitigation activities,
as specified in EMP.
2.1.6 Conclusion
In the above sections of this chapter the main legislative framework is analyzed in terms of
international and national, as well as the institutional administrative structure of the water
management system and the World Bank procedures for environmental assessment. In broad terms
Albanian legislation and regulations are consistent with World Bank procedures. The Albanian
regulations for projects classified as requiring a profound assessment (Annex 1 of Law No. 10440
on Environmental Impact Assessment) require preparation of: (a) an Environmental Impact
Assessment (not a technical summary of the EIA) drafted with respect to the project type; (b) a
technical description of the project or activity; (c) a report containing information on public
awareness and consultation carried out in preparing for the proposed project; and (d) invoices for
services rendered in preparing the environmental assessment documentation. All of these
requirements are in line with World Bank OP 4.01 procedures for a project classified as Category B
with the additional requirement of preparing an Environmental Management Plan (EMP). An
Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan has been prepared for this Project and is included to
this report under Sections 6.10.2-3 Specific measures stipulated in the EMP note where they are
compliant with national legislation or regulations, such as establishment of protections zones
around the production wells, by defining the protection area and method used to ensure protection.
In other instances where national laws or regulations are silent or do not indicate specific measures
for environmental mitigation or management, these actions or measures are set out in the EMP.
This includes, for example, water sampling/testing measures, preparing a groundwater basin
management plan, including chance find procedures in tender documents with respect to protection
of cultural heritage, among other such measures.
The consultants are satisfied that the project being the subject of the present EIA study complies,
through its technical design and its implementation procedures will comply with the applicable
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body of law, provided that the mitigation and monitoring measures that are recommended in the
EMP Report will be fully applied.
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3 OBJECTIVES AND SUMMARY DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT
3.1 Previous World Bank projects
The World Bank is actively supporting the Government of Albania’s efforts to improve
environment and health conditions in Durres and surrounding area.
Of particular importance in this respect are:
Two emergency repair projects,;
i. the Durres Water Supply Rehabilitation Project (DWSRP), approved in May 1994 (total
cost US$17.6 million, of which US$11.6 million was financed by IDA and US$5.5 million
by the Government); and
ii. The Albania Water Supply Urgent Rehabilitation Project (WSURP), approved in February
2000 (total cost US$14.6 million of which US$10 million was financed by IDA).
Following on from the above a third World Bank financed project was the MWWP (US$15
million), which focused on building capacity for managing water and wastewater services. Part
of this project included an Independent Performance Reviewer Audit of the Operator (BWI).
Finally, the World Bank, on behalf of the Global Environment Facility (GEF) financed the US$
4.87 million Integrated Water and Ecosystems Management Project that attempted to provide
low-cost nutrient removal for Durres sewerage and wastewater and which also complemented
the European Investment Bank (EIB) initiative -financing of conventional wastewater treatment
plants in Durres, Lezha, and Saranda.
In spite of the past projects water supply and wastewater services still remain woefully deficient in
the Durres region.
3.2 The Present Project
The GoA has received grant financing from the Japanese Policy and Human Resources
Development (PHRD) Fund, administered by the World Bank (WB) toward the preparation of the
proposed Albania Water Sector Investment Project (WSIP).
The WSIP is being implemented by the Ministry of Public Works and Transport (MPWT) through
the Water Project Implementation Unit (PIU) of the General Directorate of Water and Sanitation
Services (GDWSS).
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Rapid urbanization has been underway for some time in Albania, due in part to the inability of rural
residents to sustain themselves in agricultural activities and the opportunities for new jobs in larger
cities. This has caused serious demand pressure for services in Durres City, including water supply
and sanitation, that the Project is designed to address. Currently, there is very little evidence that
rural population moves to urban areas just to access water from networks. Reliable water service is
now a problem which is widespread and is not confined to rural areas. A major part of the Project is
expected to ensure additional quantities of water for water supply of Durres residents (who are now
facing a deficit of about 30,000 m3/day) by rehabilitating the Fushe Milot Wellfield and
construction of the related transmission main, which will, together with comprehensive demand
management program of Durres Water Utility, provide better communal services in the area of
potable water. The Project is also aiming to address the wastewater situation by extending the
existing wastewater network and replacing some of its old, dilapidated parts with new higher
capacity mains, which will be connected to the newly completed Durres Wastewater Treatment Plan
that is now being commissioned. The new Durres WWTP is capable of accepting the wastewater
that will be produced in the area that is served by the Project, after linking the Project-related
investments to the existing wastewater system. The Project is also helping to implement the
universal water metering program, thus reducing water waste and help in adequate billing and
enforcement of water tariffs. In respect to rural areas, the Project will support activities aiming to
dismantle rooftop water tanks combined with installation of elevated water reservoirs serving
settlement areas that do not receive pressurized water, since inefficient and leaky rooftop water
tanks are considered one of the major sources of water loses.
3.3 Studies funded under the present project
The COWI Feasibility, Validation and Detailed Design
The PHRD grant was funding the “Validation and Finalization of the Feasibility Study and
Preparation of Preliminary and Detailed Design for Bulk Water Supply Line to Durres Region”
developed by COWI. This study has so produced an Inception report (August 2011), a “preliminary
Design Report” (October 8th
2011), and a “Final Draft Design Report/ main Report of November
19th
2011, and revised Validation and Finalization of Feasibility Study and Preparation of
Preliminary and Detailed Design (January 2013).
The Barry & Partners study
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The European Union has funded (on Project Europe Aid/127584/C/WKS/AL) a full technical study
of the Project’s Wastewater Component for Durres, which has produced the technical tender
documents in June 2010.
The Social assessment and Resettlement Plan
The PHRD grant is also funding the “Durres water pipeline resettlement action plan and social
assessment”, which was produced by DRN- ACER in January, 2012. In addition to this study, a
Resettlement Action Plan (Rap) and Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) has been prepared by
DRN in January, 2013.
As part of the preparation of the proposed Water Sector Investment Project for Durres, to be co-
financed by the World Bank, the Government wishes to carry out an Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA) to assess the potential environmental impacts of the project, and develop an
environmental management plan to ensure implementation of the project consistent with applicable
World Bank and GoA environmental safeguards policies. The present EIA report follows an
Inception Report and a Data Collection Report.
3.4 The proposed infrastructures
3.4.1 Project Component 1 - Priority Water Supply Investments
Following detailed studies and consideration of alternatives, the proposed WSIP Project includes
(detailed description is provided in section 4.1.1 of this Report):
Rehabilitation of the Fushe Milot Wellfield, consisting of six new production wells, one of
which would be used for back-up and monitoring;
A pump station, to be located adjacent to the existing polder pumps station at Hydrovore
Patok;
A transmission main (pipeline), whose route will follow almost entirely existing roads,
leading from the Wellfield to Durres, with a branch off at Porto Romano, with a total length of
an estimated 63 km;
Bulk reservoirs and their feeder lines, to supply the villages along Fushe Kuqe main