1 REPORT ON PILOT PROJECT ON AUGMENTING PRODUCTIVITY OF LEAD CROPS (WHEAT, PULSES, MAIZE, POTATO) THROUGH ADOPTION OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES IN DEOLI CLUSTER (GAGRET BLOCK) DISTRICT UNA (HP) Submitted To NATIONAL BANK FOR AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT, REGIONAL OFFICE, SHIMLA, HIMACHAL PRADESH by ANKUR WELFARE ASSOCIATION In technical assistance with KRISHI VIGYAN KENDERA, UNA (HP) E-Mail – [email protected]
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1
REPORT ON PILOT PROJECT ON AUGMENTING
PRODUCTIVITY OF LEAD CROPS (WHEAT, PULSES, MAIZE,
POTATO) THROUGH ADOPTION OF SUSTAINABLE
AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES IN DEOLI CLUSTER
(GAGRET BLOCK)
DISTRICT UNA (HP)
Submitted To
NATIONAL BANK FOR AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT,
REGIONAL OFFICE, SHIMLA, HIMACHAL PRADESH
by
ANKUR WELFARE ASSOCIATION
In technical assistance with
KRISHI VIGYAN KENDERA, UNA (HP)
E-Mail – [email protected]
2
INDEX
SNO. PARTICULARS PAGE NO.
1. Geographical map of the State, District. 01-02
2. The Agrarian Scenario of Una Region. 03-05
3. Major Soil Types and Cropping Pattern in the Region 06
4. Scenario of Crops Pulses Cultivation in the Region 07
5. Crops production in Una district 07
6. Crops seed production programme scenario in Jhansi District 08
7. Inputs supply for Crops production programme 09
8. Role of promotional Institutions 09
9. Available Natural resources & Geography of Una District 10
10. Availability and gap in infrastructure and Support services 10
11. Area covered under Crop production in District 11
12. Aims and objective of the Project 11
13. Strategy for implementation of Pilot project 12
14. Area proposed for the Pilot project in Deoli Cluster ( Gagret Block )of
District Una
12
15. Cluster Map 13-16
16. Marketing arrangements proposed 117
17. Project Facilitating Agency (PFA) 17
18. Monitoring and Evaluation 17
3
19. Deliverables at the end of the 3 years 17
20. Sustainability of the project 18
21. Budgetary Requirements 18
22. Benefits proposed to the farming community under the project 18
23. Impact Indicators 19
24. Proposed Activities. 20-21
25. Annexure-IV(A) – Package of Practices (Moong) 22-24
26. Annexure-IV(B) – Package of Practices (Urd) 25-26
27. Annexure-IV(C) – Package of Practices (Masur) 27-28
28. Annexure-IV(D) – Package of Practices (wheat) 29-31
29. Annexure-IV(D) – Package of Practices (Maize) 32-34
30 Annexure-IV(D) – Package of Practices (Potato) 35-37
31 Annexure-BUDGET 38-39
32 ANNEXURE-LAND PROFILE 40
33 ANNEXURE-COST OF CULTIVATION 41
34 ANNEXURE-SEED REQUIREMENTS 42
35 ANNEXURE-DEMOSTRATION SEED PLOTS AREAS. 43
36 ANNEXURE-BUGET FOR SEED VILLAGES. 44
37 ANNEXURE-YEAR WISE CROP CALANDER 45-47
38 ANNEXURE-COST OF CULTIVATION 48
39 ANNEXURE-PROPOSED SEED PLOTS 49
4
40 Natural resource, Social Map of the cluster. 50
REPORT ON PILOT PROJECT ON AUGMENTING
PRODUCTIVITY OF LEAD CROPS (WHEAT, PULSES, MAIZE,
POTATO) THROUGH ADOPTION OF SUSTAINABLE
AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES IN DEOLI CLUSTER
(GAGRET BLOCK)
DISTRICT UNA (HP)
1.0 The Agrarian Scenario of Una District.
The present Una district until 1st Nov., 1966 was one of the tehsil of the Hoshiarpur
district of Punjab. Consequent upon reorganization of Punjab all the hill areas including
Una tehsil was transferred to Himachal Pradesh. Eversince, until September, 1972 it
continued to remain as tehsil of Kangra district. On the 1st September, 1972 the Himachal
Pradesh Govt. reorganised the then Kangra district into three districts namely Una,
Hamirpur and Kangra. Una district consists of two Sub-Divisions (Una and Amb), three
Tehsils (Bangana, Amb and Una) and two Sub-Tehsils (Haroli and Bharwain) and is
having five development blocks, Una, Bangana, Gagret, Amb and Haroli.
Una has distinct agro-climatic environment as compared to the other parts of the
state. The district is surrounded by Punjab state. The entire District of Una is spread over
1549 lakh sq. km comprising of 4 tehsil, 5 development blocks and 866 villages with
447967 of total human population (Table 1) The population density of the distrct is 291
persons/sq. km and rural populace constitute the major chunk (about 90%). and Una block
is most densely populated block of the Una district.
Selected Demographic indicators in Una region
Sl.
No.
Districts Area(H) Population (000) No. of
Tehsil
No. of
Blocks
No. of
villages
Populati
on
Density/
sq km.
Total Rural
1 Una 154893 447967 408545 4 5 866 291
5
Agriculture and animal husbandery are the main avocation of the people of the
districts Land utilization pattern of the district shows that in the districts of Una about 20
%,( 40492 h.) of the total geographical area 1549000 hecatre is under cultivation.The land
use pattern shows that net swon area is about 37664 hectare.18153 hectare is forest
covere.
Land use pattern of of the Una districts. (Hectare)
Total Geographical area of the district 154893
Forest Land 18153
Area not under cultivation 51077
Permanent pesture and grazing land 12589
Land under misc. tree crops 6980
Cultivable waste land 5278
Current fallow 2828
Other fallow 2450
Net sown area 37664
Total or cross cropped area 73053
Area cultivated more than once 40492
Croping intencity (CCA /NSA) 193.00
Out of the total irrigated area 8868 against the potential of 14304 hectare. 7268
hectare is civeredd by tube well irrigation and 1600 hectare is covered by other sources
like Kuhal and provate well. Farmers’ dependency over canal irrigation reflects the
significance of timely and adequate rainfall in the region, if agriculture has to be the
sustainable proposition in the region.
Area covered under Irrigation facilities.
Total area available for irrigation 16845
6
Irrigation potential created 14304
Net irrigated areas (at least once) 8868
Area irrigated by canal
Area irrigated by wells 7268
Area irrigated by tanks 0
Irrigation by other sourcs 1600 h
Irrigation potential utilized (cross irrigated area) 16179 h
Status of water sources available in the una district.
Land holding pattern in the una District.ive stock position in the district.
DISTRIBUTION OF LAND HOLDING
Classification of
Holding
Holding Area
Nos. % to
Total Ha. % to
Total
— 1 Ha 42571 59 17573 21
>I to —2 Ha 17674 25 16926 20
>2 Ha 11079 16 49924 59
Total 71324 100 84624 100
The above table shows the land distribution percentage among the population.
There are siezeable number of farmers (59%) who own less than one hectare of land and
District Tubewells Government
tubwells for
domestic use
For
irrigation
purpose
Kuhal
irrigation
Lift
irrigation
UNA 1131 1062 182 129 km 29
7
there percentage share in the total land is only 21. On the other hand there are 16% who
own more than 2 hectare of land and possess 59% of the total land available. So theire is
big difference in land holding size. So most of the farmers are marginal farmers and their
land use patten also reflect that they have to put all their efforts on these small land and
which increase the cost of production, because mechanical inputs are not possible in small
holdings.
Live stock holding in the district.
Category of animal Total Male Female
Cattle - Cross bred 25152 3445 9070
Cattle - Indigenous. 32291 20616 9826
OMtala 124545 521 69911
Sheep - Cross bred 1888 121 1767
Sheep • Indigenous
Goat 21630 773 20857
Pig - Cross bred 139 19 120
Pig - Indigenous
Horse/Donkey/Camel 342 237 105
Poultry - improved 49293 410 48883
Pnu Poultry - Indigenous 21125 1060 20065
Sources-2008 Census
The other major occupation of the rural foil is animal husbandry. The above table
show the number of animals they having quantity of raw manure available for fertilizers.
2. 0 Major Soil Types and Cropping Pattern in the Region
The major soil types prevailing in the region are clay loam and loam and sandy loam..
Besides the above soil types, In all the districts mono-cropping system prevails. The major
crops taken in the region are pulses, wheat, Maize, vegetables. More objectively, the major
cropping sequences prevailing in different production situations in Una region are depicted
below. The prevailing cropping pattern of the region shows that wheat and maize crops
dominate the scene.
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3.0 Scenario of Crop Cultivation in the District.
About 430 sq. km.hectare area of the region is utilized for crops cultivation. The
region takes the credit in growing wheat, Maize, Rice, Pulses, and Vegetables. The detail
is as under:-
Sn Crop Area under cultivation sq.km %
1 Rice 26.8 5%
2 Maize 295.20 60%
3 Wheat 321 75%
4 Mung .05
5 Potatos & other vegetavles
9.77 20%
6 Oil Seeds 21.92 5.0%
Among cereal crops Maize and Wheat the other local crops being cultivated by the
majority of the farmers. Besides these crops Oil seeds and Rice are also grown by the
majority of the farmers. However in the last years these crops are being replaced by
pulses and vegetables. Hence there are larger cultivationof these crops, because of higher
returens from vegetables ad pluses. Therefore for prductivity enhancement programme we
have focus on wheat. Maize, Pulses and Potao as lead crops for the area. As estimates
are available with agriculture department the production, proudcdtivity cost of cultivation
and also proceeds from thel lead crps is given in the next tables.
Sr.
No.
Crop Area under
cultivation
hectare
Productivi
ty (kg/
per ha)
Cost of
cultivation
per ha (Rs)
Sale
price per
kg
Proceed
per
hectare
Net
profit.
1 Wheat 1038 1750 19781 13 22750 2969.00
2 Maize 738 1750 23491 13 22750 -741.00
3 Mung 2 750 16111 50 37500 21389.00
9
4 Potaos 10 10000 64281 10 100000 35719.00
5.0 Crops seed production programme scenario in Una District
Seed replacement is a major factor responsible for producdtivity ehnahncement in
the crops. At present seed repalcement rate among the lead crops is very low. The major
reasons attributed to this are lacking awareness among the farmers as also lack of
availability of quality seeds. seed production is being done in the state agriculture
departments / unviersityies for the wheat requirement. Potato research institutes are
supplying limited quantity of seed anf 65 of demand for potato seeds is met from the other
district like Lohal spiti, Jalandhar, Hoshiar Pur district of Punjab.
About 628 hectare of land is under wheat seed production. Other crops like maize,
mung, potato’s seed is procured from other agencies, like, Agriculture universities, Hybierd
production centers, Central potato Research Institutes etc However seed production
programme of pulses is yet to be gain movementum in the district of una.
A Break up of the area covered under seed production programme in the una district
districdt is as under:-
Sr. No. Crop Area under
seed
production
(ha.)
Production
of seed
Production
(qtl)
1 Wheat 628 15700
2 Maize 0 0
3 Potato 0 0
4 Masar 6 45
6.0 Inputs supply for crops production programme:
Agriculture department and krishi Vigyan kendera Una is creating awareness
regarding soil testing, soil health card, cropping pattern land reclamation, fertilizers, seeds,
pesticides, and technical awareness to the farmers. In addition to this a large number of
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inputs supplies like fertilizers, pesticidies; seeds are also provided to the farmers by these
departments. There two soil testing laboratories in the districts. And faculties of mobile van
to test soil health are also available. In addition to this primary agriculture credit societies,
nationalize banks, in the area are also providing loan to farmers for agriculture purpose.
The state also provides for the crops insurance at reasonable premium.
Sr. No. Department / Banks/ PACS Inputs availability
1 Agriculture department / KVK
Una
Fertilizers / Seeds/ Soil testing/
micronutrients/ weedicides and
Fungicides, Technical inputs
2 District Agriculture Office,
Una, KVK Una
Seeds, certification, supply and
marketing of seeds
3 IFFCO, DF&CS KCC, Supply of fertilizers
4
Punjab National Bank, Kangra
Central Bank, Local Thrift and
Credit Societies.
KCC
7.0 Role of promotional Institutions :
Agriculture department have the facilities of seed availability, soil testing and
awareness support, HIM Agro supplies sprayers and other implements, District Plant
Protection Officer may play the role for insecticides, weedicides and awareness
generation, PACS 7 HPL Nangal support for supply of fertilizers. KVK Una facilitates for
vocational training, awareness generation activities and soil testing, Govt. Agriculture
Department Una, provides training input from time to time. Central Potato Research
Institute, Pulse Research (IIPR), Kanpur is the major research institutions and has seed
availability, inputs supply, technology provider, vocational training, awareness programme,
marketing arrangements etc. For the Inputs supply such as linkages are available as
under:
Sr. No. Department Facilities available
11
1 Agricultural Department Seed availability , Soil testing, Awareness
support
2 HIM Agro Una Sprayers, Implements
3 Horticulture Extension
Officer, Gagret
Insecticides and weedicides, Awareness
creation
4 Subject Matter Specialist -
Doulatpur
On spot technical help, Seed &
Fertilizers
5 KVK Una Vocational Training / Awareness
programmes, Soil Testing
6 Mandi Samiti Sales of Productions
7 Soil conservation Officer Spoil conservation training inputs
10 Farmer Club, NGO, PMIA Filed Support and implementation
11.0 Aims and objective of the Project:
The project aims at augmenting productivity of the farmers through:
Improving productivity of the lead crops/activities through adoption of appropriate
technologies
Reduction of costs of cultivation
Getting better price for the produces by way of value addition (e.g. grading, cleaning,
primary processing, sorting after harvest etc.)
Over all project objective is to augment productivity of the lead crops such as wheat,
Maize, Potato, Pulses, through adoption of appropriate technologies, which will result in
increased income of farmers. Proposed productivity level after the completion of three
years of project may be as under:
Sr.No. Crop Existing
Productivity
(kg/Per ha)
Proposed
Productivity
(kg/Per ha)
Increase in
income per
ha
1 Wheat 1750 2000 3250.00
12
2 Maize 1750 2000 1768.00
3 Potato 10000 12500 25000.00
4 Mung 750 900 7500.00
Part –II
1. Area proposed for the Pilot project in Deoli Cluster (Gagret Block) of District
Una.
Presently the area covered under the Deoli cluster comprises of 5 villages namely,
Deoeoli, Ghanari, Nangal Jariyala, Amboa, and Mawakohlan. The reason behind the
selection of this cluster was:-
The yield gap in this cluster is very high in comperasion to the yield of lead crops
obtained by the progressive farmers of th other area.
In all the five villages, there is a watershed program being implemented by DRDA.
This cluster has two villages already covered under Village Development plan.
The area is well connected by road, and near to the block head quarter.
There are active farmers club are functioning in the cluster.
All the village are having vaternery dispensary, common service centers, and
accessible to telephone and internet services.
KVK, agri inputs outlet, soil testing facilties ar available at the District head quarter.
One active NGO already working with the NABARD is actively present in the area.
Farmers credit societies, National Banks services are easily available in the cluster.
There is big potential of setting up of a seed village in the cluster. Farmers
are using seed procured by the agriculture department and in most of the cases the
government department contracts the farmers to grow quality seeds in their farms and
the department supply this product to the farmer at reasonable rates. Seed procured by
the government department is often lack in quality and the results are not as expected.
Often the farmers sell that seeds in the market for food consumption because the rates
of these seeds are lower then the market.
Keeping in view the above facat the above cluster was selected and to create a
awareness regarding the project various awareness camps and meeting with the
13
various stake holders were conducdted. On the basis of PRA and focus group
discussion, the detail of the cluster is as under;-
Demographic profile of the cluster.
SN Villages Total Population Families (HH)
Male Female Total APL BPL GEN SC OBC ST
1 DEOLI 1270 1207 553 482 71 258 147 138 10
2 GHANARI 1159 1039 598 516 82 213 72 304 0
3 NANGAL JARIYLA 1589 1460 678 568 110 392 148 138 0
4 AMBOA 695 689 338 255 83 284 41 13 0
5 MAWAKOHLAN 1244 1140 625 541 84 420 153 52 0
Total 5957 5535 2792 2362 430 1567 561 645 10
Out of total 2792 families the 430 (22%) are under BPL families. Out of these five
village two villages namely Deoli, Nangal Jariyala and Mawakohlan have clusters that are
having SC population more than 50%. The name of these clusters is presently the
Chownk and Zhikli Mawakohlan.
The detail of farmers engaged in various activities is as under;-
Sn Villages Total land Cultivated
land
Irrigated land Total farmers.
1 DEOLI 853 270 98 503
2 GHANARI 608 128 21 508
3 NANGAL JARIYALA 843 260 18 618
4 AMBOA 622 92 0 318
14
5 MAWAKOHLAN 683 288 23 546
Total 3609 1038 160 2493
About 75% farmers have consented to participate in the program.
The detail is as under;-
Village Wheat Maize Potato Mung
Farmers Area(H) Farmers Area(H) Farmers Area(H) Farmers Area(H)
1 DEOLI 503 270 482 151 23 5
2 GHANARI 508 128 516 93 18 4
3 NANGAL
JARIYALA
618 260 568 236 30 10 12 4
4 AMBOA 318 92 255 90 12 5
5 MAWAKOHLAN 546 288 541 256 14 6
2493 1038 2362 826 30 10 79 24
Present cropoing patten of lead crops and practices of the farmers in the cluster
1. Wheat
Almost all the farmers in the cluster are engaged in the cultivation of wheat. Wheat
is a major Rabi crop in the cluster. Cultivation time is mid October and harvesting time is
April. Among the 5 villages selected three villages have irrigation facilities and other are
most depends upon rain. Wheat not only satisfied there meal requirement but also become
a major fodder to their animals. So it is a major crops in the culuster. The production of
wheat is enough to meet their personnel requirement and there are few who able to sell
the product in the market as the land holding is very low. The cost per hectare and profit
out of it is as under:-
Sn Particular Amounts
1 Preparation of land
15
Two tine ploughing of the land with
Tractor@1302/- per heet for plughing.
2604
Mixing of FYM@ Rs. 1302/- per heat 1302
2 Manure and fertilizers. Cost of 10 MT FYM@Rs.
300/- mt
3000
Chemical and Fertilizers. Cost if 3 bags yrea@275/- Cost of 4 bags 2:2:16@450/-
825
1800
4 Seed Cost 1 qtl@1700/- 1700
5 Plant protection measures. 2500
6 Manual labour 30 units@110/- 3300
7 Harvesting cost 2750
8 Total cost of cultivation 19781
9 Producdtion (Kg) 1750
10 Sale Price @13/- per kg 22750
11 Net Profit per hectare 2969
2. Maize
As most of the area under cultivation is rainfed and maize cultivation is an important
crop in the area as it is cultivated during the rainy season. Its sowing time is July and is
ready within 4 months. The labour involve in the maize cultivation is so high that most
of the farmers cultivate maize just for green fodder. In the past the market price was
very low so the farmers were not inclinded to cultivate maize. But the scenario has
been changed now as its pricing is as equal as wheat. Maize is also use as staple food
by the farmers and during the winter when green vegetables are availale In abundance
the Saag and Maki ki roti become a favourite food for the local farmers. The cost of
cultivation per hectare and its out is given as under:-
Sn Particular Amounts
1 Preparation of land
16
Two tine ploughing of the land with Tractor@1302/- per heet for plughing. Sowing with bullock@1560/-
2604
2210
Mixing of FYM@ Rs. 1302/- per heat 1302
2 Manure and fertilizers. Cost of 12 MT FYM@Rs. 300/- mt
3600
Chemical and Fertilizers. Cost if 4 bags yrea@275/- Cost of 6 bags 2:2:16@450/-
2625
4 Seed hybrid 15 kg @100 per kg 1500
5 Plant protection measures. 2500
6 Manual labour 15 units@110/- 1650
7 Harvesting cost 50 units @110/- units 5500
8 Total cost of cultivation 23491
9 Producdtion (Kg) 1750
10 Sale Price @13/- per kg 22750
11 Net Profit per hectare Loss-741
There is a net loss in the cultivation of maize but the farmers are growing it mainly to greed fodder from the cultivation. This green fodder is quite costly and covers the cost of cultivation.
3 Potato
The land in the cluster is very good for potato cultivation. As it is major cash crop
and it income per hectare is very good. In the earlies the potato cultivation was rare in
the area but as the other progressive farmers from the other part intervenes and took
their land on lease for potato production. It was eye opener for the local farmers and
now it gaining movementum and more and more farmers are interested in potato
cultivation. As there is some difficulties in getting potato seeds and mostly it is imported
from nearby states it cost of cultivation is quite high. The skilled labout is also a major
problem. The cost of cultivation in the area is as under;-
Sn Particular Amounts
1 Preparation of land
17
Two tine ploughing of the land with
Tractor@1302/- per heet for plughing.
2604
Mixing of FYM@ Rs. 1302/- per heat 1302
2 Manure and fertilizers. Cost of 26 MT FYM@Rs.
300/- mt
7800
Chemical and Fertilizers. Cost if 5 bags yrea@275/- Cost of 6 bags 2:2:16@450/-
1375
2700
4 Seed Potato Breeder Cost of 20qt of seed
potato@2000 per qtl.
40000
5 Plant protection measures. 3000
6 Manual labour 50 units@110/- 5500
7 Total cost of cultivation 64281
8 Producdtion (Kg) 750
9 Sale Price @10/- per kg 1000000
10 Net Profit per hectare 35719/-
4. Mung
In the earlies pulses cultivation was a cultural activities and most of the farmers grew
pulses in their filed along with other crops. Black gram was the major crop that was
cultivated along with wheat. But the pulses production decreses and farmers do not
want to grow pulses as it require more labout. As the prices of the pulses have
increases many folds the farmers are inclining towerds pulses cultivation. Green gram
is a major pulse that farmers now grow in their field. The cost of cultivation and
production out of it is very attractive for the farmer. The table show the input cost and
out put profit per hectare that the farmer are getting.
Sn Particular Amounts
1 Preparation of land
Once ploughing of the land with
Tractor@1302/- per heet for plughing.
1302
18
Mixing of FYM@ Rs. 1302/- per heat 1302
2 Manure and fertilizers. Cost of 26 MT FYM@Rs.
300/- mt
1700
4 Seed Cost of 40qt of seed @60 per kg. 2400
5 Plant protection measures. 2700
6 Manual labour 12 units@110/- 1320
Harvesting 30 units110/- 3300
Total cost of cultivation 14024
Producdtion (Kg) 750
Sale Price @50/- per kg 37500
Net Profit per hectare 23476
It is suggested that a minimum of one acre maximum of two acre area may be covered
by each farmer selected for the Crop production programme.
NGO may carry out the base line survey, conduct the awareness programme in
selected villages of Deoli, Ghanari, Nangal Jariyala, Amboa, Mawakohlan Cluster,
Organize the meeting with District level stake holders and will share the approach note,
organize the farmers in to farmers club and JLGs, actively participating in the activities
undertaken in DPR after sanction of this pilot project on “Augmenting of productivity
of lead crops viz. wheat, maize, potato and pulses adoption of Sustainable
Agriculture practices” .
Krishi Vigyan Kendera Una, Agriculture Department, Una, may be the involved right
from the beginning under the programme.
It is proposed to form farmers clubs duly approved by NABARD, one in each proposed
five villages to take the responsibility of adoption of technology under the project.
Foundation / Breeder seed may by supplied to the farmers and certification of the seed
may be done by the state authority.
19
Variety selection may be done in consultation with the KVK, Agriculture Department
and farmers of the cluster...
Marketing arrangements proposed:
It is envisaged that IIPR, Kanpur, UP Seeds Corporation, Krishi Utpadan Mandi
Samiti Jhansi, Maurnipur and Barua Sagar and as also through ITC and e-Chaupal may
provide support for the marketing of Lentil and Urd pulses. Further marketing of processed
products may be ensured through value chain management.
15.0 Project Facilitating Agency (PFA)- Ankur-
Ankur Welfare Association Gagret is registered under the Societies Act-1860, vide
registration no 15/94 at Una (HP). It is working for the last 15 years mainly in the field of
Watershed Development, VDP, Farmers Club, Rural Development, Soil and conservation,
women empowerment and community health improvement through collaboration with
Government and private agencies. The NGO will be an enabling rather than a delivery
agency under the programme. It will facilitate the community mobilization and
convergence of the different programmes of State Govt./ NABARD and other agencies in
the project area. It may demonstrate new ideas, promote new approaches, experiment
jointly with the community, demystify concepts and technologies, and mediate to bring
about collaboration within and outside the community and impart skills and foster
conditions for reflection and learning.
16.0 Monitoring and Evaluation:
Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation methodologies suggested as may be
suggested by NABARD may be preferred. Monitoring of the project will be conducted
during the period of the project. The evaluation may be conducted through an outside
reputed institution at the end of the project period.
17.0 Deliverables at the end of the 3 years:
20
The gap between average productivity of lead crops/ activities generally obtained by
farmers in the cluster and the yield obtained by progressive farmers would have been
bridged by at least 25%.
The average income of the farmers should go up at least by 25% in nominal terms.
All farmers should be provided with credit facilities.
Repayment of the bank credit should be at least 95% of demand.
All farmers of the cluster should be part of farmer’s collectives.
A Business Collective like Society/ Producer Company etc is proposed to be put in
place.
18.0 Sustainability of the project:
By the end of the project, it is hoped that the Cluster level Committee will convert into a
business collective like society / producer company etc., so that the activities of the
activities of the cluster (like input supply, advisory services, output marketing, etc. become
sustainable.
19.0 Budgetary Requirements:
In the Cluster of 5 villages in Gadget Block at in average cost of Rs. 8.34 Lakh per
village, it will be workout to Rs. 46.00 Lakh Approx. for 3 years of project period covering
updating and finalization of development plan, PFA team and its Staffing, Soil testing and
continuous health checkup of soil, Trainings, exposure visits, Development of seed village-
5 Nos., Demonstration Plot-5 Nos., Supply of implements i.e. Drip/sprinkler and other
technologies, Personal Accident Insurance Scheme of farmers, innovations and
technological interventions, PFA management cost and Contingencies etc. A detail of
budget is indicated in Annexure-II.
20.0 Benefits proposed to the farming community under the project:
Establishment of a sustainable production and delivery system at the cluster level will
facilitate to attain the ideal Seed Replacement Rate in the seed villages and near by areas.
The Seed cost will also come down as it will be produced where it is needed most, thus
eliminating transport costs and middlemen. The integrity and quality of the seed would be
assured as it would be produced by trained farmers. Adoption of improved varieties will
lead to increased productivity leading to higher incomes to resource poor farmers. This will
21
have direct impact in alleviating rural poverty. Promotion of local seed enterprises will also
generate employment at the village. The major beneficiaries of the project will farmers,
FCs who will gain access to improved varieties and their quality seeds at the right time in
required quantities at lower cost thus harnessing the benefits of research investments,
higher income and nutritional security.
21.0 Impact Indicators:
Seed Replacement Rate of lead crops will reach at least 40 % from 5-6 % at present after
completion of the project. Existing productivity level, employment generation, availability of
better seed, promotion pulse seed banks, improvement in health of soil, income level will
be increased to farmers through production and productivity enhancement. Cluster will
also be linked to the knowledge base, information technology, marketing arrangements, e-
chaupal etc.
22
Proposed activity wise Strategy for the three years.
Activities inputs Expected outcome Resources.
A-1 Formation of cluster 2 members from
each village will be
selected through
conscious and total
11 members shall
constitute the club.
To monitor and run the
routine activities of the
cluster.
Project
implementing
agency (PIA)
2 Formation of
Farmers clubs /
JLG/SHG
Each helmet of the
villages shall be
covered under
farmers clubs.
It will create a active
group of farmer and
help in rapid information
and knowledge
dissemination. Credit
linkage will be made
easily.
PIA
3 Exposure visits Visit to KVK.
Agriculture
University, developed
farmers.
It will help in providing a
true and proven picture
in the various
techniques offered to
farmers.
PIA
4 Training to Field
Staff.
Training to the filed
staff on various
aspect of the project.
Creating better
understating of the
project
KVK
5 Training to Master
trainer in the cluster.
Training in accessing
land capability,
vermin compost.
Creating cluster level
human resource
KVK
6 Awareness
Generation Camps
Regular camps
before and after each
crop.
Creating awareness
among the various
stake holders regarding
cropping, seeds, better
land use
PIA
7 Filed level camps for Expert guidance shall Farmers would be able KVK /
23
land capability
assessment.
be made available in
the field to know the
land capacity and its
better use.
to grow as per
requirement and
capacity of the soil.
Agriculture
expert
8 Training in vermin
compost-creation of
demo sits.
Development of
demo sites and in
house training to
farmers
Availability of good
fertilizers
Agriculture
expert / KVK
9 Soil Testing of the
land for demo sites
and other farmers
opting for
experimentation in
new techniques.
Soil testing of 500
farmers and creation
of soil health card.
On the basis of health
cards fertilizers shall be
advised to the farmers.
The help of
the
agriculture
department
at least 500
soil samples
10 Pre Sowing training
to selected farmers
for better techniques
in cultivation of
Vegetables / Maize
The farmers willing to
give their land for
demo sites shall be
trained to used better
techniques.
These
farmers shall
be trained at
KVK.
11 Developing of seed
plots for seeds
requirements.
5 plots shall be
developed in the
cluster to meet the
seed requirement of
the cluster.
Drip sprinkler / other
technological inputs
shall be made
available to these
demo sits.
These demo plots
will be provided 50%
percent subsidy in
the first year and
25% in the coming
two years.
Quality seed shall be
available in the cluster
The seeds
so produced
shall be got
certified with
the
established
agency.
24
LAND QUALITY PATTERN
LAND Abi Bagicha Barani Barani Banjar Khandter Khadkana Charagah Forest Garmumkin
SN 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
% 14 1 24 1 27 15 1 9 1 17
Total variety of land available in the cluster (Hectare)
SN Village Cultivated Land Uncultivated land
Abi Bagicha
Barani
- Barani Total Banjar Khandter Khadkana Charagah Forest Gai Total
Able Doram Kadim Mumkin
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
25
1 Deoli
Deoli-
Jaswala 40 2 70 18 130 146 51 3 0 0 62 262
Deoli-
Minhasa 58 1 81 140 185 27 8 15 0 86 321
Total 98 3 151 18 270 331 78 11 15 0 148 583
2 Ghanari
Ghanari-
Dadwala 0 0 8 3 11 156 37 0 0 0 48 241
Ghanari-
changa 21 4 85 7 117 65 1 4 2 5 62 139
Total 21 4 93 10 128 221 38 4 2 5 110 380
3
Nangal
Jariyala
Harwal 0 0 107 0 107 4 0 33 0 0 12 49
Nangal
Jariyala 0 0 60 2 62 7 62 1 0 0 80 150
Khantila 0 0 18 0 18 75 35 0 21 2 33 166
Mohedar 18 0 0 0 18 3 83 0 31 0 11 128
Chownki 0 4 51 55 7 33 2 35 0 13 90
Total 18 4 236 2 260 96 213 36 87 2 149 583
4 Amboa
Amboa 0 2 68 0 70 11 47 0 37 0 24 119
Lambi 0 0 22 0 22 92 131 0 126 0 18 411
Total 0 2 90 0 92 103 178 0 163 0 42 530
5 Mawakohlan
NALOTI 59 59 24 16 24 182
MK 24 2 77 6 109 36 46 15 15
UPRER 61 61 61 3 43 229
TARALI 59 59 64 63 245
24 2 256 6 288 185 65 145 395
Grand total 161 15 826 36 1038 936 507 51 332 7 594 2471
Quality of land available in the cluster.
Total land 3508 hectares
Cultivated 1037 hectares (33 %)
26
Uncultivated 2471 hectares (67%)
CULTIVATED LAND
1. IRRIGATED-15%
2. UNIRRIGATED-85%
ANNEXURE – A
PACKAGE OF PRACTICES OF GREEN GRAM (MUNG)
1
36%
2
64%
land Use
1
2
27
Soil and climate
Being a tropical crop it cannot tolerate low temperature. It thrives well at 250-350 C. In
northern plains, it can be grown in spring, summer and kharif whereas in southern parts it
can be grown throughout the year as the variation in temperature is not much. Greengram
is cultivated on a wide variety of soils, ranging from sandy to heavy loam. Deep, well-
drained loam soils of the alluvial tracts are however, ideal. The crop also performs well on
shallow and eroded soils and is considered as a good cover crop. It is very sensitive to
water logging.
Cropping System
Greengram – mustard, greengram- safflower, greengram-linseed and greengram-wheat
are common rotations. In kharif, intercropping with maize sesame, pearl millet, sorghum,
pigeon pea and cotton is common. Spring or summer greengram is grown as a catch crop
green gram-maize-wheat, greengram-rice-wheat, greengram-maize-toria-wheat;
greengram-maize-potato-wheat sequences have been successful. In spring-planted
sugarcane, it is also grown as an intercrop.
Cultivation
There is generally no need of a fine bed for sowing this crop. Depending on the soil type
and preceding crop, 2-3 ploughings or harrowings followed by planking are adequate.
When the crop is grown as an intercrop, the tillage requirement of the main crop decides
the field operations. It is desirable to have weed-free seed-bed with should be given son
after harvesting the rabi crop. When the soil touches proper tilth, the should be prepared
with cross harrowing. The sowing time is the first fortnight of March for the spring
greengram, last week of march to first fortnight of April for the summer crop. In kahrif, seed
is sown with the onset of monsoon, preferably third week of June to mid-July. In the event
of the late onset of monsoon, It can be sown by July end. The seed rate is 25-30 kg/ha for
spring or summer and 15-20kg/ha for kharif and rabi. The row- to row distance for spring or
summer is 25 cm and for kharif and rabi is 30-45 cm. the recommended fertilizer dose is
10-15 kg N, 20 kg p2o5, 20 kg K2O and 20 kg/ha.
The control of weeds during 30-410 days after sowing is very beneficial. The young crop is
given one hand-weeding or hoeing. Use of weedicide Pendimethalin @ 1.-1.5kg a.i/ha
immediately after sowing is also useful. The crop matures in 75-85 days in kharif and 65-
70 days in spring season. It is harvested when more than 80% pods mature. One or two
28
rounds of picking of pods are also recommended to avoid losses due to shattering. The
plants are cut with sickle and dried on the threshing floor. These are then threshed by
beating with sticks or by trampling with bullocks. The seed are separated from husk by
winnowing. The average yield varies from 6 to 8 q/ha. However, yields up to 10-15q/ha can
be obtained with better management.
Integrated pest management
The major diseases of greengram are mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV),
Cercospora leaf spot, powdery mildew and Macrophomina blight. Yellow mosaic is a major
disease in northern and central parts, and powdery mildew in southern parts. The
important insect-pest are jassids, whitefly, stemfly, hairy caterpillar and thrips. The
integrated pest management strategy consists of cultural, mechanical, biological and
chemical control measures.
Cultural practices: Deep ploughing and timely sowing are good for crop health. In
disease-prone areas, resistant varieties should be used. The varieties resistant to MYMV
and powdery mildew disease are mentioned under the head ‘varieties’.
Mechanical practices: Hairy caterpillars have a definite egg-laying pattern in masses.
The first stage of larvae remains restricted to leaves of plants where eggs were laid.
Collect and destroy them.
Biological control: Natural enemies and birds reduce the pest population.
Chemical control: For control of thrips, stemfly, jassids and whitefly, apply phorate in soil
before or at sowing. @ 1 kg a.i./ha. Seed treatment with phorate or disulfotone @2%
weight basis is also effective. Spraying with quinalaphos (0.05%) controls the leaf
defoliators and hairy caterpillars. Dusting with 5% Malathion @ 35-40 kg/ha is also
effective against hairy caterpillars.
For managing Cercospora leaf spot, apply foliar spray of fungicides, Carbendazim (0.05%)
or Mancozeb (0.2%) at the first notice of disease. Need-based sprays may be further spray
may be applied subsequently at interval of 10-15 days. For control of powdery mildew,
apply foliar spray of wettable sulphur @ 3 g/liter or Carbendazim @ 0.5 g/liter of water at
the first notice of disease symptoms. If needed, further sprays may be applied at and
interval of 10-15 days. For controlling macrophomina blight, apply foliar spray of
Carbendazim (0.05%) at the first notice of disease. If needed, further sprays may apply at
an interval of 15 days.
Varieties
Some of the varieties to Mungbean yellow mosaic virus are ML 337, ML 131,ML 267, Pant
Mung 2, MUM2, ML668, Pant Mung 5, Pant Mung 4, Meha, Narendra Mung 1 for kharif
29
and SML 668 and Samrat for spring or summer (table 32.73). Varieties Pusa 9072 and
TARM 1 which are resistant to powdery.
Variety Yield
(Q/ha)
Days to
Maturity
Characteristics
Narendra
Mung 1
10.0 60-70 Tolerant to YMV, seed small
Samrat 12-15 55-60 For summer season, moderately
resistant to diseases.
Pant
Mung 5
12-15 60-65 Resistant to YMV, suitable for all
seasons
ANNEXURE –B
PACKAGE OF PRACTICES OF BLACKGRAM (URD)
Soil and climate
Compared to mungbean, it has wider adaptability. It is comparatively more tolerant to
water logging than mungbean. During kharif, it is cultivated throughout the country. It is
best suited to rice fallows during rabi in southern and south- eastern pats of India.
Blackgram needs relatively heavier soils than greengram. Well-drained, moisture retentive,
30
deep loam soils free from excessive soluble salts and sodicity are ideal. The crop,
however, thrives well on marginal lands and protects eroded soils. It is grown as a rainfed
crop in the warm plains as well as in the foot-hills and up to an altitude of 2000 m.
Cropping system
Blackgram and Greengram are mutually replaceable in various systems, except that the
water requirement of blackgram crop is slightly more than that of greengram. Both fit well
with spring-planted sugarcane. However, blackgram is not suitable for summer cultivation
due to its long duration (75-90days).
Cultivation
Land preparation, manuring, sowing, interculture, harvesting and threshing are similar to
those described for greengram. Seed rate is 15-20kg/ha for kharif and 25-30kg/h for spring
of rabi. Row to row distance is 30-35 cm for kharif and 25 cm for rabi or spring. The yield is
around 10-12 q/ha.
Integrated pest management
The major diseases are mungbean yellow mosaic in northern plains and powdery mildew
in southern and south-eastern regions (in rabi). The pests are also common which are
controlled as mentioned for greengram. The IPM strategy is as follows:
Cultural practices: Deep ploughing and timely sowing helpful for good crop health. The
resistant varieties to yellow mosaic virus are uttara, Narenedra, Urd 1, IPU 92-43, Pant U
19, Pant U 30, UG 218 and WBU108.The resistant varieties to powdery mildew are LBG
402, TPU 4 and LBG 17.
Mechanical practices: Hairy caterpillars have definite egg-laying pattern in masses. The
first stage larvae remain restricted to leaves of plants where eggs are laid. Collect and
destroy them.
31
Chemical practices: For control of thrips, stem-fly, jassids and whitefly apply phorate in
soil before or at sowing @ 1 kg a.i/ha. It will also help in reducing yellow vein mosaic.For
managing cercospora leaf spot, apply foliar spray of fungicides, Carbendazim (0.05%) or
Mancozeb (0.2%)at the first notice of disease. Need-based sprays may be applied
subsequently at interval of 10-15 days. For control of powdery mildew, apply foliar spray of
wettable sulphur @ 3 g/liter or carbendazim @0.5 g/liter of water at the first notice of
disease symptoms. If needed, further sprays my be applied at an interval of 10-15 days.
For controlling macrophomina blight apply foliar spray of carbendazim (0.05%) at
the first notice of disease. If needed further sprays may be applied at an interval of 15 day.
Varieties
In general, varieties with black seeds are grown but in some regions, varieties with green
seeds are also grown. The varieties resistant to yellow mosaic are listed under integrated
pest management.
Variety Yield
(Q/ha)
Days to
Maturity
Characteristics
Pant U 35 10.8 75-80 Pods hairy
Narendra Urd 1 10 60-70 YMV resistant, seed medium bold and
black.
Azab Urd 2 9.0 75 Suitable for spring season
Shekhar 3 11.0 75-80
ANNEXURE – C
PACKAGE OF PRACTICES OF LENTIL (MASUR)
Soil and Climate
Lentil is grown on a wide range of soils ranging from light loamy sand to heavy clay soil in
northern parts, and in moderately deep, light black soils in Madhya Pradesh and
32
Maharashtra. Its range of cultivation extends to and altitude of 3,500 m in north-west hills.
The optimum temperature for its growth and development range from 15 to 250c.
Cropping systems
Lentil is generally grown as rainfed crop during rabi after rice, maize and pearl millet. In
intercropping it is grown with barley, linseed and mustard. It is also grown as an intercrop
in autumn-planted sugarcane in north-eastern plains, it is also grown as utera crop after
rice. The seeds are broadcast in standing crop of rice just before harvest.
Cultivation
It resemble gram (chickpea) in habit and cultivation requirement. After harvest of kharif
crop, land should be ploughed once with soil-turning plough. This should follow cross-
harrowing and planking. The recommended dose of fertilizers is 20kg N, 40 kg p2o5 20kg
k2o5 and 20 kg s/ha. In soils, low in Zn, soil application of 20kg Znso4 is recommended
under rainfed and late sown conditions, foliar spray of 2% urea improves yield.
The seed is sown in the second fortnight of October under rainfed conditions. However, it
can be sown in the first week of November in irrigated areas. Under late-sown conditions,
the seed can be sown up to 15 December. The seed rate is 30-40kg /ha for small- seeded
varieties and 50-60 kg/ha for bold-seeded varieties, and row-to row spreading 25cm.
Raised bed Planting is beneficial than flat bed sowing, line weeding 30-40 days after
sowing or use of weedicide (Pendimethalin @ 1.0 1.25 kg/ ha) Immediately after sowing
helps in controlling weeds. In the absence of winter rains, light irrigation 40-45 days after
sowing and at pod-formation stage is beneficial.
When more than 80% pods matures, it is cut with a sickle, dried on the threshing floor and
threshed by beating with sticks or trampling with bullocks. The average yield is 8 to 10 q/ha
under rainfed and 12-15 q/ha under irrigated conditions. Under good management, it may
yield up to 20q/ha.
Diseases and pest management
33
The major disease of lentil is rust in northern plains and wilt in Central zone use of
resistant varieties is helpful in controlling the disease. Pests are not a major problem in
lentil. In some years aphid population rises due to rise in temperature during January or
February, and causes heavy damage. Spray of monocrotophos (0.04%) is effective for
aphid control.
Varieties
The small-seeded varieties resistant to rust are PL639, PL 4 and L 4147, and bold- seeded
varieties resistant to rust and tolerant to wilt are L 4076, LH 84-8 DPL 62 and JL 3.
Variety Yield
(Q/ha)
Days to
Maturity
Characteristics
Narendra
Masoor 1
17-21 12-130 Large seeds, rust resistant,
wilt tolerant
Pant
Lentil 5
15-18 135 Large Seeds, resistant to
rust
ANNEXURE-D
PACKAGE OF PRACTICES OF WHEAT
Wheat is the premier cereal crop of Himachal Pradesh and in the Una distinct
it is grown as main Rabi crop because of being the area of the district comes under
the sub-mountain and low hills sub tropical zone. But in high altitude and low
temperature zone the wheat crop cultivated during April- May. In September to
34
October in Una District. In the district of Una wheat is cultivated in an area of about
30 000 hectare with corresponding production of about 64500 tones of (21.5 qutental
per hectare). In selected cluster its yield is about 1415-1500 kg per hectare. The
rained area is about 87 to 89 hectares. The reasons of low yield are as under.
Warm temperature during the early part of its growth resulting less
tillening. Farmers using own seed which is often infected to no of
diseases.
Cultural practices are not followed by the farmer.
Application of UN matured manure to the soil which causes higher note
of germination of various seeds, weeds, unwanted plants which
resulted in nutrient loss.
Irregular campaign for weedicides.
Lack of irrigation practices at proper time or period.
Imbalance use of chemicazl and fertilizers.
Following practices pakckae of practices are adopts in the area:-
Maize wheat
Maize toria wheat
Summer moong maize wheat
Green manuring-Potato Wheat.
Important varieties for timely sown and irrigated land.
PBW-443, PBW-502, HD-2733, K-9107, HD-2824(Poorva),
HUW-468, NW-1012, HUW-468, HP-1731, Poorva (HD
2824)
Irrigated,High
Fertility,Timely Sown
Raj-3765, HD-2643, NW-1014, NW-2036, HUW-234, HW- Irrigated, Medium
35
2045, HP-1744, DBW-14 Fertility, Late Sown
HDR77, K8027, K8962 Rainfed, Low Fertility,
Late Sown
HD-2888 Rainfed, Timely Sown
Weeds Management
Various practices of weed management can be grouped into three broad categories
namely cultural and preventive; physical or mechanical; and chemical weed control.
Cultural practices such as time and method of sowing, crop density and geometry, crop
varieties, dose, method and time of fertilizer application, time and method of irrigation
have pronounced effect on crop-weed interference. It involves the removal of weeds by
various tools & implements including hand weeding & pulling. It is not feasible where
weeds resemble morphologically to crop ego P. minor & Avena ludoviciana before
flowering in wheat. Also, mechanical weed control becomes difficult in broadcast sown
wheat. However, mechanical control can be practiced effectively when wheat is sown on
FIRBS as this system facilitates tractor mounted implements usage.
Plant Protection and pest control.
ट
Karnal bunt
ह ह 2.5
ट ह
Loose smut
( ट ) 2.5
ह Ear cockel
ह ट ट ( ) ह ह 2
ट 2
36
ट ( ) Alternaria
blight
ह ट 800 ट
Rust
2
ह ट 800 ट
Table No. 02
ANNEXURE-E
PACKAGE OF PRACTICES OF MAIZE.
37
Both as food for man and feed for animals, maize is one of the most important crops in
world agricultural economy. It has yield potential far higher than any other cereal and
that’s why it is sometimes referred to as the miracle crop or the ‘Queen of Cereals.’In
India with the growth in demand of poultry feed the demand for maize is also going up.
Other Industries (mainly starch, dextrose, corn syrup, corn oil, etc).Experts opine
that there is a need to increase the production of maize in the country otherwise looking at
the demand growth, India may well have to import maize in the coming years.
Season
Maize is essentially a warm weather or kharif crop and as such is largely dependent upon
the rains. There are three distinct seasons for the cultivation of maize : the main season is
kharif ; whereas its cultivation during rabi in Peninsular India and Bihar, and in spring in
northern India is done. Higher yields have been recorded in the rabi and spring crops. The
higher yields are primarily due to better water management and a lower incidence of
disease and pests. In most parts of India, maize during kharif is sown with the break of
monsoon, the actual dates varying from region to region.. It can be successfully grown
where the night temperature does not go below 15.6oC (60oF). It cannot withstand frost at
any stage of its growth. In India, its cultivation extends from the hot arid plains of
Rajasthan and Gujarat to the wet hill of Assam and Bengal (receiving over 400 cm of
rainfall).
Soil
Maize requires fertile, deep and well-drained soils. Although, it can be grown on any type
of soil, ranging from deep heavy clays to light-sandy ones, it is best adapted to well drain
sandy loam to silty loam soils. It is, however, necessary that the pH of the soil does not
deviate from the range 7.5 to 8.5. Maize plants, particularly in the seedling stage, are
highly susceptible to salinity and water-logging.
Rotation
Since maize is a short-duration crop, it conveniently fits into a wide range of crop
rotations. In northern India, particularly in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, and Bihar, it
is rotated with wheat, potato, barley, etc. in a one-year rotation under irrigated conditions.
1. Maize - wheat 1 year
2. Maize – toria – wheat 1 year
38
3. Maize – potato – wheat 1 year
4. Maize – berseem 1 year
5. Maize – toria – sugarcane 2 years
6. Maize – wheat – sugarcane 2 years
7. Maize – wheat – cotton – berseem 2 years
8. Maize – senji – sugarcane – cotton 2 years
9. Maize – wheat – jowar – sugarcane 3 years
Crops like soybean, urd, moong, cowpea etc., are also grown mixed with maize. These
legume crops are grown in the space between two rows of maize. In some parts of the
country maize is also grown with pigeonpea.
Cultivation
A good seedbed for maize should be fine but compact. Maize kernels need a seedbed
which is friable, well aerated, moist and free from weeds. It is desirable that the previous
crop refuse is buried under with a mould-board plough. In due course, two or three
ploughings with the wooden plough are given. In case the tractor is used, one ploughing
followed by a couple of diskings is generally adequate. There is no need of preparing
extremely fine seedbed for maize. The first ploughing for maize should be done with soil
inverting plough so that 20-25 cm deep soil may become lose. It should be followed by two
or three harrowings or three or four intercrossing ploughings with local plough. Planking
should be done with each ploughing. It is important to note that while preparing the field for
maize, crop leveling is not overlooked. A properly leveled and uniformly graded field is
necessary for good water management.
Seed and Sowing
It is necessary to use certified seeds of improved varieties. Before planting, the seed lot
must be tested for its germination percentage and the seed quality must be adjusted
accordingly. Experts point out that for achieving maximum yield, every year a new hybrid
seed must be used. Sowing made a week to ten days before the usual date of the break of
monsoon, with initial one or two irrigation, provide a better chance for the establishment of
plants, and yield increases of 15-20 per cent have also been recorded.It is important that
optimum plant density is maintained in maize, because unlike tillering plants such as rice
or wheat, maize cannot compensate for lost space. Maize is sown in rows, 60-75 cm apart,
whereas the plants in the row are spaced at 20 to 25 cm. A population of 60-75 thousand
plants per hectare at harvest is required for obtaining the optimum yield. Sowing in rows is
generally done with drill or by dropping the seed behind the plough.
Water Management
39
Maize is extremely susceptible both to excess water and moisture stress. Maize can
withstand heavy rain, however the water should not be allowed to stand in the field any
time during maize growth. Water stagnation even for as small period as six hours can
destroy the crop. Hence for kharif cultivation, it is essential that adequate drainage is
provided.
Fertilizer Management
Fertilizers and manure both play a critical role in maize cultivation. For obtaining high
yields, the maize crop should be heavily manured. Twenty-five to thirty cartloads of
farmyard manure or compost should be ploughed into the soil before sowing. For hybrid
and composite varieties of maize, 100-120 kg of nitrogen, along with 60 kg of P2O5 and 40
kg of K2O per hectare, is recommended. The precise level of application of phosphorus
and potash should be modified in the background of soil analysis. One-third of the nitrogen
and total quantity of potash and phosphorus should be applied before sowing, while the
remaining nitrogen should be applied as side-dressing at the Knee-high stage and at
tasselling in two equal doses. In freshly levelled fields and soils with very light texture, a
soil application of 10-20 kg/ha of zinc sulphate before sowing has also given good results.
To control soil-infesting insects, 10-20 kg of 10% DDT or BHC per hectare may be mixed
with basic fertilizer application. Farmers planting local varieties may apply 40-60 kg of
nitrogen to the soil per hectare.
Harvesting
The maize crop is harvested when the husk has turned yellow and the grains are hard
enough having not more than 20 per cent moisture. The appearance of the plant may be
misleading, particularly in the case of high yielding hybrids and composites whose grains
are dry, while the stalk and leaves may be still green. Ears are removed from the standing
crop. Harvested ears are dried in the sun before shelling. In the case of the late-sown crop,
farmers prefer to harvest the whole plants and pile them, and the ears are removed later.
ANNEXURE-f
PACKAGE OF PRACTICES OF Potato.
40
India's most important crop is potatoes. Tamil Nadu and Kerala except potato are
grown throughout the country. The average yield of potato in India is 152 quintals per
hectare is far below the world average. Good yields of other crops like potatoes
advanced varieties of the availability of disease-free seeds is very important. Also, use
fertilizers, irrigation, and disease control also produce a profound effect on drug use has
to.
Land
For the cultivation of potatoes containing Jiwaansh Blooe - loam soil is the best. There
should be good for land drainage. Alkalinity and water logging or standing water for
potato land never elected. Bdwar moderate cold potatoes require time.
Improved variety seeds:
Kashh potatoes the most important thing is that its seeds have good range.
Aroganumukh particularly seed potatoes using good seed yields can be extended. Good
to yield Jlwajo section or by area only recommends appropriate varieties chosen.
Appropriate measure of seed selection:
Potato seed size and its yield advantage is concerned deeply into each other. Large
measure to produce seeds, but the higher price of seed would not be high enough profit.
Bhuh small size of the seed would be cheaper but Roganuyukh increase the risk of
potatoes is born. Often been observed that the proportion of seeds Arogyukh crop
Chotei measurement is higher. So good advantage to 3 cm 3.5 cm in size or weight of
30-40 grams of the same seed as Aloooan must sow.
The timing and amount of seeds sown:
In the north, brought Jahug Peadn is common to get less time to grow potatoes. Bdwar
from early sowing is found for the longest time but then does not produce more because
of such early crop to be adversely Bdwar and bulb temperature is in the imperfect as well
as seed germination and the risk of sudden remains. Therefore, this type of planting of
potatoes in North India to be completed by the end of December. North - western parts of
41
the appropriate time in the planting of potatoes is Peakada first of October. East India
potato is planted from January to mid October.
Potato crop in the row to row distance of 50 cm And 20-25 cm plant to plant distance
Should be. 25 to 30 quintals per hectare for seed is enough.
Method of sowing:
Plants to keep less distance light, water and nutrients to the small size of the potato as a
result they are increasing Ahod are born. Placing more distance between number of
plants per hectare decreases the value of potatoes is increased but the yield decreases.
So in the range of rows and plants that do not produce this balance is not reduced and
reduced size of potatoes. Appropriate measure for the seeds in rows 50 cm Difference
of 20 to 25 cm and plants Should be kept away.
Potato irrigation:
Sinchaeyoan potatoes slightly but many require water but never in the field should not be
loaded. Akwdoan or drains Medoan height of more than three-quarters-high water
should not fill. After the first irrigation to most plants and other irrigation Ugajanae days
after his 15 florescence into potatoes and should be. Be and thrive Kandamul the water
shortage has to bad effect on yield. Expanse of water 10 to 12 days in these conditions
should be provided. Eastern India from January to mid-October to be planted potato
crop irrigation in the appropriate amount of 50 cm (6 to 7 Sinchaeyug) long.
Potato weeds prevention:
Never let weeds in the potato crop growing. Sowing for effective weed prevention within
7 days, 0.5 kg 50 W Ssimejin. P (Cizamin 50 WP) or Alinjoron (Linuron) 700 liters of water
per hectare by solution in turn according to the spray.
Cutting or digging potatoes:
Fully Cooked potato barley harvest should then peel potatoes Kando strict tree to go.
Fully cooked and a rich harvest of about 300 quintals per hectare yield of the prize is.
42
Pest Control Patgean pota
The potato tuber moth in crops (Tubber Moth), Katuvo pests, Jeissid (Jassid) and Amahu
or Cheanp (Afid) is a lot of damage.
Oyobar Maugth pests in the larvae Surak Kandamul make. The tuber was not covered
with soil so it is Panhuchate much damage to the crop pests. Tuber moth as the appear
on the 0.07 percent or 0.05 percent andoslfana Maailathian Cover the spray and tuber
from the soil.
Katuvo pests of plants to their roots, cut the pay of the land below. Aldrin 5 percent
before sowing to prevent them or Haptaclor 20 to 25 kg per hectare in the soil at the rate
of farm Mila an. Standing crop on the wrath of the above drug Burkao Katuvo lower
surface of the plants does.
Jeissid soft-bodied pests are green leaves and other tender parts of plants which suck
juice intake.
Amahu or Cheanp (Fid) incurred in potato leaf green Kide which are found on the lower
surface of leaves and suck juices. The leaves above are crucial to them and their Bdwar
Muad is stopped. Amahu or Cheanp taken or 0.05 percent to 0.07 percent andoslfana
Maailathian to the spray.
Judd lump Shutrkrimi (Root Knote Nematode) leaves of affected plants are normally
grown from the leaves of the plants are plants Bdwar stay dry and warm weather plants
are patient. Roots in the highly Ghugte are. Usually other microorganisms such as
fungi in the roots of the cracks, etc. Jiwanw is offensive. Coarse grain crops to prevent
crop cycle should bring. Greetings should plow season 2-3. Eldicarb before sowing,
Carbofjoran Hactoear rate of 2 kg per active part should be put in the field.
Potato crops in many Bmariyug such scorching, leaf Muadn and mosaic , etc. appear.
These diseases are much damage to the crop. Harvest is necessary to save them much.
43
ANKUR WELFARE ASSOCAITION
GAGRET
Illustrative Budget for a Cluster of five villages
Area 1038 hectare
Farmers. 2493
Project period: 3 years
S.No Particulars Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Total
A Updating / finalization of development plan -
1 Base line survey (additional
supplementary information)
@Rs.5000 per village
25,000
25,000
2 Preliminary meetings / exposure visit @
Rs.2000 per village
10,000 10,000
3 Preparation of detailed plan / approach
note
25,000 25,000
Sub-total 60,000 0 0 60,000
B Rent for Project Office cum Technology
Transfer Centre (TTC) for the Cluster
12,000 12,000 12,000 36,000
Internet / computer at TTC (including
running charges)
76,000 12000 12000 100;000 000
Mobile Based Extension system (Reuter
Market Light or similar SMS based
system
available in the State) @Rs.1000 per
Village per, year
5,000 5000 5000
5000
15,000
15,000 Library / CD /Film shows / other
extension
materials @Rs.1000 per village
5000 5000
Sub-total
98,000 34,000 34,000 166,000
C PFA team (will serve Cluster of 5 villages)
Project Manager 120,000 120,000 120,000 360,000
Agronomist ( Rs.8000 per person per
month
96,000 96,000 96,000 288.000
Traveling cost @Rs.4000 per month
(Rs.2000 x2)
48000 48000 48000 144,000
Sub-total 264,000 264,000 264,000 792,000
D Village Level
Para worker - Agriculture @Rs.110/- per
day
5 Nos
204600 204600 204600 613800
E Soil sample and analysis / Soil Health Card
2000 samples @ Rs 50 per farmers (all
inclusive)
100000
100,000
44
S.No Particulars Year 1 Year 2 , Year 3 Total
Exposure visit for @50 per
Village. 5 buses (a) Rs 10000/- per bus
50000 50000 50000 150,000
Sub-total 207500 207500 207500 622,500
Development of Seed village- 5 Nos
@Rs.200000 per one per year (50% G loan/own contribution, 75% in 2nd and
3rd
500,000 250,000 250,000 100,0000
Year
H Demonstration Plots – 5 Nos – for
drip/sprinkler and other technologies
125000 125000 125000 375,000
I Life Insurance cover Rs. 15/-
per head : 2000
farmers
farmers
30000 30000.
30000 90,000
Total (A to 1)
Untied fund to take care of
Innovations / unforeseen
[email protected],000 per
cluster
100,000 100.000 100000 300,000
Add: PFA management cost @ 10% 148,627 119,168 119,168 386,963
Add Contingencies @10% 138,627 109,168 109,168 356,963
Grand Tot; 1 1
er
IF Training
Para workers-51"Persons per cluster @ Rs.1500 per head for 3 weeks ( one week initial. program followed by one day training everyweek during crop
seasons)
7500 7500 7500 22500
Cluster level need based productivity
training-at three stages of cropping
season(pre sowing flowering and harvest
stage @ per head for 1000 ie 200 farmers
per villages
150000 150000 150000 450000
45
Land profile of the Deoli cluster.
SN Village Cultivated Land Uncultivated land
Abi Bagicha
Barani
- Barani Total Banjar Khandter Khadkana Charagah Forest Gai Total
Able Doram Kadim Mumkin
1 Deoli
Deoli-
Jaswala 40 2 70 18 130 146 51 3 0 0 62 262
Deoli-
Minhasa 58 1 81 140 185 27 8 15 0 86 321
Total 98 3 151 18 270 331 78 11 15 0 148 583
2 Ghanari
Ghanari-
Dadwala 0 0 8 3 11 156 37 0 0 0 48 241
Ghanari-
changa 21 4 85 7 117 65 1 4 2 5 62 139
Total 21 4 93 10 128 221 38 4 2 5 110 380
3
Nangal
Jariyala
Harwal 0 0 107 0 107 4 0 33 0 0 12 49
Nangal
Jariyala 0 0 60 2 62 7 62 1 0 0 80 150
Khantila 0 0 18 0 18 75 35 0 21 2 33 166
Mohedar 18 0 0 0 18 3 83 0 31 0 11 128
Chownki 0 4 51 55 7 33 2 35 0 13 90
Total 18 4 236 2 260 96 213 36 87 2 149 583
4 Amboa
Amboa 0 2 68 0 70 11 47 0 37 0 24 119
Lambi 0 0 22 0 22 92 131 0 126 0 18 411
Total 0 2 90 0 92 103 178 0 163 0 42 530
5 Mawakohlan
NALOTI 59 59 24 16 24 182
MK 24 2 77 6 109 36 46 15 15
UPRER 61 61 61 3 43 229
TARALI 59 59 64 63 245
24 2 256 6 288 185 65 145 395
Grand total 161 15 826 36 1038 936 507 51 332 7 594 2471
46
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