Report Kamoga

ABSTRACT

This report was written not only from the activities I undertook during industrial training but also from the various literature, from the advise from Eng. Dumba, that I read as I endeavored to understand the principles of design and drafting of buildings and the overall procedure.It includes the drafting program, AUTOCAD 2006 and also the designing programs which are used in the drafting; that is, SAP2000 and AVWIN98.There also snap shots taken from these programs.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my sincere gratitude to Eng. Nathan Dumba for his time ad allowing me to training with him and also the help I got from him I also thank my dad for the financial support.

AUTOCAD FINALISING THE DRAFTINGPutting the plans in the plot areas:After completing the drawing in the model tab, and then click on the layout tab, this is at the foot of the page; this can be changed name to label it a name of the structure to be put/drawn there.

On the page of the layout there is an outline of a dotted line showing the area which will be printed. Then at the foot of the layout, at the name of the layout page. We right click then at the menu which displayed click the page is set up manager here the page below is displayed;

At the page, the layout clicked was displayed and highlighted as shown above and then MODIFY was clicked and this shows the page where the page to be printed is edited from At the printer plotter, the type of printer was chosen .i.e. DWF6ePlot.DC3 and then the PAGE SIZE was also chosen as ISO expand A1 (841.00X594.00mm)In the PLOT AREA –layout was chosen.PLOT SCALE 1:1 was picked and then the OK option clicked at the bottom of that pageThen clicked close on the page that showed next after the one for modifying closed.

This was done on the page shown below.

Now the layout is set and ready for items to be placed in it from the model page.

Note That there is a dashed line at the edge showing the printable area of the page In this page viewports are put and the single viewport was used. The single viewport clicked then moved the mouse or cursor into the white printable page clicked anywhere, and then moved it to give the viewport size. Single viewport was clicked to show it was selected and then at the color of the page menu viewport color was chosen.In the view port created, drawings in the model page can be seen and are CAN be ZOOMED BUT NOTE EDITED. The single box in the tab show below which appears at the bottom, of the AutoCAD layout is picked or selected.

Having made the page or the outline of the view port we move the cursor into the viewport then using the pan we move and select get the item we need in the viewport so that all its sides are seen.The viewport was selected then in the viewport-options tab, there is a scale box where the scale of 1:75 was written and the viewport box got scaled to that value. Note: some parts

of the drawing disappeared all could note be seen so using the blue selection points on the box it was stretched till all the parts could be seen.Great care was taken not to use the ZOOM COMMAND while moving the drawing in the viewport because then it would alter the scaling of the items in the viewport therefore they may not be well view when printed.

ANALYSIS OF A STRUCTURE

Structures like houses bridges and other structures used by people hold them up and use them daily for safety. Whether in use or unused structures are always under load .There are two main kinds of loading;

Live loads include people moving in and out, wind loads or traffic, animals. Dead loads include structure’s self weight and the stationary material in it.

These loadings impact on the building and thus cause several effects and defects in the material used for construction. For safety and avoiding failure structures are designed There are three main forces in a structure, :

Axial shear bending moments

when not designed for lead to structure’s failure.

Thus knowledge of the magnitude of these forces in a structure is of prime importance to make it safe for usage

Questions which to be answered.

How do we get these forces?

Having got the force, how then do you design the column or beams in the structure? What size should beam or column be?

How many and what size of reinforcement are we to use?

The stirrups, where do they go and how needed are they determined?

USING SOFTWARE ANALYSIS TO GET THE AXIAL FORCES AND BENDING MONENTS NEEDED TO DESIGN

AVWIN 98 This is structural engineering software and is easy to upload below is its interface

This is the interface with user. How to start a new structure :

Entering coordinate of nodesThe structure under analysis is put into a 3d coordinating system picking only the midpoints of its elements this is as illustrated below;The blue points are joints while the yellow lines show how the structure joins up. The nodes made then are joined up so that the structure appears as shown below. Elements in it are labeled

The structure seen above is then given supports as shown below then given sections and material while using commands in the program.

Picture shows the two storeys of the structure and highlighted are the columns and beams this is a side view

Figure above shows the plan view of the beams and columns as seen in the program AVwin 98. For the residential first floor first floor and ring beams are shown

Figure shows the 3-D view of the first floor for which structural design must be made.

Structure having sections

Above is the structure having supports at the nodes to the columns Note:This structure was for a two storeyed residential housing unit and thus in the structural sense mainly the ring beam and first floor slab beams and the columns in the structure need to be analyzed.

Getting the loads

Having entered the above features of the structure, dead loads and live loads are entered into the program giving each beam a force if it has one depending on the layout of the max spans in the maxspan layout on the first floor slab shown below. The maxspan are responsible for the distribution of the loading on the slab and decide which way the loads will be transferred

Figure: shows the arrangement of maxspan notice that according to their alignment, beam 2gets no loading from z but beam 1 gets some loading still because of the maxspan alignment.

Loadings considered under the Dead loading;Self weight:

1. weight of the slab and beams around the first floor slab Weight of maxspan per unit area (maxspans were taken to be 300mm X300 mm

and having depth of 150mm) and Weight of the ribs (spacing between maxspan lines was taken as 130mm) through which reinforcement with concrete run and rise to same height as the maxspans. Usually combined to make a 3.6KN/m2 force

The weight of the plain concrete poured on top maxspans of thickness 50mm The weight of the beams themselves which at 24KN/m3 since it is also made of

reinforced concrete.2. The weight of the ring beam this is just the weight of the beams that’s their volume X the density weight of reinforced concrete. (230X350mm)

That is all to the dead load on the beams and slabs. Next are:

Live loads:Note that there are given guide loads for designing in BS6399 which is used in Uganda and this stipulates that for residential areas it should be 2.1KN/m3 of the floors like the one on the first floor.Other loads are the loads on the ring beam due to the roof loading which is always under the live wind load its guide is of 0.5KN/m2 taken to be acting on the surface areas of the beams.

INSTALLING SAP2000

SAP2000 is a structural engineering analysis program; it is used for analysis of structural designs.Disk with the program was inserted into the CD room or plugged into the pots as shown below.Fig. taken with camera;

The program folder were its located was then opened as shown belowThe following page is then displayed

This page shows two files CAXA and SAP2000. As seen from the figure, the highlighted sap2000 is clicked then another page shown below opened showing sap0 and sap1.

Sap1 was clicked

When clicked the page below opened and then the red orange icon with a blue spot was the one clicked to start the installation of the program.

NOTE; Location of the file for sap must be note and keep in mind because it is to be used in the subsequent stages /stages so that the program can run tasks it’s assigned to run.

Going back to the page shown below, then there is a READMEFIRST.TXT, which is highlighted was opened.

On opening it gave the steps to be followed to complete the full installation of the program

NOTE:This page gives 5 steps to be followed so that the installed program can perform its tasks.Steps 4 and 5 are the ones missed while installing and so when go back to the folder of sap.

Open the folder update712.zip shown below

This was opened and the pages below are displayed

All these were selected copied and then pasted to the folder of sap of the memory of the computer where it has been installed.

Step 4 of the readme is shown below

The two file shown below open and they are then copied both although the figure below shows step 5 where that program as directed from the readme is open or run.

This is now the new sap page

SAP program is then ready to carry out tasks.

13th July 2010, read and was taught calculation of T-beams which are in flanged beams, learnt how to design for the reinforcement in such beams since they constitute the slab deign beams when maxspans have been used as shown in the site picture below.

The beams calculations help find the reinforcement in combination with the sap2000 program. I also learnt more about sap2000:

Learnt how to enter in the loads Choosing the templates for the design and editing it to fit the exact dimensions of

the project under design.

PROBLEMS IN DRAFT DRAWINGS;

SoftwareMost of the software on market is not original and therefore Uganda or local engineers cannot afford the original software which is so expensive.

RiskingMost people want to be done for the drafts without paying for them and don not consider it part of the work .

Bill of Quantities Clients request for bill of quantities and do not consider it part of the job

Lack of proper agreements Some clients give away approved drafts when they haven’t even paid the draftsmen