JIGS AND FIXTURES ASSIGNMENT 1
JIGS AND FIXTURES ASSIGNMENT 13BMFP
IntroductionIn this project, product that had been chosen is
brake disc. To manufacture break disc, there are several process of
machining that need to be done but only one machining process will
be choose. The critical part processing of brake disc is the
surface finishing and to done this process, grinding fixture is
required to get the excellent thickness and accuracy of the surface
finishing. This surface finishing of break disc is important for
the efficiency of the break disc to functioning. Braking system in
all vehicles must be works in good condition to make sure the
safety of passenger. All things that had been decided of the
product, part, process, material and others must be justify and
have a reasonable reason. A brief concept taking from researching
about some of the jigs and fixtures that already exists today and a
new design of jig and fixture for the part product processing has
been made where it is able to increase accuracy and precision of
the machining and also reduce the load and unload process time.
Objective The objective of this assignment is to familiarize the
student with process selection issues related to the design of jig
and fixture. Students also need to identify material of the product
and collect all the detail information about the manufacturing
process from raw material until the part becomes a product.
Moreover, all the design consideration of jigs and fixtures must be
state and illustrate the method of locating, supporting, clamping
and guidance of cutting tool in jigs and fixture to simplify the
machining process. Student also need to justify the crucial of the
process related with it actual performance and cost.
Problem statementIn order to get excellent surface finishing of
break disc, there will be some problems in mass production to get
continuous accuracy and same thickness of the surface. Higher
repeatability will cause a higher cost needed and will not get a
good quality every single of break disc that have been produce.
This report is to encounter the problem face by industry by propose
a fixture to hold, locate and support the break disc during
machining process. Student is required to identify the processes
that are used in selected part. Student also required having
evidence and knowing the process characteristic and then student
are able to think on their jigs and fixtures that match the
selected part.Jigs and fixture are production work holding devices
used to manufacture duplicate parts accurately. The correct
alignment between the cutter or other tool, and the workpiece must
be maintained. In many cases, it is difficult to design the
locating, supporting and clamping for surface grinding. To do this
a jig and fixture is designed and built to hold, support and locate
the part to ensure that the part machined within the specified
limits and accurate.
Part type and purposeAll type of vehicle must have braking
system to complete the working system complete. This report is
going to discuss further on braking system of motorcycle. Disc
brakes were invented in 1902 and patented by Birmingham car maker
Frederick William Lanchester. His original design had two discs
which pressed against each other to generate friction and slow his
car down. It wasn't until 1949 that disc brakes appeared on a
production car though. Basically, braking system is disc brake
system consists of a brake disc, a brake caliper and brake pads. A
disc brake is a type of brake that uses calipers to squeeze pairs
of pads against a disc in order to create friction that retards the
rotation of a shaft, such as a vehicle axle, either to reduce its
rotational speed or to hold it stationary. The energy of motion is
converted into waste heat which must be dispersed. Disc brakes are
most commonly used for vehicle braking but they are applicable to
almost any rotating shaft. The different between car and motorcycle
brake disc is the surface which is car brake disc have no drilled
hole on the surface while motorcycle have the drilled hole. Despite
it has different figure but the mechanism of the braking system is
just same which doesnt have any much different.
Picture 1: Basic brake disc motorcycle Picture 2: Basic brake
disc car
Before start to decide which part processing that need to
choose, some research had been done in order to find which part is
the most critical part in order for the brake disc to be
functioning. There are several parts that had been discussed that
are the hole, surface and side of the brake disc. The side of the
brake disc is not the critical part as it doesnt affect the braking
system. Then the drilled hole is one of the critical parts as it
functions for the air to pass across and cool down the brakes.
Despite it critical part, but it doesnt seem like it had been
drilling because it will not productive if every hole had been
drilling because it mass production product. In order to known
whether the hole is drilled or only stamping process, cross section
of the break disc had been taken by cut the break disc using laser
cutting machine. After that, the cross sections of the break disc
are looked under the microscope to get the structure whether it is
circular or linear.
Picture 3: Laser cutting processAfter done the laser cutting
machine, the cross section is check under microscope and the
results show that the break disc had been done stamping process not
a drilling process. There are seen have drawn phenomenon that prove
it was undergo the stamping process. This phenomenon basically
occurs in industrial sheet metal stamping processes. In the
process, a strip with the fixed width is drawn by the elliptical
tool and laid freely. Therefore, the primary springback along the
longitudinal direction and the secondary springback along the
transverse direction of the strip occur at the same time.
Picture 4: Cross-section of break disc
Picture 5: Structure of the break disc under microscope
After done the process, it shows that the drilled hole is not a
machining part. Lastly, surface finishing had been chosen as the
crucial part of the machining break disc. Surface finishing of the
break disc is important for the efficiency of the breaking system.
The minimum thickness specification is an important dimension
because it is the minimum thickness that provides safe braking. As
a rotor wears and becomes thinner, it has less mass. This reduces
the rotors ability to absorb and dissipate heat. It also reduces
the strength of the rotor, increasing the risk of cracking or even
breaking (rotor failure).Thats why the thickness of the rotors
should always be measured every time the brakes are serviced. If a
rotor is worn down to the minimum thickness specification, or
cannot be resurfaced without exceeding the dimension, it must be
replaced. So that surface grinding of the brake disc is really the
most crucial part.In some cases, rotors may not have to be
resurfaced when the pads are replaced. If they are relatively
smooth with minimal grooving, they may not need to be cut. However,
most professional brake technicians wont take a chance on not
resurfacing the rotors for fear the brakes may be noisy or not feel
right until the pads are fully seated in. Resurfacing restores a
flat, smooth surface that provides the proper friction
characteristics, minimizes noise-producing vibrations and allows
for maximum pad contact.Installing new pads on a grooved rotor
causes the pads to ride on the high spots of the rotor. Eventually,
the pads will wear down and make full contact with the rotors as
they seat in. But this increases pad wear and decreases overall pad
life. So it could also be argued that not resurfacing the rotors is
counterproductive to maximizing brake life.The surface finish on
the rotors also is important because it affects the friction
characteristics of the brakes, pad seating, break-in, wear and
noise. Most new OEM rotors today have a surface finish between 30
and 60 inches RA (roughness average), with many falling in the 40
to 50 RA range. Some OEM specifications say that anything less than
80 RA is acceptable. If rotors are resurfaced, they should be cut
to meet these specifications using sharp lathe bits and proper
rotation and feed speeds.
Brake rotor technologyIf a brake rotor was a single cast chunk
of steel, it would have terrible heat dissipation properties and
leave nowhere for the vaporised gas to go. Because of this, brake
rotors are typically modified with all manner of extra design
features to help them cool down as quickly as possible as well as
dissipate any gas from between the pads and rotors. The diagram
here shows some examples of rotor types with the various
modifications that can be done to them to help them create more
friction, disperse more heat more quickly, and ventilate
gas.Different styles of disc brake rotor1: Basic brake rotor. 2:
Grooved rotor - the grooves give more bite and thus more friction
as they pass between the brake pads they also allow gas to vent
from between the pads and the rotor. 3: Grooved, drilled rotor -
the drilled holes again give more bite, but also allow air currents
(eddies) to blow through the brake disc to assist cooling and
ventilating gas. 4: Dual ventilated rotors - same as before but now
with two rotors instead of one, and with vanes in between them to
generate a vortex which will cool the rotors even further whilst
trying to actually 'suck' any gas away from the pads.
Material break discHardened steel is a type of carbon steel used
for making tools and heavy machine parts. This material consists of
steel that has been specially treated to improve its hardness and
strength. Compared to standard steel, the hardened type offers
greater wear resistance and durability, making it well-suited to
heavy-duty applications. Basically, many parts of motorcycle
including the break disc are used hardened steel material.To make
hardened steel, manufacturers heat carbon steel to high
temperatures, then subject it to a process called quenching. During
quenching, the steel is rapidly cooled in a solution of brine or
water. After quenching, the steel is very hard, yet also extremely
brittle. To reduce brittleness while maintaining the added hardness
of the steel, manufacturers then temper the metal by reheating it
once again and letting it cool naturally. By combining quenching
and tempering, steel makers can create products that are harder
than standard carbon steel, yet durable enough to withstand
cracking or damage caused by sharp impacts.The term hardened steel
may also refer to metal that has been case hardened. This type of
metal goes through a slightly different quenching and tempering
process, which gives it a tough and wear-resistant exterior while
eliminating all brittleness within the core of the steel. Cased
steel is used to make objects like handguns, where exterior wear
resistance must be coupled with maximum strength throughout the
material.One of the primary advantages to hardened steel is its
added resistance against wear and abrasion. This material can
withstand frequent abuse and heavy loads without damage or failure.
It is also better able to resist rust and corrosion than standard
steel products.Despite its many advantages, hardened steel may not
be appropriate for all types of applications. Compared to standard
carbon steel, this material is fairly brittle, even after going
through the tempering process. This means it is unable to withstand
damage from sharp impacts. Quenching and tempering also lowers the
melting point of steel, which could pose problems in terms of fire
safety. This could also prevent hardened steel from being used in
some projects where it will be subject to high temperatures, such
as near engines or other large machines.Braking system worksAs
mention earlier, braking system of car basically has same mechanism
as the motorcycle. Here is the location of the disc brakes:
The main components of a disc brake are:The brake padsThe
caliper, which contains a pistonThe rotor, which is mounted to the
hub
Motorcycle brakes have a caliper, which squeezes the brake pads
against the wheel. In a disc brake, the brake pads squeeze the
rotor instead of the wheel, and the force is transmitted
hydraulically instead of through a cable. Friction between the pads
and the disc slows the disc down. A moving motorcycle has a certain
amount of kinetic energy, and the brakes have to remove this energy
from the motorcycle in order to stop it. Each time it stops, the
brakes convert the kinetic energy to heat generated by the friction
between the pads and the disc.
Self-Adjusting BrakesThe single-piston floating-caliper disc
brake is self-centering and self-adjusting. The caliper is able to
slide from side to side so it will move to the center each time the
brakes are applied. Also, since there is no spring to pull the pads
away from the disc, the pads always stay in light contact with the
rotor (the rubber piston seal and any wobble in the rotor may
actually pull the pads a small distance away from the rotor). This
is important because the pistons in the brakes are much larger in
diameter than the ones in the master cylinder. If the brake pistons
retracted into their cylinders, it might take several applications
of the brake pedal to pump enough fluid into the brake cylinder to
engage the brake pads.
Brake actuatorsBrakes are all well and good, but you need some
method of applying them in order for them to work. The method by
which the force from your hand or foot reaches the brake itself is
all to do with the brake actuator system. Mostly type of brake
actuators used is a single-circuit hydraulic. It is the type of
brake system used on most cars and motorbikes today. Gone are the
cables and bars, replaced instead with a system of plungers,
reservoirs and hydraulic fluid. Single-circuit hydraulic systems
have three basic components - the master cylinder, the slave
cylinder and the reservoir. They're joined together with hydraulic
hose and filled with a non-compressible hydraulic fluid (see brake
fluid below). When you press your foot on the brake, or squeeze the
brake lever, you compress a small piston assembly in the master
cylinder. Because the brake fluid does not compress, that pressure
is instantaneously transferred through the hydraulic brake line to
the slave cylinder where it acts on another piston assembly,
pushing it out. That slave assembly is either connected to a lever
to activate the brakes, or more commonly, is the brake caliper
itself, with the slave cylinder being the piston that acts directly
on the brake pads. Because of the arrangement of the slave
cylinder, heat from the brakes can be transferred back into the
brake fluid.
Process IdentificationStandard motorcycle brake discs are mass
produced on production lines using stamped parts made cheaply on
production machinery. In mass production of product, we need to
consider many aspect such as cost effectiveness, optimization of
machine, accuracy of product, total production time and volume of
scrap produce by the machine. Below are the step of producing brake
discs from raw material. The surface grinding process is the
process that we focus on.
Stamping process.Thick steel sheet rolled out from big coil is
fed into stamping machine and the machine press out the steel sheet
with massive force into circular shape blank. The blank then
transfer to another stamping machine to punch out and produce the
center shape of brake disc.Punching process.Punching machine punch
all the brake disc holes with specific designed die. The function
of hole on the surface of brake discs are to remove heat during the
braking to ensure the brake function efficiently in high
temperature. Punching machine also punch hole at the center of
brakes disc to make slot for screw to mounted it to motorcycle
wheel hub.Skimming process.The brake disc then transfer to the
skimming machine to skimming the side and surface of the disc .
This process remove the excess material that produce during
stamping operation and to obtain the flatness of the disc and
follow the given dimension . First quality control
inspection.During the first quality control inspection, all the
dimension and tolerance of brake disc are checked. For the product
that have defect such as bend of not uniform dimension, adjustment
must be made until the product achieve the requirement. If the
defect is to serious such as crack, the product will be eliminate
from the production line.Heat treatment process.Brake rotor that
passed the quality control must undergo heat treatment, this
process strengthened the steel by heat it until certain
temperature. When reaching certain temperature, the furnace will
inject carbon and the steel will absorb it for strengthen further.
Quenching process.After exit the furnace, the brake rotors was
quickly immerse in oil to quench it. Quenching process is a process
of hardened the material to improve performance in high temperature
during braking . steel can only having high hardness and excellent
properties after quenching and after heat treatment is held at the
tempering temperature.
Surface grinding process. This is the most crucial process in
the manufacturing of brake discs, both surface of brake disc must
be grinded to achieve ultrafine surface to ensure the brake disc
give excellent performance during operation. Before grinding, the
disc need to be mounted on fixture to prevent it from dislocate and
need to be really fixed during grinding operation. The fixture must
follow the entire requirement to produce excellent surface
finishing surface product. The fixture must able to support the
force exert on the brake disc due to perpendicular force from
grinding wheel. During braking,disc brakeis a type ofbrakethat
usescalipersto squeeze pairs ofpadsagainst adiscin order to
createfrictionthat retards the rotation of a shaft, such as
avehicleaxle, either to reduce its rotational speed or to hold it
stationary. The energy of motion is converted intowaste heatwhich
must be dispersed. To slow down the wheel, friction material in the
form of brake pads, mounted on a device called a brake caliper,
forced mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic or electromagnetic toward
both sides of the disc. Friction causes the disc and attached wheel
to slow or stop. Brake convert motion into heat, and if the brakes
to overheat, they become less effective, a phenomenon known as
brake fade.Nowadays, many machine has equip with latest technology
to achieve mass production and improve quality of the product. This
CNC control disc grinding machine combines with hard industrial
personal computer (PC), which is used to convey the motion control
module. The motion controller is used, which sends command signals
to / carrier servo drive axis control grinding fixture, available
in versions compatible with any computer platform. Horizontal
spindle or fixture are use to hold part, grinding machine are used
to grind the surface by a "park and grind" method. An indexer
"parks" the part between parallel grinding wheels. A servomotor is
used to drive the indexer, which accelerates rapidly to park the
parts, and it decelerates rapidly in removing them after grinding.
To optimize surface finish and obtain necessary flatness, a "spin
grinding" technique is used, by which the parts themselves rotate
between the grinding wheels.
Final quality control inspection.After surface grinding process,
the entire brake disc must undergo final quality inspection.
Computer controlled CMM machines inspect every brake discs
components for dimensional accuracy. The component also need to
inspect using advanced optical inspection processes to ensure each
component of brake discs meets tights quality control requirements
from factory. One piece or more quantity of brake disc from one
production batch will select to betested to determine their
performance characteristics under different operating conditions.
Test parameters may include repeated stops from high velocity, or
extended driving cycles to measure wear life.
3.0 Tooling3.1 Type and purposeFixtures are functioning to hold,
support and clamps workpieces. Grinding fixtures has been use as a
tooling for doing surface finishing brake disc. The grinding
process is usually a finishing operation where the work piece
dimensions are held to close tolerances; therefore great accuracy
is required in the design and construction of grinding fixture.
Surface finishing brake disc is one of the important parts of
manufacturing the brake disc. It used to get the finish length and
thickness of the brake disc within precise tolerances. To get
excellent surface finish, usually magnetic chuck is attached to the
work rotating table of the grinder as the clamping. It also can
help to fasten the load and unload of the brake disc. There are
also help to maintain the accuracy of the thickness and no
repeatability will occur thus can improve the mass production.In
order to design a good fixture, it must be fulfil the requirement
of 3-2-1 principle. In this system, three pins are located in the
first plane, two in the second plane perpendicular to the first and
one in the third plane. This prevents movement of 9 D.O.F (degree
of freedom). Three locator under the workpiece restricts axial
movement downward (z axis), two locators on the long edge, and one
locator on the short edge.Magnetic clamp is usually consisting of
electromagnetic chucks operated electrically. Permanent magnetic
chuck uses mechanical lever to active the magnet. There are
accessories used to fixture parts where these accessories allow the
magnetic force to be transferred. Packing are used to fixed large
parts with heavy tool force, or limited holding area of the
workpiece.
3.2 Designing the fixture.To design surface grinding fixture of
the disc brake, there are several step that must be followed to
create one fixture that fulfil all the requirement that meet the
industry standard and objective of creating the fixture. The
following steps are the step of designing the fixture:
3.2.1 Designing the surface grinding fixture.a. Step1:
Organizing all the relative information.Requirement:i. The material
of the workpiece is hardened steel.ii. The material is cylindrical
plate shape.iii. The thickness of the workpiece is 5mm.iv. The part
received has been skimming and undergo heat treatment.v. The
operation to be performed is surface grinding process.vi. Mass
production fixture.vii. The fixture must able to maintain high
accuracy and quality for high repeatability process.viii. The
fixture should reduce production time and cost.b. Step 2: Gathering
and analyze the information:
The following are the criteria that must be considered when
designing jig and fixture:
c. Step 3: Identifying areas to support, locate, and clamp.
From the data gathered in the previous step, some conceptual
design must be developed to solve the problem encountered and
fulfill the requirement of fixture. Before develop the conceptual
design, all the critical part such as support area,locator, and
clamp must be identified to support and protect workpieces that
will contribute toward precision machining.The concept was
generated and few design are created without biased selective
method as long as it need the requirements of a tooling as a jig
and fixture.
Clamping and support area.Hole for locator
d. Step 4: Develop for Alternative Solution - Concept
GenerationConcept GenerationIn this step, all concept design is
unbiased and all idea that being visualised is taken into
consideration. Every conceptual design has different locating,
support and clamping mechanism. After that, the concept will be
select according to many other variables for example the ease of
manufacturability, ease of use, cost and many other variables that
need to be considered taken. The figures below show three of design
that has been created. Concept 1
Quick acting knobLocator SupportSlot for Milling tableFigure
3.1: Isometric view of concept 1.
Figure 3.2 : Orthographic projection of concept 1
Concept 2
Spinning fixture basesupportLocator pin Clamping boltFigure 3.3:
isometric view of concept 2.
Locator pinClamping nut
Figure 3.4 : orthographic projection of concept
Locator pin for center hubConcept 3
Adjustable Magnetic clampSupportExtension for front and back
surface center hub B.discAdjustable Locator pinFigure 3.5:
isometric view of concept 3.
Figure 3.6: orthographic projection of concept 3
From the figures given, three conceptual design are generated to
describe the basic concept under consideration for design surface
grinding fixture to grind surface of brake discs. All of the
concepts have their own ability and function.Concept 1 is the
concept of turning grinding fixture consists of quick acting knob,
locator pin and support. The fixture will be mounted on cylindrical
grinding chuck. The function of locator pin is to guide the
workpice accurately and precisely on the actual location. After
locate the workpiece at the actual location, quick acting knob is
use to clamp the workpiece tightly. The combinations of the
support, locator and clamp are able to hold the part neatly.
Concept 2 is the concept of indexing fixture which consists of
fixture that will spin during surface grinding operation. The
fixture will be attached on the surface grinding table tightly.
Adjustable locating nut and bolt clamp are used to locate and clamp
the brake disc. Disc brake are mounted on the flat support of the
fixture itself for ease the surface grinding process happen without
the work ability slow. Concept 3 is the combination concept of
surface grinding fixture, magnetic clamp and adjustable locator
pin. Brake disc is attached on the support by aided by freely
spinning supporting center hub consist of two pin locator that
align the center of brake disk respect to the center fixture.
Center hubs have an extension that can be replace to do front and
back brake disk surface grinding. Another two pin on the support
table can be adjusted to meet the hole of variety type of brake
disc and hold form moving. Magnetic clamping component also can be
adjusted to clamp variety size of brake disc. Fixture is mounted on
surface grinding spinning table.
e. Step 5 : Concept selectionConcept DescriptionSelection
Turning grinding fixture. 2 locator pin. Quick acting knob.
Mounted on machine.Reject. Use lot of time to align the workpiece.
Quick acting knob not suitable and can looses due to vibration.
Indexing fixture. Hold workpiece using adjustable nut and bolt
clamp. Attach on flat machine table. Spinning during grinding
operation.Reject. Accuracy and repeatability is low. High vibration
during process. Lot of manual work.
Combination of surface grinding fixture, magnetic clamp and
adjustable locator. 2 different type of locator pin use. Adjustable
magnetic clamp Extension center hub can be replaced.Select. Fast
loading and unloading time. High accuracy. Ergonomic. For variety
shape and size. Hold workpiece securely.
3.4 JustificationType of fixture use:Grinding fixture has been
choosing as it suitable and fulfils the requirement of 3-2-1
principle to do the surface finishing of the break disc. It widely
used in industry to increase the mass production as well as to get
a higher quality by get the finish lengths and thickness of the
workpieces within precise tolerances.Adjustable magnetic clamp:Type
of clamp use is magnetic clamp as it really suitable to use in the
grinding surface machine. It helps to clamp the workpiece for not
moving during the machining process working. It is also not give
vibration to the workpiece while the process of machining
runs.Adjustable locating pins:Locating position is made to bring
the workpiece contact with the cutting tool prior to an excellent
alignment. This locating pins will help the stability and location
accuracy of the workpiece. Another two pin on the support table can
be adjusted to meet the hole of variety type of brake disc and hold
form moving.Extension for front and back surface center hub brake
disc:Brake disc is attached on the support by aided by freely
spinning supporting center hub consist of two pin locator that
align the center of brake disk respect to the center fixture.
Center hubs have an extension that can be replace to do front and
back brake disk surface grinding. This will help to reduce time for
loading and unloading of the workpiece.It also must be consider
that the fixture only will be moving during the machining process
not the cutting tools. This is because as the cutting tool move, it
need a complex mechanism to do and make the machining process
become hard. Fixture can be easily design as it follow the
machining process and type of the processing.
The points that are taken into consideration for designing a
product are as following: a. Jig must be so strong that the
deflection in the jig should be as less as possible. The deflection
that is mentioned includes the forces of cutting, clamping of
workpiece to the machine table. The frame of the fixture should
have sufficient mass to prevent vibrations during the machining of
the job.b. Another important design consideration is the clamping
which should be fast enough and require less amount of effort. c.
Arrangement of clamps should be such that they are easily
available. They should also have the arrangement for easy removal
as well. d. Is swinging of clamp system is provided for removal of
workpiece the clamp should swing as far as possible for unclamping
the device. e. There should also be provision for easy removal of
chip. This will prevent the interference of the chip with the
operation on the workpiece i.e. cutting operation.f. The clamps and
support points which are to be adjusted in due course of time
should be preferred of same size. It will be better if the clamps
and adjustable support points can be operated from the front of the
fixture.g. If the surface area of clamping is more it damages the
workpiece. This can be avoided by making the surface area of
clamping as small as possible. h. As it is difficult to get spare
parts during the operation so it is designed in such a way that
they can be easily replaced on failure.i. The study of the design
should be done thoroughly before fabricating. It should always be
ensured that the work is done in proper sequence. This will ensure
zero loss of material. It 12 should always be preferred that there
is maximum operation in a single setting of the workpiece.j. The
movement of the workpiece is restricted i.e. there is zero degree
of freedom of the workpiece after clamping the workpiece. Sharp
corners and redundant locators must be avoided. One should try to
maintain at least one datum surface. k. The design must possess
enough rigidity and robustness to prevent vibration else it may
lead to undesired movement of the workpiece and tools.l. Minimum
cost should be incurred during the fabrication of the project and
the design should be as simple as possible. In such a way it will
help even a lay man to operate the device.
ConclusionThere are many elements in jig and fixture in order to
make sure it is always in good condition during used for machining
processes. The definition and function of jig and fixture can
describe overall about the task that this equipment do to help the
machinist for easier works. Jigs and fixtures are manually or
partially power operated devices. To fulfil their basic purposes,
jigs and fixtures are comprised of several elements as it need base
and body or frame with clamping features, locating elements for
proper positioning and orientation of the blank, supporting
surfaces and base, the clamping elements, and tool guiding frame
and bushes (for jig).For the conclusion, the objective for this
project are achieved and succeeded. The objective was to establish
and hold the proper position of the parts throughout the surface
finishing, to identify the related process, cutting tool and also
machine tool of the part selected and lastly to improve the
productivity of the manufacturing process of excellent surface
grinding. After do this project, it give much benefit. Before this,
some information and knowledge about jig and fixture are gained but
exactly this assignment help to learn and understand more deeply
about jigs and fixtures. This is because the jig and fixture is
used widely in manufacturing field especially for machining so it
is very useful to gain the knowledge about jig and fixture. In
order to finish this assignment successfully, identifying the
important thing about jigs and fixture have done. These main
elements are specified carefully that is suitable for the jig and
fixture design.
ReferencesJournal1) Brake disc and Process for producing the
same (1978)Hiroma Okunishi, Sayamasi. Brake disc and Process for
producing the same. Journal of Management.Vol 49(1), 1978.2) Is
Magnetic Workholding For You? Modern Machine Shop (2000)Chris
Koepfer. Is Magnetic Workholding For You? Modern Machine Shop.
Article 2000
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quality control of brake
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http://auto.howstuffworks.com/auto-parts/brakes/brake-types/disc-brake3.htmHow
brake disc works4)
http://www.counterman.com/brake-rotors-when-to-resurface-and-when-to-replace/The
important of the surface finishing of break disc5)
http://mikesbikes.com/how-to/disc-brake-basics-pg158.htmBasic about
break disc technology6)
http://www.totalmotorcycle.com/maintenance/brakes.htmBraking system
of motorcycle
7) http://www.makeitfrom.com/material-data/?for=Cast-Iron. Cast
Iron - Material Properties Data :MakeItFrom.com. 2014. Cast Iron -
Material Properties Data :MakeItFrom.com.8)
http://ebcbrakes.com/articles/how-to-make-brakes/. How to make
brakes - EBC Brakes. 2014. How to make brakes - EBC Brakes
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