Report

Balochistan (Pakistan)Balochistan is the largest province in the country of Pakistan by geographical

area, constituting approximately 48% of the total area of Pakistan. According to 2009 estimates, Balochistan has a population of roughly 10 million. Its neighbouring regions are Iran to the west, Afghanistan and the North West Frontier Province to the north, Punjab and Sindh to the east. To the south is the Arabian Sea. The principal languages in the province are the native Balochi and Brahui, followed by Pashto, Sindhi, Hazaragi, and Persian. The capital and largest city is Quetta, which although a multi-ethnic, multi-lingual city, the ethnic Pashtuns form the largest group and not the Baloch. Balochistan is believed to be rich in mineral resources. It is the second major supplier, after Sindh, of natural gas to the country.

Geography

Balochistan is located at the south-eastern edge of the Iranian plateau. It strategically bridges the Middle East and Southwest Asia to Central Asia and South Asia, and forms the closest oceanic frontage for the land-locked countries of Central Asia.

By the surface area, Balochistan is easily the largest of the four provinces of Pakistan at 347,190 km² (134,051 square miles), which composes approximately 44% of the total land area of Pakistan. The population density is very low due to the mountainous terrain and scarcity of water. The southern region is known as Makran. The central region is known as Kalat.

The Sulaiman Mountains dominate the northeast corner and the Bolan Pass is a natural route into Afghanistan towards Kandahar, used as a passageway during the British campaigns to Afghanistan[1]. Much of the province south of the Quetta region is sparse desert terrain with pockets of towns mostly near rivers and streams.

The capital city is Quetta, located in the most densely populated district in the northeast of the province. Quetta is situated in a river valley near the border with Afghanistan, with a road to Kandahar in the northwest.

At Gwadar on the coast of the Arabian Sea/Indian Ocean, the Pakistani government is currently undertaking a large project with Chinese help to build a large port.

Climate

Very cold winters and hot summers characterise the climate of the upper highlands. Winters of the lower highlands vary from extremely cold in the northern

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districts to mild conditions closer to the Makran coast. Summers are hot and dry, especially the arid zones of Chaghai and Kharan districts. The plain areas are also very hot in summer with temperatures rising as high as 120 °F (50 °C). Winters are mild on the plains with the temperature never falling below the freezing point. The desert climate is characterised by hot and very arid conditions. Occasionally strong windstorms make these areas very inhospitable

Demographics

Balochistan has a population of around 10 million inhabitants, which makes up approximately 5% of the Pakistani population. Overall, the Baloch and Brohi population is about 47% whilst the Pashtuns are 46% of the province's population. The rest are mainly Hazaras , Sindhis and Punjabi. Balochi speaking people are concentrated in the sparsely populated north-west, west, east and south; Brohui speaking in the centre of the province, while the Pashtuns are the majority in the north.The Vaghiri in north Kalat and Mastung area speak a variant of Sindhi. Similarly the Lassi of Lasbela speak another variant of Sindhi/Seraiki named after their tribe. Quetta, the capital of the province, is largely populated with Pashtuns , with Hazara and Punjabi minorities. A large number of Balochs moved in Quetta after it became the capital of Balochistan in 1970. Near the Kalat region and other parts of the province there are significant numbers of Baloch Brahui speakers. Along the coast various Makrani Balochi speaking predominate. In addition, Afghan refugees can be found in the province including Pashtuns and Tajiks. Khuzdar now has a large number of Hazaras. Many Sindhi farmers have also moved to the more arable lands in the east. There are also a growing number of other ethnic groups consisting of Kurdish, Panjabi, Mohajir and Iranians who have made Balochistan their home in recent decades.

Copper Deposits

One of the world's largest copper deposits (and its matrix-associated residual gold) have been found at Reko Diq in the Chagai District of Balochistan. Reko Diq is a giant mining project in Chaghi. The main license (EL5) is held jointly by the Government of Balochistan (25%), Antofagasta Minerals (37.5%) and Barrick Gold (37.5%). The deposits at Reko Diq are hoped to be even bigger than those of Sarcheshmeh in Iran and Escondida in Chile (presently, the second and the third largest proven deposits of copper in the world).

BHP Billiton, the world's largest copper mining company, began the project in cooperation with the Australian firm Tethyan, entering into a joint venture with the Balochistan government. The potential annual copper production has been estimated to be 900,000 to 2.2 million tons. The deposits seem to be largely of porphyry rock nature.

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HISTORYBalochistan has an eventful history dating back to the Stone Age. Recent

research and archaeological excavations at Mehrgarh have revealed 9000 years old civilization. Human settlement pattern at Mehrgarh was unparalleled and unique, inaugurating the distinct shift from a hunting gathering to a settled life for the first time in human history. Domestication of animals, cultivation of plants, and perfume export were modern features of Mehrgarh civilization. Alexander the great passed through Balochistan in 325 B. C. After his death Balochistan came under the rule of Selecus Nicator whose descendents lost power to the Graeco-Bactrians. The province has also witnessed the march of a number of great conquerors and warriors such as Macedonians, Arabs, Ghaznavies, Mangols and Mughals in the past.

The Muslim rule began in 712 A.D. The parts of Balochistan which were ruled by the Arabs were called by them Turan (Jhallawan area) having capital at Khuzdar and Nudha or Buddha (Kachhi). In the 11th century, Balochistan fell into the hands of Nasir-ud-din Subuktagin marking the beginning of Ghaznivid dynasty. Ghorids succeeded the Ghaznivids. In 1219, it was annexed to the dominion of Sultan Mohammad Khan of Khwarizm (Khiva). The year 1223 saw the danger of the Yellow Peril, the Mongols, in the south of Mekran. In the 1595 it became a part of the Mughal Empire and later Nadir Shah of Persia captured it. Ahmed Shah Durrani of Afghanistan was successful to establish his rule in 1747. The Khanate of Kalat emerged in 1758 when Nasir Khan-I revolted against the Afghans.

The Muslim rule was followed by the British rule in 1839. Two Afghan wars between 1839 and 1879 helped the British to consolidate their power in Balochistan. Sir Robert

Sandeman, who later became the Chief Commissioner of Balochistan, was the architect of British strategy in the region and he negotiated a number of treaties with the Khan of Kalat during 1854 to 1901. Through these treaties the British Government gained control over the leased territory of Chaghi, Bolan Pass, Quetta and other areas. The princely states of Mekran, Kharan, Lasbela and a little later Kalat state acceded to Pakistan after it came into being in 1947. In 1955, Balochistan was merged into one unit of West Pakistan. After the dissolution of one-Unit, Balochistan emerged as one of the four new provinces of Pakistan.

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GROUPS IN BALOCHISTAN1. Baloch people

The Baloch alternative transliterations Baluch, Balouch, Bloach, Balooch, Balush, Balosh, Baloosh, Baloush inhabit the region of Balochistan in the southeast corner of the Iranian plateau in Southwest Asia, including parts of Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan.

The Baloch speak Balochi, an Iranian language. They mainly inhabit mountainous terrains, which have allowed them to maintain a distinct cultural identity and resist domination by neighbouring rulers. The Baloch are predominantly Muslim, with most belonging to the Hanafi school of thought of Sunni Islam, but there are also a significant number belonging to Shia school of thought in Balochistan. Some 60 percent of the total Baloch population live in Pakistan. About 25 percent inhabit the contiguous region of southeastern Iran. Baloch population in Iran is estimated at about 8,800,000. "In Pakistan the Balochi people are divided into two groups, the Sulaimani and the Makrani, separated from each other by a compact block of Brahui tribes.

Demographics

The Baloch-speaking population worldwide is estimated to be in the range of 20 to 30 million. However, the exact number of Baloch and those who are or claim to be of Baloch ancestry is difficult to determine. In Punjab province of Pakistan almost 35% of peoples are Balochi.Most of them speak Saraiki but in Jhang area of Punjab, the majority of Baloch population speak Punjabi also.

It is possible that there are more Baloch than simply those who claim Balochi as their mother tongue. This, however, raises the question as to who is and is not a Baloch, as many surrounding peoples claim to be of Baloch descent but do not speak Balochi. The Brahui, having lived in proximity to the Baloch, have absorbed substantial linguistic and genetic admixture from the Baloch and in many cases are indistinguishable. Despite very few cultural differences from the Baloch, the Brahui are still regarded as a separate group on account of language difference.

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The higher population figure for the Baloch may only be possible if a large number of "Baloch" are included who speak a different languages, such as Saraikis, Sindhi, Panjabi and Brahui, and who often claim descent from Baloch ancestors. Many Baloch outside of Balochistan are also bilingual or of mixed ancestry due to their proximity to other ethnic groups including the Sindhis, Brahui, Persians, Saraikis and Pashtuns. A large number of Baloch have been migrating or have been living in adjacent provinces to Balochistan for centuries. In addition, there are many Baloch located in other parts of the world with the bulk living in the GCC countries of the Persian Gulf.

There is a significant population of Baloch in western countries such as Sweden and Australia. It is known that many Baloch settled in Australia in the 1800s and now fourth generation Baloch still live in Australia, mainly in Perth.

History of the Baloch People

There are different viewpoints about the origins of the Balochs, including Arabs, Turks, Iranis, and Italians who migrated to Balochistan with Alexander The Great and did not return back.

L. M. Dames says that Balochs are ancestral Irani, who migrated from the southern coastline of the Caspian Sea. L. W. Oshanen, a well-known anthropologist of the Soviet Union, has supported Dames' theory. The northern and southern Baloch, however, consider themselves of Arab descent, and Aleppo their first homeland. There is no doubt that Baloch tribes, particularly Bugti, and Rind, joined the Balochis during wars in Baloch regions, so there were many Arabs in that area at the time. To this viewpoint that Balochis are Arabs, Rai Bahadur Hetoraam also agrees and identifies them as descendants of Hazrat Ameer Hamza, uncle of Hazrat Muhammad

Officers of the 27th Bombay Native Infantry (1st Balochis), from the British Indian Army made up of Balochi people. Circa 1867.

Now have an overview on those anecdote that are based upon Balochi Ancient poetry, reasoning that the Balochis are Qureshi Arabs ( Generation of Hazrat Ibrahim). All Balochis are well-renowned due to hospitality like Arabs, no doubt whom ancestor is Hazrat Ibrahim. On the other hand Balochi curls are Imitation of Spiritual Hierarchical . Prayers of al-Aqsa Mosque never shaved there poll hair. Baloch also follow the Practice of Hazrat Abraham to judge the Truth and Falsehood by moving the suspicious person on the live coal (Baloch use Specially wood of "Kaheer" (because its coal does not turns into ash within about 24 hours).

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Briefly describing, first of all a channel (about 10 ft (3.0 m) in length, 4 ft (1.2 m) in width and 3 ft (0.91 m) depth) is dug and wood of Kaheer (commonly) is burnt to prepare coal during this time a reciter recites some verses of the Qu'ran, after that the suspicious person is asked to walk on the blazing coal in the presence of Above All (Muqadams, white beard men). If he is true then coal never burns his feet, a blameless Baloch has faith in this fact to that day. It is known by "Patt" in Balochi.

LanguagesThe national language of the Baloch is Balochi. In Balochistan, their second-

most commonly spoken language is Brahui, a language of unknown origins with a lot of Iranic (mainly Balochi) loanwords. Brahui has been hypothesized to have been a proto-Dravidian origin but this has yet to be substantiated.

The Baloch do not only live in Balochistan but also are in Sindh and Southern Punjab of Pakistan, in Southern Afghanistan, Eastern Iran, Persian Gulf States and Mari region of Turkmenistan. There are also Baloch who migrated and still live on the East African coast in towns such as Mombasa and Dar es-Salaam. The Baloch Talpur Leghari ruled Sindh before the British annexation of Sindh to the British Raj. The Baloch in Sindh, South Punjab speak Sindhi, Panjabi and Saraiki.

Baloch society is divided in tens of tribes and Sub-tribes some tribes speak Brahui and some speak Balochi, and there are many tribes who speaks both and as well as Sindhi and Siraiki. The MarriBijarani tribe and the Bugti tribe speak Balochi. Mengal tribe speak Brahui and they live in Chagai, Khuzdar, Kharan and in souther parts of Afghanistan, The Lango tribe, who live in central Balochistan in the Mangochar area, speak Balochi as their first language and Brahui as their second. The Bizenjo tribe that live in the Khuzdar, Nal and parts of Makkura, along with the Muhammadsanis, (one of the largest Baloch tribes) speak both languages. The Bangulzai tribe is a Brahui-speaking tribe but a sub-tribe of the Bangulzai, the Garanis, speak Balochi and are known as Balochi-speaking Bangulzais.

The Mazari in Rajanpur speak Balochi, while the Leghari the largest Baloch tribe living in Dera Ghazi Khan and Rahim Yar Khan speak Saraiki. In Dera Ghazi Khan, their tribal elder is ex-President of Pakistan Sardar Farooq Ahmed Khan Leghari. The Leghari in Sindh speak Sindhi & Saraiki both. Ahmedani tribe is the largest in terms of number both in Sindh and Punjab. In Punjab, the tribe is mainly settled in Dera Ghazi Khan division. A village has also been named as Mana Ahmedani in honour their tribal elder 'Mana Khan'(late). Also exists other Baloch tribe Nizamani living in dera gazi khan(panjab)and also in sanghar (sindh)and other parts of sindh and the majority of nizamani baloch speak seraeki. The Bijarani settled in Sindh speak Balochi. Kolachi,Nutkani and Malghani Baloch living in the Dera Ghazi Khan and Sindh province of Pakistan speak

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Saraiki,Sindhi,Balochi while those living in Sibi district of Balochistan speak Balochi. Malghani are part of the Nutkani tribe, which is the largest tribe of the Tehsil. The Talpur, Mastoi, Jatoi, Gabol, Lashari, Chandio, Bozdar,Samma, Jiskani and other Baloch tribes settled in Sindh speaks , Sindhi and Balochi and Siraiki. Qaisrani Baloch living near Taunsa Sharif speak Saraiki, while their clansmen living the Dera

Ghazi Khan tribal areas speak Balochi. Rind Baloch settled in Sindh speak Sindhi and Siraiki.Tauqi Baloch settled in Khara, Noshki, Chaghi and Washuk Districts of Balochistan and speak both the languages Balochi and Bravi, but their basic language is Balochi.

2. Brahui people The Brahui people or Brohi people are a Dravidian ethnic group of about 2.2

million people with the majority found in Kalat, Pakistan, but also found in smaller numbers in neighboring Afghanistan, India, and Iran. They are closely linked to the Baloch with whom they have substantially intermingled and whose cultural traits they have absorbed. Linguistically they were believed to be a remnant of the inhabitants of the Indus Valley civilization. The Brahui language, also called Bravi, has been theorized as the remnant of a North Dravidian language. Due to its isolation from the other Dravidian tongues it has considerable Balochi vocabulary and counting begins with Balochi numbers. There is no distinct indigenous script for Brahui; like Balochi it is written in Perso-Arabic alphabet. Brahui is spoken in the following areas: Merv area of Turkmenistan, Sindh, Zahedan and Zabol in Iranian Balochistan, southern parts of Afghanistan, Pakistani Balochistan and with the bulk in the Jhalawan region.

Origins, geography, and demographics There are two main theories regarding the Brahui that have been proposed by academics. One theory is that they are an ancient hold-over of some sort of Dravidian origin that descended from the people of the Indus Valley civilization. Another theory is that they are migrants from northern India who arrived in the region either before the Aryan invasion, but probably before the Baloch. Over the centuries, due to their location, the Brahui have mixed with Iranian peoples as well as with the Indo-Aryan people(s), notably the Sindhis and other groups and culturally more closely resemble their neighbors. In addition, they are almost entirely Muslim, usually of the Sunni sect.

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Generally dominated by various invaders during their history, including the Baloch, the Khans of Kalat, who were of Pashtun origin, became rulers in their own right and dominated Balochistan for decades, while holding off the Persians until the coming of the British in the 19th century.

Language

The Brahui language is a Dravidian language mainly spoken in the Kalat areas of Balochistan, Pakistan, although there are a considerable number of speakers in Southern Afghanistan and Iranian Balochistan. It includes three dialects including Sarawani (spoken in the north), Jhalawani (spoken in the southeast), and Chaghi (spoken in the northwest and west). According to a survey it has about 2,000,000 speakers in Pakistan (1998), 200,000 speakers in Afghanistan and 20,000 speakers in Iran, which would amount to 2,220,000 in the world. Due to its isolation, Brahui's vocabulary is only 15% Dravidian, while the remainder is dominated by Perso-Arabic, Balochi, and Indo-Aryan, while the grammar and overall morphology still resemble other Dravidian tongues. Brahui is generally written in the Perso-Arabic script and there is even a Roman alphabet that has been developed for use with Brahui. In Pakistan when doing a BA (bachelor of Arts) program, the Brahui Language can be taken as an optional subject.

Tribal dialects

Baloch society is divided in tens of tribes, including Bangulzai, Bizenjo, Langov, Lehri, Mengal, Muhammed Hasni, Mohammad Shahi, Raisani, Shahwani, Sumulani, Yusufzai (Dehwar) and Zarakzai (Zehri). Some tribes speak Brahui and some speak Balochi, and there are many that speak both. For instance, the Langov tribe, inhabiting central Balochistan in the Mangochar area, speak Balochi as their first language and Brahui as second. The Bizenjo tribe that inhabit Khuzdar, Nal and regions of Makran, along with the Muhammadsanis, one of the largest Baloch tribes, speak both languages. Another example is the Bangulzai tribe which is a Brahui-speaking tribe but the sub-tribe of the Bangulzai, the Garanis, speak Balochi and are known as Balochi speaking Bangulzais.

Presently Brahui is spoken in Balochistan (Iran), Pakistan, Afghanistan, Turkmanistan, Sindh and Gulf Arab states. Historically, all Khans of Balochistan were Brahui speakers but their court language was Balochi and they still speak Balouchi inside their homes

3. Pashtun people Pashtuns (Pashto: Paṣtūn, Paxtūn, also rendered as Pushtuns, Pakhtuns,

Pukhtuns), also called Pathans ethnic Afghans are an Eastern Iranian ethno-

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linguistic group with populations primarily in Afghanistan and in the North-West Frontier Province, Federally Administered Tribal Areas and Balochistan provinces of western Pakistan. The Pashtuns are typically characterized by their usage of the Pashto language and practice of Pashtunwali, which is a traditional code of conduct and honor.

Pashtun society consists of many tribes and clans which were rarely politically united,until the rise of the Durrani Empire in 1747 Pashtuns played a vital role during the Great Game as they were caught between the imperialist designs of the British and Russian empires. For over 250 years, they reigned as the dominant ethnic group in Afghanistan. More recently, the Pashtuns gained worldwide attention after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 and with the rise and fall of the Taliban, since they are the main ethnic contingent in the movement. Pashtuns are also an important community in Pakistan, where they are prominently represented in the military and are the second-largest ethnic group

The Pashtuns are the world's largest (patriarchal) segmentary lineage ethnic group.The total population of the group is estimated to be around 42 million, but an accurate count remains elusive due to the lack of an official census in Afghanistan since 1979. There are an estimated 60 major Pashtun tribes and more than 400 sub-clans.

DemographicsThe vast majority of Pakhtuns are found in an area stretching from

southeastern Afghanistan to northwestern Pakistan. Additional Pakhtuns communities are found in the Northern Areas of Pakistan and in Khorasan Province of eastern Iran. There is also a sizeable community in India, that is of largely putative ancestry. A large migrant-worker community resides in the countries of the Arabian Peninsula and in smaller communities in Europe and North America. Important metropolitan centers of akhtuns culture include Kandahar, Jalalabad and Swat. Peshawar, Quetta, Kabul and Kunduz are ethnically mixed cities with large Pashtun populations. With 3.5 million ethnic Pakhtuns, Karachi hosts one of the largest Pakhtuns populations in the world.

Pakhtuns comprise over 15.42% of Pakistan's population or 25.6 million people. In Afghanistan, they make up an estimated 42% of the population or 13.3 million people The exact numbers remain uncertain, particularly in Afghanistan, and are affected by approximately 1.7 million Afghan refugees that remain in Pakistan majority of which are Pashtuns. An unknown number of refugees continue to reside in IranA cumulative population assessment suggests a total of around 42 million across the region.

History and origins

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The history of the Pashtuns is ancient, and much of it is not fully researched. Since the 2nd millennium BC, regions now inhabited by Pashtuns have seen invasions and migrations, including by Indo-Iranians,Iranian peoples, Indo-Aryans, Medes, Persians, Mauryas, Scythians, Kushans, Hephthalites, Greeks, Arabs, Turks, Mongols. There are many conflicting theories about the origins of the Pashtun people, some modern and others archaic, both among historians and the Pashtuns themse.

A variety of ancient groups with eponyms similar to either Pashtun or Pukhtun have been hypothesized as possible ancestors of modern Pashtuns. The Greek historian Herodotus mentioned a people called Pactyans, living on the eastern frontier of the Persian Satrapy Arachosia as early as the 1st millennium BC, but their connection to Pashtuns remains unclear. Similarly, the Rig-Veda mentions a tribe called the Pakthas (in the region of Pakhat) inhabiting eastern Afghanistan and some academics have proposed a connection with modern Pashtuns, but this too remains speculative.

In modern history, Pashtuns were also called Afghans until the advent of modern Afghanistan and the division of Pashtuns by a border called Durand Line drawn by the British in the late 19th century. According to several scholars such as V. Minorsky, W.K. Frazier Tyler and M.C. Gillet, "The word Afghan first appears in history in the Hudud-al-Alam in 982 CE." It was used by the Pashtuns and refers to a common legendary ancestor known as Afghana.

Al-Biruni refers to Afghans as various tribes living along the frontier mountains between India and Persia, a possible reference to the Sulaiman Mountains, and further notes that they were neither Muslim or Hindu, indicative of an indigenous Pre-Islamic religion. Thus, it is believed that the Pashtuns emerged from the area around Kandahar and the Sulaiman Mountains, and expanded from there. In this geographic location they would have often been in close contact not just with other Iranian tribes such as Persians but also with the Indians. No proof is available of their religion during the pre-Islamic period.

Pashtuns definedAmong historians, anthropologists, and the Pashtuns themselves, there is some debate as to who exactly is a Pashtun. The most prominent views are:

Pashtuns are predominantly an Eastern Iranian people who are speakers of the Pashto language and live in a contiguous geographic location across Pakistan and Afghanistan. This is the generally accepted academic view.

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Pashtuns are Muslims who follow Pashtunwali, speak Pashto and meet other criteria.

In accordance with the legend of Qais Abdur Rashid, the figure traditionally regarded as progenitor of the Pashtun people, Pashtuns are those whose related patrilineal descent may be traced back to legendary times.

CulturePashtun culture was formed over the course of many centuries. Pre-Islamic

traditions, probably dating back to as far as Alexander's conquest in 330 BC, survived in the form of traditional dances, while literary styles and music largely reflect strong influence from the Persian tradition and regional musical instruments fused with localized variants and interpretation. Pashtun culture is a unique blend of native customs and strong influences from Central, South and West Asia.

LanguageThe Pashtuns speak Pashto, an Indo-European language. It belongs to the

Iranian sub-group of the Indo-Iranian branch. It can be further delineated within Eastern Iranian and Southeastern Iranian. Pashto is written in the Perso-Arabic script and is divided into two main dialects, the northern "Pukhtu" and the southern "Pashto".

Pashto has ancient origins and bears similarities to extinct languages such as Avestan and Bactrian. Its closest modern relatives include Pamir languages, such as Shughni and Wakhi, and Ossetic. Pashto has an ancient legacy of borrowing vocabulary from neighboring languages including Persian and Vedic Sanskrit. Invaders have left vestiges as well as Pashto has borrowed words from Ancient Greek, Arabic and Turkic, sometimes due to invasions. Modern borrowings come primarily from English. Fluency in Pashto is often the main determinant of group acceptance as to who is considered a Pashtun. Pashtun nationalism emerged following the rise of Pashto poetry that linked language and ethnic identity. This started with the work of Khushal Khan Khattak and continued with his grandson Afzal Khan (author of Tarikh-e Morassa, a history of the Pashtun people). Pashto has national status in Afghanistan and regional status in Pakistan. In addition to their mother-tongue, many Pashtuns are fluent in Dari (Afghan Persian), Urdu and English.

4. Persian people

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The Persian people are an ethnolinguistic group defined by the use of the Persian language as their mother tongue. However, the term Persian has also a supra-ethnic significance and has been historically referred to a part of Iranian peoples. The origin of the Persian people, at least in terms of language, is traced to the ancient Indo-Iranians (Aryans), who arrived in parts of Greater Iran circa 2000-1500 BCE. Starting around 550 BCE, from the region of Persis in southern Iran, encompassing the present Fars province, the ancient Persians spread their language and culture to other parts of the Iranian plateau through conquest and assimilated local Iranic and non-Iranic groups over time. This process of assimilation continued in the face of Greek, Arab, Mongol and Turkic invasions and continued right up to Islamic times.

Numerous dialects and regional identities emerged over time, while a Persian orientation fully manifested itself in Iran and Afghanistan by the 20th century, mirroring developments in post-Ottoman Turkey, the Arab world and Europe. With the disintegration of the final Persian Empires of the Afsharid and Qajar dynasties,territories in the Caucasus, and Central Asia either became independent from Iran or incorporated into the Russian Empire.

The Persian peoples emerged as an eclectic collection of groups with the Persian language being the main shared legacy. Diverse populations in Central Asia, such as the Hazaras show traces of Mongol ancestry, while Persians along the border with Iraq have ties to Iraqi Arab Shia culture. Regional dialects spoken by Tajiks in Afghanistan show an ancient affinity with the dialects spoken in Khurasan and TabaristanAs Persian was the lingua franca of the Iranian plateau (the highlands between Iraq and the Indus) it has come to be used by numerous groups as a second language including Turkic and Arab groups. While most Persians in Iran adhere to Shia Islam, those to the east remain followers of Sunni Islam. Small groups of Persians continue to follow the pre-Islamic faith of Zoroastrianism in Iran, and in Pakistan where usage of the Persian language is largely for liturgical purposes.

While a categorization of a 'Persian' ethnic group persists in the West, Persians have generally been a pan-national group often comprising regional peoples who rarely refer to themselves as 'Persians' and sometimes use the term 'Iranian' instead. The synonymous usage of Iranian and Persian persisted over the centuries despite the varied meanings of Iranian, which includes different but related languages and ethnic groups. As a pan-national group, defining Persians as an ethnic group, at least in terms used in the West, is problematic since Persians are a varied group.

History

The Persians are believed to be descendents of the Aryan (Indo-Iranian) tribes that began migrating from Central Asia into what is now Iran in the second millennium BCE. The Persian language and other Iranian tongues emerged as these

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Aryan tribes split up into two major groups, the Persians and the Medes, and intermarried with minority peoples indigenous to the Iranian plateau such as the Elamites. The first mention of the Persians dates to the 9th century BCE, when they appear as the Parsu in Assyrian sources, as a people living at the southeastern shores of Lake Urmia.

The ancient Persians from the province of Pars became the rulers of a large empire under the Achaemenid dynasty (Hakhamaneshiyan) in the sixth century BCE, reuniting with the tribes and other provinces of the ancient Iranian plateau and forming the Persian Empire. Over the centuries Persia was ruled by various dynasties; some of them were ethnic Iranians including the Achaemenids, Parthians (Ashkanian), Sassanids (Sassanian), Buwayhids and Samanids, and some of them were not, such as the Seleucids, Ummayyads, Abbasids, and Seljuk Turks.

The founding dynasty of the empire, the Achaemenids, and later the Sassanids, were from the southern region of Iran, Pars. The latter Parthian dynasty arose from the north. However, according to archaeological evidence found in modern day Iran in the form of cuneiforms that go back to the Achaemenid era, it is evident that the native name of Parsa (Persia) had been applied to Iran from its birth.

Language The Persian language is one of the world's oldest languages still in use today,

and is known to have one of the most powerful literary traditions, with formidable Persian poets like Ferdowsi, Hafez, Khayyam, Attar, Saadi, Nezami, Roudaki, Rumi and Sanai. By native speakers as well as in Urdu, Bengali, Turkish, Arabic and other neighboring languages, it is called Fārsī, and additionally Dari or Tajiki in the eastern parts of Greater Iran.

"Persian" has historically referred to some Iranian languages, however what today is referred to as the Persian language is part of the Western group of the Iranian languages branch of the Indo-European language family. Today, speakers of the western dialect of Persian form the majority in Iran. The Eastern dialect, also called Dari or Tajiki, forms majorities in Tajikistan, and Afghanistan, and a large minority in Uzbekistan. Smaller groups of Persian-speakers are found in Pakistan, western China (Xinjiang), as well as in the UAE, Bahrain, Iraq, Kuwait, Oman and Azerbaijan.

Culture

Persian culture can be defined through its films, as Persian cinema has attained a substantial amount of international and critical acclaim through such films as

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Children of Heaven and Taste of Cherry, which give both insights into the current state of Persian culture and profound depictions of the general human condition.

5. Hazaragi Hazaragi is a variety of Persian,(Hazaragi) spoken by the Hazara people of

Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan. The primary differences between Standard Persian and Hazaragi are the accent and a larger borrowing of Turkic and Mongolic vocabulary.

Classification

Hazaragi has been classified as both a separate language and as a dialect of Persian. It is easily distinguishable from other Persian dialects or languages spoken in Afghanistan. Hazaragi contains some Mongolic and Turkic words.

Geographic distribution

Hazaragi is spoken by the Hazara people of central Afghanistan as well as by a large refugee population and Hazara citizen found in northeastern Iran and in parts of Pakistan, such as Quetta.

JEWELRY

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Jewellery (pronounced /Joo-ell-er-ee/; also spelled jewelry, see spelling differences) is an item of personal adornment, such as a necklace, ring, brooch or bracelet, that is worn by a person. It may be made from gemstones or precious metals, but may be from any other material, and may be appreciated because of geometric or other patterns, or meaningful symbols. Earrings and other body rings are also considered to be jewellery, while body art is not. Also, items affixed to a garment, such as buttons, are not considered to be jewellery, even if they are unusual and highly decorative. Also, items such as belts and handbags etc. are not considered to be jewellery, and are considered to be accessories.

The word Jewellery is derived from the word jewel, which was anglicised from the Old French "jouel" circa the 13th century. Further tracing leads back to the Latin word "jocale", meaning plaything. Jewellery is one of the oldest forms of body adornment; recently found 100,000 year-old beads made from Nassarius shells are thought to be the oldest known jewellery.

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Jewellery is sometimes seen as wealth storage or functionally as holding a garment or hair together. It has from very early times also been regarded as a form of personal adornment. The first pieces of jewellery were made from natural materials, such as bone, animal teeth, shell, wood and carved stone. More exotic jewellery was probably made for wealthy people or as indications of social status. In some cases people were buried with their jewellery.

Jewellery has been made to adorn nearly every body part, from hairpins to toe rings and many more types of jewellery. While high-quality jewellery is made with gemstones and precious metals, such as silver or gold, there is also a growing demand for art jewellery where design and creativity is prized above material value. In addition, there is the less costly costume jewellery, made from lower value materials and mass-produced. Other variations include wire sculpture (wrap) jewellery, using anything from base metal wire with rock tumbled stone to precious metals and precious gemstones.

Materials and methods

In creating jewellery, gemstones, coins, or other precious items are often used, and they are typically set into precious metals. Alloys of nearly every metal known have been encountered in jewellery -- bronze, for example, was common in Roman times. Modern fine jewellery usually includes gold, white gold, platinum, palladium, titanium or silver. Most American and European gold jewellery is made of an alloy of gold, the purity of which is stated in karats, indicated by a number followed by the letter K. American gold jewellery must be of at least 10K purity (41.7% pure gold), (though in England the number is 9K (37.5% pure gold) and is typically found up to 18K (75% pure gold). Higher purity levels are less common with alloys at 22 K (91.6% pure gold), and 24 K (99.9% pure gold) being considered too soft for jewellery use in America and Europe. These high purity alloys, however,

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are widely used across Asia, the Middle East, and Africa. Platinum alloys range from 900 (90% pure) to 950 (95.0% pure). The silver used in jewellery is usually sterling silver, or 92.5% fine silver. In costume jewellery, stainless steel findings are sometimes used.

Other commonly used materials include glass, such as fused-glass or enamel; wood, often carved or turned; shells and other natural animal substances such as bone and ivory; natural clay; polymer clay; and even plastics. Hemp and other twines have been used as well to create jewellery that has more of a natural feel. However, any inclusion of lead or lead solder will cause an English Assay office (the building which gives English jewellery its stamp of approval, the Hallmark) to destroy the piece.

Beads are frequently used in jewellery. These may be made of glass, gemstones, metal, wood, shells, clay and polymer clay. Beaded jewellery commonly encompasses necklaces, bracelets, earrings, belts, and rings. Beads may be large or small, the smallest type of beads used are known as seed beads, these are the beads used for the "woven" style of beaded jewellery. Another use of seed beads is an embroidery technique where seed beads are sewn onto fabric backings to create broad collar neck pieces and beaded bracelets. Bead embroidery, a popular type of handwork during the Victorian era is enjoying a renaissance in modern jewellery making. Beading, or beadwork, is also very popular in many African cultures.

Advanced glass and glass beadmaking techniques by Murano and Venetian glassmasters developed crystalline glass, enameled glass (smalto), glass with threads of gold (goldstone), multicoloured glass (millefiori), milk-glass (lattimo) and imitation gemstones made of glass. As early as the 13th century, Murano glass and Murano beads were popular.

Silversmiths, goldsmiths, and lapidaries methods include forging, casting, soldering or welding, cutting, carving, and "cold-joining" (using adhesives, staples, and rivets to assemble parts).

Diamonds

Diamonds were first mined in India Pliny may have mentioned them, although there is some debate as to the exact nature of the stone he referred to as Adamas; In 2005,

Australia, Botswana, Russia and Canada ranked among the primary sources of gemstone diamond production.

The British crown jewels contain the Cullinan Diamond, part of the largest gem-quality rough diamond ever found (1905), at 3,106.75 carats (621.35 g).

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Now popular in engagement rings, this usage dates back to the marriage of Maximilian I to Mary of Burgundy in 1477.

Other gemstones

Many precious and semiprecious stones are used for jewellery. Among them are:

Amber: Amber, an ancient organic gemstone, is composed of tree resin that has hardened over time. The stone must be at least 1 million years old to be classified as amber, and some amber can be up to 120 million years old.

Amethyst: Amethyst has historically been the most prized gemstone in the quartz family. It is treasured for its purple hue, which can range in tone from light to dark.

Emerald: Emeralds are one of the three main precious gemstones (along with rubies and sapphires) and are known for their fine green to bluish green colour. They have been treasured throughout history, and some historians report that the Egyptians mined emerald as early as 3500 BC.

Jade: Jade is most commonly associated with the colour green, but can come in a number of other colours as well. Jade is closely linked to Asian culture, history, and tradition, and is sometimes referred to as the “stone of heaven.”

Jasper: Jasper is a gemstone of the chalcedony family that comes in a variety of colours. Often, jasper will feature unique and interesting patterns within the coloured stone. Picture jasper is a type of jasper known for the colours (often beiges and browns) and swirls in the stone’s pattern.

Quartz: Quartz refers to a family of crystalline gemstones of various colours and sizes. Among the well-known types of quartz are rose quartz (which has a delicate pink colour), and smoky quartz (which comes in a variety of shades of translucent brown). A number of other gemstones like Amethyst and Citrine are also part of the quartz family. Rutilated quartz is a popular type of quartz containing needle-like inclusions.

Ruby: Rubies are known for their intense red colour, and are among the most highly valued precious gemstones. Rubies have been treasured for millennia. In Sanskrit, the word for ruby is “ratnaraj”, meaning “king of precious stones.”

Sapphire: The most popular form of sapphire is blue sapphire, which is known for its medium to deep blue colour and strong saturation. Fancy coloured sapphires in various colours are also available. In the United States, blue sapphire tends to be the most

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popular and most affordable of the three major precious gemstones (emerald, ruby, and sapphire).

Turquoise: Turquoise is found in only a few places on earth, and the world’s largest turquoise producing region is the southwest United States. Turquoise is prized for its attractive colour — most often an intense medium blue or a greenish blue and its ancient heritage. Turquoise is used in a great variety of jewellery styles. It is perhaps most closely associated with southwest and Native American jewellery, but it is also used in many sleek, modern styles. Some turquoise contains a matrix of dark brown markings, which provides an interesting contrast to the gemstone’s bright blue colour.

Some gemstones (like pearls, coral, and amber) are classified as organic, meaning that they are produced by living organisms. Others are inorganic, meaning that they are generally composed of and arise from minerals.

Some gems, for example, amethyst, have become less valued as methods of extracting and importing them have progressed. Some man-made gems can serve in place of natural gems, an example is the cubic zirconia, used in place of the diamond.

Metal finishes

For platinum, gold, and silver jewellery there are many techniques to create finishes. The most common are high-polish, satin/matte, brushed, and hammered. High-polished jewellery is by far the most common and gives the metal the highly-reflective and shiny look. Satin, or matte finish reduces the shine and reflection of the jewellery and is commonly used to accentuate gemstones such as diamonds. Brushed finishes give the jewellery a textured look, and are created by brushing a material (similar to sandpaper) against the metal, leaving 'brush strokes'. Hammered finishes are typically created by using a soft, rounded hammer and hammering the jewellery to give it a wavy texture.

Some jewellery is plated to give it a shiny, reflective look or to achieve a desired colour. Sterling silver jewellery may be plated with a thin layer of .999 fine silver (a process known as flashing) or may be plated with rhodium or gold. Base metal costume jewellery may also be plated with silver, gold, or rhodium for a more attractive finish.

Impact on society Jewellery has been used to denote status. In ancient Rome, for instance, only

certain ranks could wear rings; Later, sumptuary laws dictated who could wear what type of jewellery; again based on rank. Cultural dictates have also played a

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significant role; for example, the wearing of earrings by Western men was considered "effeminate" in the 19th and early 20th centuries. More recently, the display of body jewellery, such as piercings, has become a mark of acceptance or seen as a badge of courage within some groups, but is completely rejected in others. Likewise, the hip-hop culture has popularized the slang term bling, which refers to ostentatious display of jewellery by men or women.

Conversely, the jewellery industry in the early 20th century launched a campaign to popularize wedding rings for men which caught on as well as engagement rings for

Men - which did not, going so far as to create a false history and claim that the practice had Medieval roots. By the mid 1940s, 85% of weddings in the U.S. featured a double-ring ceremony, up from 15% in the 1920s. Religion has also played a role: Islam, for instance, considers the wearing of gold by men as a social taboo, and many religions have edicts against excessive display.

Body modificationJewellery used in body modification is usually plain; the use of simple silver studs, rings and earrings predominates. Common jewellery pieces such as earrings, are themselves a form of body modification, as they are accommodated by creating a small hole in the ear.

Padaung women in Myanmar place large golden rings around their necks. From as early as 5 years old, girls are introduced to their first neck ring. Over the years, more rings are added. In addition to the twenty-plus pounds of rings on her neck, a woman will also wear just as many rings on her calves too. At their extent, some necks modified like this can reach 10-15 inches long; the practice has obvious health impacts, however, and has in recent years declined from cultural norm to tourist curiosity. Tribes related to the Paduang, as well as other cultures throughout the world, use jewellery to stretch their earlobes, or enlarge ear piercings. In the Americas, labrets have been worn since before first contact by Innu and first nations peoples of the northwest coast. Lip plates are worn by the African Mursi and Sara people, as well as some South American peoples.

In the late 20th century, the influence of modern primitivism led to many of these practices being incorporated into western subcultures. Many of these practices rely on a combination of body modification and decorative objects; thus keeping the distinction between these two types of decoration blurred.

TRADITIONAL JEWELLERY OF BALOCHISTAN

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PASHTUN JEWELLERY:

Females of Pashtun area the use of jewelry is common most of the jewelry is of silver as in most of the rural areas the people can’t afford golden jewelry but now the situation is changing and well people use gold jewelry because now jewellery is a symbol of power and wealth. Pashtun jewelry tends to use chains, beads, old glass remnants, cutwork and hammered designs. The belt buckle to the left uses a technique of blowing mercury through a straw to create the design- it is no longer done due to the high incidence of mercury poisoning. Beaded jewelry includes necklace and bracelets made of strands of lapis lazuli, carnelian, jade and other stones.

Banjara goes from village to village and sell artificial jewelry, cosmetics and other things used by ladies. Now days there are big jewelry shops jewelers can take the designs from customers and make jewelry for their customers.

JEWELERIES OF PUSHTUN WOMEN:

1. GULU BAND (NECKLACE)

Gulu band is a neck wearing jewelry with small thread a bit tight around the neck. Most have with bells (ghungroo), coins, inlaid glass, enamel or lapis, some have beads sewn on the fabric backing. Gulu band is also known as kuchi tribal collar

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(Kuchi means nomadic) or afghani tribal belly dance collar. Origin of this collar is nomadic kuchi tribes of Afghanistan.

2. WALAI (EARRINGS)

Walai is ear jewelry of different sizes and designs but the most common is of ring shape.These earrings are from the nomadic kuchi tribes of Afghanistan and Pakistan an alternative spelling is koochi this word means nomadic we also called belly dance earrings as many of them have little bells (ghungroo) in the bottom with realty degree of noise varying from dull to jangle. Large size Walai has hooks which attach to the hair to support the weight.

3. TIKAI OR TIKA (HEAD ORNAMENT)

Tikai or tika is kuchi (Afghanistan) tribal head ornament. It is put on forehead mostly in round shape. It is mostly decorated with bells, inlaid glass, enamel or

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lapis, beads, sarband sewn on the fabric backing. The tikai of bride is different from the common one. Tika can be in silver or gold.

4. BANGRI (BANGLES)

Bangri means bangles. Bangri are kuchi tribal cuffs from Afghanistan/Pakistan. These are of different kinds and designs. Most are slender wrists only, similar ones are grouped together, and put most of them are single. These can be glass, silver, gold, decorated with different colors of glass, stones, bells, beads, flowers (embroidery).

5. GUTMAI (RING)

Gutmai means ring worn in fingers of hand with different sizes and designs. This ring is a longish silver ring with many rich red and green faceted glass insert, held in with zig zag teeth the center is an Aroura Barealist (stone), almost clear which changes colour with movement. The origin of this ring is Pakistan, Afghanistan.

6. NATKAI (NOSE RING)

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Natkai is nose jewelry worn in between the both nostrils. This nose ring can be in silver or gold and decorated with beads (figure 12).

7. OZHAI (NECLACE):

Ozhai is another neck wearing jewelry. It is heavy and mostly of silver made and decorated with beads, stones, bells. It is one thick piece ad like early day moon. A big pendant can join all the thick pieces. Mostly bride can wear.

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8. AMAIL (PANDENT)

Amail is a classic Turkoman heart shaped pendant shaped in a form of heart and worn on the back by women to protect ageist the evil eye high grade silver, lapis lazuli early 20 century or possible.

9. GHARAGAI: (PENDANT)

This type of choker is made in Pakistan and worn through out the region and neighboring Afghanistan by Pashtun and other nomadic groups. A time less way to re use valuables handmade embroidered for tribal belly dance costumes around the neck.

This choker is usually made of silver but in well off families the gold is also worn. Coins, stones, bells, colored glass. The neck laces have a button for securing around the neck. They can be adjusted by moving the button if needed.

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10. TRIBAL EAR RINGS

Tribal ear rings are mostly in silver but now people use gold. The origins of these earrings are Afghanistan .these humongous afghani earrings, giant hoop, earrings with uzbeki like coiled metal and bumpy beads bottom.

11. PEZWAN (NOSE ORNAMENT)

Pizwan is a ring like jewelry worn at right side of nose. It is usually made of silver but in well off families the gold is also worn. Decorated with beads, bells, stones, colorful glass.

12. BAHOO (BRACELET)

Bahoo is an ornament worn in the upper side of wrist. It is longer than Bangri. . It is usually made of silver. Decorated with stones, colorful glass, and hand work.

13. GUTKAI (RING)

Gutkai means ring put on the fingers of feet with different sizes and designs.

14. CHAMBA

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Chamba is a form of bracelet. Mostly in silver but now brides can wear it in gold. Five Gutmai are attaching with a big pendent and than with Bangri. In above picture the lapis lazuli stone is used.

17. PAZEEB (ANKLET)

Kuchi tribal anklets with bells sewed on to fabric backing, from Afghanistan, these are made from mixed base metals (often called gillet or white brass) and not silver. These would mainly fit in ankle.

2. HAZARAGI JEWELLERY Tradition of hazaragi jewellery is started in 1900 by Raza shah. Only hazaragi people made this jewelry in early days the silver coins are used to make the hazaragi jewelry but these coins are very expensive that’s why now a days jewelry they use gillet. Expensive coins are first collected when they have enough coins then they use it in jewelry. These coins are mostly irani rayal. Low value irani rayal is used. Large number of coins re used in making of this jewelry. Hazaragi jewelry is made in Afghanistan, Kabul.

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Like the ladies of other tribes and societies in the female of hazaragi area the use of jewelry is common. Hazaragi jewelry is divided in to three parts because old women can wear different jewelry, girls wear different, and bride women can wear different jewelry. Old women can wear Tai- Khisghi. This jewelry is wear cross shape (/) only one shoulder. Young girls can wear Kolay Poropi. Kolay means heat; Ropi means coins and pro means a lot of coins. Bridal wears Bali. Bali is side long pat of silsila.

1. TAUQ (NECKLACE)

Tauq is the ornament for neck also known as Har-e Gargan.it is the center part of jewelry. Its shape and name changing according to the area round it. The origin of this jewelry is Afghanistan; Kabul. It is tightly fitted with neck. Usually made of gillet, coins, bells, beads. Button for securing around the neck. They can be adjusted by moving the button if needed. Some have thread to adjust the necklace.

2. SILSILA (HEAD ORNAMENT)

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Kuchi head piece that resembles Turkoman style silver work, the whole fore head is covered with silsila. It is very light in weight. Wearing during the belly dance performance. It is made with a lot of little thin dangles and chains. It has small hooks to attach on to the turban or head carf. Evil eye deflecting Amulet pendent in center of silsila. Mostly bride can wear it. Some time a heat is used to wear silsila first wear the heat then wear it.3. CHOE GOSH (EARRING)

Choe gosh is the long tribal earrings. This ear ornament is come in a far greater variety. Wearer can wear these earrings according to her will. Perfect to wear out on the town or with belly dance costume.

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4. WAASKAT (COSTUME JEWELLERY)

Waaskat is worn by women. A very unique way of ornamentation which is worn by hazara is waaskat. Although waaskat is wearied by people of other culture as well but in hazara The ornamental waaskat is sleeveless coat totally embodied with coins that give them a totally different and beautiful look. This serves in place of jewelry.

5. ANGUSTAR (RING)

Angustar means ring worn in fingers of hand with different sizes and designs. Gillet and gold both are used. Different stones are used. Especially firoza is used as a stone. Men’s can also wear Angustar.

6. CHORA, KARRA (BANGLE)

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Chora is worn on the wrist; origin is Afghan/ Pakistan borders. Not being a perfect circle. Made up of Gillet and silver. Decorated with stones and hand work embroidery. The thickness depending on the means and taste of wearer .Chora is small one and Kara is big one.

7. KHAL BEENI (NOSE ORNAMENT)

In order to prepare a girl for wearing khal beeni or nose ornament the right side of her nose is pierced at an early age and to ensure that the hole doesn’t fill up a wooden pin known as jairkana is inserted in to it.

8. AMAM ZAMAN (BAZU BAND)

A traditional Islamic Amam Zaman. Three hinged silver ovals, house three ovals “Carnelians”, with QURANIC scripts bleached in to the surfaces. The center

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“Carnelian” is milky pinkish in colour each is surrounded by tiny turquoise, blue glass domes. At each end an ornate hinge attached the black slick cords. These are adjustable to be worn on the upper right arm for devotional protection. Origin of Bazu band is Iran/ Bukhara

9. DILSHORAG (NAZER BAND PENDANT)

ALAM pendant or nazer band is used to protect from evil eye. Turquoise or eye is present in the center of pendant made up of silver. Origin of Nazer band is Iran/ Bukhara.

10. KAMAR BAND (TRIBAL BELLY DANCE BELT):

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Kuchi tribal belt also known as kamar band. It is very colorful and noisy it can be silver or gold. Decorated with coins, mirror, bells, and beads. Some are sewn and embroidered cloth.

3. BALOCHI JEWELLERY

In ancient times the customs of burying the dead with garments and ornaments was perhaps the most archaic use of jewellery.   Purely decorative jewellery had existed since the beginning of the Christian era.   The Baloch use of jewellery has close affinity with the Aryan's traced from the archaeological findings.  The primitive Baloch thought that garments or jewellery could ward off evil and protect persons from vicious elements.  Such beliefs also existed among most other people.  The Baloch believed that some evil forces that were in search of opportunity to harm human beings could be checked by the use of jewellery or some metallic articles.  The bridegroom besides his usual ornaments, such as a sword, had some hidden object on his person during, at least, the first night of the marriage. The women wore durr (earrings), pulu and pulluk (rings in nose), Har or touk (necklace and bracelets), mundrik (rings in hands and foot fingers), sanga or Tal (rings around hands), bahuband or bahink (armlets) choti-pull, moudi. 

Balochi women worn jewellery made of metals this jewellery is also very famous in Pakistani. The married old women they did not use any jewellery or ornaments. If a widow used jewellery, it was a clear indication that she intended to re-marry.Baluchi women usually put on gold ornaments such as necklace and bracelet.

Sonaro is the jeweler who design and sell the jewellery.

1. CHAMPAKALI (NECKLACE)

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Champakali is very beautiful gold, neck jewellery with small thread a bit tight around the neck. Well-off families can wear it. Usually women can wear this jewellery on her marriage. Mostly this necklace is made up of pure gold. Beautiful turquoise is used in the center of the coin; coin is also decorated with hand embroidery. In second part ruby and beads are used. Thread is used to securing the necklace around the neck.

2. METHRO (NECLACE)

Methro is another type of necklace. Methro is also known as teen-larha or sat- larha it Depend on the number of beads layers. Mostly women had worn this necklace on her wedding. Parents can give this necklace to her daughters on wedding. This is the tradition in Balochi people. Pure gold is used in making of this necklace. A lot of pure

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gold beads are joining in a row. Big or small gold pendants are decorated with ruby, turquoise, zarghoon, Emerald. The gold beads and pendants are with a triangle shape pendens. Thses triangel shape pendants are made up of mirror, gold con cover this morror.

3. TOUK, HAR, HASS(NECLACE)

Touk is also neck jewellery with small thread a bit tight around the neck. Touk is also known as Hass, Har. It is made with of pure gold, silver some times only the outer cover is made with gold. Pendant is in the center decorated with stones. Touk looks similar from both sides. Central pendant is design in different shapes and sizes, circular shape, square. Women can use simple touk without stones or embroidery.

4. TASNI, BROOCH (DRESS PIN)

Balochi woman usually wear a gold brooch called `Tasni' that are made by local jewelers in various shapes and are used to fasten the two parts of the dress over the chest. Barooh was the most common artefact of early Rome.

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5. DURR (EARRINGS):

Balochi special jewelry is `Durr' or heavy earrings that are fastened to the head with gold chains so that their heavy weight will not cause the tearing of the ear.

6. KARCHI (RING) WHAIR or KHEER (WEDDING RING)

Karchi means ring worn in fingers of hand with different sizes. Karchi are made with pure gold as well as in silver in different designs. Different stones are used in decoration of these rings.

Whair is also known as Kheer. This is special weeding ring wear by Balochi women. The bride groom can give this ring to his bride on wedding. This ring shows the girl is married now. Un married can’t wear this ring. This ring is in snake shape or this ring is in snake design. Whair is made with pure gold only. Silver and stones are not used.

7. LASHTI (SIMPLE EARRING)

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Lashti means simple ear ornament come in a greater variety. Simple and light in weight. However there shapes and designs are determined by wearer is how she would like to display lashti.

8. SUNGA (KAREY, BANGLES)

Sunga means bangle. The sunga is worn on wrist, may be a ring of solid bar or a hollow tube, its thickness depending on the mean of wearer. It is made with silver as well as in gold in different designs. Decorated with beads, stones bells.

9. BAHINK (BANGLES)

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Bahink means simple bangle. The bahink is worn on wrist; it is made with silver as well as in gold, mirror in different designs.

10. TAEET (TAWEES, PENDANT)

Taeet tribal pendants are made by semi nomadic tribes’ people in Pakistan. Each piece is hand made and most are kind of worn from authentic tribal use. Mostly made in gold as well as in silver decorated with stones, different colorful glasses, and bells. Some people put Taweez in this pendant to protect them self from evil eye.

MODREN JEWELLERY

1950's- The invention and explosion of the Atomic bomb influenced this period with designs of starbursts and sprays of diamonds. Jewelry was classified into day (gold with no adorning stones) and night (diamonds) wear. Florentine finishes, twisted rope, mesh, piercing, fluting, foxtail chain and braided wire became popular textures for gold jewelry. Cultured strings of pearls became fashionable for daywear and turquoise, coral and amethyst were the in vogue colors and gemstones for the period.

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Traditional gold wedding bands have been replaced by the platinum wedding band as the ring of choice for matrimonial wear. Sea glass has become a popular material in jewelry design. Tough resins of adaptable, colorful and waterproof materials are increasingly used as technology makes them available. The anklet has become a popular choice for adornment and is seen everywhere around the world. The Rolex watch is also a status symbol for the rich and famous. Depression-Era Bakelite has come full circle and is enjoying a Renaissance in modern jewelry wear with polka dot or multicolored bangle bracelets and pins of butterscotch and pea green colors. These pieces, although recycled from days gone by are not cheap and the value of these items is increasing. Hip-hop culture has infiltrated jewelry design and wearers with ‘Bling-Bling’ style of large, elaborate diamond and gold jewelry and pendants as a statement of affluence and status. The entire human history of jewelry making is known, excavated and documented, nothing is taboo and styles are recovered and fashion trends follow, making modern jewelry wear the choice of the consumer.

MODERN JEWELLERY DESINGS

NECKLACE WITH EARRINGS

RINGS

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BANGLES

Different Designs

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CHANGES OCCURRED IN USE OF JEWELLERY

Jewellery is changes with the passage of time traditional jewellery is now become fashion. Changing fashions have reduced the demand for quite a few of the traditional ornaments. These changes occur because the life styles of women are changing. Working women moving away heavy ensembles and are quite happy a locket simple chain around the neck. The other reason is that now the people can’t afford heavy traditional jewellery. Gold prices are very high only well- off people can afford heavy jewellery.

But in weeding mostly traditional jewellery is display because mothers can save their traditional jewellery for their daughters. In last few years the younger people show much interest in traditional jewellery as compare to the modern jewellery. But still we can find the people who give preference to their traditional jewellery as compare to the modern jewellery.

CONCLUTION

In this report we have discussed the traditional jewellery of Balochistan. Pashtun, Baloch, hazaragi, are three main groups in Balochistan. They use heavy jewellery in gold and silver. Pashtun and hazaragi people mostly wear silver jewellery and Baloch mostly wear gold jewellery. Traditional jewellery is heavy in weight, expensive; pure that’s why now people give preference to the traditional jewellery. But still we can find the people who give preference to their traditional jewellery as compare to the modern jewellery or use modified traditional jewellery.

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