Experience of Mexico in the field of bioenergy & perspectives in the field of bioenergy technology Dr. Roberto Parra Saldívar Centro del Agua Para America Latina y el Caribe, Instituto Tecnológico de Monterrey, México EUROCLIMA Project Joint Research Centre of the European Commission (EC JRC) Centre of Renewable Energies of Chile (CER, Ministry of Energy) International cooperation in the field of bioenergy technology Santiago de Chile: 12-13 March 2013
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Experience of Mexico in the field of bioenergy & perspectives in the field of bioenergy technology
Dr. Roberto Parra Saldívar Centro del Agua Para America Latina y el Caribe, Instituto Tecnológico de Monterrey, México
EUROCLIMA Project Joint Research Centre of the European Commission (EC JRC)
Centre of Renewable Energies of Chile (CER, Ministry of Energy)
International cooperation in the field of bioenergy technology
Santiago de Chile: 12-13 March 2013
Reserve/production = 54 years! Estimated of 471.8 EJ total consumption with fossil
fuels supplying 87 %*
Due to this level of use, the current world reserve/production ratio for oil is 54.2 years.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
NorthAmerica
S. andCent.
America
Europeand
Eurasia
MiddleEast
Africa AsiaPacific.
GlobalRe
serv
e /
Pro
du
ctio
n
rati
o (
yea
rs)
*Energy Information Administration’s 2011
Global RE consumption 16.7 % RESs include biomass, hydropower, geothermal, solar,
wind and marine energies
Energy status in Mexico Mexico is one of the largest oil producers in the
world.
Oil production in the country has begun to decrease, as production at the giant Cantarell oil field declines.
•Imports: 15% natural gas. 40% for gasoline 15% of diesel
Mexican Petroleum Company (PEMEX) is the seventh largest petroleum company worldwide by crude oil output .
Federal Electric Commission (CFE) is the 6th largest power company in the world.
Energy strategy: policies and energy prospective are based on fossil fuels reserves.
Policies: economical and fiscal incentives should be considered.
Technology: increase exploration of renewable energy sources.
Promote energy small producers.
Standardization and simplification of procedures
Investment in exploration and perforation
Promotion of educational programs and university
International status quo and future directions
Contents Biobased Economy
Bio
refi
ner
ies
Definition
Categories
Objective
Products
Systems
Systems revisted Conclusions
The Biobased Economy
Closing the loop: No waste & CO2 - neutral
Drivers: Kyoto Security of
supply Agricultural
policies Sustainability Economics
World biomass demand in 2050 Food/Feed 10 billion ton biomass for 3billion ton food
Energy 10 billion ton equivalent to 160 EJ
Chemical industry 1 billion ton for 0.3 billion top product
Specialities 1 million ton
Wood and composities 2 to 3 billiion ton
Current production 170 billion ton biomass of wich 6 billion ton is used: • 1.8 grains • 2.2 other food (sugar, vegetables, starch, etc) • 2 wood • 0.01 other non - food
The new biomass value chain: a new €- game
Agro logistics Food
pretreatment Food
conversion Food
production
Biomass sources: Agro – food
production by products & waste
Logistic & storage,
production imports
New pre-treatment % conversion
New production. Performance materials.
Base&platform chemicals. Performance chemicals. Bio Energy.
Existing conversion
Existing production
€
€
Comparison of the basic – principles of the petroleum refinery and the biorefinery
Petroleum
Fuels and Energy
Chemistry
Biomass
Fuels and energy
Bioethanol, Biodiesel, Biogas Hydrogen
Material Utilisatoin, chemistry
Basic and Fine
chemicals,
Biopolymers and
bioplastics
Refinery
BioRefinery
Biorefinery Definitions NREL
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (http://www.nrel.gov/biomass/biorefinery.html)
A biorefinery is a facility that integrates biomass conversion processes and equipmento to produce fuels, power, and value – added chemicals from biomass. The biorefinery concept is analogous to today petroleum refinery, which produce multiple fuels and products from petroleum.
US-DOE:US Department of Energy (http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/)
A biorefinery is an overall concept of a processing plant where biomass feedstocks are converted and extracted into a spectrum of valuable products.
Value Added Chemicals From wood Wood Chips Pulp mill Pulp Paper
Intermediates Bark Tail Oil Pulpong liquor
Suberin Extractives
Fatty acids Carbohy-
drates Phenolics Methanol
Functional polymers
Fine chemicals Pharmaceuticals
Antioxidants
Water based alkyds Wood
treatment agents
Hydrogels Chelators
Emulsifiers Food
ingredients
Liquid fuels
Polymers Speciality
Whole Crop Biorefinery Concept
Whole Crop Cereals
– Dry Mil -
Grain «Biotech/Chemical» «physical/chemical»
Flour (meal) «Physical/Chemical»
Cogeneration Heat & Power
Extractives
Straw «Biotech/Chemical»
Starch line, Sugar,
Raw material
Fuels, Chemicals Polymers
And materials Residues
Lignocellulosic Raw material
Green biorefinery concept
Green Biomass Techn. Press
Press Juice «Biochemical»
«Biotech/Physical»
Biogas Cogeneration
Heat and Power Hydrogen
Press Cake «Hydrothermal»
«Enzymatic» «Thermal chemical»
Proteins Soluble Sugars
Feed, Fuels, Chemicals Polymers
And materials
Residues
Residues
Cellulose Lignocellulose
Composition of grass
Porcentaje
Oligo - saccharides
Lipids
Organic acids
Mono/di -saccharides
Minerals
Water 80 – 90 %
Dry Susbtance 10-20%
Biorifinery two platforms concept
Biomass
Sugar Platform «Biochemical»
Cogeneration Heat and Power
Extractives
Syngas Platform «Gasification»
«Thermal chemical»
Sugar Raw material
Fuels, Chemicals Polymers
And materials
Clean Gas
Residues
Conditioning Gas
Plants and Sun
Torrefaction
Gasification
Tar removal «Olga» Unit
Aqueous scrubber
CO2 removal
Cryogenic distillation
Syngas
Combined cycle
The staged catalytic biomass conversion process scheme
Torrefaction area 180 – 290°C
Catalyst?
Pyrolysis area 290 – 600°C
Catalyst?
Gasification area > 600°C Catalyst?
Product separation and upgrading
Crude Crude
Crude
Biomass
Fuels Power Heat
Base / Plarform Chemicals
Staged (catalytic) biomass degasification
Location A highly evolved industrial ecosystem is located in the
seaside industrial town of Kalundborg, Denmark.
The case of Kalundborg, Denmark is a seminal example of industrial symbiosis (IS) in the industrial ecology (IE).
History A new oil refinery decided to use Lake Tissø water instead of groundwater, which is very scarce in Kalundborg.
1961
• The city of Kalundborg took the responsibility for building the pipeline while the refinery financed it.
• The collaborations among the municipality and enterprises began to flourish.
The partners realized how well the ‘self-organized.’
End of the 1980’s
Actually Eleven physical linkages comprise much
of the tangible aspect of industrial symbiosis in Kalundborg.
The development of the IS:
Several allocated
companies
local municipality
complex web of symbiotic interactions
Participants in the Industrial Symbiosis
According to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), there are several companies participating as recipients of material and energy, but the main partners of the IS are:
a 1,500-MW power plant which is part of SK Power Company and the largest coal-fired plant producing electricity in Denmark.
Asnaes power station:
an oil refinery belonging to the Norwegian State oil company.
Statoil:
Participants in the Industrial Symbiosis
a multi-national biotechnology and pharmaceutical company. It is the largest producer of insulin and industrial enzymes.
Novo Nordisk:
a Swedish company producing plasterboard for the building industry.
Gyproc:
a soil remediation company that joined the symbiosis in 1998.
Bioteknisk Jordrens:
which receives excess heat from Asnaes for its residential district heating system. (UNEP).
The town of Kalundborg:
Interaction Among Participants in the Kalundborg Industrial Symbiosis
The staring resource of the Kalundborg symbiosis is water, which is a highly valorized resource in Denmark (UNEP).
Wastewater and cooling water from the Statoil refinery are reused at the power plant of Asnaes.
Interaction Among Participants in the Kalundborg Industrial Symbiosis
For secondary purposes, the cooling water is used to feed water for boilers producing stream, electricity and also for desulfurization processes.
The desulfurization process produces calcium sulfate (gypsum) used in the production of plasterboards by Gyproc where part of the natural gypsum used is replaced. The heated cooling water from condensation is piped out to fish farms nearby, increasing its efficiency.
Interaction Among Participants in the Kalundborg Industrial Symbiosis
Asnaes power plant produces heat for the town of Kalundborg and steam for the Statoil refinery and for the Novo Nordisk for heating of their processes.
The excess of gas from Statoil is treated to remove sulfur, to be later sold as raw material for production of sulfuric acid. The clean gas is supplied to Asnaes and to Gyproc as an energy source.
Interaction Among Participants in the Kalundborg Industrial Symbiosis
Asnaes power plant produces heat for the town of Kalundborg and steam for the Statoil refinery and for the Novo Nordisk for heating of their processes.
The excess of gas from Statoil is treated to remove sulfur, to be later
sold as raw material for production of sulfuric acid. The clean gas is supplied to Asnaes and to Gyproc as an energy source.
Novo Nordisk creates large quantities of used biomass containing
nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, which are used as liquid fertilizer by local farmers.
In addition, slid by-products such as fly ash, sludge, and biomass are
recycled locally and no locally
Results Several reductions in use of materials have been achieved through the process of industrial symbiosis in Kalundborg.
Asnaes has reduced the fraction of available energy directly discarded by about 80%.
Since 1981, the town of Kalundborg has eliminated the use of 3,500 oil-fired residential furnaces by distributing heat from the power plant through a network of underground pipes.
Results Homeowners pay for the piping, but receive cheap, reliable heat in return.
The Statoil refinery receives 40% of its steam requirements while Novo Nordisk receives all of its steam requirements from Asnaes.
Asnaes’s scrubber meets two-thirds of Gyproc’s gypsum needs.
Symbiotic linkages have reduced the water demand by around 25%.
Results
In total, IS in Kalundborg counts approximately 20 different by-products exchanges in operation (Jacobsten, 2006).
Even though material flows in the IS of Kalundborg are based either on water, solid waste, or energy exchange, the main reason why the Kalundborg symbiosis started was in order to lessen the use of groundwater.
Jacobsten (2006) focuses on the water and stream exchanges in the Kalundborg IS complex in order to save groundwater, showing that pure water-related exchanges lead to economic benefits because of scarcity and costliness of groundwater resources.
Conclusions
Mexico ranks ninth in the world in crude oil reserves.
Only 7 % of its energy is produced from RESs
Research efforts (1982-2012) have been led by Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico in hydropower, wind, solar and biomass energy and Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas.
Research focused mainly in biomass and less in hydropower.