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RenDescatres
The Father of ModernPhilosophy
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French philosopher
Mathematician
Writer of the Ageof Reason
"Father of Modern
Philosophy"
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I think, thereforeI am"
"Cogito, ergo sum"
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Rationalist
-Reliance on reason asthe best guide for beliefand action.
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Born: March 31,1!". #a $aye%&outh of Tours'
(ied: 1")
Autobiography of Ren Descatres
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1)) years after *hristopher *olu+bus
discoered +erica. %1!/'
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) years after the publication of Derevolutionibus Orbium Celestium by
icolaus *opernicus %13'
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MA!MA#$% WA% !&' (
)RA%P#*)*A+R (F
RA,#'-.
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D%$AR%/ W(R&%
Rules for the Direction of theMind
Meditations on FirstPhilosophy 012314
Principles of Philosophy
012334 Discourse on the Method
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he 5uest for $ertainty
PR(6,M (F#*,,+A,
$RA#*'
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lthough, he had been educated, ashe says, 2at one of the +ost
celebrated schools in urope,4 yet hefound hi+self e+barrassed 5ith2+any doubts and errors.4
-&a+uel noch &tu+pf, Socrates to Sartre andBeyond: A History of Philosophy. Page /)
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2its 6reealed truths7 5ere 8uiteaboe hu+an intelligence.4
-&a+uel noch &tu+pf, Socrates to Sartre andBeyond: A History of Philosophy. Page /)
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2o single thing is to be found in it5hich is not sub9ect of dispute, and
in conse8uence 5hich is notdubious.4-&a+uel noch &tu+pf, Socrates to Sartre andBeyond: A History of Philosophy. Page /)
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(escartes decided, 2To belieenothing too certainly of 5hich had only been coninced bye;a+ple and custo+.4
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*o7ember 189 121:
; dreams
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st et non
!uod itaesecta#or iter$
%es and&o
It is or isnot
'hat roadin life
shall Ifollo($
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#*RPRA#(* Dictionary- &tood for all sciences
Anthology of the poems- 5asphilosophy and 5isdo+
he poem beginning st et &on-
The 6yes and no7 of Pythagoras,represented the truth and falsity inthe sciences
he ode of !uod itae secta#oriter$- spo
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2(escartes 5as deter+ined to discoer thebasis of intellectual certainty in his o5nreason.4
-&a+uel noch &tu+pf, Socrates to Sartre andBeyond: A History of Philosophy. Page /)"
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$& >?#@&yste+ of thought 5hose arious principles5ere not only true but connected in such aclear 5ay that 5e could +oe easily fro+
one true principle to another.
-&a+uel noch &tu+pf, Socrates to Sartre and Beyond: AHistory of Philosophy. Page /)"
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2*onfor+ to a rationalsche+e.4
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2(irect our reason in order to discoerthese truths of 5hich 5e are ignorant.
&o, his Arst tas< 5as to 5or< out his2rational sche+e4- his method.
-&a+uel noch &tu+pf, Socrates to Sartre and
Beyond: A History of Philosophy. Page /)"
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TT? and((*T?
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MA!MA#$%
best e;a+ple of clear and precisethin
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certain routes to
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TT?- gies us foundationalconceptsC it gies us clear notions butalso so+e truths about reality. ;. 2I
think, that I exist.F?RM#: DB and*, Then D*
Ee grasp a si+ple truth co+pletely
and i++ediately.
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((*T?- dra5s +ore infor+ationfro+ our intuitions. (escartesdescribes it, 2ll necessary inference
fro+ the facts that are
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R+!
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#?>&M
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&yllogis+- noles therelationship of concepts to each
other. (eduction- noles therelationship of truthsto each
other.
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*onclusions 5ere dra5nsyllogistically fro+ pre+ises
that 5ere either untrue orbased only on authority.
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his is the
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Ee +ust begin 5ith a%#MP,and A6%(,+,'
$,AR R+!and +ust+oe step by step 5ithout
losing $,AR#'and$RA#*'along the 5ay.
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>1 R+,%
R#& F?R T$(R*T? ?F T$ M(
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WA? AR)+M*
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2othing but +y understanding
alone 5hich does conceie itCsolely an inspection by the +ind.4
-Rene (escartes
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M!(D#$ D(+6
0Discourse on the method4
he no5 tries to doubteerything.
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AWA& (R A%,P@
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2 hae learned that +y sensesso+eti+es +islead +e.4 But surely
arith+etic, geo+etry, or sciences thatdeal 5ith things +ust contain so+ecertainty, for 25hether a+ a5a
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I think, thereforeI am"
"Cogito, ergo sum"
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2=e pense donc =e
sui4
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2$o5 can one
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+ay doubt that +y body e;ists orthat a+ a5a
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The act of thin
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2Ehat is re8uired in a proposition for itto be true and certain@4
Ehat is there about the proposition 2thin
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$e ca+e to the conclusion that +ightassu+e as general rule that the things
5hich 5e conceie clearly anddistinctly are all true
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$e ca+e to the conclusion that +ightassu+e as general rule that the things
5hich 5e conceie clearly anddistinctly are all true
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T$ ( ?F >?(
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(escartes holds that:
1. deas hae causes
/. The cause +ust hae at least as+uch reality as the eect.
3. $e is inAnite and i+perfect.
Therefore, he concluded, that his ideaof a perfect being and inAnite being
co+es fro+ outside hi+selfNfro+ aperfect Being 5ho e;ists, fro+ >od.
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2That so+e of our ideas are soclear and distinct, that 5e
i++ediately perceie5hat theyi+ply.4
-&a+uel noch &tu+pf, Socrates to Sartre and Beyond: AHistory of Philosophy. Page /1/
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>?(PRF*T
B>
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$?E B?T T$?T$R P$&*#
T$>&@
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66OT((&B&T* 77
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>?( P$&*#
T$>&
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>?( P$&*#
T$>&self
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he relationship of
the Mind and 6ody
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(ualis+- The notion
that there are t5odierent
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&ubstance %by its
attribute'- Thought e;tension.
&o, there +ust be t5odierent substances:
1. The &piritual/. The physical %+ind
body'
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66n e;istent thing 5hichre8uires nothing but itself
to e;ist.4$e consider each
substance as thoroughly(P(T T? ?
?T$R
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(escartes belieed therational +ind 5as in the
control of the body, butthat the body could
inQuence the +ind to actirrationally such as 5hen
one perfor+s an act of D%$AR%/ #,,+%RA#(* (F
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D%$AR%/ #,,+%RA#(* (FD+A,#%M