Reinforcement Theory Ppt2010

Prepared ByPrepared By Krunal Shah Chetan Tejani Bhavesh Goyani Rakesh Jha Vitthal Parmar Ratansinh Thakor

Reinforcement Reinforcement Theory of Theory of MotivationMotivation

What is Reinforcement TheoryWhat is Reinforcement Theory

Reinforcement theory of motivation was proposed by BF Skinner and his associates. It states that individual’s behaviour is a function of its consequences. It is based on “law of effect”, i.e, individual’s behaviour with positive consequences tends to be repeated, but individual’s behaviour with negative consequences tends not to be repeated.

according to Skinner, the external environment of the organization must be designed effectively and positively so as to motivate the employee. This theory is a strong tool for analyzing controlling mechanism for individual’s behaviour. However, it does not focus on the causes of individual’s behaviour.

Method of ReinforcementMethod of Reinforcement Positive Reinforcement

Negative Reinforcement

Punishment

Extinction

This implies giving a positive response when an individual shows positive and required behaviour.

For example - Immediately praising an employee for coming early for job. This will increase probability of outstanding behaviour occurring again.

Reward is a positive reinforce, but not necessarily. If and only if the employees’ behaviour improves, reward can said to be a positive reinforcer. Positive reinforcement stimulates occurrence of a behaviour. It must be noted that more spontaneous is the giving of reward, the greater reinforcement value it has.

Positive Positive ReinforcementReinforcement

Negative Negative ReinforcementReinforcementThis implies rewarding an employee by removing negative or undesirable consequences. Negative reinforcement means rewarding by taking away uncomfortable consequences. Both positive and negative reinforcement can be used for increasing desirable or required behaviour.

Example:Driving in heavy traffic is a negative condition for most of us. You leave home earlier than usual one morning, and don't run into heavy traffic. You leave home earlier again the next morning and again you avoid heavy traffic. Your behavior of leaving home earlier is strengthened by the consequence of the avoidance of heavy traffic.

It implies removing positive consequences so as to lower the probability of repeating undesirable behaviour in future. In other words, punishment means applying undesirable consequence for showing undesirable behaviour.

Punishment is one of the more commonly used reinforcement-theory strategies, but many learning experts suggest that it should be used only if positive and negative reinforcement cannot be used or have previously failed, because of the potentially negative side effects of punishment. An example of punishment might be demoting an employee who does not meet performance goals or suspending an employee without pay for violating work rules.

PunishmentPunishment

Extinction is similar to punishment in that its purpose is to reduce unwanted behavior. The process of extinction begins when a valued behavioral consequence is withheld in order to decrease the probability that a learned behavior will continue. Over time, this is likely to result in the ceasing of that behavior. Extinction may alternately serve to reduce a wanted behavior, such as when a positive reinforcer is no longer offered when a desirable behavior occurs.

Example: if an employee is continually praised for the promptness in which he completes his work for several months, but receives no praise in subsequent months for such behavior, his desirable behaviors may diminish. Thus, to avoid unwanted extinction, managers may have to continue to offer positive behavioral consequences.

ExtinctionExtinction

a stimulus (as a reward) that increases the probability of a desired response in operant conditioning by being applied or effected following the desired response

ReinforcerReinforcer

Types of Reinforcer

primary reinforcer secondary reinforcer

primaryprimary reinforcerreinforcerThis is a term used in conditioning, and it refers to anything that provides reinforcement without the need for learning to an organism. This means that the reinforcer is naturally reinforcing to the organism. For example, water is naturally reinforcing because organisms don't need to learn to be reinforced by it, they naturally get reinforced especially in times of being thirsty

Examples of primary reinforcers include sleep, food, air, water. these primary reinforcers are fairly stable through life and across individuals.

secondary reinforcers are reinforcing only after the organism has been conditioned to find it reinforcing. Some stimulus that does not naturally provide reinforcement is paired with a primary reinforcer so that the organism begins to associate the secondary reinforcer with the primary reinforcer.

Secondary reinforcerSecondary reinforcer

Kinds of Reinforcing Kinds of Reinforcing StimuliStimuli Tangible – food, toys, stickers Social – smile, hug, pat on back, verbal Activity – opportunity to engage in favorite activity Intrinsic – engage in activities for own personal good feelings Extrinsic – behavior is externally motivated; engage in activities for approval (to please) of others

Application of Reinforcement TheoryApplication of Reinforcement TheoryProbably the best-known application of the principles of reinforcement theory to organizational settings is called behavioral modification, or behavioral contingency management. Typically, a behavioral modification program consists of four steps:

Specifying the desired behavior as objectively as possible. Measuring the current incidence of desired behavior. Providing behavioral consequences that reinforce desired behavior. Determining the effectiveness of the program by systematically assessing behavioral change.

It is difficult to identify rewards and punishments You must control all sources of reinforcement Internal changes can be difficult to create Punishing is difficult to do well.

Limitation of Limitation of ReinforcementReinforcement

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