Regional Trends (ASEAN): Vehicle Emission and Fuels Standards Dr. Supat Wangwongwatana Air Pollution Expert Regional Resource Centre for Asia and the Pacific Asian Institute of Technology Supporting the Implementation and Advancement of Vehicle Emission Policies in Southeast Asia February 23-24, 2016 Metro Manila, Philippines
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Regional Trends (ASEAN):
Vehicle Emission and Fuels Standards
Dr. Supat Wangwongwatana
Air Pollution Expert
Regional Resource Centre for Asia and the Pacific
Asian Institute of Technology
Supporting the Implementation and Advancement of Vehicle Emission Policies in Southeast Asia
February 23-24, 2016Metro Manila, Philippines
Air Pollution problem in ASEAN cities
Why air pollution problem is
a serious concern in Asia
and ASEAN ?
A Very Big Question
???
Nagashima et al., (2011) Nagashima et al., (2011)
Air pollution in Asia reaching crisis levels, especially PM2.5 and O3
PM2.5
Simulated O3
Van Donkelaar et al. (2010)
Haze in Asia
NOx
O3 ( SMOG )
VOCs
Bad “Ozone” Day
กทม. วนท 9 ม.ค. 51
Effect of O3 on Bangkok Visibility
Bangkok, 25 January 2008
Bangkok, 9 January
2008
Maximum 1-hr average O3 = 131 ppb
Maximum 1-hr average O3 = 60 ppb
SO2
NO2
Emissions of air pollutants (e.g. NOx) and CO2 in
Asia reaching 40% of the global total of each
2008
Based on EDGAR v 4.2 Based on CDIAC
Middle East4%
South Asia7%
East Asia30%
Europe + FSU18%
North America
15%
Central and South America
9%
Oceania1% Africa
16%
NOx
Middle East5%
South Asia6%
East Asia33%
Europe+FSU23%
North America
23%
Central and
South America
4%
Oceania2%
Africa4%
CO2
Air Pollution problem in ASEAN cities
Very Frightening Findings !!!from WHO
In June 2012 – International
Agency for Research on
Cancer (IARC) of WHO has
classified diesel engine
exhaust as Group 1 known
carcinogen to humans.
Diesel engine exhaust is
carcinogenic to humans (Group 1) !!!
BC Containing PM Emission from Diesel Engine
Lung of a rat after exposure to diesel exhaust
Expose to Diesel Exhaust Expose to Clean Air
Compared to the normal pink lung, it has been blackened by soot
NIES, Japan
In October 2013, IARC
of WHO has classified
outdoor air pollution
and particulate matter
(PM) as carcinogenic
to humans (Group 1),
not only a major risk
to health in general.
Outdoor Air Pollution and PM are carcinogenic to humans (Group 1) !!!
Particulate Matter in Bangkok’s Air
Particulate Matter Size is a Matter
Average Hair Diameter 70 mm Passage of PM by Particle Size
WHO - News release on 25 March 2014
WHO reports that
- In 2012, around 7 million people died – 1/8 of total
global deaths – as a result of outdoor and indoor air
pollution exposure.
- This finding is more than doubles of previous
estimates and confirms that air pollution is now the
world’s largest single environmental health risk.
- Reducing air pollution could save millions of lives.
176
5894
236
14
203
279
936
1669
68
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
Afr Amr LMI Amr HI Emr LMI Emr HI Eur LMI Eur HI Sear Wpr LMI Wpr HI
Nu
mb
er o
f d
eath
s
Amr: America; Afr: Africa; Emr: Eastern Mediterranean; Sea: South-East Asia; Wpr: Western Pacific; LMI: Low- and middle-income; HI: High-income
Number of deaths attributable to ambient
air pollution in 2012, by region
Sear: South-East Asia Region
ALRI : Acute Lower
Respiratory
Infections, in
Children
COPD : Chronic
Obstructive
Pulmonary
Disease
IHD : Ischaemic Heart
Disease
Causes of deaths from
ambient air pollution
breakdown by disease
Impacts of Air Pollution (PM10)
One of the studies on health risks associated
with PM10 examined the relationships between
daily fluctuations in PM10 and daily mortality in
Bangkok from 1992 through 1995 and suggested
a 10-μg /m3 change in daily PM10 is associated
with;
- a 1–2% increase in natural mortality;
- a 1–2% increase in cardiovascular mortality; and
- a 3–6% increase in respiratory mortality.
1st UNEA in June 2014
Air Quality Resolution
Encourage Governments
1. To take action across sectors to improve air
quality to protect human health and the
environment, reduce negative impacts […];
2. To formulate action plans and establish and
implement nationally determined ambient
air quality standards […] and to establish
emission standards for significant sources
of air pollution;
3. […]
SDGs adopted in 2015
Goal 3 : GOOD HEALTH AND WELL-BEING
(Ensure healthy lives)
Target 3.9 : By 2030, substantially reduce the number of
deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air,
water and soil pollution and contamination
Goal 11 : SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND COMMUNITIES
(make cities and human settlements inclusive,
safe, resilient and sustainable)
Target 11.6 : By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita
environmental impact of cities, including by paying
special attention to air quality and municipal and other
waste management
Why transport sector is so
important ???
Emission Inventory of Bangkok
PM CO NOx SO2 HC
Mobile 20,602 349,771 264,648 9,973 232,973
Point 3,735 6,266 56,002 229,859 2,005
Area 13,855 107,738 8,511 184 33,904
Total 38,192 463,775 329,161 240,016 268,882
Emission Loads in BKK in 1997 (Tons/Year)Sources
53.9
75.480.4
4.1
86.6
9.8
1.4
17.0
95.8
0.836.3
23.2
2.60.1
12.6
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
PM CO NOx SO2 HC
Mobile Point Area
1994 Emission Loads of Air Pollutants
from Vehicles in Bangkok
Vehicle Technologies
Maintenance
Fuels
Better Air Quality
Traffic
Factors Effecting Emissions from Automobile
Emissions
Role of Standards & Regulation in AQM
AMBIENT AIR QUALITY
EVALUATION AND IMPACT
Compare with standards
AIR QUALITY MONITORING
(POLUTANT CONCENTRATION)
POLICY ISSUES AND
REGULATION
NAAQS & EMISSION STANDARDS
AIR POLLUTION
CONTROL
REDUCTION STRATEGY AND
TECHNICAL OPTION
Cleaner fuels are needed for cleaner
vehicle technologies
High Performance Catalytic Converter
Why low sulfur fuels are important ?
Reducing fuel sulfur content in gasoline and diesel is
crucial to any serious effort to reduce air pollution from
existing and new vehicles.
Providing immediate air quality and public health benefits
from lower emissions from existing vehicles.
PM and SO2 from all vehicles
PM emissions from all vehicles as well as reduced
acidification.
CO, HC, NOx, Toxics and secondary PM from all vehicles
equipped with any type of catalyst technology
Near-zero sulfur fuels (10 ppm or less) are required for
advanced vehicle technologies and tight emission
standards for new vehicles.
Enabling retrofit technologies for cleaner existing vehicles.
Zeolite or refractory oxide support
Precious Metal
SO3
SO4
Transition Metal
H2SO4
O2
Sulfate
Sulfate Poisoning
SO2
Sulfur
inhibition
Sulfur Effects
Emission Standards for New Vehicles in ASEAN
Officials of ASEAN countries met in a
workshop in Singapore in 1992 in an effort
to harmonize standards related to air
pollution.
It was decided to adopt European emission
standards for new vehicles as reference
standards for ASEAN countries.
Implementing date of emission standards
might be different each country.
Commitment to Clean Fuels and Vehicles in Asian Region
• In AICHI STATEMENT (2005), Asian countries recognized
the need to “Phasing out leaded gasoline as rapidly as
possible, and phasing dowin sulfur levels in gasoline and
diesel as required to achieve advanced vehicle emission
standards.
• Resolution No. 16 of ASEAN Declaration on Environment
Sustainability at the 13th ASEAN Summit in Singapore in
Nov. 2007 “To intensify cooperation on the joint research,
development and deployment of low emission technologies
for the cleaner use of fossil fuels, recognizing that fossil
fuels will continue to play a major role in our energy mix”
• The 1st Governmental Meeting on Urban Air Qualiy in Asia
in December 2006 recommended countries to “develop
roadmaps for fuel quality and vehicle emission standards
for new vehicles”
Global Phasing Out of Pb and Phasing Down of Sulfur
Pb
Sulfur
Asian Phasing Down of Sulfur
in Gasoline and Diesel Fuels
PCFV/CAA (2014)
Emission Standards for New Vehicles
Emission Standards for New Light Duty Vehicles
Notes:
*The level of adoption vary by country but most are based on the Euro emission standards
a – gasoline; b – Diesel; c – Entire country; d – Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Lucknow, Kanpur, Agra, Surat, Ahmedabad,
Pune and Sholapur; Other cities in India are in Euro 2; e – Beijing [Euro 1 (Jan 1999); Euro 2 (Aug 2002); Euro 3 (2005); Euro 4 (1 Mar 2008); Euro 5
(2012)], Shanghai [Euro 1 (2000); Euro 2 (Mar 2003); Euro 3 (2007); Euro 4 (2010)] and Guangzhou [Euro 1 (Jan 2000); Euro 2 (Jul 2004); Euro 3
(Sep-Oct 2006); Euro 4 (2010)]; f – Equivalent to Euro 4 emissions standards; Vietnam will implement Euro 3 standards for motorcycles by 2017.
Source: CAI-Asia. September 2011. Emission standards for new light-duty vehicles
Current and Proposed Sulfur Levels in Diesel in Asia, EU and USA