CHAPTER 21 Progressive Reforms 619
1848 1869 1896 1920
Carry Nation wentfrom praying outsidetaverns to destroyingthem with a hatchet
Temperance poster
The Temperance CrusadeA crusade against the use of alcohol had
begun in New England and the Midwest in theearly 1800s The movement continued through-out the late 1800s Protestant churches stronglysupported the anti-alcohol movement
Two driving forces in the crusade were theWomanrsquos Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)established in 1874 and the Anti-Saloon Leaguefounded 20 years later They called for temper-ance urging individuals to stop drinking andprohibition the passing of laws to prohibit themaking or selling of alcohol
In 1879 Frances Willard became head of theWCTU Willard led a campaign to educate thepublic about the links between alcohol abuseand violence poverty and unemployment Sheturned the WCTU into a powerful organizationwith chapters in every state
The WCTUrsquos main goal was prohibitionHowever the WCTU also supported othercauses including prison reform woman suf-frage improved working conditions andworld peace Through WCTU chapters thou-sands of women combined their traditional roleas guardians of the family and home withsocial activism
Carry Nation was an especially colorful cru-sader for temperance Her most dramaticprotests occurred when she pushed her way intosaloons and broke bottles and kegs with an ax
The Prohibition AmendmentThe anti-alcohol movement grew during the
early 1900s Progressive reformers who wanted toban alcohol for social reasons were joined byAmericans who opposed alcohol for religious ormoral reasons In 1917 they persuaded Congressto pass a constitutional amendment making itillegal to make transport or sell alcohol in theUnited States The Eighteenth Amendmentknown as the Prohibition Law was ratified in1919 (See page 249 for the text of the Eighteenth Amendment)
Describing What was the goal ofthe temperance movement
Expository Writing Find a news-paper article about the role ofwomen today Rewrite the articleto reflect how this informationmight have been presented in theearly 1900s
Checking for Understanding
1 Key Terms Use each of these termsin a complete sentence that will helpexplain its meaning suffragist pro-hibition
2 Reviewing Facts What did the Nine-teenth Amendment provide
Reviewing Themes
3 Groups and Institutions How didwomenrsquos clubs help to change therole of women
Critical Thinking
4 Drawing Conclusions Why do youthink the right to vote was importantto women
5 Sequencing Information Re-createthe time line below and identify theevents regarding woman suffragethat happened in these years
Analyzing Visuals
6 Geography Skills Examine the map on page 617 Which regions of the country provided no statewidesuffrage
CHAPTER 21 Progressive Reforms 619
1848 1869 1896 1920
Carry Nation wentfrom praying outsidetaverns to destroyingthem with a hatchet
Temperance poster
The Temperance CrusadeA crusade against the use of alcohol had
begun in New England and the Midwest in theearly 1800s The movement continued through-out the late 1800s Protestant churches stronglysupported the anti-alcohol movement
Two driving forces in the crusade were theWomanrsquos Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)established in 1874 and the Anti-Saloon Leaguefounded 20 years later They called for temper-ance urging individuals to stop drinking andprohibition the passing of laws to prohibit themaking or selling of alcohol
In 1879 Frances Willard became head of theWCTU Willard led a campaign to educate thepublic about the links between alcohol abuseand violence poverty and unemployment Sheturned the WCTU into a powerful organizationwith chapters in every state
The WCTUrsquos main goal was prohibitionHowever the WCTU also supported othercauses including prison reform woman suf-frage improved working conditions andworld peace Through WCTU chapters thou-sands of women combined their traditional roleas guardians of the family and home withsocial activism
Carry Nation was an especially colorful cru-sader for temperance Her most dramaticprotests occurred when she pushed her way intosaloons and broke bottles and kegs with an ax
The Prohibition AmendmentThe anti-alcohol movement grew during the
early 1900s Progressive reformers who wanted toban alcohol for social reasons were joined byAmericans who opposed alcohol for religious ormoral reasons In 1917 they persuaded Congressto pass a constitutional amendment making itillegal to make transport or sell alcohol in theUnited States The Eighteenth Amendmentknown as the Prohibition Law was ratified in1919 (See page 249 for the text of the Eighteenth Amendment)
Describing What was the goal ofthe temperance movement
Expository Writing Find a news-paper article about the role ofwomen today Rewrite the articleto reflect how this informationmight have been presented in theearly 1900s
Checking for Understanding
1 Key Terms Use each of these termsin a complete sentence that will helpexplain its meaning suffragist pro-hibition
2 Reviewing Facts What did the Nine-teenth Amendment provide
Reviewing Themes
3 Groups and Institutions How didwomenrsquos clubs help to change therole of women
Critical Thinking
4 Drawing Conclusions Why do youthink the right to vote was importantto women
5 Sequencing Information Re-createthe time line below and identify theevents regarding woman suffragethat happened in these years
Analyzing Visuals
6 Geography Skills Examine the map on page 617 Which regions of the country provided no statewidesuffrage
AJ-619
null
1349461
1901President McKinleyis assassinated
1905Roosevelt proposes theUS Forest Service
1913Federal Reserve Act creates12 regional banks
1914Congress establishes theFederal Trade Commission
Main IdeaPresidents during the Progressive Eraworked to control big business and todeal with labor problems
Key Termstrustbuster arbitration squaredeal laissez-faire conservation
Reading StrategyTaking Notes As you read Section 3re-create the diagram below andexplain why each of these acts of legislation is important
Read to Learnbull how President Theodore Roosevelt
took on big businessbull why the progressives formed their
own political party
Section ThemeEconomic Factors Government triedvarious means to regulate big business
Progressive Presidents
ldquoWe were still under a heavy fire and I got together a mixed lot of men and pushedon from the trenches and ranch houses which we had just taken driving the Spaniardsthrough a line of palm-trees and over the crest of a chain of hills rdquo With thesewords a young lieutenant colonel named Theodore Roosevelt described his militaryadventures in Cuba during the Spanish-American War Known for his vigor enthusi-asm and a colorful personality Roosevelt became president in 1901 upon the assassi-nation of President William McKinley
Theodore Roosevelt When Theodore Roosevelt received the Republican vice-presidential nomi-
nation in 1900 the powerful Republican leader Mark Hanna warned that therewould be only one life between ldquothat cowboyrdquo and the White House When theelection resulted in a Republican victory Hanna turned to McKinley and said ldquoNow it is up to you to liverdquo Less than a year later President McKinley was
Theodore Rooseveltboard game
620 CHAPTER 21 Progressive Reforms
Legislation Importance
Sixteenth Amendment
Pure Food and Drug Act
Federal Reserve Act
Preview of Events
Guide to Reading
1900 1910 1920
AJ-620
null
7178473
assassinated Suddenly 42-year-old TheodoreRoosevelt became presidentmdashthe youngestpresident in the nationrsquos history When Roose-velt moved into the White House in 1901 hebrought progressivism with him
The ldquoTrustbusterrdquoPresident McKinley had favored big business
but President Roosevelt was known to supportbusiness regulation and other progressivereforms In 1902 Roosevelt ordered the JusticeDepartment to take legal action against certaintrusts that had violated the Sherman AntitrustAct His first target was the Northern SecuritiesCompany a railroad monopoly formed by fin-anciers JP Morgan and James J Hill to controltransportation in the Northwest Northern Secu-rities fought the governmentrsquos accusations ofillegal activity all the way to the Supreme CourtFinally in 1904 the Justice Department won itscase The Supreme Court decided that NorthernSecurities had illegally limited trade andordered the trust to be taken apart
During the rest of Rooseveltrsquos term as presi-dent he obtained a total of 25 indictments (legalcharges) against trusts in the beef oil andtobacco industries Although hailed as a trust-buster Roosevelt did not want to break up alltrusts As he saw it trusts should be regulatednot destroyed He distinguished between ldquogoodtrustsrdquo which were concerned with public wel-fare and ldquobad trustsrdquo which were not
Labor CrisisIn 1902 Roosevelt faced a major labor crisis
More than 100000 Pennsylvania coal minersmembers of the United Mine Workers wenton strike They demanded better pay an eight-hour workday and recognition of the unionrsquosright to represent its members in discussionswith mine owners
The mine owners refused to negotiate with theworkers The coal strike dragged on for monthsAs winter approached coal supplies dwindledPublic opinion began to turn against the ownersAs public pressure mounted Roosevelt invitedrepresentatives of the owners and miners to a meeting at the White House Roosevelt was
outraged when the owners refused to negotiateHe threatened to send federal troops to work inthe mines and produce the coal The ownersfinally agreed to arbitrationmdashsettling the disputeby agreeing to accept the decision of an impartialoutsider Mine workers won a pay increase and areduction in hours but they did not gain recogni-tion for the union
Rooseveltrsquos action marked a departure fromnormal patterns of labor relations at the timeEarlier presidents had used troops against strik-ers but Roosevelt had used the power of thefederal government to force the company own-ers to negotiate In other labor actions howeverRoosevelt supported employers in disputeswith workers
Square DealRoosevelt ran for the presidency in 1904
promising the people a square dealmdashfair andequal treatment for all He was elected withmore than 57 percent of the popular vote
Rooseveltrsquos ldquosquare dealrdquo called for a consid-erable amount of government regulation ofbusiness This contrasted with an attitudetoward business that dated back to the presi-dency of Thomas Jefferson which was summedup in the phrase laissez-faire (LEHbullsay FEHR)This French term generally means ldquolet peopledo as they chooserdquo
McKinleyRooseveltglass canteen 1900
621CHAPTER 21 Progressive Reforms
AJ-621
null
20036311
Roosevelt introduced a new era of govern-ment regulation He supported the MeatInspection and Pure Food and Drug Acts theseacts gave the Department of Agriculture and theFood and Drug Administration the power tovisit businesses and inspect their products
Conserving the WildernessRoosevelt held a lifelong enthusiasm for the
great outdoors and the wilderness He believedin the need for conservation the protection andpreservation of natural resources
As president Roosevelt took steps to con-serve the countryrsquos forests mineral depositsand water resources In 1905 he proposed theUS Forest Service He pressured Congress toset aside millions of acres of national forests andcreated the nationrsquos first wildlife sanctuariesRoosevelt also formed the National Conserva-tion Commission which produced the first sur-vey of the countryrsquos natural resources
Roosevelt has been called Americarsquos firstenvironmental president While he made con-servation an important public issue Rooseveltalso recognized the need for economic growthand development He tried to strike a balancebetween business interests and conservation
Describing What is conservation
William Howard Taft No president before had ever served more
than two terms In keeping with that traditionRoosevelt decided not to run for reelection in1908 Instead Roosevelt chose William HowardTaft an experienced diplomat to run for presi-dent In the election of 1908 Taft easily defeatedDemocrat William Jennings Bryan
Although he had none of Rooseveltrsquos flair Taftcarried outmdashand went beyondmdashmany of Roose-veltrsquos policies The Taft administration won moreantitrust cases in four years than Roosevelt hadwon in seven Taft also favored the introductionof safety standards for mines and railroads
Taft supported the Sixteenth Amendmentwhich gave Congress the power to tax peoplersquosincomes to generate revenue for the federal
government Progressiveshoped the income tax would enable thegovernment to lower tariffs In their view hightariffs led to higher prices for goods whichcaused hardship for the poor Progressivesbelieved that taxes based on income werefairer The Sixteenth Amendment added to theConstitution in 1913 did not specify howincome would be taxed Congress passed addi-tional laws so that higher incomes were taxedat a higher rate than lower incomes
Despite his progressive reforms President Taftdisappointed progressives in two importantareasmdashtariffs and conservation He failed to fightfor a lower tariff and he modified some conser-vation policies so that they favored businesses
622 CHAPTER 21 Progressive Reforms
The Influence of
Minor Political Parties
Minor Political Parties The Republican and Demo-cratic parties dominate the nationrsquos two-party system Yetthe United States has a long history of other political par-ties that have risen to challenge the major parties Minorparties pushed for an end to slavery and supported votingrights for women and child and labor regulation longbefore the major parties did
Populist proposals that are ineffect today include the fed-eral income tax the secretballot and the initiative andreferendum
AJ-622
null
16399712
623CHAPTER 21 Progressive Reforms
Roosevelt Challenges TaftBy 1912 Roosevelt had become completely
disappointed in Taft With a new presidentialelection on the horizon Roosevelt decided tochallenge Taft for the Republican presidentialnomination Roosevelt claimed that Taft hadldquocompletely twisted aroundrdquo his own policies
The showdown between Roosevelt and Taftcame at the Republican national convention inChicago in June Although Roosevelt won everyprimary and had many supporters Taft had thebacking of Republican Party leaders and influen-tial business interests who controlled the partymachinery When Taft received the nominationon the first ballot Roosevelt charged the Repub-lican party leaders with stealing the presidentialnomination from him
A fiery Roosevelt led his supporters out of theconvention hall He and his followers formed anew party the Progressive Party In August theProgressives held their own convention inChicago and nominated Roosevelt for president
When a reporter asked Roosevelt about hishealth the candidate thumped himself on thechest and declared ldquoI feel as strong as a bullmooserdquo From then on the Progressive Partywas known as the Bull Moose Party
The Election of 1912The split in the Republican Party hurt both
Taft and Roosevelt While Republicans and Pro-gressives battled each other at the polls Demo-crat Woodrow Wilson gathered enough supportto defeat them in the election Wilson had
Former President Theodore Rooseveltleft the Republican Party to form theProgressive or ldquoBull Mooserdquo Party
Some third parties have presented a strong challenge to the majorparties The Republican Party was itself a third party in 1856 Fouryears later it captured the White House
1848 Martin Van Buren Free Soil 101 0
1856 John C Fremont Republican 331 114
1892 James Weaver Populist 85 22
1912 Theodore Roosevelt Progressive 274 88
1924 Robert La Follette Progressive 166 13
1948 Strom Thurmond States Rights 24 39
1968 George Wallace Am Independent 135 46
1992 Ross Perot Reform 190 0
2000 Ralph Nader Green 27 0
PresidentialElection
YearResults
Candidateparty of popular vote Electoral votes
Third-Party Results
AJ-623
null
96338554
Checking for Understanding1 Key Terms Write a paragraph in
which you use all of the followingkey terms trustbuster arbitrationlaissez-faire
2 Reviewing Facts What candidatewon the presidential election of1912
Reviewing Themes3 Economic Factors Why did progres-
sives support an income tax
Critical Thinking4 Analyzing Information Explain why
Roosevelt preferred regulation totrustbusting
5 Determining Cause and EffectRe-create the diagram below andexplain the reasons for and the out-come of the 1902 coal strike
Analyzing Visuals6 Chart Skills Study the chart on
page 623 that shows third-partyresults What party did JamesWeaver represent What third partyreceived the largest percentage of the popular vote The largestnumber of electoral votes
acquired a reputation as a progressive reformerwhile serving as president of Princeton Univer-sity and governor of New Jersey
Wilson gained only 42 percent of the popularvote with Roosevelt receiving 27 percent andTaft 23 percent However Wilson won the presi-dency by the largest electoral majority up to thattime sweeping 435 of the 531 electoral votes
Wilson in the White HouseDuring his campaign Woodrow Wilson had
criticized big government as well as big businessWilson called his program the ldquoNew Freedomrdquo
In 1913 Wilson achieved a long-awaited pro-gressive goalmdashtariff reform He persuaded theDemocrat-controlled Congress to adopt a lowertariff on imported goods such as sugar woolsteel and farm equipment Wilson believedthat the pressure of foreign competition wouldlead American manufacturers to improve their
products and lower their prices The govern-ment income lost by lowering tariffs would bereplaced by the new income tax
That same year Congress also passed the Fed-eral Reserve Act to regulate banking By creat-ing 12 regional banks supervised by a centralboard in Washington DC the act gave the gov-ernment more control over banking activitiesBanks that operated nationally were required tojoin the Federal Reserve System and abide by itsregulations
Wilson also worked to strengthen govern-ment control over business In 1914 Congressestablished the Federal Trade Commission(FTC) to investigate corporations for unfairtrade practices Wilson also supported the Clay-ton Antitrust Act of 1914 which joined the Sher-man Antitrust Act as one of the governmentrsquoschief weapons against trusts The governmentalso tried to regulate child labor The Keating-Owen Act of 1916 banned goods produced bychild labor from being sold in interstate com-merce The act was struck down as unconstitu-tional just two years later
By the end of Wilsonrsquos first term progressiveshad won many victories The Progressive move-ment lost some of its momentum as Americansturned their attention to world affairsmdashespeciallythe war that had broken out in Europe in 1914
Analyzing How did Rooseveltrsquos runfor the presidency affect the election of 1912
624 CHAPTER 21 Progressive Reforms
Art Draw a political cartoon thatsupports Theodore Rooseveltrsquosactions as a ldquotrustbusterrdquo
1902 Coal
Strike
Twenty-fifth Flag 1912 Statehood forArizona and New Mexico increased thenumber of stars to 48 in 1912 Thisflag served from 1912 to 1959 moreyears than any other flag
Americarsquos Flags
AJ-624
null
14403761
CHAPTER XX Chapter Title
Interpreting a Political CartoonWhy Learn This Skill
Yoursquove probably heard thesaying ldquoA picture is worth athousand wordsrdquo For morethan 200 years political car-toonists have drawn pictures topresent their opinions about aperson or event Learning tointerpret political cartoons canhelp you understand issues ofboth the past and present
Learning the SkillPolitical cartoons state opin-
ions about particular subjectsTo illustrate those opinionscartoonists provide clues using several differenttechniques They often exaggerate a personrsquos physicalfeatures or appearance in a special effect calledldquocaricaturerdquo A caricature can be positive or nega-tive depending on the artistrsquos point of view
Cartoonists also use symbols to represent some-thing else The bald eagle is often shown in politicalcartoons as a symbol of the United States Sometimescartoonists help readers interpret their message byadding labels or captions
To interpret a political cartoon follow these steps
bull Read the caption and any other words printed inthe cartoon
bull Analyze each element in the cartoon
bull Identify the clues What is happening in the car-toon Who or what is represented by each part ofthe drawing What or whom do the figures repre-sent To what do the symbols refer
bull Study all these elements to decide the point thecartoonist is making
Practicing the SkillThe cartoon on this page shows Theodore Roose-velt looking in a window at President Taft Ana-lyze the cartoon and then answer the followingquestions
1 What is going on in this picture
2 What caricatures are included in this cartoon
3 What symbols are shown in the cartoon Whatdo these symbols represent
4 What point is the cartoonist making
Applying the SkillInterpreting a Political Cartoon Bring to classa copy of a political cartoon from a recent news-paper or magazine Explain the cartoonistrsquos pointof view and the tools used to express it
Glencoersquos Skillbuilder InteractiveWorkbook CD-ROM Level 1 providesinstruction and practice in key social studies skills
Social StudiesSocial Studies
625
AJ-625
null
14126836
Mt Foraker17400 ft (5303 m)
Avalanche Spire10105 ft (3080 m)
K a h i l t n a G l a c i e r
ampGEOGRAPHY HISTORY
Yukon River
Denali National Parkand Preserve
A L A S K A CA
NA
DA
US
0
0
500 miles
500 kilometers
N
S
W
E
L E A R N I N G f r o m G E O G R A P H Y
626
WILD WONDERSGRIZZLY BEARS WOLVES MOOSE CARIBOUDALLrsquoS SHEEP and many other animals roam Alaskarsquos Denali National Park and Preserve Larger than Massachusetts the six-million-acre park includes the highest mountain in North America
The Alaskan wilderness area set aside as Mount McKinley National Park in 1917 was renamed Denali in 1980 when Congress tripled the size of the parkDenali was the peakrsquos Native American name meaning ldquothe High Onerdquo
The idea of setting aside areas of natural beauty and historic importance for the benefit of the people dates back to the mid-1800s Before then Americans had viewedwild places either as obstacles or as a source of naturalresources for people to use
The conservation movement gained popularity in the early 1900s when President Theodore Roosevelt and other conservationists urged Americans to protect natural resources
Today conservation continues to be an important issue Although many of us enjoyvisiting national parks such as Denali theparks also serve as refuges for wildlifeScientists study the plants and animals so that they can protect them With 430species of flowering plants 37 species ofmammals and 156 species of birds Denalistands as one of Americarsquos great areas ofunspoiled wilderness
1 Which peaks are higher than 15000 feet
2 Do you think it is necessary for the governmentto aid environmental programs Explain
Mt Foraker17400 ft (5303 m)
Avalanche Spire10105 ft (3080 m)
K a h i l t n a G l a c i e r
ampGEOGRAPHY HISTORY
Yukon River
Denali National Parkand Preserve
A L A S K A CA
NA
DA
US
0
0
500 miles
500 kilometers
N
S
W
E
L E A R N I N G f r o m G E O G R A P H Y
626
WILD WONDERSGRIZZLY BEARS WOLVES MOOSE CARIBOUDALLrsquoS SHEEP and many other animals roam Alaskarsquos Denali National Park and Preserve Larger than Massachusetts the six-million-acre park includes the highest mountain in North America
The Alaskan wilderness area set aside as Mount McKinley National Park in 1917 was renamed Denali in 1980 when Congress tripled the size of the parkDenali was the peakrsquos Native American name meaning ldquothe High Onerdquo
The idea of setting aside areas of natural beauty and historic importance for the benefit of the people dates back to the mid-1800s Before then Americans had viewedwild places either as obstacles or as a source of naturalresources for people to use
The conservation movement gained popularity in the early 1900s when President Theodore Roosevelt and other conservationists urged Americans to protect natural resources
Today conservation continues to be an important issue Although many of us enjoyvisiting national parks such as Denali theparks also serve as refuges for wildlifeScientists study the plants and animals so that they can protect them With 430species of flowering plants 37 species ofmammals and 156 species of birds Denalistands as one of Americarsquos great areas ofunspoiled wilderness
1 Which peaks are higher than 15000 feet
2 Do you think it is necessary for the governmentto aid environmental programs Explain
AJ-626
null
100779144
627
Mt McKinley (Denali)20320 ft (6194 m)
R u t hG l a c i e
r
To
ko
si t n
aG
l ac
i er
SheldonAmphitheater
BuckskinG
lac
ier
The Mooses Tooth10335 ft (3150 m)
1872 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
50
0
100
150
200
250
300
350
Nu
mb
er o
f si
tes
par
ks
Yellowstone NP 1872
National Park Service Act 1916
National Forest Service 1905
Mt McKinley National Park 1917
Historic Sites Act 1934
Wild and Scenic Rivers Act 1968
National Trails Systems Act 1968
Denali National Park 1980
National ParksOther sites managed by National Park Service
Growth of the National Park System
1887American Protective Associationtargets Catholics
1907Gentlemenrsquos Agreementrestricts Japanese immigration
1909WEB Du Bois helpsform the NAACP
1915Ku Klux Klanreappears
Main IdeaProgressive reform did little to expandthe rights and opportunities forminorities
Key Termsdiscrimination barrio
Reading StrategyTaking Notes As you read Section 4re-create the diagram below anddescribe each personrsquos accomplishments
Read to Learnbull why progressive reforms did not
include all Americansbull how minorities worked to move
toward greater equality
Section ThemeCivic Rights and ResponsibilitiesMinorities discovered that progressivereforms often did not advance theirown rights and responsibilities
Excluded from Reform
Like many seeking their fortunes 16-year-old Lee Chew left his farm in China andbooked passage on a steamer When he and other Chinese immigrants arrived in SanFrancisco they confronted a great wave of anti-Asian feeling In the cityrsquos Chinese quarter immigrants ran markets laundries and other small shops Chew worked foran American family ldquoChinese laundrymen [like me] were taught by American womenrdquohe said ldquoThere are no laundries in Chinardquo
Prejudice and DiscriminationDuring the 1800s the overwhelming majority of Americans were white and
Protestant and had been born in the United States Many Americans believedthat the United States should remain a white Protestant nation Nonwhite non-Protestant and non-native residents often faced discriminationmdashunequal treat-ment because of their race religion ethnic background or place of birth Thegovernment rarely interfered with this discrimination
Chinese shopkeeper in California
628 CHAPTER 21 Progressive Reforms
Individual Accomplishments
Booker T Washington
Ida Wells
WEB Du Bois
Carlos Montezuma
Preview of Events
Guide to Reading
1880 1900 1920
AJ-628
null
7272508
Immigration
Percent Foreign Born byRegion of Birth 1900
Percent Foreign Born byRegion of Birth 2000
Percentage of US Population That Is Foreign Born
EuropeAll otherLatin AmericaAsia
Latin AmericaAsiaEuropeAll other
Source US Bureau of the Census
Popu
latio
n Pe
rcen
tage
Year
849
126
1312
510
255
153
82
136147
132116
8869
54 4762
80
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
4
8
12
16
0
104
In 1908 violence erupted in Springfield Illinois when a white woman claimed to havebeen attacked by an African American manAuthorities jailed the man but by that timewhite townspeople had formed an angry mob
Armed with axes and guns the mobstormed through African American neighbor-hoods destroying businesses and driving peo-ple from their homes Rioters lynched twoAfrican American men and injured dozensmore Yet no one was ever punished for theseviolent crimes Later the woman who claimedshe was attacked admitted that her accusationwas untrue
The Springfield riot shocked the nation andhighlighted the deep racial divisions in Ameri-can life The riot took place in the hometown ofAbraham Lincoln the president who signed theEmancipation Proclamation African Americanswere no longer enslavedmdashbut they were stillpursued by prejudice and racial hatred
Anti-CatholicismSome Americans faced discrimination because
of their religion Americarsquos largely Protestantpopulation feared that Catholic immigrantsthreatened the ldquoAmericanrdquo way of life Anti-Catholic Iowans formed the American ProtectiveAssociation (APA) in 1887 By the mid-1890s theAPA claimed a membership of two million acrossthe nation Among other activities the APAspread rumors that Catholics were preparing totake over the country
Anti-SemitismMany Jewish immigrants came to the United
States to escape prejudice in their homelandsSome of them found the same anti-Semitic atti-tudes in America Landlords employers andschools discriminated against Jews Eastern Euro-pean Jews faced prejudice both as Jews and as east-ern Europeans whom many Americans regardedas more ldquoforeignrdquo than western Europeans
Immigration rose during the period of rapid industrialization at theturn of the century Then immigration decreased when Congressimposed immigration restrictions Towards the end of the century a dramatic increase took place after the restrictions were relaxed
AJ-629
null
11368296
CHAPTER 21 Progressive Reforms
History
Anti-Asian PoliciesDiscrimination was also based on race In
California and other western states Asiansstruggled against prejudice and resentmentWhite Americans claimed that Chinese immi-grants who worked for lower wages took awayjobs Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Actin 1882 to prevent Chinese immigrants fromentering the United States
Americarsquos westward expansion createdopportunities for thousands of Japanese immi-grants who came to the United States to work asrailroad or farm laborers Like the Chinese beforethem Japanese immigrants encountered preju-dice California would not allow them to becomecitizens In 1906 in San Francisco the schoolboard tried to make Japanese children attend aseparate school for Asians until President Roose-velt stepped in to prevent such segregation
Roosevelt yielded to a rising tide of anti-Japanese feeling however and authorized theGentlemenrsquos Agreement with Japan in 1907This accord restricted Japanese immigration tothe United States but it did not bring an end toanti-Japanese feeling In 1913 California made itillegal for Japanese immigrants to buy landOther Western states passed similar laws
Discrimination Against African AmericansAfrican Americans faced discrimination in
both the North and the South Although officiallyfree African Americans were systematicallydenied basic rights and restricted to second-classcitizenship
Four-fifths of the nationrsquos African Americanslived in the South Most worked as rural share-croppers or in low-paying jobs in the cities Theywere separated from white society in their ownneighborhoods schools parks restaurants the-aters and even cemeteries In 1896 the SupremeCourt legalized segregation in the case of Plessyv Ferguson which recognized ldquoseparate butequalrdquo facilities
The Ku Klux Klan which had terrorizedAfrican Americans during Reconstruction wasreborn in Georgia in 1915 The new Klan wantedto restore white Protestant America The Klanlashed out against minoritiesmdashCatholics Jewsand immigrants as well as African AmericansCalling for ldquo100 percent Americanismrdquo the Klankept growing and claimed more than two mil-lion members by 1924 many of them in North-ern cities and towns
A Ku Klux Klan pamphlet (right) promotes the Klanrsquos hate campaign Meanwhile opponents of lynching called for an end to racial murders What two groups experienced the terror of lynching
AJ-630
null
14853111
631CHAPTER 21 Progressive Reforms
Racial ViolencePeople who lost their jobs during the economic
depressions of 1893 and 1907 sometimesunleashed their anger against African Americansand other minorities More than 2600 AfricanAmericans were lynched between 1886 and 1916mostly in the South Lynchings were also used toterrorize Chinese immigrants in the West
Progressivism and PrejudiceIn the late 1800s and the early 1900s many
Americans held biased views They believedthat white male native-born Americans had theright to make decisions for all of society
Most of the progressive reformers came fromthe middle and upper classes They saw them-selves as moral leaders working to improve thelives of people less fortunate than themselvesNevertheless the reforms they supported oftendiscriminated against one group as they tried tohelp another group
Trade unions often prohibited African Ameri-cans women and immigrants from joiningSkilled laborers these unions argued could obtain better working conditions for themselvesif they did not demand improved conditions forall workers
Booker T Washington (seated second from left) foundedthe National Negro Business League Why did Washing-ton stress economic power among African Americans
History
Sometimes reforms instituted by the pro-gressives were efforts to control a particulargroup The temperance movement for exam-ple was partly an attempt to control the behav-ior of Irish Catholic immigrants Civil servicereforms required job applicants to be edu-catedmdashthis reduced the political influence thatimmigrants had begun to have in some citiesIn spite of their contradictions progressivereforms did succeed in improving conditionsfor many Americans
Identifying What Supreme Courtdecision legalized segregation
Struggle for Equal OpportunityOften excluded from progressive organiza-
tions because of prejudice minorities battled forjustice and opportunity on their own AfricanAmericans Hispanics and Native Americanstook steps to improve their lives
African Americans rose to the challenge ofachieving equality Booker T Washington whohad been born enslaved and taught himself toread founded the Tuskegee Institute in 1881The institute taught African Americans farmingand industrial skills
AJ-631
null
14001436
Washington believed that if African Americanshad more economic power they would be in abetter position to demand social equality andcivil rights Washington founded the NationalNegro Business League to promote businessdevelopment among African Americans InWashingtonrsquos autobiography Up from Slavery hecounseled African Americans to work patientlytoward equality Washington argued that equal-ity would be achieved when African Americansgained the education and skills to become valu-able members of their community
Some African Americans thought that theywould be better off in separate societies eitherin the United States or in Africa They foundedorganizations to establish African Americantowns and promoted a back-to-Africa move-ment These movements were not popular how-ever and their goals gained few supporters
African American Women Take ActionAfrican American women worked together
through groups such as the National Associa-tion of Colored Women to fight the practice oflynching and other forms of racial violence IdaB Wells the editor of an African Americannewspaper in Memphis Tennessee was forced
to leave town after publishing the names of peo-ple involved in a lynching The incident startedWells on a national crusade against the terriblepractice of lynching
In her 1895 book A Red Record Wells showedthat lynching was used primarily against AfricanAmericans who had become prosperous or whocompeted with white businesses ldquoCan you remainsilent and inactive when such things are done inyour own community and countryrdquo she asked
Other SuccessesDuring the early 1900s African Americans
achieved success in a variety of professionsChemist George Washington Carver directorof agricultural research at Tuskegee Institutehelped improve the economy of the Souththrough his discoveries of plant products Mag-gie Lena founded the St Luke Penny SavingsBank in Richmond Virginia She was the firstAmerican woman to serve as a bank president
Native Americans Seek JusticeThe federal governmentrsquos efforts to assimilate
Native Americans into white society threatenedto break down traditional native cultures In 1911 Native American leaders from around
632 CHAPTER 21 Progressive Reforms
WEB Du Bois wasthe first African Americanto receive a doctoratedegree from Harvard Asan educator he refused toaccept racial inequalityDu Bois helped start theNiagara Movement in1905 to fight againstracial discrimination anddemand full politicalrights and responsibilities
for African AmericansLater Du Bois joined oth-ers to form the NationalAssociation for theAdvancement of ColoredPeople (NAACP) Thisgroup today remains aforce in the efforts to gainlegal and economic equal-ity for African Americans
Du Bois rejectedBooker T Washingtonrsquos
emphasis on job skillsand argued that the rightto vote was the way toend racial inequality stoplynching and gain betterschools ldquoThe power ofthe ballot we need insheer self-defenserdquo hesaid ldquoelse what shallsave us from a secondslaveryrdquo
AJ-632
null
1490536
the country formed the Society of AmericanIndians to seek justice for Native Americansto improve their living conditions and to edu-cate white Americans about different NativeAmerican cultures
One of the societyrsquos founding memberswas Dr Carlos Montezuma an Apache whohad been raised by whites Convinced thatfederal policies were hurting Native Ameri-cans Montezuma became an activist exposinggovernment abuse of Native American rightsMontezuma believed that Native Americansshould leave the reservations and make theirown way in white society
Mexican Americans Work TogetherImmigrants from Mexico had long come to
the United States as laborers especially in theWest and Southwest Between 1900 and 1914the Mexican American population grew dramat-ically as people crossed the border to escape rev-olution and economic troubles in Mexico
Like the Japanese and other immigrantgroups Mexican Americans encountered dis-crimination and violence Relying on them-selves to solve their problems they formedmutualistasmdashself-defense associationsmdashto raisemoney for insurance and legal help One of thefirst mutualistas was the Alianza Hispano Americo(Hispanic American Alliance) formed in Tuc-son Arizona in 1894 Another mutualista the
CHAPTER 21 Progressive Reforms 633
Art Create a title and cover designfor a book about discriminationthat might have been written dur-ing this time
ldquoIs there no redress no peace no justice in this land for usTell the world the factsrdquomdashIda B Wells
Groups Actions taken
Native Americans
Mexican Americans
African Americans
Orden Hijos de America (Order of Sons ofAmerica) formed in San Antonio Texas in 1921to work for equality and raise awareness ofMexican Americans rights as US citizens Inlabor camps and Mexican neighborhoods calledbarrios mutualistas organized self-help groupsto deal with overcrowding poor sanitation andinadequate public services
Widespread prejudice excluded MexicanAmericans from many reform groups Yet Mexi-can Americans produced dynamic leaders andcreated organizations to improve their circum-stances and fight for justice
Describing Against what type ofviolence did Ida B Wells speak out
Checking for Understanding
1 Key Terms Define discriminationand barrio
2 Reviewing Facts What were theresults of the Gentlemenrsquos Agreementwith Japan authorized by TheodoreRoosevelt
Reviewing Themes
3 Civic Rights and ResponsibilitiesGive an example of a progressivereform that resulted in discrimination
Critical Thinking
4 Comparing How did the views ofBooker T Washington differ fromthose of WEB Du Bois
5 Analyzing Information Re-createthe diagram below and list theactions these groups took to battleprejudice and discrimination
Analyzing Visuals
6 Graph Skills Study the graphs onpage 629 What was the percentageof foreign-born people in 1900 In2000 Did Latin American peoplemake up a larger percentage of theforeign-born population in 2000 or in1900 Explain
the country formed the Society of AmericanIndians to seek justice for Native Americansto improve their living conditions and to edu-cate white Americans about different NativeAmerican cultures
One of the societyrsquos founding memberswas Dr Carlos Montezuma an Apache whohad been raised by whites Convinced thatfederal policies were hurting Native Ameri-cans Montezuma became an activist exposinggovernment abuse of Native American rightsMontezuma believed that Native Americansshould leave the reservations and make theirown way in white society
Mexican Americans Work TogetherImmigrants from Mexico had long come to
the United States as laborers especially in theWest and Southwest Between 1900 and 1914the Mexican American population grew dramat-ically as people crossed the border to escape rev-olution and economic troubles in Mexico
Like the Japanese and other immigrantgroups Mexican Americans encountered dis-crimination and violence Relying on them-selves to solve their problems they formedmutualistasmdashself-defense associationsmdashto raisemoney for insurance and legal help One of thefirst mutualistas was the Alianza Hispano Americo(Hispanic American Alliance) formed in Tuc-son Arizona in 1894 Another mutualista the
CHAPTER 21 Progressive Reforms 633
Art Create a title and cover designfor a book about discriminationthat might have been written dur-ing this time
ldquoIs there no redress no peace no justice in this land for usTell the world the factsrdquomdashIda B Wells
Groups Actions taken
Native Americans
Mexican Americans
African Americans
Orden Hijos de America (Order of Sons ofAmerica) formed in San Antonio Texas in 1921to work for equality and raise awareness ofMexican Americans rights as US citizens Inlabor camps and Mexican neighborhoods calledbarrios mutualistas organized self-help groupsto deal with overcrowding poor sanitation andinadequate public services
Widespread prejudice excluded MexicanAmericans from many reform groups Yet Mexi-can Americans produced dynamic leaders andcreated organizations to improve their circum-stances and fight for justice
Describing Against what type ofviolence did Ida B Wells speak out
Checking for Understanding
1 Key Terms Define discriminationand barrio
2 Reviewing Facts What were theresults of the Gentlemenrsquos Agreementwith Japan authorized by TheodoreRoosevelt
Reviewing Themes
3 Civic Rights and ResponsibilitiesGive an example of a progressivereform that resulted in discrimination
Critical Thinking
4 Comparing How did the views ofBooker T Washington differ fromthose of WEB Du Bois
5 Analyzing Information Re-createthe diagram below and list theactions these groups took to battleprejudice and discrimination
Analyzing Visuals
6 Graph Skills Study the graphs onpage 629 What was the percentageof foreign-born people in 1900 In2000 Did Latin American peoplemake up a larger percentage of theforeign-born population in 2000 or in1900 Explain
AJ-633
null
13755861
634
Reviewing Key TermsYou are a journalist writing about the impact of progres-sive reforms Write an article in which you use at leastthree of the following key terms1 political machine 4 referendum2 civil service 5 initiative3 primary 6 recall
Reviewing Key Facts7 How did corrupt political bosses get voters for their
parties8 Why were journalists important to the reform
movement9 What amendment provided for the direct election of
senators10 What amendment provided for woman suffrage11 What is arbitration12 Why did progressives form their own political party13 What was the purpose of the Federal Reserve Act14 What is discrimination15 What did Dr Carlos Montezuma think about Native
American reservations16 Why did Mexican Americans organize mutualistas
Critical Thinking17 Analyzing Themes Government and Democracy
How did the Seventeenth Amendment give people agreater voice in government
18 Determining Cause and Effect Why was the railroadindustry subject to so many government regulations
19 Analyzing Themes Civic Rights and Responsibili-ties Re-create the diagram below and identify howthese laws promote justice and insure citizensrsquo rights
Progressive Reforms
City Commissions
City Managers
Civic Service Commission
Civic Reform
ShermanAntitrust Act
RegulationTrustbusting
ClaytonAntitrust Act
Interstate Commerce Act
Federal TradeCommission
Business Reform
Direct Primary Initiative Referendum
Political Reform
Suffragist movement
Labor movement
The NineteenthAmendment
Womenrsquos Rights
The Seventeenth Amendment
Rights of Citizens
19th Amendment Recall
Initiative Referendum
Citizenship Cooperative Activity27 Consumer Rights Working with a partner contact a
local consumer league to learn about consumer rightsThen prepare a pamphlet on consumer rights List thevarious rights consumers have and provide the namesaddresses and phone numbers of consumer groups tocontact with problems Distribute this pamphlet to peoplein your neighborhood
Alternative Assessment 28 Portfolio Activity Scan the chapter and make a list of
the constitutional amendments that were passed duringthe Progressive Era Make a cause-and-effect chart toshow what needs actions or abuses led to the passageof each Save your work for your portfolio
Self-Check QuizVisit tajglencoecom and click on Chapter 21mdashSelf-Check Quizzes to prepare for the chapter test
HISTORY
CHAPTER 21 Progressive Reforms 635
Directions Choose the bestanswer to the following question
The main goal of the Womanrsquos Christian Temper-ance Union was to pass laws to ban the making orselling of alcohol Which of the following was a sec-ondary goal
A prison reform B limit immigrationC promote the Square Deal D pass the Gentlemenrsquos Agreement
Test-Taking Tip
This question requires you to remember a fact about theWCTU By reading the question carefully you can find
clues about the organization It worked for reformWhich answer fits best with this information
Standardized Test Practice
Practicing SkillsInterpreting a Political Cartoon Study the cartoon on thispage then answer the following questions
20 Who are the people grouped on the left of the cartoon21 What is the meaning of the comment made by the per-
son on the right22 How does the cartoonist define ldquoillegal immigrantsrdquo
Geography and History ActivityExamine the map on voting rights for women on page 617and answer the questions that follow23 Which state was the first to provide equal suffrage24 By 1919 how many states allowed equal suffrage25 Making Generalizations Why do you think the percent-
age of states allowing woman suffrage was much higherin the West than in the East
Technology Activity26 Using E-Mail Research the names of five modern organi-
zations that have some of the same goals as the progres-sive reformers of the late 1800s and early 1900s Chooseone organization that interests you and make contactthrough E-mail to get more information about the group