EOC Test Preparation: Expansion, Industrialization, and Reform.

EOC Test Preparation:Expansion, Industrialization, and Reform

Westward Expansion

• Many people moved west in the hopes of gaining wealth (gold and silver), happiness, land, and prosperity

• Claiming land that belonged to Native Americans.

Westward Expansion

• Railroad– Allowed farmers and ranchers

to ship products– Moved people to western cities– Transcontinental railroad• Union Pacific and Central Pacific

joined tracks in Utah (1869)• Linked east to west

Westward Expansion

• Native Americans– Plains Indians and buffalo– Reservations

Battles Between US Troops and Natives

• Sand Creek Massacre– Native American resistance,

1861– Cheyenne were supposed to give

up claims to land that had been promised by US gov.

– Cheyenne warriors launched raids on mining camps

– US forces killed 270 Native Americans (most were women and children)


• Battle of Little Bighorn– Sioux Indians, Red Cloud,

Crazy Horse– 1876 George Custer attempted

to surprise and defeat Sioux, who were resisting US troops

– Sioux warriors surrounded the outnumbered US troops, killed Custer and 200 men.

– Last great victory for Native Americans• 1877: Sioux and Cheyenne

surrendered, forcibly moved to Dakotas and OK


• Wounded Knee– 1890– Sioux holy man developed a

religious ritual called the ghost Dance• Sioux believed the dance would

bring back the buffalo, land, and banish the whites from their land

– US believed Sitting Bull was using the dance to start an uprising, US Army arrested and killed Sitting Bull and others.

– Soldiers pursued Sioux to Wounded Knee Creek, 150 Native Americans were dead.


• Dawes Act– 1887– Abolished tribal organizations

and divided up reservations for individual Native American families

– After 25 years, land would go to those who became US citizens

– Failed • Why?

The Rise of Big Business

• Inventions and Natural Resources– North began to heavily industrialize– Thomas Edison• Light bulb

– George Westinghouse• 1886, Alternating Current (AC)

– Typewriter, vacuum, refrigeration cars for trains– Elevators– Machines for farming

The Rise of Big Business

• Mass Production– Henry Ford and

Model T.– Natural resources• App. Mountains:

coal, iron ore• South: lumber• PA and Southwest:

oil

Giants of Early US Industrialization

• Railroad– Robber barons-

corrupt ppl. In the industry, wealthy entrepreneurs

– Cornelius Vanderbilt• 1869 NY Central

railroad to Chicago (express)


• Oil– John D. Rockefeller• Standard Oil• Trust-business arrangement

under which a number of companies unite into one system– Monopolies

• Able to make his own prices and control the industry

Giants of Early US Industrialization• Steel– 1850s– Sir Henry Bessemer

• Process where manufacturers could make steel much cheaper than before

– Andrew Carnegie• Vertical integration-one

corporation owns the company that produced finial product AND the companies that provide raw materials/inputs

• Owned steel mills, iron ore, coal mines, RRs, ships (for transporting supplies)


• Finance Capitalism– Bankers who exerted economic

influence through companies’ stocks and bonds

– J. P. Morgan• Controlled banks, insurance

companies, stock market operations• Worth $22 billion by 1913

Interlocking Directorates and Tariffs

• Interlocking directorates-allowed directors of one company to serve as directors for other companies also– Control entire industries

• Protective tariffs-taxed foreign imports and made it easier for US goods to be sold at higher prices

Social Darwinism and Gilded Age

• Social Darwinism– Survival of the fittest applied to business strategies

• Gilded Age– Many remained in poverty while only a few got

wealthy– 1877-1900s – Prosperity was a sham, in reality: poverty and

corruption

Cultural, Economic, and Political Impact

• Capitalism– Market competition– International markets– Democracy

• Industrialization changed the US– Increased production– New inventions– Consumer goods were more

affordable– Standard of living rose

• Middle Class emerges

Farmers and Populism

• 1870s and 1880s it was very costly– Borrowed from banks to buy new machinery– Overproduction-too many agricultural

products• Farm prices dropped drastically

– Less money for goods, costs were increasing

• Farmers blamed politicians and big business– Wanted more regulation

• Interstate Commerce Act (1887)– President Cleveland– Regulated RR rates for public interest


• Farmers wanted subsidies– Gov. pay them money to cover

losses • Farmers also wanted more

money to be put into nation’s economy– Greenbacks-paper money– Wanted more money in hands of

consumers• Why is this an issue???

Farmers and Populsim

• The Grange– Cooperative where farmers

came together • Stood up against RRs and other

industries• Worked together to get new

machinery and supplies• Sell produce without paying

distributors• Education


• Populism– The people’s party– Embraced what farmers wanted• Greenbacks• Gov. regulation of business

– Omaha Platform• Political party that catered to the

common man• Broke down racial divisions between

white and black farmers

Election of 1896

• Economic depression existed• Cleveland blamed for economic situation– To fix this: switched country from silver standard

to gold standard (dollar could only be backed by gold)

• Bimetalism-Those that felt the dollar should be backed by silver too– Populist party joined this side

Election of 1896

• William Jennings Bryan elected by Democrats– Backed bimetallism, won support of Populists– “Cross of Gold” speech

• Republican William McKinley won

Urbanization

• Migration to the Cities– More people moving to northern and western

cities• Immigration– Mostly from Europe on the East Coast– Mostly from China (want to join the RR industry)

on West Coast– Ellis Island– Angel Island

Urbanization

• Issues Caused by Immigration– Took away jobs from natives– Foreign culture– Ethnic ghettos– Nativists– Racism

Urbanization

• Laws Against Immigration– Chinese Exclusion Act– Gentlemen’s Agreement

• Living and Working Conditions– Low wages– Everyone worked– Child labor common– Labor unions and racism

Urbanization

• Living and Working Conditions (Cont.)– Long work hours– Dangerous conditions– Weatshops• Poor lit, ventilated

– Urban slums– Tenements

Urbanization • New Lifestyle and Entertainment– Trolleys• Housing?

– Saloons– Dance halls,

cabarets– Amusement parks– Vaudeville shows– Sports– Parks

Urbanization

• Political Machines– Unofficial entity meant to keep

a certain party/group in power• Party/political boss• Favors or aid in exchange for

votes

– New York City’s Boss William Tweed and Tammany Hall

Rise of Labor Unions

• Knights of Labor– 1869: men and women – Equal pay for equal work, end

child labor– Didn’t last long: 1890s

• American Federation of Labor– Samuel Gompers– Wages, working hours,

conditions– Strikes and boycotts– Band together to meet

demands, more power– Closed shop-workplaces could

hire only union members

Rise of Labor Unions

• Eugene V. Debs– Organized the American Railway Union– Pullman Strike leader– American Socialist Party– Ran for president multiple times

The Rise of Labor Unions

• Employer Response– Blacklists– Forbade workers from joining– Lockouts– Scabs-replacement workers

during strikes– Gov. supported business

owners when it came to strikes• Injunctions-court orders that

forbade strikes


• Strikes and Confrontations– Great Strike 1877: • upset by wage cuts, RR

workers acted violently in Midwest and eastern US• President Hayes sent in

federal troops to put down protest• Showed gov. would help

employers

The Rise of Labor Unions• Strikes and

Confrontations– Haymarket Riot (May

1886)• Workers protested for 8

hr. workday • Radicals exploded a bomb

that killed/wounded police officers

• Riot broke out with gunfire on both sides

• Turned many people against unions


• Strikes and Confrontations– Homestead Strike• Steel workers 1892• Carnegie Steel plant in PA• Pinkertons were a private police force

that put down the strike– Shootout left several people

dead/wounded– Union called off strike due to public

perception

The Rise of Labor Unions• Strikes and Confrontations– Pullman Strike

• 1894• RR industry• Protest laying off workers,

Pullman responded by firing 3 of the labor representatives, so union went on strike

• National boycott of Pullman cars

• Federal government responded with a court injunction against union– Troops were sent in to enforce

injunction

Social Reform

• Progressive Movement– Political, social, economic changes in US

• Muckrackers– Ida Tarbell• Standard Oil trust

– Upton Sinclair

Social Reform

• Jane Addams– Hull House

• Settlement houses• Help for immigrants and

underprivileged

• Temperance– Movement wanted to limit

and end sale/consumption of alcohol• Prohibition

Social Reform• Women’s Suffrage– Seneca Falls Convention

(1848)– 1870s: Susan B.

Anthony was the major leader of the movement• Elizabeth Cady Stanton • National American

Woman Suffrage Association

– Carrie Chapman Catt and Alice Paul• 19th Amendment

Social Reform

• Theodore Roosevelt– Not opposed to big business

but believed some regulation necessary

– Northern Securities v. US • Trust needed to be broken up

– Created health and medicine reforms due to The Jungle.

– Environmentalist

Social Reform

• Woodrow Wilson– Federal Reserve Act• Oversees banking in the US• Opposed both big business and big government• Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)-strikes, picketing, boycotts

legal• 16th Amendment-Congress has power to collect taxes

on income• 17th Amendment-Senators elected directly by people

EOC Test Preparation: Expansion, Industrialization, and Reform.

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