Reform and Revolution: Europe 1830-1850

Reform and Revolution: Europe 1830-1850

Reform in G.B.• 1. Fearing revolution,

Whigs, who led parliament, passed the Reform Bill of 1832.

• 2. New Districts representing urban, industrial areas were formed.

• 3. Political representation did not increase--only from 478,000 to 814,000. Only 1 in 5 adult males could vote. It benefited the middle class only.

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Other Reform Laws• 1. Poor Law of

1834--force the poor to work by inflicting them with miserable conditions. Supported by ideas of economic liberalism.

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• 2. Corn Laws Repealed in 1846, thanks to pressure from middle class economic liberals in the Anti-Corn Law League and the Irish Potato famine. Robert Peel of the Tories helped re-- “peel” the law.

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Revolution 1830--France• 1. 1824- Louis XVIII

succeeded by his brother Charles X (1824-1830)

• 2. Charles was a reactionary--middle class liberals and radicals shared a disdain for him.

• 3. July Revolution of 1830 (think Les Miserables) led to the replacement of Charles by his cousin Louis-Philippe (1830-1848)

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• 4. Constitutional monarchy established--the upper middle class was thrilled with this bourgeois monarchy.

• 5. Voting increased from 100,000 to 500,000.

• 6. France became more industrial in the ensuing years. Some in the legislature wanted limited_ change (Party of movement) and some wanted no more change at all (Party of Resistance). The P of R’s Guizot worked with L.P. to benefit the upper class--avoiding “ministerial responsibility,” as well

1830 Revolution in Belgium

• 1. Inspired by the July rev. in Paris, Catholic Belgians rioted against their unity with the Protestant Dutch in the Netherlands Turned into a demand for independence.

• 2. By the end of the year, the great powers recognized Belgian neutrality/independence.

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1830 Rev. in Italy and Poland• 1. Many Italians resented

Austrian dominance.• 2. Italian nationalists formed the

Carbonari (charcoal burners), a secret society dedicated to Italian unification.

• 3. They rebelled by Metternich crushed them with Austrian troops.

• 5. Guiseppe Mazzini and his Young Italy movement carried on the torch of Italian nationalism.

• 6. Same story line happened in Poland.

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Revolutions of 1848• Causes• 1. Conservatives ignoring

problems caused by industrialization and urbanization.

• 2. Shared disdain for Metternich’s policy’s among the working and middle classes.

• 3. Nationalist calls for unity.

• 4. Rising cost of food, rising costs=call for change

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Revolution in France

• 1. “Enrich yourselves and you will have the vote”: a French gov’t response to those wanting increased suffrage.

• 2. Louis Philippe’s government collapsed in 1848.

• 3. Led to a provisional government in Paris (which was briefly led by a socialist committee) Eventually the French people elected Louis Napoleon (nephew of THE Napoleon as president of the Second French Republic.

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Italy

• 1. Giuseppe Mazzini and his Young Italy fellows gave independence and unity of shot, but Austria stopped them again.

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Germany• 1. 1834--all major German

states formed the Zollverein, a free-trade union.

• 2. Inspired by France, riots broke out in Berlin (Prussia) in 1848. Fred Will IV (1840-1861) issued reforms, even calling for a Prussian assembly to draft a new constitution.

• 3. Simultaneously, an assembly met in Frankfurt to draft an all-German constitution.

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• 4. Fred Will backed off his reforms, dissolving the Prussian assembly and refusing to be the King of the new Germany as hoped for by the Frankfurt assembly

• (“I won’t pick up a crown from the gutter.”)

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Austria• 1. Minority groups

wanted greater say. Tensions mounted and Metternich fled.

• 2. Hungarians, led by Louis Kossuth, demanded independence.

• 3. Franz Josef (1848-1916) accept Russian help and put down the Hungarian uprising.

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Things to Remember

• 1. Revolutions of 1848 failed because of lack of unity, rural opposition, and conservative determination.

• 2. England avoided a rev with its peaceful reforms.