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Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course
Overview of SystemsOverview of Systems Engineering Engineering
James M. Ebeling, Ph.D.James M. Ebeling, Ph.D.
Research EngineerResearch EngineerAquaculture Systems Technologies, LLCAquaculture Systems Technologies, LLC
New Orleans, LANew Orleans, LA
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Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course
Fish Culture TankFish Culture Tank
AerationAerationAir/OxygenAir/Oxygen
DisinfectionDisinfection
BiofiltrationBiofiltrationNitrificationNitrification
Waste SolidsWaste SolidsRemovalRemoval
SludgeSludge
Fine & DissolvedFine & DissolvedSolids RemovalSolids Removal
Carbon DioxideCarbon DioxideRemovalRemoval
SludgeSludge
Overview of Unit OperationsOverview of Unit Operations
Monitoring &Monitoring &System ControlSystem Control
BIOSECURITYBIOSECURITY
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Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course
Fish Culture TankFish Culture Tank
AerationAerationAir/OxygenAir/Oxygen
DisinfectionDisinfection
BiofiltrationBiofiltrationNitrificationNitrification
SuspendedSuspendedSolidsSolids
SludgeSludge
SettableSettableSolidsSolids
SludgeSludge
Fine & DissolvedFine & DissolvedSolids RemovalSolids Removal
Carbon DioxideCarbon DioxideRemovalRemoval
SludgeSludge
95%5%
Monitoring &Monitoring &System ControlSystem Control
Overview of System DesignOverview of System Design
BiosecurityBiosecurityProgramProgram
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Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course
Why Reuse Water?
Minimize water useconserve heat
Note, heat gain can be problem in some coldwater systems.
decrease water demanddecrease wastewater discharge volumereduce TMDL discharged
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Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course
Why Reuse Water?
Increase biosecuritylocate on smaller “pathogen-free” ground water resourcessmaller inlet flows are cheaper to disinfectsmaller discharge flows are easier to screen and prevent
escapementlocate farm away from regions with known pathogen
problems
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Why Reuse Water?
Cold-water reuse systems:in Canada
reuse water to increase 4-8ºC ground water to 10 to 15ºC increased growth rates off-sets higher capital cost
in northern USA ground water already 11 to 13ºC (near ideal temperature) reuse water to increase production on a given water resource
increased production must offset higher capital costs reuse water to decrease waste discharge
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Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course
Culture Culture TankTank
Fish Culture TankFish Culture Tank
“Anything that holds waterAnything that holds water”
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Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course
Polyethylene Tanks
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Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course
Fiberglass Tanks
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Fiberglass Tanks
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Fiberglass Tanks
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Plywood/Wood Tanks
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Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course
Steel Tanks
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Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course
Corrugated Panels with Liner
Steel
Aluminum
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Plywood/Wood Raceways
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Concrete Tanks/ Raceways
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Aquarium Systems
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Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course
Settable Solids Settable Solids
RemovalRemoval SettableSolids
Sludge
5%
• Settling basins
• Swirl separators/ Hydrocyclones
Rule of Thumb:1 lb of feed 0.30 lbs of solids
• Bottom-drawing center drain
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Center Dual-Drain System
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Settling Basin
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Swirl Separator
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Suspended Solids Removal Suspended
Solids
Sludge
95%
• Screen filtration
• rotating microscreens• horizontal screen• vertical screen
• Pressurized bead filters
• Pressurized sand filters
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Rotating Microscreen Filter
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Horizontal Screen Filter
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Inclined Screen Filter
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Pressurized Bead Filters
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Pressurized Sand Filters
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Fine & Dissolved Fine & Dissolved SolidsSolidsFine & DissolvedSolids Removal
Sludge
• Foam FractionationFoam Fractionation
• Protein SkimmersProtein Skimmers
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Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course
Solids DisposalSludge
• land application
• composting
• lagoons
• GeoBags
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GeoTextile Bags
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Vacuum Honey WagonVacuum Honey Wagon
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Waste LagoonWaste Lagoon
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Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course
Compost BinCompost Bin
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Biofiltration / NitrificationBiofiltrationNitrification
Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria
Nitrite Oxidizing Bacteria
2 NH4+ + OH - + 3 O2 2 H + + 2 NO2
- + 4 H2O
2 NO2 + 1 O2 2 NO3-
Ammonia Nitrite
Nitrite Nitrate
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Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course
Biofiltration / NitrificationBiofiltrationNitrification
Rule of Thumb:1 kg feed about 0.03 kg ammonia
5.93 g carbon dioxide
1 g of ammonia yields:
consumes:
4.42 g nitrate NO3-
4.34 g oxygen
7.14 g alkalinity
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Biofiltration / NitrificationBiofiltrationNitrification
• Submerged Biofilters
• Rotating Biological Contactors (RBC)
• Trickling Biofilters
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Gravel Biofilter
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Submerged/Trickling Biofilter
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Submerged Foam Filter
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Classic Trickling Tower
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Trickling Tower & Spray Bar
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Smaller Version
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Rotating Biological Contactors
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RBC Drive Shaft
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Biofiltration / NitrificationBiofiltrationNitrification
• Fluidized bead biofilters
• Fluidized sand biofilters
• Pressurized bead biofilters
• Moving bed BioReactors
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Propeller Washed Bead Filter
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Bubble Washed Bead Filter
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Drop Filters (PolyGeysers)
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Fluidized Bed Biofilters
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Downflow micro-bead
biofilter
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Moving Bed Biofilter
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Aeration / OxygenationAeration
Air/Oxygen
Oxygen Requirements
• Metabolism/respiration: 0.25 lbs O2 / lb feed
• Nitrifying bacteria: 0.40 lbs O2 / lb feed
Total: 0.65 to 1.00 lbs of O2 / lb feed
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Sources of Air - Blowers
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Aeration / OxygenationAeration
Air/Oxygen
Aeration (less than 1/3 lb of fish / gal of water)
•Diffusers (air stones)
•Mechanical agitators
•Packed column aeration
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Air Lifts - Mechanical Aeration
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Aeration Tower
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Aeration / OxygenationAeration
Air/Oxygen
Oxygenation
• Downflow Bubble Contactor
• Counter Current Diffusion Column
• Multi-stage Low Head Oxygenation (LHO)
sources: compressed oxygen cylinders liquid oxygen (LOX) on-site oxygen generation
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Oxygen Sources
on-site oxygen generators
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LOX
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Emergency Supply
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Downflow Bubble
Contactor
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Full Scale Speece Cone
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Carbon Dioxide Removal Carbon DioxideRemoval
• Packed column degassing units
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Disinfection Disinfection
• Ultraviolet radiation• Ozone
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Monitoring & System Control
Continuous• DO• Level• Flow• Temperature• Air pressure
Periodically• pH• NH3
• NO2
• NO3
• CO2
• AlkalinityPhone Dialer
Monitoring &System Control
It takes only one mistake to KILL EVERYTHING IN YOU FACILITY!!!!
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Continuous Monitoring
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Water Quality Lab
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BioSecurity
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Support Components •Water Quality Lab•Storage - Feed, Chemicals, Product
•Equipment Storage•Staff Support•Back-up Generator•Quarantine Area•Waste Disposal
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SAFETYSAFETY
Water and electricity do not mix!
• Have Back-up Plans and Use Them!• Train staff in emergency preparedness!• Think!!!
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The Good!
The Bad!
The Ugly!!
SAFETY
Mercury!!
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Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course
Fish Culture TankFish Culture Tank
AerationAerationAir/OxygenAir/Oxygen
DisinfectionDisinfection
BiofiltrationBiofiltrationNitrificationNitrification
Waste SolidsWaste SolidsRemovalRemoval
SludgeSludge
Fine & DissolvedFine & DissolvedSolids RemovalSolids Removal
Carbon DioxideCarbon DioxideRemovalRemoval
SludgeSludge
Putting It All Together
Monitoring &Monitoring &System ControlSystem Control
BIOSECURITYBIOSECURITY
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Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course
Questions?