Jayachandran aquaculture systems

Aquaculture

Jayachandran PR

• “Aquaculture is the farming of aquatic organisms: fish, molluscs, crustaceans, aquatic plants, crocodiles, alligators, turtles, and amphibians. Farming implies some form of intervention in the rearing process to enhance production, such as regular stocking, feeding, protection from predators, etc. Farming also implies individual or corporate ownership of the stock being cultivated. For statistical purposes, aquatic organisms which are harvested by an individual or corporate body which has owned them throughout their rearing period contribute to aquaculture, while aquatic organisms which are exploitable by the public as a common property resource, with or without appropriate licences, are the harvest of capture fisheries”

• (FAO)AquaponicsIt is a combination of AQUACULTURE and HYDROPONICS

Japanese Resource Council, Science and Technology Agency:“Aquaculture is an industrial process of raising aquatic organisms up to final commercial production within properly partitioned aquatic areas, controlling the environmental factors and administering the life history of the organism positively and it has to be considered as an independent industry from the fisheries hitherto.”

Why do we need aquaculture?

• Capture fishery declining• Aquaculture improve nutrition and food security

UN FAO:“With capture fisheries production stagnating, major increases in fish food production are forecast to come from aquaculture. Taking into account the population forecast, an additional 27 million tonnes of production will be needed to maintain the present level of per capita consumption in 2030.”

OBJECTIVES OF AQUACULTURE

Production of protein rich, nutritive, palatable and easily digestible human food benefiting the whole society through plentiful food supplies at low or reasonable cost.

Production of sportfish and support to recreational fishing.

Production of bait-fish for commercial and sport fishery

Production of ornamental fish for aesthetic appeal.

Recycling of organic waste of human and livestock origin

Improving the fish stocks of existing fish in natural and man-made water-bodies through artificial recruitment and transplantation.

Providing new species and strengthening

• Organisms are reared in manmade impoundments

• Water is diverted from natural flows or pumped

• eg. Ponds and raceways, tanks

AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS

CLOSEDOPEN SEMICLOSED

• Organisms are reared in natural systems

• No diversion or pumping of water

• eg. Floating netpens, floating racks, longlines,on-bottom culture, cages,

• Water is reused - little or no effluent

• Sophisticated water filtration and treatment

• eg. Recirculating aquaculture systems, aquariums, raceways, tanks

Broodstock

ManagementHatchery Production

Nursery ProductionGrow-outHarvest &

Market

penpond

raceway

cage

raft fish culture

shrimp

mussel

seaweed oyster

fresh water

brackishwater

mariculture

warm-water

cold-water

inlandcoastal

estuarine

,lowlandupland

TYPE OF ORGANISM CULTURED

TYPE OF CULTURE

TECHNIQUES

TYPE OF ENVIRONMENT

1. Monoculture:

This is the practice of culturing only one species of fish in a pond unit in the pond. Clarias only or Oreochromis niloticus

2. Polyculture/ composite culture:

This is the practice of culturing more than one species of fish in the same pond. Fishes can exploit food at different trophic levels.

Integrated Multi-trophic

Aquaculture (IMTA)It mimic natural ecosystems. Here

organisms are present from more

than one trophic level and waste

products are recycled.

Fish Culture Practices

An example is cultivating sea weed

near mariculture fish pens. Nutrients

in the fish waste fertilize algae, which

in turn improve water quality for fish.

• by-products from one farming enterprise as inputs to other farming enterprises.

• higher production with minimum costs: best use of your on farm available resources.

• best use of the crop, fish and livestock resources.

Integrated aquaculture

Level of management: pond culture

extensive

Hyper-intensive

Intensive

Semi-intensive

Extensive culture system –characterised by low stocking density, no input and output of less than 1000 kg/ha/year.

Semi-intensive culture system –characterised by moderately high density,addition of input (fertiliser and feed)

Yield around 10,000 kg/ha/year

Intensive culture system –characterised by high stocking density, addition of high input (fertiliser and nutritionally balanced diet), cost of production is generally high with yield above 10,000 kg/ha/year

FISH CULTURE TECHNIQUES BASED ON TECHNOLOGY OF PRODUCTION

WATER SYSTEMS

Effluent

PretreatmentWater

Source

Post treatment

Effluent

Water treatment

Biofiltration

Disinfection Rearing

Tank

Pretreatment

Water

Source

Rearing Tank

FLOW-THROUGH: one time use of water

RECIRCULATION: reuse of water

Advantages

• Lower cost

• Simplicity

• Provides ambient food

• Requires lower skill level

Disadvantages

• No environmental control

• Source of contaminants, pollutants

• Greater regulatory constraints

Advantages

• Environmental control

• Free of outside contaminants

• Fewer regulatory constraints

Disadvantages

• Higher costs, Higher skill level

• Complex system, potential problems

• Must provide all feed

• Buildup of toxins & pathogens

Rearing Tank

INTENSIVE = •Highly controlled•Maximize production•Limited space•High density•Complete diet•High water exchange •RAS, raceways, confined (industrialized)

EXTENSIVE = •Minimal control•Utilize natural productivity•Low density•No or supplemental feeds•Low water exchange•ponds, third world

TRADITIONAL CULTURE SYSTEMS IN

INDIA

PADDY CUM FISH CULTURE

(Jun-Sep)-paddy,(Oct-Apr)-Fish +

Shrimp

EXTENSIVE SYSTEMS

MODIFIED EXTENSIVE

FISH AND SHRIMP CULTURE

Throughout year (Nov-Dec)

2 to 40ha,200-500kg/ha/season

SEMI INTENSIVE

KHAZAN FIELD (Goa)

KHARLANDD(Karnataka)

POKKALI FIELDS(Kerala)

BHERIES (West Bengal)

large bherieswest bengal andcertain areas of central kerala

SHRIMP CULTURE SYSTEMS IN INDIA

1-2ha,>80 cm depth,

Fertilized, 30000-

50000seeds/ha,3 - 4months, 500-1000kg

/ha/crop

1-2ha Scientific designed,

Fertilized with inorganic &

organic, 50,000-1,00,000

seeds/ha, 10-15% water

exchange, 1000-2500kg/ha/crop

, 3-4 months, Aerator for emergency

Rectangular or square shaped ( 0.5ha), 1.2 m

depth, 1,00,000-

2,50,000seeds/ha, 25-30%

water exchange, 4-

6aerator / pond, 2.5-5

tons/ha/crop

INTENSIVE

•Thankyou