REALLY OLD STUFF 600 CE to 1450 CE. Interaction of cultures Both positive and negative Tremendous growth in long-distance trade Improved boats, roads,

REALLY OLD STUFF

600 CE to 1450 CE

Interaction of cultures

Both positive and negative Tremendous growth in long-distance trade

Improved boats, roads, monetary systems, lines of credit and accounting methods

Trade a big deal Getting stuff is a huge incentive behind interactions if not into conquest Can be isolated only when have everything you

need

Cultural Diffusion and spread of disease as well as movement of goods

Mediterranean Trade Hanseatic League Silk Road Mongols land routes China and Japan India and Persia Trans-Saharan trade

HANSEATIC LEAGUE

Collection of city states in Baltic and North Sea regions of Europe

Banded together for common trade practices

100 cities Resulted in middle class growth Set a precedent for large European trading

operations

SILK ROADS

Used heavily during reign of Mongols East meets the West Carried

Silk Porcelain Paper Military technologies Religions Food

Silk Routes

Mediterranean Circuits

Indian Ocean Trade

Dominated by Persians and Arabs Boats could handle large waves Monsoon seasons Wind direction Sailors married local women, cultures

intermixed

Indian Ocean

Trans-Saharan Trade

Trans-American trade

Religious Connections

CULTURE CLASH Mongol expansion into Russia, Persia, India and

China Germanic tribes to S. Europe Vikings expansion into England and W. Europe Islamic Empire’s push into Spain, India, and

Africa The Crusades Buddhist missionaries to Japan Orthodox Christian missionaries into eastern

Europe

Impact of Mongols: Blessing or a Curse

Two Bullies

Crusaders and Jihad Left Holy Land in violence and uncertainty Most of region remained in the hands of the

Muslim Arabs Whole mess led to centuries of mistrust and

intolerance between Christians and Muslims

Motivation: religious and economic and political

Death, rape, pillage and slavery perpetrated in the name of religion

Led to interactions between culturesFueled trade and exchange of ideasLed to Europe’s rediscovery of its ancient past

People on the Move

Over crowding More opportunities Empires built new cities to flaunt itself Pilgrimages

Technology Islamic World ChinaPaper mills (from China) Gunpowder cannonsUniversities Moveable typeAstrolabe and sextant Paper currencyAlgebra (from Greece) porcelainChess (from India) Terrace farmingModern soap formulae Water-powered millsGuns and cannons (from China)

Cotton sails

Mechanical pendulum clock Water clockDistilled alcohol Magnetic compassSurgical instruments State-run factories

WOMEN Restrictions depended on class and caste At upper levels could assume leadership

roles if not male heir But generally upper class women had

further restrictions Increased veiling, foot binding, young

marriage age

In AfricaNot much changeMatrilineal societiesConsidered valuable source of wealthWomen less eager to convert to Islam or

Christianity

In China and Japan

More access to education

The Rise of Islam Developments in Europe and the

Byzantine Empire Developments in China, Japan and India The Rise and fall of the Mongols Developments in Africa Developments in the Americas

KEY EVENTS

Islamic Empires

Umayyad Convert or pay a tax Expanding empire Controlled southern Iberia and part of Italy Charles Martel stopped the advance in

Europe Muslims split into two

Abbasid Dynasty

750 until 1258 Defeated by Mongols Golden Age Credit , itemized receipts and bills (banks) Medical ,mathematics (algebra) Paper money idea came from China Libraries, universities, location allowed them to monopolize trade routes

Sufis were missionaries Qu’ran restored and granted more rights to

women Could retain property rights in a divorce Infanticide made illegal Men could marry 4 wives, women only

once Internal dissension External invasion

Islamic World: Dar al-Islam

Expanding cultural, economic and political influence

Al-Andalus/ Islamic SpainNorth and West AfricaIndian Ocean: East Africa, India, SE Asia

Technological accomplishments: astrolabe, algebra, philosophy, cartography…

Al-Andalus

Islamic World: Sample Comparisons Compare Islam to Christianity Compare Islamic contacts with Europe and

with Africa Crusades- points of view compared Compare gender changes Compare support/ patronage of arts and

sciences

Byzantine Empire Orthodox Christianity

Not led by Pope Influenced the East

Absolute authority by emperors Justinian

rivals for cultural supremacy with BaghdadJustinian CodeFlowering of arts and sciencesHagia Sophia

Contrast Orthodoxy and Roman Catholics For stability

One in head of stateOne in head of church

East a secular EmpireWest a religious Empire

Russia adopted Orthodox-set it separate from other European nations

Developments in Europe Franks: King Clovis

Unified from Germany into FranceAllowed various peoples to unify Made it easier to repel MuslimsCharles Martel

Founded the Carolingian Dynasty Grandson Charles crowned by Pope Charlemagne (Charles the Great) Holy Roman Empire

Feudalistic

Europe

Break in eastern and Western Christendom: political significance?

Religious schisms compared:Eastern Orthodox and Roman CatholicismMahayana and Theravada BuddhismSunni/ Shiite in Islam

Europe

Restructuring of institutionsRole of religion: Papacy, Crusades, architecture

and educationDevelopment of feudalismComparison of feudalism in Europe and JapanIncreasing importance of monarchy over church

Feudalism Nobles Vassals Peasants (serfs) Fiefs Manors Three-field system Code of chivalry Male dominated Women could inherit by not control , education

limited to household skills

Trade increased middle class Towns charteredTowns united Drive towards nationhood Increased mobility within the classes

Churches : Artistic achievements Questioning of church due to exposure to

new ideas heresies Universities and scholasticism

Pope Innocent III Heretics and Jews punishedSacked Constantinople

Pope Gregory set up Inquisition Thomas Aquinas

Faith and reason not in conflict

Black Death

1/3 population gone Feudal hierarchies obsolete Religious hatred intensified People lost faith in power of the Church

Vikings

Bad reputation from raiding monasteries Constantinople to Canada In France known as Normans (north-men) Converted to Christianity

Catholic Church one of most powerful institutions in the world

Spain Isabella and FerdinandMarriage united countrySpanish Inquisition

Russia

Mongols (tatars) Ivan III , czar Ivan the terrible

Countries?

England unified most quicklyMagna Carta Invaded France

Joan of Arc 100 years War , France independent

CHINA AND NEARBY REGIONS

Tang Song Ming

all had Golden Ages

Also the Mongols and the Yuan dynasty

China: Internal and External Expansion

Tang DynastyTechnological innovations: compass, paper,

gunpowder etc.Influence on JapanFoot binding, Neo-Confucianism

Song DynastyAll the makings of an industrial revolution

Early MingZheng He voyages, eunuchs and nomadic threats

Rise and Fall and Rise and Fall and Rise T’ang

Expanded territory into parts of Manchuria, Mongolia , Tibet and Korea

Then Song

Stability thru civil service examinations Tribute system Moveable type printing New style of rice increased population New technologies

CompassRuddersGunpowder

Song and Tang

Both excelled in ArtArchitectureSciencePhilosophyPorcelain-makingSilk-weavingTransportation systems

Mongols

Chingiss Khan unified the Mongol tribes in early 1200s and expanded the empire into largest ever seen

Hordes (small independent empires) Golden Horde conquered Russia Kublai Khan ruled in China

People gave in , only chance for survival Highly organized and highly mobile Extremely motivated

Mongols assimilated into the cultures of the people they defeated

No golden ages In Persia, Mongols became Muslim In China, Khublai Khan would not allow Chinese

to Mongolize (after they left easier for the Chinese to return to “normal”)

Russia, did not unify or culturally develop like other European nations

Instrumental in the growth of world trade and therefore cultural diffusion and awareness.

Women and Religion

Wu Zhao , only Empress Foot binding widespread Buddhism in competition with

Confucianism Neo-Confucianism incorporated Buddhism

JAPAN

Isolated Yamato clan Current emperor a descendent of this clan Shinto first religion

Influenced by China

Buddhism Bureaucratic and legal reforms (Taika) Not civil service exam

Birth more important than education

Vietnam and Korea Korean became a vassal state of Tang Confucianism and Buddhism spread to

Korea not the merit system Vietnam maintained more independence Confucianism spread

Fujiwara clan Feudal system (same time as it developed

in Europe but independently Shogun , chief general Daimyo , huge landowners , samurai

Part nobility , part warriorFollowed Code of Bushido

Women not held in high esteem (Women in Europe had few rights but were adored, if beautiful )

India

Islamic invaders Delhi Sultanate Tried to convert Hindus

More in Northern India converted Accomplishments

Colleges Irrigations systems

Sub-Saharan Africa

West African kingdoms: Ghana, Mali, Songhay

East African city states: Axum, Kilwa, Mombasa

Southern Africa: Great Zimbabwe Contacts with Islamic World, Indian Ocean

world, and within Africa Role of Trade, Education and Religion

AFRICA

Kush, Axum and Swahili CoastKush , below Egypt

Along Nile River and near the Red SeaAxum, modern day Ethiopia

Converted to Christianity Then later Islam Evidence that they were in contact with

Mediterranean world

Swahili Coast East coast of Africa

Language a mixture of original Bantu supplemented by Arabic

Trade with the MuslimsBecame cultural and political centers Incredible wealth

Gold Slaves Ivory Other exotic products

The Other side of the Sand Ghana, Mali and Songhai

Islamic traders crossed the desertAfrican traders reached Carthage and Tripoli In search of saltTons of Gold in Ghana and MaliGhana fell after Holy War with IslamMali emerged as Islamic nation

Mansa Musa

Songhai : Sonni Ali :Timbuktu

ARTS in AFRICA Oral literature Benin culture mastered sculpture

Amer-Indian World

Migrations over the Bering Strait at least 10,000 years ago.

Northern America: Cahokia Southwest: Hohokam Meso-America; Olmecs, Maya, Toltec

(Aztec) South America: Nazca, Moche, (Inca)

AMERICAS: Aztecs AND Incas Aztecs

TenochtitlanDominated nearby states and demanded heavy

taxes12 million peopleWomen subordinate but could inherit propertyReligion tied to militaryTens of thousands sacrifices each year

Incas Professional army, bureaucracy, unified

language and complex system of road and tunnels

No large animals Women could pass on property and

participate in religion Polytheistic with sun god supreme No private property Temple of the Sun and Machu Picchu

Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta

BIG PICTURE Do cultural areas… or states and empires,

better represent history? How does change occur within societies? How similar were the economic and trading

practices that developed across cultures? How does environment impact human

decision making?

Demographic and Environmental Changes Nomadic Migrations

VikingsTurksAztecsMongolsArabs

Predict the impact of these movements.

Demographic and Environmental Changes Migration of Agricultural Peoples

Bantu migrationsEuropeans to Eastern and Central Europe

Consequences of Disease For ex. Black Plague 1348

Growth and Role of CitiesUrbanization

How much of this demonstrates continuity?

Questions we will focus on:

Was there a world economic network in this time period?

How did gender roles change? How can material culture and urban

history help us to understand early societies?

Conclusions

Examples of continuity? Examples of change?

Think about new and old players.Similar patterns and trends: demographic,

social and cultural, technological.New avenues of intersection.