WHAP Review #2 Time Period III 600 CE – 1450 CE. Main Ideas 3.1 = Exchange and communication networks expand and intensify 3.2 = State formation and.

WHAP Review #2WHAP Review #2Time Period IIITime Period III

600 CE – 1450 CE600 CE – 1450 CE

Main IdeasMain Ideas

3.1 = Exchange and communication 3.1 = Exchange and communication networks expand and intensify networks expand and intensify

3.2 = State formation and interactions 3.2 = State formation and interactions experiences changes and continuitiesexperiences changes and continuities

3.3 = Economic productive capacity 3.3 = Economic productive capacity increases and causes a lot of changesincreases and causes a lot of changes

Main Topics We CoveredMain Topics We Covered• Islam comes into beingIslam comes into being• Islamic armies conquer & create empiresIslamic armies conquer & create empires• The Byzantine Empire = Rome continued in the EastThe Byzantine Empire = Rome continued in the East• Europe experiences disruption and new cultural forms Europe experiences disruption and new cultural forms

(Vikings, feudalism, & the rise of Roman Catholic (Vikings, feudalism, & the rise of Roman Catholic Christianity); Russia’s culture looks to ByzantiumChristianity); Russia’s culture looks to Byzantium

• Tang and Song Dynasty China drive economic Tang and Song Dynasty China drive economic innovation (flying money, paper money, banking, & innovation (flying money, paper money, banking, & mass production)mass production)

• In the Americas, huge new empires develop (Maya & In the Americas, huge new empires develop (Maya & later Aztec & Inca)later Aztec & Inca)

• In West Africa, huge new empires develop & are in In West Africa, huge new empires develop & are in contact with the Islamic world (Ghana, Mali, Songhai)contact with the Islamic world (Ghana, Mali, Songhai)

• The Mongols cause huge amounts of exchange & The Mongols cause huge amounts of exchange & stability and also chaos and disruption of older stability and also chaos and disruption of older patterns of empirepatterns of empire

IslamIslam

Arabia before Islam – tribal and Arabia before Islam – tribal and warlikewarlike

Muhammad’s job – merchant, b/c Muhammad’s job – merchant, b/c Arabia traded out bunches of incenseArabia traded out bunches of incense

Mecca – trade center b/c of truce Mecca – trade center b/c of truce around Ka’ba, where polytheistic around Ka’ba, where polytheistic deities were worshippeddeities were worshipped

Mix of cultures, including Judaism and Mix of cultures, including Judaism and Christianity (mothotheism) Christianity (mothotheism)

Follower of Islam = Muslim

Islam, cont.Islam, cont. Muhammad’s cave visions – recited Muhammad’s cave visions – recited

the Quran; Koran; Qur’an.the Quran; Koran; Qur’an. Gained followers. Messed with Ka’ba Gained followers. Messed with Ka’ba

tradetrade Meccan leaders were haters. Early Meccan leaders were haters. Early

Muslims flee to Medina (Hijra, 622 CE)Muslims flee to Medina (Hijra, 622 CE) Muslims vs. other Arabs = war. Muslims vs. other Arabs = war.

Muslims win and take MeccaMuslims win and take Mecca Unity found through the 5 Pillars and Unity found through the 5 Pillars and

worship of 1 God.worship of 1 God.

The 5The 5 1. Shahada- Declaration of faith 1. Shahada- Declaration of faith 2. Salat- Pray 5 times a day, facing 2. Salat- Pray 5 times a day, facing

holy city Mecca.holy city Mecca. 3. Zakat- Almsgiving3. Zakat- Almsgiving 4. Sawm- Fasting during month of 4. Sawm- Fasting during month of

RamadanRamadan 5. Hajj- Pilgrimage to Mecca at least 5. Hajj- Pilgrimage to Mecca at least

onceonce

Caliphate System & the Sunni Caliphate System & the Sunni and Shi’ite splitand Shi’ite split

Muhammad’s death = succession crisisMuhammad’s death = succession crisis 2 main factions: Sunni and Shi’ite2 main factions: Sunni and Shi’ite Sunni – leader (caliph) = chosen by the Sunni – leader (caliph) = chosen by the

UmmaUmma Shi’ite – leader (caliph) = Muhammad’s Shi’ite – leader (caliph) = Muhammad’s

relativesrelatives Caliph = caesaropapist rulerCaliph = caesaropapist ruler Sunni = dominant majority todaySunni = dominant majority today

Umayyad & Abbasid CaliphateUmayyad & Abbasid Caliphate Umayyad (661-757) = ARAB conquest Umayyad (661-757) = ARAB conquest

empire built off bootyempire built off booty Conquered Arabia, Persian & much of Conquered Arabia, Persian & much of

the Byzantine Empires (Mideast & the Byzantine Empires (Mideast & Anatolia) b/c they were internally weak, Anatolia) b/c they were internally weak, North Africa, North Africa, SpainSpain

Abbasid (757-1258) = MUSLIM golden Abbasid (757-1258) = MUSLIM golden age of unity; House of Wisdom; retention age of unity; House of Wisdom; retention & building on Greek logic & learning& building on Greek logic & learning

Fell apart as Abbasids weakenedFell apart as Abbasids weakened– Fired Turkic slave soldiers- took controlFired Turkic slave soldiers- took control

Byzantine EmpireByzantine Empire

Eastern Roman EmpireEastern Roman Empire Retained unity as Western Europe fell to Retained unity as Western Europe fell to

nomadic invasions in 476 CE.nomadic invasions in 476 CE. Lasted until 1453.Lasted until 1453. Ruled by Ruled by caesaropapistcaesaropapist Orthodox (led by Patriarch) Orthodox (led by Patriarch) converted converted

the Kievan Rusthe Kievan Rus Mosaic art, centralization, Mosaic art, centralization,

Constantinople capital cityConstantinople capital city

Kievan RusKievan Rus Russian city-states dominated by the Russian city-states dominated by the

Prince of KievPrince of Kiev TRADED furs especially down the rivers TRADED furs especially down the rivers

leading to the Caspian & Black Seas leading to the Caspian & Black Seas (the Byzantine Empire and Abbasid (the Byzantine Empire and Abbasid Caliphate were trading partners)Caliphate were trading partners)

Most people were ruralMost people were rural Converted to OrthodoxyConverted to Orthodoxy Conquered by the Golden Horde Conquered by the Golden Horde

Mongols & made to pay tributeMongols & made to pay tribute

Medieval EuropeMedieval Europe Roman Empire totally fell apart in the West Roman Empire totally fell apart in the West

after 476.after 476. Local (feudal) lords with castles became Local (feudal) lords with castles became

the protectors (instead of the central gov’t)the protectors (instead of the central gov’t) Feudalism = social/political system in Feudalism = social/political system in

which work, protection, and loyalty are which work, protection, and loyalty are exchanged. exchanged. – Serfs work the land, Lords provide the land and

protection in exchange for ag. products,– Knights serve as warriors who are given fiefs of

land (with serfs) by lords

Medieval EuropeMedieval Europe Manorialism = ECONOMIC system based Manorialism = ECONOMIC system based

on local productionon local production Roman Catholic Church & pope Roman Catholic Church & pope

provided some unityprovided some unity Missionaries (often friars) went out Missionaries (often friars) went out

converting peopleconverting people Instability was an important Instability was an important

characteristic (think Vikings – who characteristic (think Vikings – who raided and then settled down, raided and then settled down, assimilating into local populations)assimilating into local populations)

Sui 589-618 CESui 589-618 CE

China after the classical period was China after the classical period was disunifieddisunified

Sui, using Legalism, reunified itSui, using Legalism, reunified it Grand Canal built, making an inter-Grand Canal built, making an inter-

linked economy out of N. and S. linked economy out of N. and S. ChinaChina

Champa Rice! Champa Rice!

Tang 618-908 CETang 618-908 CE Known for Buddhism; rulers even patronized Known for Buddhism; rulers even patronized

Buddhism (the religion leaked in during the Buddhism (the religion leaked in during the end of the Han = providing stability)end of the Han = providing stability)

Huge army & territory – Silk Road Trade!Huge army & territory – Silk Road Trade! Reintroduced the Exam System for Reintroduced the Exam System for

bureaucracybureaucracy Women = better statusWomen = better status 845 = gov’t turned against Buddhism, 845 = gov’t turned against Buddhism,

encouraged by Confucian bureaucrats to encouraged by Confucian bureaucrats to stamp out foreign “barbaric” practicesstamp out foreign “barbaric” practices

If he (Buddha) were still alive today and came to our court by order of his ruler, Your Majesty might condescend to receive him, but . . . he would then be escorted to the borders of the state, dismissed, and not allowed to delude the people. How then, when he has long been dead, could his rotten bones, the foul and unlucky remains of his body, be rightly admitted to the palace?

Song 908 – 1268 CESong 908 – 1268 CE

Neo-Confucian (blended in Buddhist Neo-Confucian (blended in Buddhist & Daoist beliefs)& Daoist beliefs)

Women’s status Women’s status (foot-binding) (foot-binding) Commercial Revolution (flying Commercial Revolution (flying

money, paper money)money, paper money) Inventions – compass, paper, printing Inventions – compass, paper, printing

press, gunpowderpress, gunpowder Conquered by Kublai KhanConquered by Kublai Khan

Maya 600s – 900sMaya 600s – 900s

City-states; City-states; culturallyculturally unified unified Religious ritual = blood-lettingReligious ritual = blood-letting Inventive agriculture due to poor soilInventive agriculture due to poor soil

– chinampas, terraces, irrigationchinampas, terraces, irrigation Intense inter-city-stateIntense inter-city-state

rivalries & warrivalries & war

Aztec 1300-1500 CEAztec 1300-1500 CE Conquest State, politically/culturally Conquest State, politically/culturally

unitedunited Control through tribute and fearControl through tribute and fear

– Sacrifice and enslavement of conqueredSacrifice and enslavement of conquered Tenochtitlan= capitalTenochtitlan= capital Complex social hierarchy (warriors & Complex social hierarchy (warriors &

priests)priests) Important families ruleImportant families rule

outer territoriesouter territories Agriculture = chinampasAgriculture = chinampas

Inca 1400s-1500s CEInca 1400s-1500s CE

Military expansionMilitary expansion Highly centralized governmentHighly centralized government

– Control of wealth, labor (mit’a), tradeControl of wealth, labor (mit’a), trade– Redistributive economyRedistributive economy

Capital at CuzcoCapital at Cuzco– Royal families rule outlying areasRoyal families rule outlying areas

Quipus, terrace farming,Quipus, terrace farming,

irrigationirrigation

WAIT FOR WAIT FOR IT!!!!!IT!!!!!

The MongolsThe Mongols

Pre-EmpirePre-Empire– Nomadic, disunified, raiders and looters, Nomadic, disunified, raiders and looters,

family/tribe oriented (lots of fighting)family/tribe oriented (lots of fighting) Genghis Khan (1206-1227)Genghis Khan (1206-1227)

– Unifies various groupsUnifies various groups– Massive Empire (China to Syria,Massive Empire (China to Syria,

Russia to Syria)Russia to Syria) Death of GenghisDeath of Genghis

– Four Empires emergeFour Empires emerge

To crush your enemies, to see them fall at your feet-to take their horses

and hear the lamentation of their

women. That is the best.

Four Mongol EmpiresFour Mongol Empires Great Khan = Kublai Khan (Yuan Dynasty)Great Khan = Kublai Khan (Yuan Dynasty)

– Centralized, never fully assimilate, utilize Centralized, never fully assimilate, utilize bureaucratic system and cultural leadersbureaucratic system and cultural leaders

Khanate of Chaghadai (Central Asia/Trade Khanate of Chaghadai (Central Asia/Trade Routes)Routes)– Protection and facilitation of tradeProtection and facilitation of trade

Golden Horde (Russia, Northern Eurasia)Golden Horde (Russia, Northern Eurasia)– Tribute stateTribute state

Khanate of Persia (E. Abassid Caliphate)Khanate of Persia (E. Abassid Caliphate)– Full assimilation and conversion to IslamFull assimilation and conversion to Islam

Pax MongolicaPax Mongolica The Bad: The Mongols caused The Bad: The Mongols caused

destruction & killed a lot of people destruction & killed a lot of people causing fear & dislike, but…causing fear & dislike, but…

Facilitated trade through massive empireFacilitated trade through massive empire– Protection and taxationProtection and taxation

Increases cultural interaction and Increases cultural interaction and diffusiondiffusion

Exchange of ideas, technology, religion, Exchange of ideas, technology, religion, diseasediseaseMore “civilized” than the “civilized”? More “civilized” than the “civilized”?

GhanaGhana 400s-1000s400s-1000s West Africa (Niger River)West Africa (Niger River) Major trade routesMajor trade routes

– River and Trans-Saharan (did not control River and Trans-Saharan (did not control trade, just taxed it)trade, just taxed it)

– Gold, salt, ivoryGold, salt, ivory Taxes and armies Taxes and armies

– Iron weapons and agricultural toolsIron weapons and agricultural tools Began conversion to IslamBegan conversion to Islam

MaliMali 800-1450 CE800-1450 CE Conquers Ghana (Sundjata)Conquers Ghana (Sundjata) Centralized Government and BureaucracyCentralized Government and Bureaucracy Niger River=Trade and TaxesNiger River=Trade and Taxes Mansa Musa, Hajj & TimbuktuMansa Musa, Hajj & Timbuktu Export of Gold and Salt – controlled the Export of Gold and Salt – controlled the

minesmines Tribute to supply foodTribute to supply food Slaves and agricultureSlaves and agriculture Conquered by SonghaiConquered by Songhai

SonghaiSonghai 1000s-15851000s-1585 Islam to unify and jihads to conquer Islam to unify and jihads to conquer

became stronger and stronger until it took became stronger and stronger until it took over Mali & beyondover Mali & beyond

Strong governmentStrong government– 5 provinces, Islamic Courts, Huge Army5 provinces, Islamic Courts, Huge Army

Political hierarchy (Hindu caste similarity)Political hierarchy (Hindu caste similarity) Islamic Universities, Arabic & Shari’a law Islamic Universities, Arabic & Shari’a law

united & helped centralizeunited & helped centralize Drought, disease, and decline of trade Drought, disease, and decline of trade

spells doom spells doom

Great ZimbabweGreat Zimbabwe Southeastern Africa 1000s-1450Southeastern Africa 1000s-1450 Started by the Shona (Bantu-speakers)Started by the Shona (Bantu-speakers) Iron working and agricultureIron working and agriculture Inland state (S.E. Africa) traded with Inland state (S.E. Africa) traded with

the Swahili Coast into the IOMSthe Swahili Coast into the IOMS Export of gold in exchange for:Export of gold in exchange for:

– Fabrics, ceramics, spices and fruits (IOMS)Fabrics, ceramics, spices and fruits (IOMS) Strong political stateStrong political state

Marco Polo/Ibn BattutaMarco Polo/Ibn Battuta

World travelersWorld travelers Documented their journeys and Documented their journeys and

experiencesexperiences– Marco Polo= Silk RoadsMarco Polo= Silk Roads– Ibn Battuta= Dar al-IslamIbn Battuta= Dar al-Islam

Ibn Battuta discusses similarities and Ibn Battuta discusses similarities and differences across Dar al-Islamdifferences across Dar al-Islam

Marco Polo discusses advanced Asian Marco Polo discusses advanced Asian continent for backwards, Europeanscontinent for backwards, Europeans