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REALISM Realism was an artistic movement that attempted to
depict everyday life in its purest form. Realists rejected the
embellished, idealistic art of the past and used detail in an
attempt to be absolutely true to the object depicted. The realist
approach first appeared in paintings in the 17th century, and some
18th-century novelists used it as well, but realism did not gain
momentum as a movement until the mid-19th century, when French
artists like Gustave Courbet began rejecting the artificiality of
Classicism and Romanticism. Other artists and novelists followed,
with Gustave Flaubert publishing his realist masterpiece Madame
Bovary in 1857.Gustave Courbet Romanticism Gustave Flaubert
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Jean-Francois Millet (1814-1875) one of the Barbizon painters
THE GLEANERS
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Gustave Courbet (1819-1877) Quote on realistic painting: "Show
me an angel and I'll paint you one." THE SLEEPING SPINNER
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Gustave Flaubert (1821-1880) Madame Bovary was his most famous
work
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Emile Zola (1840-1902) Known for his support of Alfred Dreyfus
Also associated with Naturalism
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IMPRESSIONISM Impressionism is an artistic style that attempts
to give an immediate impression on canvas of the artist's subject.
Its name comes from a painting by the French artist Claude Monet
entitled Impression Sunrise (1870). The impressionists were
influenced by new scientific studies of color and light, by the
developing art of photography, and by newly introduced prints from
Japan. Impressionists liked to paint outdoors and attempted to
reproduce light on their canvases, sometimes applying small strokes
of pure color in order to achieve this effect rather than mixing it
on the palette. To achieve the exact qualities of the natural light
they were trying to represent, the impressionists also painted
rapidly on the spot instead of reproducing their paintings from
studies or sketches.Claude Monetphotography
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Claude Monet (1840-1926)
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Water Lilies
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Bridge at Argenteuil
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Pierre-Auguste Renoir (1841-1919)
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Girl with the watering can
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Luncheon of the boating party
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Edgar Degas (1834-1917)
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Ballet Class
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Degas sculpture
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Naturalism A literary movement of the late 19th and early 20th
centuries, naturalism attempted to apply scientific methods and
principles to literature and drama. The movement first developed in
France, but the naturalistic style of writing later spread to the
United States, Russia, Germany, and Scandinavia. Naturalists
believed that reality could only be verified through the senses and
that a writer's goal was the objective reporting of observations.
Naturalist authors like Emile Zola, August Strindberg, and Henrik
Ibsen believed that people could not make moral choices since they
were trapped by external economic and societal pressures and
internal instinctual drives.Emile ZolaAugust StrindbergHenrik
Ibsen
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Henrik Ibsen (1828-1906) His most famous work was the play A
Dolls House
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Modernism Modernism was an artistic movement that began in 1880
as artists, writers, and architects attempted to replace older
artistic styles with innovative new styles. Artistic styles
considered modernist include postimpressionism, expressionism,
cubism, dadaism, Bauhaus, futurism, and surrealism. What unified
those diverse movements was a break with traditional narrative and
its attempt to realistically present a coherent, unified, sensible
world. Modernist works, instead, portrayed the world as ambiguous,
fragmented, and obscured by psychological impulses or the inability
of language to describe our essential reality. Modernist writers,
who did most of their work from the beginning of World War I until
the 1930s, included experimental poets like Ezra Pound and T. S.
Eliot and stream of consciousness writers like James Joyce and
Virginia Woolf. The modernist movement in literature ended after
World War II, while in architecture, modernism was eclipsed during
the 1960s by the rise of postmodernism.
postimpressionismexpressionismcubismdadaismBauhaussurrealism World
War IEzra PoundT. S. Eliotstream of consciousnessJames
JoyceVirginia WoolfWorld War IIpostmodernism
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Bloomsbury Group The Bloomsbury group was a collective of
intellectuals who gathered in London from the early 20th century
until the 1930s. The group was organized by Virginia Woolf and her
siblings and became famous for its criticism of Victorian ideas
concerning artistic, sexual, and social matters.Virginia Woolf
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Virginia Woolf (1882-1941)
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John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946) His most lasting contributions
came in his belief that a pure laissez-faire economy was ill-suited
to provide full employment for workers and was likewise unable to
pull an ailing economy out of a recession or depression. He
theorized that in order for an economy to recover from a downturn
and remain strong, demand must be enhanced, both through low
interest rates and greater public expenditures. Investment would
thus be encouraged and employment would increase, enabling
consumers to spend more and leading the business sector to greater
investment in the economy. Keynes also argued that high levels of
demand would lead to economic growth and full
employment.laissez-fairerecession
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Modernism in Music IGOR STRAVINSKY (1882-1971) The Rite of
Spring
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Auguste Comte Father of sociology Thought society could be
studied in a scientific manner Created theory called
positivism
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Friedrich Nietzsche German philosopher ANTI- rationality,
religion, democracy, nationalism, racism,etc. His most famous work
was Thus Spake Zarathustra Supported the theory of a heroic
superman or Ubermensch who embodied greatness and a higher
humanity
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Sigmund Freud Jewish Austrian doctor Studied the unconscious
THE ID THE EGO THE SUPEREGO The father of psychoanalysis
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POST-IMPRESSIONISM Postimpressionism is a term retrospectively
applied to a handful of late-19th-century artists who expanded upon
the advancements made in painting by the impressionists.
Postimpressionist artists attempted to achieve a more personal and
concrete form of expression. Unlike the impressionists, the styles
of the artists associated with postimpressionism are highly
individualistic, and their concerns ranged from pictorial structure
(Paul Czanne) to the imagination (Paul Gauguin) to the scientific
perception of color (Georges Seurat). In emphasizing individuality
and self-expression, postimpressionism was an important precursor
to the development of modern art.Paul CzannePaul GauguinGeorges
Seuratmodern art
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Paul Cezanne (1839-1906)
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Georges Seurat (1859-1891) HE DEVELOPED POINTILISM
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Vincent Van Gogh (1853-1890)
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Starry Night
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Expressionism Expressionism was an artistic style of the later
19th and early 20th centuries in which artists attempted to express
a state of mind, focusing on emotions and psychological responses
to objects and events rather than objective reality. The term
expressionism was first used to describe painting, but it also came
to describe literature, opera, and film. Expressionism grew out of
a reaction to materialism and the urbanization and
industrialization of society before and after World War I. Although
it was most dominant in Germany, expressionism was practiced by
artists in Austria, France, and Russia. The exhibition and
production of expressionist art was banned in Germany as the Nazis
came to power in 1933, and many expressionist artists were exiled
to the United States and other
countries.operamaterialismurbanizationWorld War I
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Edvard Munch (1863-1944) The Scream
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Vasily Kandinsky (1866-1944) Transverse Line 1923
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Cubism Cubism was an artistic style begun by Pablo Picasso and
Georges Braque in early-20th-century France. In cubism, objects
were transformed into basic geometric shapes and reassembled in a
variety of ways so that the objects became abstract. That
abstraction resulted in the assertion of the two-dimensionality of
the picture plane, which was essential to the development of modern
art.Pablo PicassoGeorges Braque modern art