Reading Skills in TOEFL Baru - Copy

5/24/2018 Reading Skills in TOEFL Baru - Copy

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When you have a specific question to answer or information

to collect, you need to be able to skima page quickly to findthe section you need. You can do this by scanninga text for

a keyword.

as c s s: mm ng anscanning

Can you define the three highlighted words above?

Skim: to read something

quickly so that you only

note the important points.

Scan: to look quickly and

not very thoroughly through

a text in order to identify

relevant information.

In which specific

situations do you think it

would be a useful skill to

be able to skim/scan

quickly and accurately?

Keyword: a word

of importance.


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Reading Techniques

1. Finding the general ideas

2. Finding the specific information

3. Vocabulary questions


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1. Finding the general ideas

a. Main Idea

b. The organization of ideas


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How to identify question:

1. the topic.

2. the subject.

3. the main idea.

4. the author concern.

5. the best title.


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How to answer the question

FIRST AND LAST

1. Read the first and the last paragraph2. Read the first line of each paragraph.

3. Look for a common theme of idea in the first

lines.4. Eliminate any definitely wrong answers and

chooses the best answer from the remaining

choices.


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Fort Knox, Kentucky, is thesite of a US army post, but itis even more renowned forthe Fort Knox BullionDepository, the massivevault that contains the bulkof the US governmentsgolddeposits. Completed in1936, the vault is housed in

a two-story buildingconstructed of granite, steel,and concrete; the vault itselfis made of steel andconcrete and has door thatweighs more than twentytons. Naturally , the mostup-to-date security devicesavailable are place at FortKnox, and the army postnearby provides further

protection

1. Which the following bestdescribes the topic of thepassage?

a. The city of Fort Knox,Kentucky

b. The Federal golddepository

c. The U.S. army Fort Knox

d. Guild bullion2. Which of the following

would be the best title forthis passage?

a. The Massive Concrete

Vaultb. Fort Knox Security

c. Where The U.S. Keeps ItsGold

d. A Visit to Kentucky


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Skill 2 : Recognized the Organization of

ideas

How to identify

the question ?

How is the informationin passage organize

How is the informationin the paragraph Xrelated to theinformation in theparagraph Y

The X paragraph


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Skill 2: Organization of ideas menentukan bagaimana

hubungan ide antara paragrafsatu dgn paragraf lainnyadidalam bacaan, atauhubungan antara keseluruhan

paragraf didalam bacaan Recognize the organization of

the supporting details will helpyou understand how an author

thinks.


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1. Definition and Example

2. Time/Chronological Order

3. Classification

4. Comparison and Contrast

5. ProblemSolution

6. Cause and Effect

7. Listing

8. Process

Organization of ideas


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Signal words, alsoknown as transitions,are words whichindicate the relationshipbetween one paragraphto another and theorganization of the

details in the paragraph

Strategy: Look at Signal Words


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What are transitions and how are

they used?

Transition words andphrases help make clear

connections betweenideas, and also makethe sentences and

paragraphs flow togethersmoothly, thus makingthem easier to read.


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Transition words:

Provide more information

Provide an example

Provide a cause or reason

Provide a result or an effect Provide a purpose or reason

Provide a comparison or contrast

Provide a sequence Provide a summary

Provide a conclusion


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Transition words that provide more

information

Besides/ selain itu

Furthermore/lebih jauh lagi

In addition/selain itu

Indeed /memang/bahkan

In fact

Moreover /terlebih lagi

Second

Third


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Transition words that provide an

example

For example

For instance/misalnya

In particular/pada khususnya

Particularly/secara khusus

Specifically

To demonstrate To illustrate


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Transition words that provide a

cause or reason

As /karena /seperti

Because

Because of

Due to /karena

For

For the reason that /karena alasanitu

Since


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result or an effect

Accordingly/dengan demikian

Finally/akhirnya

Consequently/akibatnya

Hence/karenanya

So

Therefore /oleh karena itu Thus/demikian


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purpose or reason

For fear that/karena takut bahwa

In the hope that/dengan harapan

bahwa

In order to/dalam rangka untuk

So

So that/sehinggaWith this in mind/dalam pikiran bahwa


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comparison or contrast

Although /meskipun However /tapi In comparison/jika dibandingkan In contrast/sebaliknya

Likewise /demikian juga Nevertheless/kendati demikian On the other hand/disisi lain Similarly /begitu pula

Whereas/padahal Yet/tetapi


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sequence After Before

Currently

During

Eventually

Finally

First,...Second,...,

etc. Formerly

Immediately

Initially

Lastly

Later

Meanwhile

Next

Previously

Simultaneously

Soon

Subsequently/kemudian


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summary

Briefly/secara singkat

In brief/pendek kata

Overall/secara keseluruhan

Summing up/menyimpulkan To put it briefly/secara

singkat

To sum up /untuk meringkas

To summarize/untuk meringkas


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conclusion

Given these facts/denganfakta2 ini

Hence /oleh karena itu In conclusion/sebagai

penutup So Thus/demikian To conclude /untuk

menutup/menyimpulkan Therefore /oleh karen itu

TRANSITION WORDS THAT


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define as,

is,

known,the term means, yang istilahnyaberarti

is stated as, /dinyatakan

sebagai.is used to mean/digunakanuntuk maksud

TRANSITION WORDS THAT

PROVIDE DEFINITIONS


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Transition words TO SHOW TIME

after,

afterward, /sesudahnya

as,

as long as, /selama

as soon as,

at last,

before,

during,

earlier,

finally,

formerly, /sebelumnya

immediately, /dengansegera

later, meanwhile,

/sementara itu

next,

since,

shortly, /segera subsequently,

/sesudah itu

then,

thereafter,/sesudahnya

until,

when,

while


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1. Definition and Example

2. Time/Chronological Order

3. Classification

4. Comparison and Contrast

5. ProblemSolution

6. Cause and Effect

7. Listing

8. Process

Organization of ideas


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Acrophobiaisan intense, unreasonable

fear of high places. People with acrophobia

exhibit emotional and physical symptoms inresponse to being at great heights. For

instance, one sufferer of extreme

acrophobia, Andrea Copeland, is unable to

go above the third floor of any building

without feeling enormous anxiety. Heracrophobia began one evening when she

was working alone in her office on the

eighth floor of a large building. Suddenly

she was struck with terror. She gathered

her things and left the building, Yet, she stillhas no rational explanation for her fear,

which is also typical of this type of phobia.

Definition and Example


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The famous Leaning Tower of Pisa has been tilting for over800years, and recent improvements should allow it to

continue tilting for another 300 more. On August 9, 1173,construction began on this well known Italian bell tower.Almost immediately, it began leaning because it was beingerected on the soft silt of a buried riverbed. Between 1178and 1360, work stopped and started two more times asworkers tried to continue the project and figure out how tocompensate for the tilt. Over the next six centuries, thetowers lean continued to increase, although tourists werestill allowed to visit. Then, in 1990, Italys prime ministerfeared the tower would collapse and closed it to the public.From 1999 to 2001, engineers excavated soil from beneath

the tower. Now,the tower still leans out about 15 feetbeyond its base, but it should remain stable for severalmore centuries.

Source: Covington, Richard (2001) Smithsonian. The Leaning Tower Straightens Up, p41 -47

Time/Chronological Order


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Conflict whithin an organization is notalways viewed as undesirable. Infact, various managers havewidely divergent ideas on thevalue that conflict can have.

According to the traditional view ofconflict, conflict is harmful to anorganization. Managers with thistraditional view of conflict see astheir role in an organization to rid

the organization of any possiblesources of conflict.

The interactionist view of conflict, onthe other hand, holds that conflictcan serve an important function in

an organization by reducingcomplacency among workers andcausing positive change to occur.Managers who hold aninteractionist view of conflict mayactualy take steps to stimulateconfllict within the organization.

1. How is the information in thepassage organized?

a.The origin of ideas about conflict ispresented.

b.Contrasting views of conflict arepresented.

c.Two theorists discuss the strengthsand weaknesses of their views onconflict

d.Examples of conflict within

organizations are presented

2. What type of information isincluded in the thirdparagraph?

a.A comparison of the interactionist

and traditional views of conflictb.A discussion of the weaknesses ofthe interactionist view of conflict

c.An outline of type of manager whoprefers the interactionist view ofconflict

d.A description of one of the opposingviews of conflict


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exercises Page 256 Conflict

Traditional Interactional

* Page 257

IQ is defined as.

In theory/ Theoretically. It is set up toIn practice, it has..

Questions No.11 page 239,50 page 333


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2. Finding the specific

information

a. Explicit directly answered questions

(Stated and unstated detail question)

b. Implicit indirectly answered questions

(implied detailed questions and

transition)


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Answer Stated Detail Question

Correctly Jawaban pertanyaan semacam ini merupakan restatement atau pernyataan

ulang dari penjelasan dalam bagian bacaan yang dikutip. Tentu saja, yang

namanya restatement belum tentu berupa kalimat yang persis plek dengan

yang tertera pada bacaan.

How to identify the

question

According to the pasaage

It is stated in the passage

The passage indicates that

The another mention that.

Which of the following is true

Where to find the answer The answer to these question are found in order

in the passage.


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Choose a key word in the question

Skim in the appropriate part of the passage forthe key word of idea.

Read the sentence that contains the key word or

idea carefully

Look for the answer that restates an idea in the

passage

Eliminate the definitely wrong answer and choose

the best answer from the best answer from the

remaining choices.

How to answer the

question

Skill 4 : Find unstated details


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Skill 4 : Find unstated details

Anda diminta untuk menemukan jawaban yang tidak ada atau tidak dijelaskan,

atau tidak benar sekitar gagasan yang disampaikan dalam bacaan. Artinya, dari 4

pilihan jawaban, tiga diantaranya benar (mencerminkan topik, menguraikan

gagasan utama) dan satu salah

How to identify the

question

Which of the following is NOT stated?

Which of the follwing is NOT mantioned..?

Which of the folowing is NOTdiscussed?

All the of the following are true EXCEPT..

Where to find the answer The answer to these question are found in order in

the passage.

How to answer the

question

Choose a key what in the question.

Scan in the appropriate place in the passage

for the key word (or related idea).Read the sentence that contains the key word

or idea carefully.

Look for answer that are definitely true

according to the passage.

Choose the answer that is not true or not this

discussed in the passage.

IMPLIED DETAIL QUESTIONS


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IMPLIED DETAIL QUESTIONS

HOW TO IDENTIFY

THE QUESTIONS

It is implied the passage that .....

It can be inferred from the passage that.

It is most likely that .......

What probably happened ....?

WHERE TO FIND

THE ANSWER

The answer to these questions are found in

order in the passageHOW TO ANSWER

THE QUESTIONS

1. Choose a key word in the question.

2. Scan the passage for the key word (or a

related idea)3. Carefully read the sentence that contains

the key word.

4. Look for an answer that could be true,

according to that sentence.

TRANSITIONS QUESTIONS


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TRANSITIONS QUESTIONS

HOW TO IDENTIFY

THE QUESTION

The paragraph preceding the passage

probably

Whati is most likely in the paragraphfollowing the passage

WHERE TO FIND

THE ANSWER

The answer can generally be found in the

first line of the passage for a preceding

questions. The answer can generally befound in the last line for a following

questions.

HOW TO ANSWER

THE QUESTIONS

1. Read the first line for a preceding

questions.2. Read the last line for a following

questions

3. Draw a conclusions about what comes

before or after.

4. Choose the answer that is reflected in


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Reading Techniques

Scanning

Find the KEY WORD(S)

Locate the key word(s) in the passage.

Read the sentence where the key word(s)located.

Read also the sentence before and after.


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3. Vocabulary questions

a. Pronoun referent

b. Find definitions from structural clues

c. Determine meaning from word parts

SKILL 5 :FIND PRONOUN REFERENTS


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Dalam reading comprehansion, sesekali muncul pertanyaan yang meminta anda

menentukan siapa atau apa yang dirujuk oleh kata ganti tertentu. Ingat, noun selalu

digunakan lebih dulu dalam kutipan bacaan, setelah itu baru pronoun.

Pronoun Referents

How to identify

the question

The line where the pronoun is located is generally given

in the question. The noun that the pronoun refers to is

generally found before the pronoun

1. Found the pronoun in the passage. ( The line where

the pronoun can be found is generally stated in thequestion)

2. Look for nouns that come before the pronoun.

3. Read the part of the passage before the pronoun

carefully.

4. Eliminate any definitely wrong answer and choose the

best answer from the remaining choices.

How to answer

the question

Where to find the

answer

The Pronoun .. in line X refers to which of the

following.

STRUCTURAL CLUES


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STRUCTURAL CLUES

HOW TO

IDENTIFYTHE

QUESTION

What is ....?

What is the meaning of ....?

What is the true about ....?

TYPES OF CLUES Punctuations : comma, parentheses, chases

Restatement : or, that is, in other words, le.

Examples : such as, for example, e.g

WHERE TO FIND THE

ANSWER

Information to help you determine what

someting means will generally be found afterthe punctuation clue, the restatement clue, or

the example clue.

HOW TO ANSWER

THE QUESTION

1. Find the word in the passage

2. Locate any structural clues3. Read the part of the passage after the

structural clue carefully

4. Eliminate any definitely wrong answers and

choose the best answer from the remaining

choices.


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VOCABULARY QUESTIONS

CONTAINING DIFFICUT WORDS


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Reading Techniques

Key word(s)

Clues lines


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. ,purpose, or

course

What is tone of thepassage?

What is the authorspurpose in the

passage?

In which course wouldthis reading beassigned?

Strategy

1. Skim the passage forfinding out emotionexpressions(factual,homorous,info)

2. Find the main ideasand details (tocontrast, illus, giveopinion,blame,etc)

3. Find the main ideasand pay attention torepeated words, thendraw conclusion.

Reading Skills in TOEFL Baru - Copy

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