1.INTRODUCTION The internal combustion engines have already become an indispensable and integral part of our present day life style, particularly in the transportation and a gricultural sector s which collectively form not only one of the main consumers of fossil fuels but also one of the major contributors to environmental pollution. Thus, automotive, truck and non-road engines/vehicles constitute an im portant field, where the use of alternative fuels emerges as a ver y promising, long-term, alternative solution in order to achieve the desired diversification from petroleum products .The world is presently facing with the twin crises of fossil fuel depletion and environmental degradation. The increasing industrialization and motorization of the world has led to a steep rise for the demand of petroleum-based fuels. Petroleum-based fuels are obtained from limited reserves. These finite reserves are highly concentrated in certain regions of the world. Therefore, those countries not having these resources are facing energy/foreign exchange crisis, mainly due to the import of crude petroleum. Also the world reserves of primary energy and raw materials are obviously limited. According to an estimate the reserves will last for 218 years for coal, 41 years foroil, and 63 years for natural gas [1], Hence the prices of crude oil keep rising and fluctuating on a daily basis . So it is necessary to look for alternative fuels which can be produced from resources available locally within the country and renewable, such as alcohol, biodiesel, vegetable oils etc. which promise a very good relation with sustainable development, energy conservation, efficiency and environmental preservation. The fuels of bio-origin can provide a feasible solution to this wor ldwide petroleum crisis. Various bio fuel energy resources explor ed include biomass, biogas, primary alcohols, vegetable oils, biodiesel etc.
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1.INTRODUCTION
The internal combustion engines have already become an
indispensable and integral part of our present day life style, particularly in the
transportation and agricultural sectors which collectively form not only one of the
main consumers of fossil fuels but also one of the major contributors to
environmental pollution. Thus, automotive, truck and non-road engines/vehicles
constitute an important field, where the use of alternative fuels emerges as a very
promising, long-term, alternative solution in order to achieve the desired
diversification from petroleum products .The world is presently facing with the
twin crises of fossil fuel depletion and environmental degradation. The increasing
industrialization and motorization of the world has led to a steep rise for the
demand of petroleum-based fuels. Petroleum-based fuels are obtained from limited
reserves. These finite reserves are highly concentrated in certain regions of the
world. Therefore, those countries not having these resources are facing
energy/foreign exchange crisis, mainly due to the import of crude petroleum. Also
the world reserves of primary energy and raw materials are obviously limited.
According to an estimate the reserves will last for 218 years for coal, 41 years for
oil, and 63 years for natural gas [1], Hence the prices of crude oil keep rising and
fluctuating on a daily basis. So it is necessary to look for alternative fuels which
can be produced from resources available locally within the country and
renewable, such as alcohol, biodiesel, vegetable oils etc. which promise a very
good relation with sustainable development, energy conservation, efficiency and
environmental preservation. The fuels of bio-origin can provide a feasible solution
to this worldwide petroleum crisis. Various bio fuel energy resources explored
include biomass, biogas, primary alcohols, vegetable oils, biodiesel etc.
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The name bio-diesel was introduced in the United States during
1992 by the National Soy Diesel Development Board (presently National Bio-
diesel Board) which has pioneered the commercialization of bio diesel in the US.
Bio-fuels are fuels produced by a number of chemical / biological processes from
biological materials like plants, agricultural wastes etc, Bio fuel is a source of
renewable energy. Bio diesel can be used as a pure fuel or blended with petroleum
diesel depending on the economics and emissions without any engine
modifications.
There are many tree species which bear seeds which is rich in oil and
having properties of an excellent fuel and which can be processed as a diesel
substitute. One of the most promising fuel alternatives is the vegetable oils and
their derivatives. Plenty of scientific articles and research activities from around
the world were printed and recorded. Oils from coconut, soy bean, sunflower,
safflower, peanut, linseed and palm were used depending on what country they
grow abundantly. It has been reported that in diesel engines vegetable oils can be
used as fuel, straight as well as in blends with the diesel. It is evident that there are
various problems associated with vegetable oils being used as fuel in compression
ignition engines, mainly caused by their high viscosity. The high viscosity is due to
the molecular mass and chemical structure of vegetable oils, which in turn leads
the problems in pumping, combustion and atomization in the injector system of
diesel engine. Due to the high viscosity, vegetable oils normally introduce the
development of gumming, the formation of injector deposits, ring sticking as well
as incompatibility with conventional lubricating oils in long-term operations.
The use of edible oil for production of bio-fuel will create scarcity in
food production. So it is recommended to use non-edible oils in bio-fuel
production. Of these some important varieties are Jatropha, Neem, Mahua etc. And
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the performance of Jatropha and other oils as blends with diesel as well their
esters, have been well established and documented as Internal Combustion (IC)
Engine fuels. This paper is based on a new variety of bio-fuel extracted from
Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CSNL) called Cardanol.
2. Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL)
2.1 Introduction to cashew tree
Cashew is important as a tree to counterbalance deforestation. These
trees are wild and therefore once established will look after themselves. Cashew is
an immigrant tree from Eastern Brazil and now among the top three commercial
crops of India [2]. The Cashew Nut Shell contains 25-34% oil which was not much
used earlier. Commercial and industrial applications are being developed in the
recent decade. This research work investigates Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL)
as an alternative fuel for Internal Combustion Engine, which was not experimented
earlier. CNSL can power the engines at cashew processing industries and
surrounding places and has the cost saving advantage due to its much lesser price
compared to diesel.
Cashew trees are boon to the country, in the sense that they not only
yield cashew but also can produce gasoline supplement ethanol from the fruit
(cashew apple), yet another valuable product - CNSL. India is the largest producer
of Cashew in the world. In India Cashew nut cultivation presently covers a total
area of 0.70 million hectares of land, producing over 0.40 million tons of raw
cashew nuts .So the potential for cashew derived fuels to supplant the increasing
energy gap is promising. Over the past 25 years, the area under the Cashew crop
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has increased with an average productivity of about 635 kg per hectare. The
productivity in Kerala is 1178 kg per hectare which is nearer to Maharashtra state,
is the highest with 1300 kg per hectare [3].
2.2 CNSL and its extraction:-
The cashew nut shell is about 0.3 cm thick, having a soft feathery outer
skin and a thin hard inner skin. Between these skins is the honeycomb structure
containing the phenolic material known as CNSL. Inside the shell is the kernel
wrapped in a thin skin known as the testa[4]. CNSL is a reddish brown viscous
liquid, having 4 major components viz. Anacardic acid, Cardanol, Cardol, Methyl
Cardol which are naturally occurring unsaturated phenols. CNSL is traditionally
obtained as a byproduct during the process of removing the cashew kernel from the
nut. The processes used are mainly hot-oil and roasting in which the CNSL oozes
out from the shell [3].
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Technical CNSL, (i.e. heat extracted) the heating process leads to
decarboxylation of the anacardic acid to form cardanol. Typically, the composition
of technical CNSL is approximately 52% cardanol, 10% cardol, 30% polymeric
material, with the remainder being made up of other substances. The technical
CNSL is often further processed by distillation at reduced pressure to remove the
polymeric material. The composition of distilled technical CNSL is approximately
Based on the results of the study the following conclusions were obtained.
The significant factor of cardanol bio fuel is its low cost, its abundance and
it is a byproduct of cashew nut industries so it helps to reduce costly
petroleum imports.
The price of Cashew Nut Shell Oil is in the range of US $ 0.34 to 0.51 per
litre (2011 prices) in India depending upon the location and grade. Thus the
idea of blending CNSL up to 35% with diesel (US $ 0.9/ litre) direct fuel
cost savings of 20 to 25% is possible. At present, all the biodiesel products
cost 3 to 5 times the diesel price[3],
The properties like density, viscosity, flash and fire points of cardanol biofuel volumetric blends under test are higher, and calorific values are lower