Radiation for better quality of life; D.Sc seminar, INCT, Poland 2011

Radiation for better quality of life

M.R.A. PillaiHead, Radiopharmaceuticals DivisionBhabha Atomic Research Centre &Professor, Homi Bhabha National

Institute Mumbai, India

International Year of Chemistry-2011

• Nobel Prize in Physics 1903

• Nobel prize in Chemistry 1911

• One of the four persons who got Nobel prize twice

• 50 Million Nuclear Medicine studies are done annually

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The beginning of the Era for the use of Radiation in health Care

Discovery of X-rays in November 8, 1895 by Wilhem Roentgen

Application of X-rays is the first use of ionizing radiation in medicine

X rays have tremendous contribution in tuberculosis management

CT scan is used for the management of several diseases including cancer

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Discovery of Radioactivity

Henry Becquerel's discovery of radioactivity in 1896

Discovery of Radium and Polonium by Marie and Pierre Curie

Search for medical application of radioactivity started there after4

Radioisotopes>2000 radioactive isotopes

They emit a, b and gamma rays while decaying

The particles and photons emitted are useful for managing human health 5

Production of Radioisotopes

Nuclear Reactor Neutron rich isotopes

98Mo(n,g)99Mo

CyclotronNeutron deficient isotopes

18O(p,n)18F

Medical Application of Radioisotopes

99mTc18F131I153Sm177Lu192Ir60Co

SPECTPETThyroid cancerBone metastasisNeuroendocrine tumours

Uterus cancerTeletherapy

99mTc radiopharmaceuticals

SPECT imaging using 99mTc-MIBI for Coronary Artery Disease

Kills more number of persons than communicable

~85% of the nuclear of the 50 million nuclear medicine studies are done with 99mTc

9 million cardiac studies are done with 99mTc in the USA

A Nuclear Scan will help in early diagnosis Coronary Artery Disease

.

Short axis

Vertical long axis

horizontal long axis

Cardiac Scan

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and 18F

18F can be attached to glucose

18FDG is used for studying diseases of the heart, brain

18FDG PET-CT scan is an tool for cancer management

O

H

HO

H

HO

H

H

18FHOH

OH

18FDG for cancer managementBefore treatment

After chemotherapy

PET Radiopharmaceuticals

O

HO

CH2OH

18F

OH OH,HN

NH

O

OH3C

OHO

18F

N N

NO 2

18FOH O

H

CH2

OH

HH

HO

18F H

NN

NO 2

N+H311C OH N+ OH18FH2C

2-[18F]Fluor-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG)

3'-[18F]Fluor-3'-deoxy-thymidine (FLT)

[18F]Fluormisonidazol(FMISO)

[11C]Cholin

[11C]Fluorethylcholin(FEC)

[18F]Fluorazomycin-arabinosid (FAZA)

NN

N

O

F

O11CH3

N

C

N

OO

O11CH3

N-[11C]Methylspiperon

[11C]Carfentanil

Radiation for TherapyRadiation can be used for killing proliferating cells

Teletherapy using external sources

Brachytherapy using sources at proximity to the cancer

Therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals for systemic administration as molecular medicines

Radiotherapy

Stereotactic Surgery Using Gamma Knife

Stereo-tactic surgery of deep-seated tumors

Multiple targeting using a large number 60Co sources

Better dose delivery and low damage to surrounding tissues

g rays or x rays

BrachytherapyUsed for the treatment of cancer of uterus, breast and prostate cancer

192Ir, 125I, 103Pd, 60Co etc are also used

Eye Cancer

125I sources for the treatment of eye cancer

Treatment of 40 eyes have been done with good success rate

Saving vision is the mission

Prostate cancer

Radiopharmaceuticals for treatment of Cancer

Thyroid cancer is a common disease

Post surgery, sodium iodide (131I) is administered for ablation of remnants

Treatment is as simple as drinking a glass of water or taking a capsule

Targeted Radiopharmaceuticals

(Thr)

(Thr)

(Lys)

(Trp)

(Tyr)

(C ys)

(C ys)

(D-pheala)

HH OHH 3C O

HN

S

ONH

H 3CH H H

NH2

HN

O

H

HOHN

N OH

O

OH

HN

H

O

NHS H

H

O

NH

N

NN

NCOOH

HOOC

HOOC

O

NH

OH

COOH

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