Quaternary Paleogene Neogene Oligocene Miocene Pliocene Pleistocene Holocene Rupelian Chattian Aquitanian Burdigalian Langhian Serravillian Tortonian Messinian Zanclean Piacenzian Gelasian E. Pleist. M. Pleist. Lt. Pleist. C12 C11 C10 C9 C8 C7A C7 C6C C6B C6AA C6A C5E C5D C5C C5B C5AD C5AC C5AB C5AA C5A C5 C4A C4 C3B C3A C3 C2A C2 C1 C-Sequence Epoch Stage Period 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Age Standard Chronostratigraphy Geo- magnetic Polarity Marine O-18 Composite Marine C-13 Composite Sequences Global T-R Cycles Major T-R Cycles Sequences 23.03 5.33 1.81 20.43 7.25 2.59 3.60 0.126 0.79 11.61 13.82 15.97 Asian Mammals ALMA South American Mammals SALMA Rupelian Chattian Aquitanian Burdigalian Langhian Serravillian Tortonian Messinian Zanclean Piacenzian Gelasian E. Pleist. M. Pleist. Lt. Pleist. P18 P19 N1, P20 N2, P21 N3, P22 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8 N9 N10 N11 N12 N13 N14 N15 N16 N17 N17b N18 N20/ N21 N22 O1 O2 O3 O5 O4 O6 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8/ M9 M9b M10 M11 M12 M13 M14 PL1 PL2 PL3 PL4 PL5 PL6 Pt1 a b a b a b a b a b Truncorotalia (Globorotalia) truncatulinoides Menardella (Globorotalila) miocenica Globoconella (Globorotalia) puncticulata Globorotalia tumida Globorotalia plesiotumida Globigerinoides extremus Neogloboquadrina acostaensis s.s. -- base regular Globoturborotalia nepenthes Fohsella robusta Fohsella"fohsi" Fohsella"praefohsi" Fohsella peripheroacuta Orbulina universa Praeorbulina glomerosa s.str. Praeorbulina sicana Globigeriantella insueta s.str. Globoquadrina dehiscens Paragloborotalia kugleri Globigerina angulisuturalis Globorotalia tosaensis Globigerinoides fistulosus Menardella (Globorotalia) miocenica (Atl); Globorotalia pseudomiocenica (Indo-Pac) Dentoglobigerina altispira Sphaeroidinellopsis seminulina Hirsutella (Globorotalia) margaritae Globoturborotalita nepenthes Globoquadrina dehiscens Globorotalia lenguaensis (Atl. only) Neogloboquadrina mayeri Fohsella fohsi s.l. Praeorbulina sicana Catapsydrax dissimilis Paragloborotalia kugleri Globigerina euapertura Paragloborotalia opima opima Chiloguembelina cubensis (LCO) Turborotalia ampliapertura Pseudohastigerina naguewichiensis Bolliella calida Globorotalia flexuosa Globorotalia hirsuta Globorotalia crassaformis hessi Sphaeroidinellopsis dehiscens s.str. Globigerinoides fistulosus Menardella pertenuis Truncorotalia (Globorotalia) crassaformis s.l. Sphaeroidinellopsis dehiscens Globorotalia pliozea, Globorotalia sphericomiozea Globorotalia margaritae Pulleniatina primalis Globorotalia nicolae Neogloboquadrina atlantica (sin.) Globorotalia miotumida (conomiozea) (FCO) Globorotalia suterae Globorotalia cibaoensis Globorotalia miotumida (conomiozea) Globorotalia juanai Candeina nitida Neogloboquadrina humerosa Neogloboquadrina pachyderma Hirsutella juanai Globoturborotalita apertura Globoturborotalita decoraperta Neogloboquadrina gr. Globorotalia lenguanensis Fohsella fohsi Sphaeroidinellopsis subdehiscens Fohsella (Globorotalia) fohsi" lobata" Neogloboquadrina nympha Praeorbulina circularis Globigerinoides diminutus Praeorbulina curva Globorotalia miozea Globorotalia birnageae Globorotalia praescitula Globigerinoides altiaperturus Globorotalia incognita Globoquadrina dehiscens forma spinosa Globigerinoides primordius (FCO) Paragloborotalia pseudokugleri Globigerinoides primordius Globigerinita boweni Tenuitellinata juvenilis Paragloborotalia opima opima Globorotalia flexuosa Globoquadrina pseudofoliata Pulleniatina finalis Globigerinoides extremus Menardella pertenuis Globoturborotalita decoraperta Menardella multicamerata Hirsutella cibaoensis Globorotalia sp.cf. G. crassula Pulleniatina (Atl. disappearance) Pulleniatina primalis Pulleniatina spectabilis Globigerinoides seiglei Globorotalia lenguaensis Globorotalia miotumida (conomiozea) gr. Neogloboquadrina nympha Paragloborotalia siakensis Globigerinoides subquadratus Globorotalia fohsi lobata Globorotalia panda Tenuitella selleyi, pseuoedita, minutissima, clemenciae Globorotalia praescitula Fohsella peripheroronda Globigeriantella insueta s.str. Praeorbulina glomerosa s.str. Globorotalia miozea Globorotalia incognita Globorotalia zealandica, Globorotalia semivera Globoquadrina dehiscens forma spinosa Tenuitella munda Globoturborotalita angulisuturalis Paragloborotalia pseudokugleri Globoquadrina globularis Globigerina ciperoensis Tenuitella gemma Globigerina labiacrassata Subbotina angiporoides Globigerinoides ruber rosa Globigerina cariacoensis Pulleniatina finalis Pulleniatina (Atl.) -- reappearance Globorotalia truncatulinoides [Pacific] Globorotalia crassaformis (S coiling) Globorotalia crassaformis (D coiling) Globorotalia crassaformis (S coiling) Globorotalia inflata Globorotalia crassaformis (D coiling) Globorotalia tosaensis Menardella exilis Sphaeroidinellopsis kochi Globorotalia humilis Globigerinoides conglobatus Neogloboquadrina acostaensis (dex.) Neogloboquadrina acostaensis (sin.) Catapsydrax parvulus Hirsutella cibaoensis Globorotalia partimlabiata Menardella limbata Globorotalita challengeri Globorotalia praemenardii Clavatorella bermudezi Globorotalia archeomenardii Globigerinatella sp. Globiquadrina binaiensis Globigerinoides trilobus s.l. Globoturborotalita obliquus Neogloboquadrina acostaensis Globoturborotalita apertura Menardella exilis Menardella limbata Globoturborotalita woodi Globoquadrina baroemoenensis Globorotalia plesiotumida Globorotalia nicolae Globorotalita challengeri Cassigerinella chipolensis Clavatorella bermudezi Cassigerinella martinezpicoi Clavatorella bermudezi -- top of regular Globorotalia archeomenardii Globiquadrina binaiensis Globorotalia mendacis SB21 SB22a SB22b SB23 SB24 SB25 SB26 Not named B. melo group M. globulina M. gunteri M. complanatus, C. eidae C. droogeri Nephrolepidina praemaginata, E. formosoides Heterostegina spp., Planorbulinella spp. M. tani P. delicata, M. complanatus / formosensis group, G. assilinoides, E. dilatata, S. blanckenhorni B. bulloides Planorbulinella spp., D. italica P. rokae H. granulatatesta group M. cushmani, M. mediterranea M socini Myopgypsina septentrionalis Nummulites vascus B. melo melo O. complanata N. tournoueri, Miolepidocyclina spp. A. howchini Nummulites bouillei, C. eidae, Myopgypsina septentrionalis, B. pygmaea N. fichteli NP22 NP23 NP24 NP25 NN1 NN2 NN3 NN4 NN5 NN6 NN7 NN8 NN9 NN10 NN11 alt NN11a NN12 NN13 NN14 NN15 NN16 NN17 NN18 NN19 NN20 NN21 a b c d {CP18} CP17 /18 CP17 /18* CP19 CN1 CN2 CN3 CN4 CN5 CN6 CN7 CN8 CN9 CN10 CN11 CN12 CN13 CN14 CN15 c a b a/b c a b a b c d a b c a b a b c d a b a b Emiliania huxleyi medium (over 4 micron) Gephyrocapsa spp. reentrance (reemG event) medium (over 4 micron) Gephyrocapsa spp. (bmG event) Discoaster asymmetricus (FCO) Ceratolithus rugosus Ceratolithus acutus Nicklithus amplificus Amaurolithus primus Discoaster quinqueramus Discoaster berggrenii Discoaster hamatus Catinaster coalitus Discoaster kugleri Discoaster druggi Sphenolithus ciperoensis Pseudoemiliania lacunosa Discoaster brouweri Discoaster pentaradiatus Discoaster surculus Discoaster tamalis Reticulofenestra pseudoumbilicus Discoaster tricorniculatus Amaurolithus primus Discoaster quinqueramus Nicklithus amplificus Discoaster hamatus Sphenolithus heteromorphus Helicosphaera ampliaperta Sphenolithus belemnos Triquetrorhabdulus carinatus Dictylcoccites bisectus Sphenolithus distentus Reticulofenestra umbilicus / R.hillae (south high lat) Reticulofenestra umbilicus / R.hillae (low-mid lat.) Gephyrocapsa caribbeanica to E. huxleyi shift of dominance [in" transitional" waters] Reticulofenestra asanoi (FCO) Discoaster triradiatus (acme) Reticulofenestra pseudoumbilica, Discoaster ovata Discoaster surculus (FCO) Discoaster loeblichii Reticulofenestera pseudoumbilicus FCO Discoaster pentaradiatus FCO Minylitha convallis Discoaster bellus Discoaster neohamatus Helicosphaera stalis (FCO) Discoaster brouweri Catinaster calyculus Calcidiscus macintyrei (FCO) Reticulofenestra pseudoumbilicus Triquetrorhabdulus rugosus Calcidiscus macintyrei Discoaster signus Sphenolithus heteromorphus Sphenolithus belemnos Helicosphaera ampliaperta Helicosphaera carteri FCO Sphenolithus disbelemnos Sphenolithus delphix Triquetrorhabdulus carinatus (acme) Sphenolithus umbrellus Sphenolithus ciperoensis to S. distentus (abundance shift) Helicosphaera sellii Calcidiscus macintyrei Discoaster triradiatus Sphenolithus spp. Reticulofenestra antarctica Ceratolithus acutus Triquetrorhabdulus rugosus Discoaster loeblichii Minylitha convallis Discoaster bollii Catinaster calyculus Catinaster coalitus Helicosphaera walbersdorfensis ( LCO) Coccolithus miopelagicus Calcidiscus premacintyrei Discoaster kugleri Cyclicargolithus floridanus Coronocyclus nitescens Calcidiscus premacintyrei (LCO) Cyclicargolithus floridanus (LCO) Discoaster deflandrei group (acme) Triquetrorhadulus serratus Sphenolithus umbrellus Sphenolithus capricornutus Sphenolithus delphix Zygrhablithus bijugatus Sphenolithus ciperoensis Chiasmolithus altus Sphenolithus predistentius Sphenolithus pseudoradians Isthmolithus recurvus D14 D15 D16 D17 D18 D19 D20 D21 a b a b c a b c a b a b c a b a b a b c Spiniferites elongatus Spiniferites pachyderma Spiniferites cf. pseudofurcatus Operculodinium tegillatum Selenopemphix armageddonensis Barssidium evangelinae Amiculosphaera umbraculum Gramocysta verricula Achomosphaera andalousiensis Unipontidinium aquaeductum Labyrinthodinium truncatum Sumatradinium druggi Sumatradinium soucouyantae Invertocysta tabulata Tuberculodinium vancampoae Pentadinium laticinctum imaginatum Saturnodinium pansum Apteodinium spiridoides Tectatodinium pellitum Invertocysta tabulata Reticulatosphaera actinocoronata Barssidinium evangelinae Hystrichosphaeropsis obscura Palaeocystodinium golzowense Palaeocystodinium sp. A (Costa & Downie, 1979) Achomosphaera alcicornu Unipontidinium aquaeductum Cousteaudinium aubryae Apteodinium spiridoides Exochosphaeridium insigne Deflandrea phosphoritica Membranophoridium aspinatum Distatodinium biffii Svalbardella cooksoniae Enneadocysta pectiniformis Rhombodinium draco Enneadocysta arcuata Impagidinium aculeatum Membranilarnacia? picena Max. abundance of Chiropteridium spp. (over 80% of total dinocyst association) Ectosphaeropsis burdigalensis Distatodinium biffii Chiropteridium lobospinosum Selenopemphix dionaeacysta Melitasphaeridium choanophorum Spiniferites splendidus Labyrinthodinium truncatum Unipontidinium aquaeductum Ectosphaeropsis burdigalensis Hystrichokolporna cinctum Tityrosphaeridium cantharellus Thalassiphora pelagica Chiropteridium galea Deflandrea phosphoritica Wetzeliella gochtii Areoligera semicirculata Phthanoperidinium amoenum Achilleodinium biformoides Corrudinium incompositum Schizophacus cooksoniae Deflandrea granulata Areoligera semicirculata Spiniferella cornuta Distatodinium biffii Chiropteridium spp. Caligodinium amiculum Cordosphaeridium cantharellum Cribroperidinium tenuitabulatum Distatodinium paradoxum Unipontidinium aquaeductum Cannosphaeropsis passio Palaeocystodinium golzowense Labyrinthodinium truncatum Decahedrella martinheadii Cristadinium diminutivum Operculodinium piaseckii Selenopemphix brevispinosa Reticulatosphaera actinocoronata Amiculosphaera umbracula Melitasphaeridium choanephorum Un-named Melitasphaeridium choanephorum, L. parviconvexa Tuberculodinium vancampoae Amiculosphaera umbracula Reticulatosphaera actinocoronata, Operculodinium janduchenei Selenopemphix brevispinosa, Piccoladinium fenestratum Invertocysta lactymosa Edwardsiella sexispinosum Operculodinium piaseckii Cristadinium diminutivum Decahedrella martinheadii Hystrichosphaeropsis obscura, Labyrinthodinium truncatum, Cristadinium cristatoserratum Palaeocystodinium golzowense Cerebrocysta poulsenii, Cordosphaeridium minimum Cannosphaeropsis passio Palaeocystodinium sp. A, Lophocysta sulcolimbata Unipontidinium aquaeductum, P. laticinctum, Systematophora placacantha Apteodinium spiridoides, Distatodinium paradoxum/craterum Apteodinium australiense Cribroperidinium tenuitabulatum Cordosphaeridium cantharellum Leptodinium sp. III Caligodinium amiculum Deflandrea phosphoritica, Chiropteridium galea, Chiropteridium spp. Distatodinium biffii, Membranophoridium aspinatum Chiropteridium lobospinosum Spiniferella cornuta Wetzeliella symmetrica group, Thalassiphora pelagica Phtanoperidinium spp. Rhombodinium draco, Corrundinium incompositum Areoligera semicirculata Deflandrea granulata Schizophacus cooksoniae, Samlandia chlamydophora, Achilleodinium biformoides NSR 7A (Ader. agterbergi) NSR 7B (Turr. alsatica) NSR 8A (Siliceous biofacies) NSR 8B (Cat. unicavus) NSR 9A (Glob. praescitula) NSR 9B (Ehren. variabilis) NSR 10 (Bolbo. metsmacheri) NSR 11 (Neoglob. atlantica) NSR 12A (Glob. inflata) NSR 12B (Cass. grossa) NSR 13 (Cass. teretis) Elphidium clavatum, Cassidulina teretis, Cassidulina scaldisiensis, Neogloboquadrina pachyderma Cassidulina grossa, Ammonia beccari Cassidulina grossa LCO, Sigmoilopsis schlumbergeri, Nonion affine LCO, Monspeliensis pseudotepida, Globorotalia inflata (pl. foram) S. North Sea: Hyalinea balthica PLANK. FORAMS = Neogloboquadrina atlantica, Globorotalia crassaformis, Globorotalia puncticulata, Neogloboquadrina humerosa Bolboforma metzmacheri, Cibicides telegdi; PLANK. FORAMS = Neogloboquadrina atlantica (dextral), Globigerina bulloides, Neogloboquadrina acostaensis Ehrenbergina variabilis, Cassidulina subglobosa, Martinottiella cylindrica, Bolboforma fragori (nanno), Bolboforma spiralis, Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (pl. foram) Globorotalia praemenardii, DWAF Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi, Uvigerina semiornata; Neogloboquadrina continuosa (pl. foram), Globigerina praebulloides (pl. foram), Spirosigmoilinella compressa; PLANK. FORAMS = Globorotalia praescitula/zealandica, Sphaeroidinellopsis disjuncta, Sphaeroidinellopsis seminulina Catapsydrax unicavus (pl. foram), Globigerinoides trilobus (pl. foram), Asterigerina guerichi Siliceous biofacies; S. NORTH SEA = Globigerina ciperoensis, Globoquadrina praedehiscens, Dentoglobigerina baroemoensis Siliceous biofacies LCO, Cibicidoides mundulus, Aulacodiscus insignis var. (sp. 3,4,5) (diatom); S. NORTH SEA = Globigerina officinalis, Almaena osnabrugensis Turrilina alsatica LO, Spirosigmoilinella compressa (pl. foram) LCO, Dorothia seigliei Turrilina alsatica LCO Adercotryma agterbergi, Annectina biedai, Rotaliatina bulimoides, DWAF LCO (rare); PLANK. FORAMS = Reticulophragmium acutidorsatum, Ammodiscus latus, Reticulophragmoides jarvisi RP20 RP21 RP22 RN1 RN2 RN3 RN4 RN5 RN6 RN7 RN8 RN9 RN10 RN11a RN11b RN12a RN12b RN13 RN14 RN15 RN16 RN17 Buccinosphaera invaginata Collosphaera tuberosa Stichocorys peregrina Stichocorys delmontensis Diartus hughesi Diartus petterssoni Dorcadospyris alata Calocycletta (Calocyclissima) costata Stichocorys wolffii Cyrtocapsella tetrapera Lychnocanoma elongata Dorcadospyris ateuchus Stylatractus universus Anthocyrtidium angulare Pterocanium prismatium Anthocyrtidium jenghisi Stichocorys peregrina Phormostichoartus fistula Phormostichoartus doliolum Didymocyrtis penultima Stichocorys delmontensis Diartus hughesi Diartus petterssoni Dorcadospyris dentata Theocyrtis annosa Tristylospyris triceros Pterocorys hertwegii Anthocyrtidium euryclathrum Lamprocyrtis nigriniae Anthocyrtidium angulare Pterocorys zancleus Cycladophora davisiana Lamprocyrtis neoheteroporus Theocorythium trachelium trachelium. Didymocyrtis tetrathalamus tetrathalamus Amphirhopalum ypsilon Spongaster tetras tetras Didymocyrtis avita Pterocanium prismatium Spongaster pentas Pterocorys campanula Solenosphaera omnitubus procera, Soleno. omni. omnitubus Didymocyrtis penultima Acrobotrys tritubus Spongaster berminghami Didymocyrtis antepenultima. Lithopera (Lithopera) bacca, Phormostichoartus doliolum Lithopera (Lithopera) neotera Calocycletta (Calocycletta) cladara, Cyrtocapsella japonica Didymocyrtis laticonus Lithopera (Lithoperu) renzae, Lithopera (Glomaria) thornburgi, Phormostichoartus corbula, Dictyocoryne ontongensis Liriospyris parkerae Carpocanopsis cristata Didymocyrtis mammifera Calocycletta (Calocyclior) caepa Dorcadospyris dentata Liriospyris stauropora Siphostichartus corona Didymocyrtis tubaria, Didymocyrtis violina, Stichocorys delmontensis, Carpocanopsis bramlettei Carpocanopsis favosa Cyrtocapsella cornuta Calocycletta (Calocyclopsis) serrata, Calocycletta (Calocycletta) virginis, Bottyostrobus miralestensis. Eucyrtidium diaphanes Curpocanopsis cingulata Dorcadospyris forcipata Calocycletta (Calocycletta) robusta Dorcadospyris papilio Theocyrtis annosa Lychnocanoma trifolium Didymocyrtis prismatica Centrobotrys thermophila Lychnodictyum audax Centrobotrys petrushevskayae, Dorcadospyris pseudopapilio Artophormis gracilis, Lithocyclia crux Centrobotrys gravida Phormostichoartus fistula Anthocyrtidium nosicaae Pterocorys campanula Lamprocyrtis neoheteroporos Anthocyrtidium michelinae Theocorythium vetulum Anthocyrtidium ehrenbergi Didymocyrtis avita Anthocyrtidium pliocenica Lychnodictyum audax Spongaster pentas Spongaster berminghami, Spongaster klingi Solenosphaera omnitubus procera, Soleno. omni. omnitubus Acrobotrys tritubus Siphostichartus corona Calocycletta (Calocyclior) caepa Acrobotrys tritubus Stichocorys johnsoni Calocycletta (Calocycletta) cladara Didymocyrtis antepenultima Dictyocoryne ontongensis Botryostrobus miralestensis Didymocyrtis laticonus Lithopera (Lithopera) neotera, Stichocorys wolffii Cyrtocapsella japonica, Lithopera (Glomaria) thornburgi Carpocanopsis cristata Lithopera (Lithopera) renzae, Cyrtocapsella cornuta, Cyrtocapsella tetrapera Calocycletta (Calocycletta) virginis, Dorcadospyris alata, Liriospyris parkerae Didymocyrtis mammifera Carpocanopsis bramlettei Calocycletta (Calocyclissima) costuta, Didymocyrtis tubaria, Didymocyrtis violina Dorcadospyris forcipata Eucyrtidium diaphanes Liriospyris stauropora Carpocanopsis favosa Didymocyrtis prismatica Carpocanopsis cingulata Lychnocanoma elongata Dorcadospyris ateuchus Calocycletta (Calocyclopsis) serrata Calocycletta (Calocycletta) robusta Artophormis gracilis Dorcadospyris papilio Lychnocanoma trifolium Lithocyclia angusta Theocyrtis tuberosa Lithocyclia crux Dorcadospyris pseudopapilio Centrobotrys petrushevskayae Centrobotrys gravida Artophormis barbadensis Dictyoprora pirum C. ret. R. vig. s.z. a R. vig. s.z. b B. ven. R. gel. NPD1 NPD2B NPD2B NPD3A NPD3B NPD4Ba NPD4 Ba NPD4Bb NPD5A NPD5B NPD5C NPD5D NPD6A NPD6B NPD7A NPD7Ba NPD7Bb NPD7Bc NPD8 NPD9 NPD10 NPD11 NPD12 Neodenticula koizumii Thalassiosira oestrupii Denticulopsis dimorpha Denticulopsis praedimorpha Denticulopsis simonsenii Denticulopsis hyalina Denticulopsis lauta Denticulopsis praelauta Crucidenticula kanayae Crucidenticula sawamurae Thalassiosira fraga Thalassiosira praefraga Rocella gelida Bogorovia veniamini Rocella symmetrica Rocella vigilans Proboscia curvirostris Actinocyclus oculatus Neodenticula koizumii Neodenticula kamtschatica T. insigna Rouxia californica (LCO) Thalassionema schraderi (LCO) Denticulopsis simonsenii (LCO) Denticulopsis dimorpha Denticulopsis praedimorpha (LCO) Denticulopsis hyalina (LCO) Rhizosolenia matuyamai Proboscia curvirostris Thalassiosira antiqua Fragilariopsis doliolus Neodenticula seminae Actinocyclus oculatus Thalassiosira latimarginata Thalassiosira praeoestrupii Neodenticula kamtschatica (FCO) Thalassiosira miocenica Thalassiosira jacksonii Neodenticula kamtschatica Nitzschia reinholdii Thalassionema schraderi (FCO) Thalassiosira antiqua Thalassiosira marujamica Denticulopsis katayamae Thalassionema schraderi Thalassiosira minutissima Hemidiscus cuneiformis Thalassiosira brunii Proboscia barboi Denticulopsis simonsenii (FCO) Thalassiosira grunowii Thalassiosira praeyabei Actinocyclus ingens nodus Actinocyclus ingens Thallassiosira jouseae Rhizosolenia matuyamai Coscinodiscus pustulatus Pyxidicula horridus Pyxidicula pustulata Thalassiosira convexa Neodenticula kamtschatica (LCO) Thalassiosira marujamica Thalassiosira jacksonii Rouxia californica Thalassiosira miocenica Thalassiosira praeconvexa Cavitatus jouseanus Thalassiosira minutissima Denticulopsis katayamae Lithodesmium reynoldsii Nitzschia heteropolica, Medialia splendida Crucidenticula nicobarica Denticulopsis hustedtii (LCO) Thalassiosira praeyabei Crucidenticula kanayae Denticulopsis praelauta Rocella gelida M. latimarginata parvipunctata C. moosi L. scrobiculata C. semipunctata M. latimarginata parvipunctata C. moosi C. semipunctata H. montosa S. contortus, A. woodwardi A. speyeri U. margaritifera C. carinata, C. simplex, A. convexa, A. emathlae C. acuminata acuminata A. (U.) oblonga, C. batei N. helvetica D. minor O. plictatula, C. plannonica C. acuminata verrucosa N. helvetica C. tricostata S. delemontensis, P. pontonxensis Stephanochara pinguis Rhabdochara major Chara microcera Stephanochara ungeri Chara notata Rantzieniella nitida Stephanochara berdotensis Nitellopsis (Tectochara) ginisburgi Nitellopsis (Tectochara) etrusca Nitellopsis (Tectochara) etrusca Nitellopsis (Tectochara) ginisburgi Stephanochara berdotensis Rantzieniella nitida Chara notata Stephanochara ungeri Chara microcera Nitellopsis (Tectochara) ginsburgi Harrisichara turberculata Orellan Whitneyan Arikareean (Geringian) Hemingfordian Barstovian Clarendonian Hemphilian Blancan Irvingtonian Rancho- labrean Ar 1 Ar 2 Ar 3 Ar 4 He 1 He 2 Ba 1 Ba 2 Cl 1 Cl 2 Cl 3 Hh 1 Hh 2 Hh 3 Hh 4 Bl 1 Bl 2 Bl 3 Bl 4 Bl 5 Ir 1 Ir 2 Ir 3 Platygonus compressus Megalonyx jeffersonii Bison Ondatara zibethicus Smilodon populator Microtus meadensis, Lemmiscus curtatus Ondatra annectens, Microtus sp. (5T) Mammuthus Phenacomys Platygonus vetus Northrotheriops, Mictomys kansasensis/mel, Allophaiomys pliocaenicus Onadatra idahoensis, Smilodon gracilis Glossotherium chapadmalense, Mictomys vetus Miracinonyx inexpectatus Sylvilagus Pliolemmus Stegomastodon, Platygonus bicalcaratus Borophagus diversidens, Megalonyx leptostomus, Glyptotherium Pliopotamys Ogmodontomys poaphagus Ophiomys, Platygonus pearcei, Dipoides rexroadensis Ursus Nanippus peninsulatus, Ogmodontomys sawrockensis Eocioleus; carnivores (Lutra, Megantereon, Mustela, Sminthosinus, Trigonictis); arvicolines (Ogmodontomys, Protopliophenacomys) and Miopetaurista (flying squirrel) in Hh 4 Agriotherium (carnivore), Castor (beaver), Felis (carnivore), Megalonyx (definition of the subdivision, a edentate), Ochotona (pika), Plesiogulo (carnivore), Pliozapus (zapodid), Prosomys (murid) in Hh 3 carnivores (Enhydritherium, Eomellivora, Indarctos, Lutravus, Machairodus, Simocyon); Neotragoceras (bovid ungulate), Thinobadistes (definition of subdivision, a edentate) in Hh 2 Crusafontina (soricid), Kansasimys (eomyid), Lemoynea (desmanine mole), Pliometanastes (definition of subdivison, a edentates), Paramicrotoscoptes (murid), Pliotomodon (murid) in Hh 1 Actiocyon, Hoplictis, Platybelodon in Cl 3 Barbourofelis is age marker of Cl 2 subzone. Cormohipparion (hipparionines equine horses) in Cl 2 Pseudoceras; plains taxa invade Great Basin Gomphotherium, Hesperolagomys, Lanthanotherium, Megasminthus, Pliogale, Pseudocyon, Russellagus, Untermannerix in Ba 2 Plithocyon (hemicyonione bear), Zygolophodon (Proboscidean Datum) aceratherine rhinos (Aphelops, Peraceras), teloceratine rhino (Teleoceras); Copemys (cricetid), mustelids (Dinogale, Mionictis, Plionictis, Sthenictis); Eomys (an eomyid), Petauristodon (sciurid), Pseudaelurus (true felid) in He 2 Ursavus (ursid); Aletomeryx (aletomerycine artiodactyl), Amphictis (procyonid), Amphicyon (amphicyonid), Antesorex (soricid), Brachypotherium (teleoceratine rhino), Floridaceras (aceratherine rhino), Caterogale, Desmatolagus and Oreolagus (rabbits), Edaphocyon (procyonid), Euroxenomys (casterine beaver), Phoberocyon (hemicyonine), Plesiosorex (plesiosoricid), and mustelids (Leptarctus, Miomustela, Potamotherium) in He 1 Barbouromeryx (cranioceratine dromomeryid), Cynelos (amphicyonine amphicyonid), Paracosoryx (merycodontine antilocaprid), Prablastomeryx in Ar 4 Cephalogale, Menoceras (a rhino), Moropus, Ysengrinia (amphicyonine amphicyonid), Zodiolestes (a paleomustelid) in Ar 3 Menoceras Entoptychus Parvericius, Caninae Meniscomys Palaeocastor, Erinaceidae, Talpinae, Kalobatippus, Dinohyus Diceratherium, Protoceras Mictrotus meadensis, Microtus paroperarius Mictomys kansasensis/mel, Ondatra annectens, Meglonyx weatleyi Smilodon gracilis, Allophaiomys pliocaenicus Miracinonyx inexpectatus Platygonus vetus Stegomastodon Hypolagus, Ophiomys, Mictomys vetus Megalonyx leptostomus, Platygonus bicalcaratus, Ondatra idahoensis Prodipodomys Nanippus peninsulatus, Borophagus diversidens, Glossotherium chapadmalense Procasteroides Paenemarmota, Dipoides rexroadensis, Ogmodontomys poaphagus, Pliopotamys, Pliolemmus Borophagus hilli, Platygonus pearcei Megantereon Ogmodontomys sawrockensis Nimravinae Meniscomys Poebrotherium Hyracodontidae Merycoidodon Pantolestidae, Ischyromys, Hypertragulus calcaratus, Bothriodon, Mesohippus Suevian Arvernian MP21 MP22 MP23 MP24 MP25 MP26 MP27 MP28 MP29 MP30 MN1 MN2 MN3 MN4 MN5 MN6 MN7-8 MN9 MN10 MN11 MN12 MN13 MN14 MN15 MN16 MN17 un-named Issiodoromys bransatensis Issiodoromys pseudanoema Issiodoromys limognensis Issiodoromys quercyi Plesiosorex, Issiodoromys pauffiensis Blainvillimys blainvillei Issiodoromys minor, Soricidae Blainvillimys helmeri, Viverridae Blainvillimys gregarius, Issiodoromys medius Theridomyidae Issiodoromys pseudanoema Issiodoromys limognensis Issiodoromys quercyi, Dichobunidae Issiodoromys pauffiensis, Anoplotheriidae Plagiolophus, Nyctitheriidae, Blainvillimys blainvillei Blainvillimys heimersheimensis Pseudosciuridae, Issiodoromys medius, Blainvillimys helmeri Blainvillimys gregarius, Entelodon, Plagiolophus ministri, Primates Bothriodon Hsandgolian Tabenbulukian Tinguirirican Deseadan Colhuehuapian Santacrucian Friasian Colloncuran Laventan Mayoan Chasicoan Huayquerian Montehermosan Chapad- malalan Uquian Ense- nadan Lujanian Gelasian Calabrian Ionian Tarantian Santomian Emilian Sicilian Tyrrhenian Zemorrian Saucesian Relizian Luisian Mohnian Delmontian Repettian Venturian Wheelerian Hallian Aldingan Janjukian Longfordian Batesfordian Balcombian Bairnsdalian Mitchellian Cheltenhamian Kalimnan Yatalan Werrikooian 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Planktonic Foraminifers Zonal Markers Other Foraminifers Additional Foraminifers Zones Other Nannofossils Calcareous Nannofossils Zonal Markers Zones Other Larger Benthic Foraminifers Zones Zonal Markers Larger Benthic Foraminifers Zones North Atlantic North Sea Zonal Markers Zones Zonal Markers Other Dinocysts Dinoflagellate Cysts Zonal Markers Other Radiolarians Radiolarians Diatoms Zonal Markers Other Diatoms Zones Ostracodes Boreal Ostracodes Tethyan Ostracodes Charophytes Mammals Regional Stages Zonal Markers North American Mammals European Mammals Australia Italian Pleistocene Stages California Zones NALMA ELMA North Sea Microfossil Zones North Sea Event Zones Age Stage Neogene-Late Oligocene (0-33 Ma time-slice) Based, in part, on: CENOZOIC-MESOZOIC BIOCHRONOSTRATIGRAPHY: JAN HARDENBOL, JACQUES THIERRY, MARTIN B. FARLEY, THIERRY JACQUIN, PIERRE-CHARLES DE GRACIANSKY, AND PETER R. VAIL,1998. Mesozoic and Cenozoic Sequence Chronostratigraphic Framework of European Basins in: De Graciansky, P.- C., Hardenbol, J., Jacquin, Th., Vail, P. R., and Farley, M. B., eds.; Mesozoic and Cenozoic Sequence Stratigraphy of European Basins, SEPM Special Publication 60. Updated by James G. Ogg (Purdue University) and Gabi Ogg to: GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE 2004 (Gradstein, F.M., Ogg, J.G., Smith, A.G., et al., 2004) and The CONCISE GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE (Ogg, J.G., Ogg, G., and Gradstein, F.M., 2008) LGM MIS 6 MIS 8 MIS 12 MIS 16 MIS 22 MIS 52 (Cala 2) MIS 58 (Cala 1) Ge 2 Ge 1 Pia 2 Pia 1 Za 2 Za 1 Me 2 Tor 3/Me 1 Tor 2 Ser 4/Tor 1 Ser 3 Ser 2 Lan 2/Ser 1 Bur 5/Lan 1 Bur 4 Bur 3 Bur 2 Aq 3/Bur 1 Aq 2 Ch 4/Aq 1 Ch 3 Ch 2 Ch 1/Ru 4 Ru 3 Ru 2 0.64 0.44 0.86 1.54 1.65 2.16 2.50 2.80 3.27 4.01 4.62 5.77 7.26 9.22 11.80 12.72 13.53 14.24 16.97 17.54 18.12 19.17 20.43 21.44 23.03 24.84 27.50 28.45 29.45 32.19 5 0 2 0 ( 0 / 00 PDB) ( 0 / 00 PDB) Sponsored, in part, by: ICS CHRONOS Precambrian Paleozoic Mesozoic Cen Time ScaLe Creator R 28.4 28.4 23.03 5.33 1.81 20.43 7.25 2.59 3.60 0.79 11.61 13.64 15.97 0.126 September 2008