280 200 240 Magnetic Susceptibility Miocene Pliocene Pleistocene Holocene C3A C3 C2A C2 C1 Gelasian Calabrian Ionian Tarantian Santomian Emilian Sicilian Tyrrhenian N17b N18 N20/ N21 N22 M13 M14 PL1 PL2 PL3 PL4 PL5 PL6 Pt1 b a b a b Truncorotalia (Globorotalia) truncatulinoides Menardella (Globorotalila) miocenica Globoconella (Globorotalia) puncticulata Globorotalia tumida Globorotalia tosaensis Globigerinoides fistulosus Menardella (Globorotalia) miocenica (Atl); Globorotalia pseudomiocenica (Indo-Pac) Dentoglobigerina altispira Sphaeroidinellopsis seminulina Hirsutella (Globorotalia) margaritae Globoturborotalita nepenthes Globoquadrina dehiscens Bolliella calida Globorotalia flexuosa Globorotalia hirsuta Globorotalia crassaformis hessi Sphaeroidinellopsis dehiscens s.str. Globigerinoides fistulosus Menardella pertenuis Truncorotalia (Globorotalia) crassaformis s.l. Sphaeroidinellopsis dehiscens Globorotalia pliozea, Globorotalia sphericomiozea Globorotalia margaritae Globorotalia flexuosa Globoquadrina pseudofoliata Pulleniatina finalis Globigerinoides extremus Menardella pertenuis Globoturborotalita decoraperta Menardella multicamerata Hirsutella cibaoensis Globorotalia sp.cf. G. crassula Pulleniatina (Atl. disappearance) Pulleniatina primalis Pulleniatina spectabilis Globigerinoides seiglei Globorotalia lenguaensis Globigerinoides ruber rosa Globigerina cariacoensis Pulleniatina finalis Pulleniatina (Atl.) -- reappearance Globorotalia truncatulinoides [Pacific] Globorotalia crassaformis (S coiling) Globorotalia crassaformis (D coiling) Globorotalia crassaformis (S coiling) Globorotalia inflata Globorotalia crassaformis (D coiling) Globorotalia tosaensis Menardella exilis Sphaeroidinellopsis kochi Globorotalia humilis Globigerinoides conglobatus Globoturborotalita obliquus Neogloboquadrina acostaensis Globoturborotalita apertura Menardella exilis Menardella limbata Globoturborotalita woodi Globoquadrina baroemoenensis Globorotalia plesiotumida alt NN11a NN12 NN13 NN14 NN15 NN16 NN17 NN18 NN19 NN20 NN21 c d CN9 CN10 CN11 CN12 CN13 CN14 CN15 c d a b c a b a b c d a b a b Emiliania huxleyi medium (over 4 micron) Gephyrocapsa spp. reentrance (reemG event) medium (over 4 micron) Gephyrocapsa spp. (bmG event) Discoaster asymmetricus (FCO) Ceratolithus rugosus Ceratolithus acutus Pseudoemiliania lacunosa Discoaster brouweri Discoaster pentaradiatus Discoaster surculus Discoaster tamalis Reticulofenestra pseudoumbilicus Discoaster tricorniculatus Amaurolithus primus Discoaster quinqueramus Nicklithus amplificus Gephyrocapsa caribbeanica to E. huxleyi shift of dominance [in" transitional" waters] Reticulofenestra asanoi (FCO) Discoaster triradiatus (acme) Reticulofenestra pseudoumbilica, Discoaster ovata Helicosphaera sellii Calcidiscus macintyrei Discoaster triradiatus Sphenolithus spp. Reticulofenestra antarctica Ceratolithus acutus Triquetrorhabdulus rugosus Emiliania huxleyi (acme in Mediterreanean) Gephyrocapsa caribbeanica to E. huxleyi shift of dominance [in tropical and subtropical waters] Gephyrocapsa sp.3 FAD; end of small Gephyrocapsa spp. dominance large (over 5.5 micron) Gephyrocapsa spp. (blG event) Transition of Ceratolithus acutus to C. rugosus in Atlantic Ceratolithus larrymayeri (sp.1) Gephyrocapsa sp.3 Reticulofenestra asanoi (LCO) large (over 5.5 micron) Gephyrocapsa spp. LAD (tlG event)& beginning of small Gephyrocapsa spp. dominance D20 D21 a b a b c Spiniferites elongatus Spiniferites pachyderma Spiniferites cf. pseudofurcatus Operculodinium tegillatum Tectatodinium pellitum Invertocysta tabulata Reticulatosphaera actinocoronata Barssidinium evangelinae Selenopemphix dionaeacysta Melitasphaeridium choanophorum Spiniferites splendidus NSR 10 (Bolbo. metsmacheri) NSR 11 (Neoglob . atlantica) NSR 12A (Glob. inflata) NSR 12B (Cass. grossa) NSR 13 (Cass. teretis) Elphidium clavatum, Cassidulina teretis, Cassidulina scaldisiensis, Neogloboquadrina pachyderma Cassidulina grossa, Ammonia beccari Cassidulina grossa LCO, Sigmoilopsis schlumbergeri, Nonion affine LCO, Monspeliensis pseudotepida, Globorotalia inflata (pl. foram) S. North Sea: Hyalinea balthica PLANK. FORAMS = Neogloboquadrina atlantica, Globorotalia crassaformis, Globorotalia puncticulata, Neogloboquadrina humerosa Bolboforma metzmacheri, Cibicides telegdi; PLANK. FORAMS = Neogloboquadrina atlantica (dextral), Globigerina bulloides, Neogloboquadrina acostaensis RN9 RN10 RN11a RN11b RN12a RN12b RN13 RN14 RN15 RN16 RN17 Buccinosphaera invaginata Collosphaera tuberosa Stylatractus universus Anthocyrtidium angulare Pterocanium prismatium Anthocyrtidium jenghisi Stichocorys peregrina Phormostichoartus fistula Phormostichoartus doliolum Didymocyrtis penultima Pterocorys hertwegii Anthocyrtidium euryclathrum Lamprocyrtis nigriniae Anthocyrtidium angulare Pterocorys zancleus Cycladophora davisiana Lamprocyrtis neoheteroporus Theocorythium trachelium trachelium. Didymocyrtis tetrathalamus tetrathalamus Amphirhopalum ypsilon Spongaster tetras tetras Didymocyrtis avita Pterocanium prismatium Spongaster pentas Pterocorys campanula Anthocyrtidium nosicaae Pterocorys campanula Lamprocyrtis neoheteroporos Anthocyrtidium michelinae Theocorythium vetulum Anthocyrtidium ehrenbergi Didymocyrtis avita Anthocyrtidium pliocenica Lychnodictyum audax Spongaster pentas Spongaster berminghami, Spongaster klingi Solenosphaera omnitubus procera, Soleno. omni. omnitubus Acrobotrys tritubus Siphostichartus corona Calocycletta (Calocyclior) caepa Acrobotrys tritubus NPD7Ba NPD7Bb NPD7Bc NPD8 NPD9 NPD10 NPD11 NPD12 Neodenticula koizumii Thalassiosira oestrupii Proboscia curvirostris Actinocyclus oculatus Neodenticula koizumii Neodenticula kamtschatica T. insigna Rhizosolenia matuyamai Proboscia curvirostris Thalassiosira antiqua Fragilariopsis doliolus Neodenticula seminae Actinocyclus oculatus Thalassiosira latimarginata Thalassiosira praeoestrupii Thallassiosira jouseae Rhizosolenia matuyamai Coscinodiscus pustulatus Pyxidicula horridus Pyxidicula pustulata Thalassiosira convexa Neodenticula kamtschatica (LCO) Thalassiosira marujamica Thalassiosira jacksonii Rouxia californica Thalassiosira miocenica Reuverian B Reuverian C Praetiglian Tiglian Eburonian Waalian Menapian Bayelian Cromerian Complex Elsterian Holsteinian Saalian Eemian Weichselian A, B, C1-3 C4c C5-6 Bavel Linge Leerdam Dorst Waardenburg (Interglacial I) Glacial a Westerhoven (Interglacial II) Glacial b Rosmalen (Interglacial III) Glacial c Noordbergum (Interglacial IV) Fuhne Wacken / Domnitz Drenthe Warthe Waltonian Pre-Ludhamian Ludhamian Thurnian Bramertonian / Antian Pre-Pastonian / Baventian Pastonian Beestonian Cromerian Anglian Hoxnian Wolstonian Ipswichian Devensian [un-named] "Tottenhill" Late Pliocene Eopleistocene Neopleistocene Verkhodon Khapry Tolucheevka Krinitsa Petropavlovian Pokrovian Ilynian Donian Muchkapian Okian Likhvinian Dnieper Moscovian Mikulinian Valdaian MN13 MN14 MN15 MN16 MN17 un-named Pre-Illinoian Illinoian Sangamonian Wisconsinian K J I H G F E D C B A Montehermosan Chapadmalalan Uquian Ensenadan Lujanian RS WL4 WS4 WL3 WS3 WL2 WS2 WL1 WS1 L15 S14 L14 S13 L13 S12 L12 S11 L11 S10 L10 S9 L9 S8 L8 S7 L7 S6 L6 S5 L5 S4 L4 S3 L3 S2 L2 S1 L1 S0 Hemphilian Blancan Irvingtonian Rancholabrean Hh 3 Hh 4 Bl 1 Bl 2 Bl 3 Bl 4 Bl 5 Ir 1 Ir 2 Ir 3 Platygonus compressus Megalonyx jeffersonii Bison Ondatara zibethicus Smilodon populator Clethrionomys Microtus paroperarius Microtus meadensis, Lemmiscus curtatus Euceratherium Ondatra annectens, Microtus sp. (5T) Synaptomys Mammuthus Megalonyx wheateyi Phenacomys Paramylodon harlani Lepus Platygonus vetus Northrotheriops, Mictomys kansasensis/mel, Allophaiomys pliocaenicus Onadatra idahoensis, Smilodon gracilis Glossotherium chapadmalense, Mictomys vetus Miracinonyx inexpectatus Sylvilagus Pliolemmus Procastoroides Stegomastodon, Platygonus bicalcaratus Borophagus diversidens, Megalonyx leptostomus, Glyptotherium Pliopotamys Ogmodontomys poaphagus Ophiomys, Platygonus pearcei, Dipoides rexroadensis Ursus Nanippus peninsulatus, Ogmodontomys sawrockensis Eocioleus; carnivores (Lutra, Megantereon, Mustela, Sminthosinus, Trigonictis); arvicolines (Ogmodontomys, Protopliophenacomys) and Miopetaurista (flying squirrel) in Hh 4 Mictrotus meadensis, Microtus paroperarius Mictomys kansasensis/mel, Ondatra annectens, Meglonyx weatleyi Smilodon gracilis, Allophaiomys pliocaenicus Miracinonyx inexpectatus Platygonus vetus Stegomastodon Hypolagus, Ophiomys, Mictomys vetus Megalonyx leptostomus, Platygonus bicalcaratus, Ondatra idahoensis Prodipodomys Nanippus peninsulatus, Borophagus diversidens, Glossotherium chapadmalense Procasteroides Paenemarmota, Dipoides rexroadensis, Ogmodontomys poaphagus, Pliopotamys, Pliolemmus Borophagus hilli, Platygonus pearcei Megantereon Ogmodontomys sawrockensis Delmontian Repettian Venturian Wheelerian Hallian Mitchellian Cheltenhamian Kalimnan Yatalan Werrikooian Mangapanian Nukumaruan Castlecliffian Haweran Messinian Zanclean Piacenzian Gelasian E. Pleist. M. Pleist. Lt. Pleist. 5.33 1.81 2.59 3.60 0.126 0.012 0.79 Messinian Zanclean Piacenzian Gelasian E. Pleist. M. Pleist. Lt. Pleist. LGM MIS 6 MIS 8 MIS 12 MIS 16 MIS 22 MIS 52 (Cala 2) MIS 58 (Cala 1) Ge 2 Ge 1 Pia 2 Pia 1 Za 2 Za 1 Me 2 0.64 0.44 0.27 0.14 0.02 0.86 1.54 1.65 2.16 2.50 2.80 3.27 4.01 4.62 5.77 Geo- magnetic Polarity Sequences Global T-R Cycles Sequences Epoch Stage Period Standard Chronostratigraphy Planktonic Foraminifers Zonal Markers Other Foraminifers Additional Foraminifers Zones Other Nannofossils Additional Nannofossils Calcareous Nannofossils Zonal Markers Zones Zones North Atlantic Zonal Markers Other Dinocysts Dinoflagellate Cysts Zonal Markers Other Radiolarians Radiolarians Diatoms Zonal Markers Other Diatoms Zones Zones North Sea Microfossil Zones North Sea Event Zones South America Europe SALMA Mammals North American Mammals Regional Stages Australia Chinese Loess North America New Zealand California Eurasian Stages Russian Plain NW Europe Britain Regional Stage Antarctic Ice Cores Italy NALMA ELMA Age Stage Pliocene / Pleistocene (0-6 Ma time-slice) Based, in part, on: CENOZOIC-MESOZOIC BIOCHRONOSTRATIGRAPHY: JAN HARDENBOL, JACQUES THIERRY, MARTIN B. FARLEY, THIERRY JACQUIN, PIERRE-CHARLES DE GRACIANSKY, AND PETER R. VAIL,1998. Mesozoic and Cenozoic Sequence Chronostratigraphic Framework of European Basins in: De Graciansky, P.- C., Hardenbol, J., Jacquin, Th., Vail, P. R., and Farley, M. B., eds.; Mesozoic and Cenozoic Sequence Stratigraphy of European Basins, SEPM Special Publication 60. Updated by James G. Ogg (Purdue University) and Gabi Ogg to: GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE 2004 (Gradstein, F.M., Ogg, J.G., Smith, A.G., et al., 2004) and The CONCISE GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE (Ogg, J.G., Ogg, G., and Gradstein, F.M., 2008) Marine O-18 Composite ( 0 / 00 PDB) ( 0 / 00 PDB) Age 5 6 4 3 2 1 0 5 6 4 3 2 1 0 δ - Deuterium CO 2 (ppmv) 3 4 5 -370 -390 -430 -410 210 20 Units Sponsored, in part, by: ICS CHRONOS Precambrian Paleozoic Mesozoic Cen Time ScaLe Creator R Quaternary Neogene September 2008 5.33 1.81 2.59 3.60 0.126 0.012 0.79