Tertiary Quaternary Paleogene Neogene Oligocene Miocene Pliocene Pleistocene Holocene Rupelian Chattian Aquitanian Burdigalian Langhian Serravillian Tortonian Messinian Zanclean Piacenzian Gelasian E. Pleist. M. Pleist. Lt. Pleist. C12 C11 C10 C9 C8 C7A C7 C6C C6B C6AA C6A C5E C5D C5C C5B C5AD C5AC C5AB C5AA C5A C5 C4A C4 C3B C3A C3 C2A C2 C1 C-Sequence LGM MIS 6 MIS 8 MIS 12 MIS 16 MIS 22 MIS 52 (Cala 2) MIS 58 (Cala 1) Ge 2 Ge 1 Pia 2 Pia 1 Za 2 Za 1 Me 2 Tor 3/Me 1 Tor 2 Ser 4/Tor 1 Ser 3 Ser 2 Lan 2/Ser 1 Bur 5/Lan 1 Bur 4 Bur 3 Bur 2 Aq 3/Bur 1 Aq 2 Ch 4/Aq 1 Ch 3 Ch 2 Ch 1/Ru 4 Ru 3 Ru 2 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Sub-Era Epoch Stage Period Age Standard Chronostratigraphy Geo- magnetic Polarity Marine O-18 Composite Marine C-13 Composite Sequences Global T-R Cycles Major T-R Cycles Sequences 28.4 23.03 5.33 1.81 20.43 7.25 2.59 3.60 0.126 0.79 11.61 13.64 15.97 Asian Mammals ALMA South American Mammals SALMA Rupelian Chattian Aquitanian Burdigalian Langhian Serravillian Tortonian Messinian Zanclean Piacenzian Gelasian E. Pleist. M. Pleist. Lt. Pleist. P18 P19 N1, P20 N2, P21 N3, P22 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8 N9 N10 N11 N12 N13 N14 N15 N16 N17 N17b N18 N20/ N21 N22 O1 O2 O3 O5 O4 O6 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8/ M9 M9b M10 M11 M12 M13 M14 PL1 PL2 PL3 PL4 PL5 PL6 Pt1 a b a b a b a b a b Truncorotalia (Globorotalia) truncatulinoides Menardella (Globorotalila) miocenica Globoconella (Globorotalia) puncticulata Globorotalia tumida Globorotalia plesiotumida Globigerinoides extremus Neogloboquadrina acostaensis s.s. -- base regular Globoturborotalia nepenthes Fohsella robusta Fohsella"fohsi" Fohsella"praefohsi" Fohsella peripheroacuta Orbulina universa Praeorbulina glomerosa s.str. Praeorbulina sicana Globigeriantella insueta s.str. Globoquadrina dehiscens Paragloborotalia kugleri Globigerina angulisuturalis Globorotalia tosaensis Globigerinoides fistulosus Menardella (Globorotalia) miocenica (Atl); Globorotalia pseudomiocenica (Indo-Pac) Dentoglobigerina altispira Sphaeroidinellopsis seminulina Hirsutella (Globorotalia) margaritae Globoturborotalita nepenthes Globoquadrina dehiscens Globorotalia lenguaensis (Atl. only) Neogloboquadrina mayeri Fohsella fohsi s.l. Praeorbulina sicana Catapsydrax dissimilis Paragloborotalia kugleri Globigerina euapertura Paragloborotalia opima opima Chiloguembelina cubensis (LCO) Turborotalia ampliapertura Pseudohastigerina naguewichiensis Bolliella calida Globorotalia flexuosa Globorotalia hirsuta Globorotalia crassaformis hessi Sphaeroidinellopsis dehiscens s.str. Globigerinoides fistulosus Menardella pertenuis Truncorotalia (Globorotalia) crassaformis s.l. Sphaeroidinellopsis dehiscens Globorotalia pliozea, Globorotalia sphericomiozea Globorotalia margaritae Pulleniatina primalis Globorotalia nicolae Neogloboquadrina atlantica (sin.) Globorotalia miotumida (conomiozea) (FCO) Globorotalia suterae Globorotalia cibaoensis Globorotalia miotumida (conomiozea) Globorotalia juanai Candeina nitida Neogloboquadrina humerosa Neogloboquadrina pachyderma Hirsutella juanai Globoturborotalita apertura Globoturborotalita decoraperta Neogloboquadrina gr. Globorotalia lenguanensis Fohsella fohsi Sphaeroidinellopsis subdehiscens Fohsella (Globorotalia) fohsi" lobata" Neogloboquadrina nympha Praeorbulina circularis Globigerinoides diminutus Praeorbulina curva Globorotalia miozea Globorotalia birnageae Globorotalia praescitula Globigerinoides altiaperturus Globorotalia incognita Globoquadrina dehiscens forma spinosa Globigerinoides primordius (FCO) Paragloborotalia pseudokugleri Globigerinoides primordius Globigerinita boweni Tenuitellinata juvenilis Paragloborotalia opima opima Globorotalia flexuosa Globoquadrina pseudofoliata Pulleniatina finalis Globigerinoides extremus Menardella pertenuis Globoturborotalita decoraperta Menardella multicamerata Hirsutella cibaoensis Globorotalia sp.cf. G. crassula Pulleniatina (Atl. disappearance) Pulleniatina primalis Pulleniatina spectabilis Globigerinoides seiglei Globorotalia lenguaensis Globorotalia miotumida (conomiozea) gr. Neogloboquadrina nympha Paragloborotalia siakensis Globigerinoides subquadratus Globorotalia fohsi lobata Globorotalia panda Tenuitella selleyi, pseuoedita, minutissima, clemenciae Globorotalia praescitula Fohsella peripheroronda Globigeriantella insueta s.str. Praeorbulina glomerosa s.str. Globorotalia miozea Globorotalia incognita Globorotalia zealandica, Globorotalia semivera Globoquadrina dehiscens forma spinosa Tenuitella munda Globoturborotalita angulisuturalis Paragloborotalia pseudokugleri Globoquadrina globularis Globigerina ciperoensis Tenuitella gemma Globigerina labiacrassata Subbotina angiporoides Globigerinoides ruber rosa Globigerina cariacoensis Pulleniatina finalis Pulleniatina (Atl.) -- reappearance Globorotalia truncatulinoides [Pacific] Globorotalia crassaformis (S coiling) Globorotalia crassaformis (D coiling) Globorotalia crassaformis (S coiling) Globorotalia inflata Globorotalia crassaformis (D coiling) Globorotalia tosaensis Menardella exilis Sphaeroidinellopsis kochi Globorotalia humilis Globigerinoides conglobatus Neogloboquadrina acostaensis (dex.) Neogloboquadrina acostaensis (sin.) Catapsydrax parvulus Hirsutella cibaoensis Globorotalia partimlabiata Menardella limbata Globorotalita challengeri Globorotalia praemenardii Clavatorella bermudezi Globorotalia archeomenardii Globigerinatella sp. Globiquadrina binaiensis Globigerinoides trilobus s.l. Globoturborotalita obliquus Neogloboquadrina acostaensis Globoturborotalita apertura Menardella exilis Menardella limbata Globoturborotalita woodi Globoquadrina baroemoenensis Globorotalia plesiotumida Globorotalia nicolae Globorotalita challengeri Cassigerinella chipolensis Clavatorella bermudezi Cassigerinella martinezpicoi Clavatorella bermudezi -- top of regular Globorotalia archeomenardii Globiquadrina binaiensis Globorotalia mendacis SB21 SB22a SB22b SB23 SB24 SB25 SB26 Not named B. melo group M. globulina M. gunteri M. complanatus, C. eidae C. droogeri Nephrolepidina praemaginata, E. formosoides Heterostegina spp., Planorbulinella spp. M. tani P. delicata, M. complanatus / formosensis group, G. assilinoides, E. dilatata, S. blanckenhorni B. bulloides Planorbulinella spp., D. italica P. rokae H. granulatatesta group M. cushmani, M. mediterranea M socini Myopgypsina septentrionalis Nummulites vascus B. melo melo O. complanata N. tournoueri, Miolepidocyclina spp. A. howchini Nummulites bouillei, C. eidae, Myopgypsina septentrionalis, B. pygmaea N. fichteli NP22 NP23 NP24 NP25 NN1 NN2 NN3 NN4 NN5 NN6 NN7 NN8 NN9 NN10 NN11 alt NN11a NN12 NN13 NN14 NN15 NN16 NN17 NN18 NN19 NN20 NN21 a b c d {CP18} CP17 /18 CP17 /18* CP19 CN1 CN2 CN3 CN4 CN5 CN6 CN7 CN8 CN9 CN10 CN11 CN12 CN13 CN14 CN15 c a b a/b c a b a b c d a b c a b a b c d a b a b Emiliania huxleyi medium (over 4 micron) Gephyrocapsa spp. reentrance (reemG event) medium (over 4 micron) Gephyrocapsa spp. (bmG event) Discoaster asymmetricus (FCO) Ceratolithus rugosus Ceratolithus acutus Nicklithus amplificus Amaurolithus primus Discoaster quinqueramus Discoaster berggrenii Discoaster hamatus Catinaster coalitus Discoaster kugleri Discoaster druggi Sphenolithus ciperoensis Pseudoemiliania lacunosa Discoaster brouweri Discoaster pentaradiatus Discoaster surculus Discoaster tamalis Reticulofenestra pseudoumbilicus Discoaster tricorniculatus Amaurolithus primus Discoaster quinqueramus Nicklithus amplificus Discoaster hamatus Sphenolithus heteromorphus Helicosphaera ampliaperta Sphenolithus belemnos Triquetrorhabdulus carinatus Dictylcoccites bisectus Sphenolithus distentus Reticulofenestra umbilicus / R.hillae (south high lat) Reticulofenestra umbilicus / R.hillae (low-mid lat.) Gephyrocapsa caribbeanica to E. huxleyi shift of dominance [in" transitional" waters] Reticulofenestra asanoi (FCO) Discoaster triradiatus (acme) Reticulofenestra pseudoumbilica, Discoaster ovata Discoaster surculus (FCO) Discoaster loeblichii Reticulofenestera pseudoumbilicus FCO Discoaster pentaradiatus FCO Minylitha convallis Discoaster bellus Discoaster neohamatus Helicosphaera stalis (FCO) Discoaster brouweri Catinaster calyculus Calcidiscus macintyrei (FCO) Reticulofenestra pseudoumbilicus Triquetrorhabdulus rugosus Calcidiscus macintyrei Discoaster signus Sphenolithus heteromorphus Sphenolithus belemnos Helicosphaera ampliaperta Helicosphaera carteri FCO Sphenolithus disbelemnos Sphenolithus delphix Triquetrorhabdulus carinatus (acme) Sphenolithus umbrellus Sphenolithus ciperoensis to S. distentus (abundance shift) Helicosphaera sellii Calcidiscus macintyrei Discoaster triradiatus Sphenolithus spp. Reticulofenestra antarctica Ceratolithus acutus Triquetrorhabdulus rugosus Discoaster loeblichii Minylitha convallis Discoaster bollii Catinaster calyculus Catinaster coalitus Helicosphaera walbersdorfensis ( LCO) Coccolithus miopelagicus Calcidiscus premacintyrei Discoaster kugleri Cyclicargolithus floridanus Coronocyclus nitescens Calcidiscus premacintyrei (LCO) Cyclicargolithus floridanus (LCO) Discoaster deflandrei group (acme) Triquetrorhadulus serratus Sphenolithus umbrellus Sphenolithus capricornutus Sphenolithus delphix Zygrhablithus bijugatus Sphenolithus ciperoensis Chiasmolithus altus Sphenolithus predistentius Sphenolithus pseudoradians Isthmolithus recurvus D14 D15 D16 D17 D18 D19 D20 D21 a b a b c a b c a b a b c a b a b a b c Spiniferites elongatus Spiniferites pachyderma Spiniferites cf. pseudofurcatus Operculodinium tegillatum Selenopemphix armageddonensis Barssidium evangelinae Amiculosphaera umbraculum Gramocysta verricula Achomosphaera andalousiensis Unipontidinium aquaeductum Labyrinthodinium truncatum Sumatradinium druggi Sumatradinium soucouyantae Invertocysta tabulata Tuberculodinium vancampoae Pentadinium laticinctum imaginatum Saturnodinium pansum Apteodinium spiridoides Tectatodinium pellitum Invertocysta tabulata Reticulatosphaera actinocoronata Barssidinium evangelinae Hystrichosphaeropsis obscura Palaeocystodinium golzowense Palaeocystodinium sp. A (Costa & Downie, 1979) Achomosphaera alcicornu Unipontidinium aquaeductum Cousteaudinium aubryae Apteodinium spiridoides Exochosphaeridium insigne Deflandrea phosphoritica Membranophoridium aspinatum Distatodinium biffii Svalbardella cooksoniae Enneadocysta pectiniformis Rhombodinium draco Enneadocysta arcuata Impagidinium aculeatum Membranilarnacia? picena Max. abundance of Chiropteridium spp. (over 80% of total dinocyst association) Ectosphaeropsis burdigalensis Distatodinium biffii Chiropteridium lobospinosum Selenopemphix dionaeacysta Melitasphaeridium choanophorum Spiniferites splendidus Labyrinthodinium truncatum Unipontidinium aquaeductum Ectosphaeropsis burdigalensis Hystrichokolporna cinctum Tityrosphaeridium cantharellus Thalassiphora pelagica Chiropteridium galea Deflandrea phosphoritica Wetzeliella gochtii Areoligera semicirculata Phthanoperidinium amoenum Achilleodinium biformoides Corrudinium incompositum Schizophacus cooksoniae Deflandrea granulata Areoligera semicirculata Spiniferella cornuta Distatodinium biffii Chiropteridium spp. Caligodinium amiculum Cordosphaeridium cantharellum Cribroperidinium tenuitabulatum Distatodinium paradoxum Unipontidinium aquaeductum Cannosphaeropsis passio Palaeocystodinium golzowense Labyrinthodinium truncatum Decahedrella martinheadii Cristadinium diminutivum Operculodinium piaseckii Selenopemphix brevispinosa Reticulatosphaera actinocoronata Amiculosphaera umbracula Melitasphaeridium choanephorum Un-named Melitasphaeridium choanephorum, L. parviconvexa Tuberculodinium vancampoae Amiculosphaera umbracula Reticulatosphaera actinocoronata, Operculodinium janduchenei Selenopemphix brevispinosa, Piccoladinium fenestratum Invertocysta lactymosa Edwardsiella sexispinosum Operculodinium piaseckii Cristadinium diminutivum Decahedrella martinheadii Hystrichosphaeropsis obscura, Labyrinthodinium truncatum, Cristadinium cristatoserratum Palaeocystodinium golzowense Cerebrocysta poulsenii, Cordosphaeridium minimum Cannosphaeropsis passio Palaeocystodinium sp. A, Lophocysta sulcolimbata Unipontidinium aquaeductum, P. laticinctum, Systematophora placacantha Apteodinium spiridoides, Distatodinium paradoxum/craterum Apteodinium australiense Cribroperidinium tenuitabulatum Cordosphaeridium cantharellum Leptodinium sp. III Caligodinium amiculum Deflandrea phosphoritica, Chiropteridium galea, Chiropteridium spp. Distatodinium biffii, Membranophoridium aspinatum Chiropteridium lobospinosum Spiniferella cornuta Wetzeliella symmetrica group, Thalassiphora pelagica Phtanoperidinium spp. Rhombodinium draco, Corrundinium incompositum Areoligera semicirculata Deflandrea granulata Schizophacus cooksoniae, Samlandia chlamydophora, Achilleodinium biformoides RP20 RP21 RP22 RN1 RN2 RN3 RN4 RN5 RN6 RN7 RN8 RN9 RN10 RN11a RN11b RN12a RN12b RN13 RN14 RN15 RN16 RN17 Buccinosphaera invaginata Collosphaera tuberosa Stichocorys peregrina Stichocorys delmontensis Diartus hughesi Diartus petterssoni Dorcadospyris alata Calocycletta (Calocyclissima) costata Stichocorys wolffii Cyrtocapsella tetrapera Lychnocanoma elongata Dorcadospyris ateuchus Stylatractus universus Anthocyrtidium angulare Pterocanium prismatium Anthocyrtidium jenghisi Stichocorys peregrina Phormostichoartus fistula Phormostichoartus doliolum Didymocyrtis penultima Stichocorys delmontensis Diartus hughesi Diartus petterssoni Dorcadospyris dentata Theocyrtis annosa Tristylospyris triceros Pterocorys hertwegii Anthocyrtidium euryclathrum Lamprocyrtis nigriniae Anthocyrtidium angulare Pterocorys zancleus Cycladophora davisiana Lamprocyrtis neoheteroporus Theocorythium trachelium trachelium. Didymocyrtis tetrathalamus tetrathalamus Amphirhopalum ypsilon Spongaster tetras tetras Didymocyrtis avita Pterocanium prismatium Spongaster pentas Pterocorys campanula Solenosphaera omnitubus procera, Soleno. omni. omnitubus Didymocyrtis penultima Acrobotrys tritubus Spongaster berminghami Didymocyrtis antepenultima. Lithopera (Lithopera) bacca, Phormostichoartus doliolum Lithopera (Lithopera) neotera Calocycletta (Calocycletta) cladara, Cyrtocapsella japonica Didymocyrtis laticonus Lithopera (Lithoperu) renzae, Lithopera (Glomaria) thornburgi, Phormostichoartus corbula, Dictyocoryne ontongensis Liriospyris parkerae Carpocanopsis cristata Didymocyrtis mammifera Calocycletta (Calocyclior) caepa Dorcadospyris dentata Liriospyris stauropora Siphostichartus corona Didymocyrtis tubaria, Didymocyrtis violina, Stichocorys delmontensis, Carpocanopsis bramlettei Carpocanopsis favosa Cyrtocapsella cornuta Calocycletta (Calocyclopsis) serrata, Calocycletta (Calocycletta) virginis, Bottyostrobus miralestensis. Eucyrtidium diaphanes Curpocanopsis cingulata Dorcadospyris forcipata Calocycletta (Calocycletta) robusta Dorcadospyris papilio Theocyrtis annosa Lychnocanoma trifolium Didymocyrtis prismatica Centrobotrys thermophila Lychnodictyum audax Centrobotrys petrushevskayae, Dorcadospyris pseudopapilio Artophormis gracilis, Lithocyclia crux Centrobotrys gravida Phormostichoartus fistula Anthocyrtidium nosicaae Pterocorys campanula Lamprocyrtis neoheteroporos Anthocyrtidium michelinae Theocorythium vetulum Anthocyrtidium ehrenbergi Didymocyrtis avita Anthocyrtidium pliocenica Lychnodictyum audax Spongaster pentas Spongaster berminghami, Spongaster klingi Solenosphaera omnitubus procera, Soleno. omni. omnitubus Acrobotrys tritubus Siphostichartus corona Calocycletta (Calocyclior) caepa Acrobotrys tritubus Stichocorys johnsoni Calocycletta (Calocycletta) cladara Didymocyrtis antepenultima Dictyocoryne ontongensis Botryostrobus miralestensis Didymocyrtis laticonus Lithopera (Lithopera) neotera, Stichocorys wolffii Cyrtocapsella japonica, Lithopera (Glomaria) thornburgi Carpocanopsis cristata Lithopera (Lithopera) renzae, Cyrtocapsella cornuta, Cyrtocapsella tetrapera Calocycletta (Calocycletta) virginis, Dorcadospyris alata, Liriospyris parkerae Didymocyrtis mammifera Carpocanopsis bramlettei Calocycletta (Calocyclissima) costuta, Didymocyrtis tubaria, Didymocyrtis violina Dorcadospyris forcipata Eucyrtidium diaphanes Liriospyris stauropora Carpocanopsis favosa Didymocyrtis prismatica Carpocanopsis cingulata Lychnocanoma elongata Dorcadospyris ateuchus Calocycletta (Calocyclopsis) serrata Calocycletta (Calocycletta) robusta Artophormis gracilis Dorcadospyris papilio Lychnocanoma trifolium Lithocyclia angusta Theocyrtis tuberosa Lithocyclia crux Dorcadospyris pseudopapilio Centrobotrys petrushevskayae Centrobotrys gravida Artophormis barbadensis Dictyoprora pirum C. ret. R. vig. s.z. a R. vig. s.z. b B. ven. R. gel. NPD1 NPD2B NPD2B NPD3A NPD3B NPD4Ba NPD4 Ba NPD4Bb NPD5A NPD5B NPD5C NPD5D NPD6A NPD6B NPD7A NPD7Ba NPD7Bb NPD7Bc NPD8 NPD9 NPD10 NPD11 NPD12 Neodenticula koizumii Thalassiosira oestrupii Denticulopsis dimorpha Denticulopsis praedimorpha Denticulopsis simonsenii Denticulopsis hyalina Denticulopsis lauta Denticulopsis praelauta Crucidenticula kanayae Crucidenticula sawamurae Thalassiosira fraga Thalassiosira praefraga Rocella gelida Bogorovia veniamini Rocella symmetrica Rocella vigilans Proboscia curvirostris Actinocyclus oculatus Neodenticula koizumii Neodenticula kamtschatica T. insigna Rouxia californica (LCO) Thalassionema schraderi (LCO) Denticulopsis simonsenii (LCO) Denticulopsis dimorpha Denticulopsis praedimorpha (LCO) Denticulopsis hyalina (LCO) Rhizosolenia matuyamai Proboscia curvirostris Thalassiosira antiqua Fragilariopsis doliolus Neodenticula seminae Actinocyclus oculatus Thalassiosira latimarginata Thalassiosira praeoestrupii Neodenticula kamtschatica (FCO) Thalassiosira miocenica Thalassiosira jacksonii Neodenticula kamtschatica Nitzschia reinholdii Thalassionema schraderi (FCO) Thalassiosira antiqua Thalassiosira marujamica Denticulopsis katayamae Thalassionema schraderi Thalassiosira minutissima Hemidiscus cuneiformis Thalassiosira brunii Proboscia barboi Denticulopsis simonsenii (FCO) Thalassiosira grunowii Thalassiosira praeyabei Actinocyclus ingens nodus Actinocyclus ingens Thallassiosira jouseae Rhizosolenia matuyamai Coscinodiscus pustulatus Pyxidicula horridus Pyxidicula pustulata Thalassiosira convexa Neodenticula kamtschatica (LCO) Thalassiosira marujamica Thalassiosira jacksonii Rouxia californica Thalassiosira miocenica Thalassiosira praeconvexa Cavitatus jouseanus Thalassiosira minutissima Denticulopsis katayamae Lithodesmium reynoldsii Nitzschia heteropolica, Medialia splendida Crucidenticula nicobarica Denticulopsis hustedtii (LCO) Thalassiosira praeyabei Crucidenticula kanayae Denticulopsis praelauta Rocella gelida M. latimarginata parvipunctata C. moosi L. scrobiculata C. semipunctata M. latimarginata parvipunctata C. moosi C. semipunctata H. montosa S. contortus, A. woodwardi A. speyeri U. margaritifera C. carinata, C. simplex, A. convexa, A. emathlae C. acuminata acuminata A. (U.) oblonga, C. batei N. helvetica D. minor O. plictatula, C. plannonica C. acuminata verrucosa N. helvetica C. tricostata S. delemontensis, P. pontonxensis Stephanochara pinguis Rhabdochara major Chara microcera Stephanochara ungeri Chara notata Rantzieniella nitida Stephanochara berdotensis Nitellopsis (Tectochara) ginisburgi Nitellopsis (Tectochara) etrusca Nitellopsis (Tectochara) etrusca Nitellopsis (Tectochara) ginisburgi Stephanochara berdotensis Rantzieniella nitida Chara notata Stephanochara ungeri Chara microcera Nitellopsis (Tectochara) ginsburgi Harrisichara turberculata Orellan Whitneyan Arikareean (Geringian) Hemingfordian Barstovian Clarendonian Hemphilian Blancan Irvingtonian Rancho- labrean Ar 1 Ar 2 Ar 3 Ar 4 He 1 He 2 Ba 1 Ba 2 Cl 1 Cl 2 Cl 3 Hh 1 Hh 2 Hh 3 Hh 4 Bl 1 Bl 2 Bl 3 Bl 4 Bl 5 Ir 1 Ir 2 Ir 3 Platygonus compressus Megalonyx jeffersonii Bison Ondatara zibethicus Smilodon populator Microtus meadensis, Lemmiscus curtatus Ondatra annectens, Microtus sp. (5T) Mammuthus Phenacomys Platygonus vetus Northrotheriops, Mictomys kansasensis/mel, Allophaiomys pliocaenicus Onadatra idahoensis, Smilodon gracilis Glossotherium chapadmalense, Mictomys vetus Miracinonyx inexpectatus Sylvilagus Pliolemmus Stegomastodon, Platygonus bicalcaratus Borophagus diversidens, Megalonyx leptostomus, Glyptotherium Pliopotamys Ogmodontomys poaphagus Ophiomys, Platygonus pearcei, Dipoides rexroadensis Ursus Nanippus peninsulatus, Ogmodontomys sawrockensis Eocioleus; carnivores (Lutra, Megantereon, Mustela, Sminthosinus, Trigonictis); arvicolines (Ogmodontomys, Protopliophenacomys) and Miopetaurista (flying squirrel) in Hh 4 Agriotherium (carnivore), Castor (beaver), Felis (carnivore), Megalonyx (definition of the subdivision, a edentate), Ochotona (pika), Plesiogulo (carnivore), Pliozapus (zapodid), Prosomys (murid) in Hh 3 carnivores (Enhydritherium, Eomellivora, Indarctos, Lutravus, Machairodus, Simocyon); Neotragoceras (bovid ungulate), Thinobadistes (definition of subdivision, a edentate) in Hh 2 Crusafontina (soricid), Kansasimys (eomyid), Lemoynea (desmanine mole), Pliometanastes (definition of subdivison, a edentates), Paramicrotoscoptes (murid), Pliotomodon (murid) in Hh 1 Actiocyon, Hoplictis, Platybelodon in Cl 3 Barbourofelis is age marker of Cl 2 subzone. Cormohipparion (hipparionines equine horses) in Cl 2 Pseudoceras; plains taxa invade Great Basin Gomphotherium, Hesperolagomys, Lanthanotherium, Megasminthus, Pliogale, Pseudocyon, Russellagus, Untermannerix in Ba 2 Plithocyon (hemicyonione bear), Zygolophodon (Proboscidean Datum) aceratherine rhinos (Aphelops, Peraceras), teloceratine rhino (Teleoceras); Copemys (cricetid), mustelids (Dinogale, Mionictis, Plionictis, Sthenictis); Eomys (an eomyid), Petauristodon (sciurid), Pseudaelurus (true felid) in He 2 Ursavus (ursid); Aletomeryx (aletomerycine artiodactyl), Amphictis (procyonid), Amphicyon (amphicyonid), Antesorex (soricid), Brachypotherium (teleoceratine rhino), Floridaceras (aceratherine rhino), Caterogale, Desmatolagus and Oreolagus (rabbits), Edaphocyon (procyonid), Euroxenomys (casterine beaver), Phoberocyon (hemicyonine), Plesiosorex (plesiosoricid), and mustelids (Leptarctus, Miomustela, Potamotherium) in He 1 Barbouromeryx (cranioceratine dromomeryid), Cynelos (amphicyonine amphicyonid), Paracosoryx (merycodontine antilocaprid), Prablastomeryx in Ar 4 Cephalogale, Menoceras (a rhino), Moropus, Ysengrinia (amphicyonine amphicyonid), Zodiolestes (a paleomustelid) in Ar 3 Menoceras Entoptychus Parvericius, Caninae Meniscomys Palaeocastor, Erinaceidae, Talpinae, Kalobatippus, Dinohyus Diceratherium, Protoceras Mictrotus meadensis, Microtus paroperarius Mictomys kansasensis/mel, Ondatra annectens, Meglonyx weatleyi Smilodon gracilis, Allophaiomys pliocaenicus Miracinonyx inexpectatus Platygonus vetus Stegomastodon Hypolagus, Ophiomys, Mictomys vetus Megalonyx leptostomus, Platygonus bicalcaratus, Ondatra idahoensis Prodipodomys Nanippus peninsulatus, Borophagus diversidens, Glossotherium chapadmalense Procasteroides Paenemarmota, Dipoides rexroadensis, Ogmodontomys poaphagus, Pliopotamys, Pliolemmus Borophagus hilli, Platygonus pearcei Megantereon Ogmodontomys sawrockensis Nimravinae Meniscomys Poebrotherium Hyracodontidae Merycoidodon Pantolestidae, Ischyromys, Hypertragulus calcaratus, Bothriodon, Mesohippus Suevian Arvernian MP21 MP22 MP23 MP24 MP25 MP26 MP27 MP28 MP29 MP30 MN1 MN2 MN3 MN4 MN5 MN6 MN7-8 MN9 MN10 MN11 MN12 MN13 MN14 MN15 MN16 MN17 un-named Issiodoromys bransatensis Issiodoromys pseudanoema Issiodoromys limognensis Issiodoromys quercyi Plesiosorex, Issiodoromys pauffiensis Blainvillimys blainvillei Issiodoromys minor, Soricidae Blainvillimys helmeri, Viverridae Blainvillimys gregarius, Issiodoromys medius Theridomyidae Issiodoromys pseudanoema Issiodoromys limognensis Issiodoromys quercyi, Dichobunidae Issiodoromys pauffiensis, Anoplotheriidae Plagiolophus, Nyctitheriidae, Blainvillimys blainvillei Blainvillimys heimersheimensis Pseudosciuridae, Issiodoromys medius, Blainvillimys helmeri Blainvillimys gregarius, Entelodon, Plagiolophus ministri, Primates Bothriodon Hsandgolian Tabenbulukian Tinguirirican Deseadan Colhuehuapian Santacrucian Friasian Colloncuran Laventan Mayoan Chasicoan Huayquerian Montehermosan Chapad- malalan Uquian Ense- nadan Lujanian Gelasian Calabrian Ionian Tarantian Santomian Emilian Sicilian Tyrrhenian Zemorrian Saucesian Relizian Luisian Mohnian Delmontian Repettian Venturian Wheelerian Hallian Aldingan Janjukian Longfordian Batesfordian Balcombian Bairnsdalian Mitchellian Cheltenhamian Kalimnan Yatalan Werrikooian 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Planktonic Foraminifers Zonal Markers Other Foraminifers Additional Foraminifers Zones Other Nannofossils Calcareous Nannofossils Zonal Markers Zones Other Larger Benthic Foraminifers Zones Zonal Markers Larger Benthic Foraminifers Zones North Atlantic North Sea Zonal Markers Zones Zonal Markers Other Dinocysts Dinoflagellate Cysts Zonal Markers Other Radiolarians Radiolarians Diatoms Zonal Markers Other Diatoms Zones Ostracodes Boreal Ostracodes Tethyan Ostracodes Charophytes Mammals Regional Stages Zonal Markers North American Mammals European Mammals Australia Italian Pleistocene Stages California Zones NALMA ELMA Age Stage N e o g e n e - L a t e O l i g o c e n e (0-33 Ma time-slice) Based, in part, on: CENOZOIC-MESOZOIC BIOCHRONOSTRATIGRAPHY: JAN HARDENBOL, JACQUES THIERRY, MARTIN B. FARLEY, THIERRY JACQUIN, PIERRE-CHARLES DE GRACIANSKY, AND PETER R. VAIL,1998. Mesozoic and Cenozoic Sequence Chronostratigraphic Framework of European Basins in: De Graciansky, P.- C., Hardenbol, J., Jacquin, Th., Vail, P. R., and Farley, M. B., eds.; Mesozoic and Cenozoic Sequence Stratigraphy of European Basins, SEPM Special Publication 60. Updated by James G. Ogg (Purdue University) and Gabi Ogg to: GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE 2004 (Gradstein, F.M., Ogg, J.G., Smith, A.G., et al.; Cambridge Univ. Press) 28.4 23.03 5.33 1.81 20.43 7.25 2.59 3.60 0.126 0.79 11.61 13.64 15.97 0.64 0.44 0.86 1.54 1.65 2.16 2.50 2.80 3.27 4.01 4.62 5.77 7.26 9.22 11.80 12.72 13.53 14.24 16.97 17.54 18.12 19.17 20.43 21.44 23.03 24.84 27.50 28.45 29.45 32.19 5 2 0 0 ( 0 / 00 PDB) ( 0 / 00 PDB) ICS Sponsored, in part, by: Version I, February 2006
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Terti
ary
Qua
tern
ary
Pal
eoge
neN
eoge
ne
Olig
ocen
eM
ioce
neP
lioce
ne
Pleistocene
Holocene
Rup
elia
nC
hatti
anA
quita
nian
Bur
diga
lian
Lang
hian
Ser
ravi
llian
Torto
nian
Mes
sini
anZa
ncle
an
Piacenzian
Gelasian
E. Pleist.
M. Pleist. Lt. Pleist.
C12
C11
C10
C9
C8
C7A
C7
C6C
C6B
C6AA
C6A
C5E
C5D
C5C
C5B
C5AD
C5AC
C5AB
C5AA
C5A
C5
C4A
C4
C3B
C3A
C3
C2A
C2
C1C
-Seq
uenc
e
LGM MIS 6 MIS 8
MIS 12 MIS 16 MIS 22
MIS 52 (Cala 2) MIS 58 (Cala 1)
Ge 2
Ge 1
Pia 2
Pia 1
Za 2
Za 1
Me 2
Tor 3/Me 1
Tor 2
Ser 4/Tor 1
Ser 3
Ser 2
Lan 2/Ser 1
Bur 5/Lan 1
Bur 4
Bur 3
Bur 2
Aq 3/Bur 1
Aq 2
Ch 4/Aq 1
Ch 3
Ch 2
Ch 1/Ru 4
Ru 3
Ru 2
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Sub-Era Epoch StagePeriod
Age
StandardChronostratigraphy Geo- magnetic Polarity
Marine O-18
Composite
Marine C-13
Composite Sequences Global
T-R Cycles
Major T-R Cycles
Sequences
28.4
23.03
5.33
1.81
20.43
7.25
2.59
3.60
0.126
0.79
11.61
13.64
15.97
Asian MammalsALMA
South American MammalsSALMA
Rup
elia
nC
hatti
anA
quita
nian
Bur
diga
lian
Lang
hian
Ser
ravi
llian
Torto
nian
Mes
sini
anZa
ncle
an
Piacenzian
Gelasian
E. Pleist.
M. Pleist.Lt. Pleist.
P18
P19
N1,P20
N2,P21
N3,P22
N4
N5
N6
N7
N8
N9
N10N11
N12
N13N14
N15
N16
N17
N17b
N18
N20/ N21
N22
O1
O2
O3
O5
O4
O6
M1
M2
M3
M4
M5
M6
M7
M8/ M9
M9b
M10M11
M12
M13
M14
PL1
PL2
PL3
PL4
PL5
PL6
Pt1
a
b
a
b
a
b
a
b
a
b
Truncorotalia (Globorotalia) truncatulinoides
Menardella (Globorotalila) miocenica
Globoconella (Globorotalia) puncticulata
Globorotalia tumida
Globorotalia plesiotumidaGlobigerinoides extremus
Neogloboquadrina acostaensis s.s. -- base regular
Globoturborotalia nepenthes
Fohsella robustaFohsella"fohsi"Fohsella"praefohsi"Fohsella peripheroacuta
Orbulina universa
Praeorbulina glomerosa s.str.
Praeorbulina sicana
Globigeriantella insueta s.str.
Globoquadrina dehiscens
Paragloborotalia kugleri
Globigerina angulisuturalis
Globorotalia tosaensis
Globigerinoides fistulosus
Menardella (Globorotalia) miocenica (Atl); Globorotalia pseudomiocenica (Indo-Pac)
Dentoglobigerina altispiraSphaeroidinellopsis seminulina
Hirsutella (Globorotalia) margaritae
Globoturborotalita nepenthes
Globoquadrina dehiscens
Globorotalia lenguaensis (Atl. only)
Neogloboquadrina mayeri
Fohsella fohsi s.l.
Praeorbulina sicana
Catapsydrax dissimilis
Paragloborotalia kugleri
Globigerina euapertura
Paragloborotalia opima opima
Chiloguembelina cubensis (LCO)
Turborotalia ampliapertura
Pseudohastigerinanaguewichiensis
Bolliella calidaGloborotalia flexuosaGloborotalia hirsutaGloborotalia crassaformis hessi
Sphaeroidinellopsis dehiscens s.str.
Globigerinoides fistulosus
Menardella pertenuis
Truncorotalia (Globorotalia) crassaformis s.l.
Sphaeroidinellopsis dehiscensGloborotalia pliozea, Globorotalia
sphericomiozea
Globorotalia margaritaePulleniatina primalisGloborotalia nicolae
Neogloboquadrina atlantica (sin.)
Globorotalia miotumida(conomiozea) (FCO)
Globorotalia suteraeGloborotalia cibaoensisGloborotalia miotumida
(conomiozea)
Globorotalia juanaiCandeina nitidaNeogloboquadrina humerosa
Neogloboquadrina pachydermaHirsutella juanai
Globoturborotalita apertura
Globoturborotalita decorapertaNeogloboquadrina gr.
Globorotalia lenguanensis
Fohsella fohsiSphaeroidinellopsis subdehiscensFohsella (Globorotalia) fohsi"
lobata"Neogloboquadrina nympha
Praeorbulina circularis
Globigerinoides diminutus
Praeorbulina curva
Globorotalia miozeaGloborotalia birnageae
Globorotalia praescitula
Globigerinoides altiaperturus
Globorotalia incognita
Globoquadrina dehiscens forma spinosa
Globigerinoides primordius (FCO)
Paragloborotalia pseudokugleri
Globigerinoides primordius
Globigerinita boweni
Tenuitellinata juvenilis
Paragloborotalia opima opima
Globorotalia flexuosa
Globoquadrina pseudofoliata
Pulleniatina finalis
Globigerinoides extremusMenardella pertenuis
Globoturborotalita decorapertaMenardella multicamerata
Hirsutella cibaoensisGloborotalia sp.cf. G. crassula
Pulleniatina (Atl. disappearance)
Pulleniatina primalis
Pulleniatina spectabilis
Globigerinoides seiglei
Globorotalia lenguaensis
Globorotalia miotumida(conomiozea) gr.
Neogloboquadrina nymphaParagloborotalia siakensis
Globigerinoides subquadratus
Globorotalia fohsi lobata
Globorotalia pandaTenuitella selleyi, pseuoedita,
minutissima, clemenciae
Globorotalia praescitula
Fohsella peripheroronda
Globigeriantella insueta s.str.
Praeorbulina glomerosa s.str.
Globorotalia miozea
Globorotalia incognita
Globorotalia zealandica, Globorotalia semivera
Globoquadrina dehiscens forma spinosa
Tenuitella munda
Globoturborotalita angulisuturalis
Paragloborotalia pseudokugleri
Globoquadrina globularis
Globigerina ciperoensis
Tenuitella gemma
Globigerina labiacrassata
Subbotina angiporoides
Globigerinoides ruber rosa
Globigerina cariacoensisPulleniatina finalis
Pulleniatina (Atl.) -- reappearance
Globorotalia truncatulinoides[Pacific]
Globorotalia crassaformis(S coiling)
Globorotalia crassaformis(D coiling)
Globorotalia crassaformis(S coiling)
Globorotalia inflata
Globorotalia crassaformis(D coiling)
Globorotalia tosaensis
Menardella exilisSphaeroidinellopsis kochi
Globorotalia humilisGlobigerinoides conglobatusNeogloboquadrina acostaensis(dex.)Neogloboquadrina acostaensis
(sin.)
Catapsydrax parvulus
Hirsutella cibaoensis
Globorotalia partimlabiata
Menardella limbata
Globorotalita challengeri
Globorotalia praemenardii
Clavatorella bermudezi
Globorotalia archeomenardii
Globigerinatella sp.Globiquadrina binaiensis
Globigerinoides trilobus s.l.
Globoturborotalita obliquusNeogloboquadrina acostaensis
Globoturborotalita apertura
Menardella exilis
Menardella limbata
Globoturborotalita woodi
Globoquadrina baroemoenensis
Globorotalia plesiotumida
Globorotalia nicolae
Globorotalita challengeri
Cassigerinella chipolensis
Clavatorella bermudezi
Cassigerinella martinezpicoiClavatorella bermudezi -- top of regular
Globorotalia archeomenardii
Globiquadrina binaiensis
Globorotalia mendacis
SB21
SB
22a
SB
22b
SB23
SB24
SB25
SB26
Not
nam
ed
B. melo group
M. globulina
M. gunteri
M. complanatus, C. eidae
C. droogeri
Nephrolepidina praemaginata, E. formosoides
Heterostegina spp., Planorbulinella spp.
M. tani
P. delicata, M. complanatus / formosensis group, G. assilinoides, E. dilatata, S. blanckenhorni
B. bulloides
Planorbulinella spp., D. italica
P. rokae
H. granulatatesta group
M. cushmani, M. mediterranea
M socini
Myopgypsina septentrionalis
Nummulites vascus
B. melo melo
O. complanata
N. tournoueri, Miolepidocyclina spp.
A. howchini
Nummulites bouillei, C. eidae, Myopgypsina septentrionalis, B. pygmaea
N. fichteli
NP22
NP23
NP24
NP25
NN1
NN2
NN3
NN4
NN5
NN6
NN7
NN8
NN9
NN10
NN11
alt
NN
11a
NN12
NN13
NN14NN15
NN16
NN17
NN18
NN19
NN20NN21
a
b
c
d
{CP18}
CP17 /18
CP17 /18*
CP19
CN1
CN2
CN3
CN4
CN5
CN6
CN7
CN8
CN9
CN10
CN11
CN12
CN13
CN14
CN15
c
a
b
a/b
c
a
b
a
b
c
dab
c
ab
a
bcda
b
ab
Emiliania huxleyi
medium (over 4 micron) Gephyrocapsa spp. reentrance
(reemG event)
medium (over 4 micron) Gephyrocapsa spp. (bmG event)
Discoaster asymmetricus (FCO)
Ceratolithus rugosusCeratolithus acutus
Nicklithus amplificus
Amaurolithus primus
Discoaster quinqueramusDiscoaster berggrenii
Discoaster hamatusCatinaster coalitus
Discoaster kugleri
Discoaster druggi
Sphenolithus ciperoensis
Pseudoemiliania lacunosa
Discoaster brouweriDiscoaster pentaradiatus
Discoaster surculusDiscoaster tamalis
Reticulofenestra pseudoumbilicus
Discoaster tricorniculatus
Amaurolithus primus
Discoaster quinqueramusNicklithus amplificus
Discoaster hamatus
Sphenolithus heteromorphus
Helicosphaera ampliaperta
Sphenolithus belemnosTriquetrorhabdulus carinatus
Dictylcoccites bisectus
Sphenolithus distentus
Reticulofenestra umbilicus / R.hillae (south high lat)
Reticulofenestra umbilicus / R.hillae (low-mid lat.)
Gephyrocapsa caribbeanica to E. huxleyi shift of dominance [in" transitional" waters]
Reticulofenestra asanoi (FCO)
Discoaster triradiatus (acme)
Reticulofenestra pseudoumbilica, Discoaster ovata
Discoaster surculus (FCO)
Discoaster loeblichiiReticulofenestera
pseudoumbilicus FCODiscoaster pentaradiatus FCO
Minylitha convallis
Discoaster bellus
Discoaster neohamatusHelicosphaera stalis (FCO)Discoaster brouweri
Catinaster calyculus
Calcidiscus macintyrei (FCO)
Reticulofenestra pseudoumbilicus
Triquetrorhabdulus rugosusCalcidiscus macintyrei
Discoaster signus
Sphenolithus heteromorphus
Sphenolithus belemnos
Helicosphaera ampliaperta
Helicosphaera carteri FCO
Sphenolithus disbelemnos
Sphenolithus delphix
Triquetrorhabdulus carinatus(acme)
Sphenolithus umbrellus
Sphenolithus ciperoensis to S. distentus (abundance shift)
Helicosphaera selliiCalcidiscus macintyrei
Discoaster triradiatus
Sphenolithus spp.
Reticulofenestra antarcticaCeratolithus acutus
Triquetrorhabdulus rugosus
Discoaster loeblichii
Minylitha convallis
Discoaster bolliiCatinaster calyculus
Catinaster coalitus
Helicosphaera walbersdorfensis ( LCO)
Coccolithus miopelagicus
Calcidiscus premacintyrei
Discoaster kugleri
Cyclicargolithus floridanus
Coronocyclus nitescens
Calcidiscus premacintyrei (LCO)
Cyclicargolithus floridanus (LCO)
Discoaster deflandrei group(acme)
Triquetrorhadulus serratus
Sphenolithus umbrellusSphenolithus capricornutus
Sphenolithus delphix
Zygrhablithus bijugatusSphenolithus ciperoensis
Chiasmolithus altus
Sphenolithus predistentius
Sphenolithus pseudoradians
Isthmolithus recurvus
D14
D15
D16
D17
D18
D19
D20
D21
a
b
a
b
c
a
b
c
a
b
a
b
c
a
b
a
b
a
b
c Spiniferites elongatus
Spiniferites pachyderma
Spiniferites cf. pseudofurcatus
Operculodinium tegillatum
Selenopemphix armageddonensis
Barssidium evangelinae
Amiculosphaera umbraculum
Gramocysta verricula
Achomosphaera andalousiensis
Unipontidinium aquaeductum
Labyrinthodinium truncatum
Sumatradinium druggi
Sumatradinium soucouyantae
Invertocysta tabulata
Tuberculodinium vancampoae
Pentadinium laticinctum imaginatum
Saturnodinium pansum
Apteodinium spiridoides
Tectatodinium pellitum
Invertocysta tabulata
Reticulatosphaera actinocoronata
Barssidinium evangelinae
Hystrichosphaeropsis obscura
Palaeocystodinium golzowense
Palaeocystodinium sp. A (Costa & Downie, 1979)
Achomosphaera alcicornu
Unipontidinium aquaeductum
Cousteaudinium aubryae
Apteodinium spiridoides
Exochosphaeridium insigne
Deflandrea phosphoritica
Membranophoridium aspinatum
Distatodinium biffii
Svalbardella cooksoniae
Enneadocysta pectiniformis
Rhombodinium draco
Enneadocysta arcuata
Impagidinium aculeatum
Membranilarnacia? picena
Max. abundance of Chiropteridium spp. (over 80% of
total dinocyst association)
Ectosphaeropsis burdigalensis
Distatodinium biffii
Chiropteridium lobospinosum
Selenopemphix dionaeacysta
Melitasphaeridium choanophorum
Spiniferites splendidus
Labyrinthodinium truncatum
Unipontidinium aquaeductum
Ectosphaeropsis burdigalensis
Hystrichokolporna cinctum
Tityrosphaeridium cantharellus
Thalassiphora pelagica
Chiropteridium galea
Deflandrea phosphoritica
Wetzeliella gochtiiAreoligera semicirculata
Phthanoperidinium amoenum
Achilleodinium biformoides
Corrudinium incompositum
Schizophacus cooksoniae
Deflandrea granulata
Areoligera semicirculata
Spiniferella cornuta
Distatodinium biffii
Chiropteridium spp.
Caligodinium amiculum
Cordosphaeridium cantharellum
Cribroperidinium tenuitabulatum
Distatodinium paradoxum
Unipontidinium aquaeductum
Cannosphaeropsis passio
Palaeocystodinium golzowense
Labyrinthodinium truncatum
Decahedrella martinheadii
Cristadinium diminutivum
Operculodinium piaseckii
Selenopemphix brevispinosa
Reticulatosphaera actinocoronata
Amiculosphaera umbracula
Melitasphaeridium choanephorum
Un-named
Melitasphaeridium choanephorum, L. parviconvexa
Tuberculodinium vancampoae
Amiculosphaera umbracula
Reticulatosphaera actinocoronata, Operculodinium janduchenei
Selenopemphix brevispinosa, Piccoladinium fenestratum
Invertocysta lactymosa
Edwardsiella sexispinosum
Operculodinium piaseckii
Cristadinium diminutivum
Decahedrella martinheadii
Hystrichosphaeropsis obscura, Labyrinthodinium truncatum, Cristadinium cristatoserratum
Palaeocystodinium golzowense
Cerebrocysta poulsenii, Cordosphaeridium minimum
Cannosphaeropsis passio
Palaeocystodinium sp. A, Lophocysta sulcolimbata
Unipontidinium aquaeductum, P. laticinctum, Systematophora placacantha
Apteodinium spiridoides, Distatodinium paradoxum/craterum
Apteodinium australiense
Cribroperidinium tenuitabulatum
Cordosphaeridium cantharellum
Leptodinium sp. III
Caligodinium amiculum
Deflandrea phosphoritica, Chiropteridium galea, Chiropteridium spp.
Distatodinium biffii, Membranophoridium aspinatum
Chiropteridium lobospinosum
Spiniferella cornuta
Wetzeliella symmetrica group, Thalassiphora pelagica
Phtanoperidinium spp.
Rhombodinium draco, Corrundinium incompositum
Areoligera semicirculata
Deflandrea granulata
Schizophacus cooksoniae, Samlandia chlamydophora, Achilleodinium biformoides
RP20
RP21
RP22
RN1
RN2
RN3
RN4
RN5
RN6
RN7
RN8
RN9
RN10
RN11a
RN11b
RN12a
RN12b
RN13
RN14
RN15RN16RN17 Buccinosphaera invaginata
Collosphaera tuberosa
Stichocorys peregrina
Stichocorys delmontensis
Diartus hughesi
Diartus petterssoni
Dorcadospyris alata
Calocycletta (Calocyclissima) costata
Stichocorys wolffii
Cyrtocapsella tetrapera
Lychnocanoma elongata
Dorcadospyris ateuchus
Stylatractus universus
Anthocyrtidium angulare
Pterocanium prismatium
Anthocyrtidium jenghisiStichocorys peregrina
Phormostichoartus fistulaPhormostichoartus doliolum
Didymocyrtis penultima
Stichocorys delmontensis
Diartus hughesi
Diartus petterssoni
Dorcadospyris dentata
Theocyrtis annosa
Tristylospyris triceros
Pterocorys hertwegiiAnthocyrtidium euryclathrum
Lamprocyrtis nigriniae
Anthocyrtidium angularePterocorys zancleus
Cycladophora davisiana
Lamprocyrtis neoheteroporus
Theocorythium trachelium trachelium.
Didymocyrtis tetrathalamus tetrathalamus
Amphirhopalum ypsilon
Spongaster tetras tetras
Didymocyrtis avita
Pterocanium prismatium
Spongaster pentasPterocorys campanula
Solenosphaera omnitubus procera, Soleno. omni. omnitubus
Didymocyrtis penultimaAcrobotrys tritubus
Spongaster berminghami
Didymocyrtis antepenultima.
Lithopera (Lithopera) bacca, Phormostichoartus doliolum
Lithopera (Lithopera) neotera
Calocycletta (Calocycletta) cladara, Cyrtocapsella japonica
Didymocyrtis laticonus
Lithopera (Lithoperu) renzae, Lithopera (Glomaria) thornburgi, Phormostichoartus corbula, Dictyocoryne ontongensis
Liriospyris parkerae
Carpocanopsis cristata
Didymocyrtis mammifera
Calocycletta (Calocyclior) caepa
Dorcadospyris dentataLiriospyris stauroporaSiphostichartus corona
Didymocyrtis tubaria, Didymocyrtis violina, Stichocorys delmontensis, Carpocanopsis bramlettei
Carpocanopsis favosa
Cyrtocapsella cornutaCalocycletta (Calocyclopsis)
serrata, Calocycletta(Calocycletta) virginis,
Bottyostrobus miralestensis.
Eucyrtidium diaphanes
Curpocanopsis cingulata
Dorcadospyris forcipata
Calocycletta (Calocycletta) robusta
Dorcadospyris papilio
Theocyrtis annosa
Lychnocanoma trifolium
Didymocyrtis prismatica
Centrobotrys thermophila
Lychnodictyum audaxCentrobotrys petrushevskayae, Dorcadospyris pseudopapilio
Artophormis gracilis, Lithocyclia crux
Centrobotrys gravida
Phormostichoartus fistula
Anthocyrtidium nosicaae
Pterocorys campanula
Lamprocyrtis neoheteroporos
Anthocyrtidium michelinae
Theocorythium vetulum
Anthocyrtidium ehrenbergi
Didymocyrtis avita
Anthocyrtidium pliocenica
Lychnodictyum audax
Spongaster pentas
Spongaster berminghami, Spongaster klingi
Solenosphaera omnitubus procera, Soleno. omni. omnitubus
Acrobotrys tritubus
Siphostichartus corona
Calocycletta (Calocyclior) caepa
Acrobotrys tritubus
Stichocorys johnsoniCalocycletta (Calocycletta)
cladara
Didymocyrtis antepenultima
Dictyocoryne ontongensis
Botryostrobus miralestensis
Didymocyrtis laticonus
Lithopera (Lithopera) neotera, Stichocorys wolffii
Cyrtocapsella japonica, Lithopera (Glomaria) thornburgi
Carpocanopsis cristata
Lithopera (Lithopera) renzae, Cyrtocapsella cornuta, Cyrtocapsella tetrapera
Calocycletta (Calocycletta) virginis, Dorcadospyris alata,
Liriospyris parkerae
Didymocyrtis mammifera
Carpocanopsis bramlettei
Calocycletta (Calocyclissima) costuta, Didymocyrtis tubaria,
Didymocyrtis violina
Dorcadospyris forcipata
Eucyrtidium diaphanes
Liriospyris stauroporaCarpocanopsis favosa
Didymocyrtis prismatica
Carpocanopsis cingulata
Lychnocanoma elongata
Dorcadospyris ateuchus
Calocycletta (Calocyclopsis) serrata
Calocycletta (Calocycletta) robusta
Artophormis gracilis
Dorcadospyris papilio
Lychnocanoma trifolium
Lithocyclia angusta
Theocyrtis tuberosaLithocyclia crux
Dorcadospyris pseudopapilio
Centrobotrys petrushevskayae
Centrobotrys gravida
Artophormis barbadensis
Dictyoprora pirum
C. ret.
R. vig. s.z. a
R. vig. s.z. b
B. ven.
R. gel.
NPD1
NPD2B
NPD2B
NPD3A
NPD3B
NP
D4B
a
NPD4 Ba
NP
D4B
b
NPD5A
NPD5B
NPD5C
NPD5D
NPD6A
NPD6B
NPD7A
NP
D7B
aN
PD
7Bb
NP
D7B
c
NPD8
NPD9
NPD10
NPD11
NPD12
Neodenticula koizumii
Thalassiosira oestrupii
Denticulopsis dimorpha
Denticulopsis praedimorpha
Denticulopsis simonsenii
Denticulopsis hyalina
Denticulopsis lautaDenticulopsis praelauta
Crucidenticula kanayae
Crucidenticula sawamurae
Thalassiosira fraga
Thalassiosira praefraga
Rocella gelida
Bogorovia veniamini
Rocella symmetrica
Rocella vigilans
Proboscia curvirostris
Actinocyclus oculatus
Neodenticula koizumii
Neodenticula kamtschatica
T. insigna
Rouxia californica (LCO)
Thalassionema schraderi (LCO)
Denticulopsis simonsenii (LCO)
Denticulopsis dimorpha
Denticulopsis praedimorpha (LCO)
Denticulopsis hyalina (LCO)
Rhizosolenia matuyamai
Proboscia curvirostrisThalassiosira antiqua
Fragilariopsis doliolus
Neodenticula seminae
Actinocyclus oculatus
Thalassiosira latimarginata
Thalassiosira praeoestrupii
Neodenticula kamtschatica (FCO)Thalassiosira miocenica
Thalassiosira jacksonii
Neodenticula kamtschaticaNitzschia reinholdii
Thalassionema schraderi (FCO)
Thalassiosira antiquaThalassiosira marujamica
Denticulopsis katayamaeThalassionema schraderiThalassiosira minutissima
Hemidiscus cuneiformisThalassiosira brunii
Proboscia barboi
Denticulopsis simonsenii (FCO)
Thalassiosira grunowii
Thalassiosira praeyabei
Actinocyclus ingens nodus
Actinocyclus ingens
Thallassiosira jouseae
Rhizosolenia matuyamai
Coscinodiscus pustulatus
Pyxidicula horridusPyxidicula pustulata
Thalassiosira convexa
Neodenticula kamtschatica (LCO)
Thalassiosira marujamicaThalassiosira jacksonii
Rouxia californica
Thalassiosira miocenica
Thalassiosira praeconvexa
Cavitatus jouseanus
Thalassiosira minutissima
Denticulopsis katayamae
Lithodesmium reynoldsii
Nitzschia heteropolica, Medialia splendida
Crucidenticula nicobarica
Denticulopsis hustedtii (LCO)
Thalassiosira praeyabei
Crucidenticula kanayae
Denticulopsis praelauta
Rocella gelida
M. latimarginata parvipunctata
C. moosi
L. scrobiculata
C. semipunctata
M. latimarginata parvipunctata
C. moosi
C. semipunctata
H. montosa
S. contortus, A. woodwardi
A. speyeri
U. margaritifera
C. carinata, C. simplex, A. convexa, A. emathlae
C. acuminata acuminata
A. (U.) oblonga, C. batei
N. helvetica
D. minor
O. plictatula, C. plannonica
C. acuminata verrucosa
N. helvetica
C. tricostata
S. delemontensis, P. pontonxensis
Stephanochara pinguis
Rhabdochara major
Chara microcera
Stephanochara ungeri
Chara notata
Rantzieniella nitida
Stephanochara berdotensis
Nitellopsis(Tectochara) ginisburgi
Nitellopsis (Tectochara)
etrusca
Nitellopsis (Tectochara) etrusca
Nitellopsis (Tectochara) ginisburgi
Stephanochara berdotensis
Rantzieniella nitida
Chara notata
Stephanochara ungeri
Chara microcera
Nitellopsis (Tectochara) ginsburgi
Harrisichara turberculata Orellan
Whi
tney
anA
rikar
eean
(Ger
ingi
an)
Hem
ingf
ordi
anB
arst
ovia
nC
lare
ndon
ian
Hem
phili
anB
lanc
anIrv
ingt
onia
n
Rancho- labrean
Ar 1
Ar 2
Ar 3
Ar 4
He 1
He 2
Ba 1
Ba 2
Cl 1
Cl 2
Cl 3
Hh 1
Hh 2
Hh 3
Hh 4
Bl 1Bl 2
Bl 3
Bl 4
Bl 5
Ir 1
Ir 2Ir 3
Platygonus compressusMegalonyx jeffersonii
BisonOndatara zibethicusSmilodon populator
Microtus meadensis, Lemmiscus curtatus
Ondatra annectens, Microtus sp. (5T)MammuthusPhenacomys
Platygonus vetusNorthrotheriops, Mictomys kansasensis/mel,
Allophaiomys pliocaenicus
Onadatra idahoensis, Smilodon gracilisGlossotherium chapadmalense, Mictomys vetus
Miracinonyx inexpectatusSylvilagusPliolemmus
Stegomastodon, Platygonus bicalcaratusBorophagus diversidens, Megalonyx leptostomus,
Glyptotherium
PliopotamysOgmodontomys poaphagus
Ophiomys, Platygonus pearcei, Dipoides rexroadensis
UrsusNanippus peninsulatus, Ogmodontomys sawrockensis
Eocioleus; carnivores (Lutra, Megantereon, Mustela, Sminthosinus, Trigonictis); arvicolines (Ogmodontomys, Protopliophenacomys) and Miopetaurista (flying squirrel) in Hh 4
Agriotherium (carnivore), Castor (beaver), Felis (carnivore), Megalonyx (definition of the subdivision, a edentate), Ochotona (pika), Plesiogulo (carnivore), Pliozapus(zapodid), Prosomys (murid) in Hh 3
carnivores (Enhydritherium, Eomellivora, Indarctos, Lutravus, Machairodus, Simocyon); Neotragoceras(bovid ungulate), Thinobadistes (definition of subdivision, a edentate) in Hh 2
Crusafontina (soricid), Kansasimys (eomyid), Lemoynea (desmanine mole), Pliometanastes (definition of subdivison, a edentates), Paramicrotoscoptes (murid), Pliotomodon (murid) in Hh 1
Actiocyon, Hoplictis, Platybelodon in Cl 3
Barbourofelis is age marker of Cl 2 subzone. Cormohipparion (hipparionines equine horses) in Cl 2
Pseudoceras; plains taxa invade Great Basin
Gomphotherium, Hesperolagomys, Lanthanotherium, Megasminthus, Pliogale, Pseudocyon, Russellagus, Untermannerix in Ba 2
Plithocyon (hemicyonione bear), Zygolophodon(Proboscidean Datum)
aceratherine rhinos (Aphelops, Peraceras), teloceratine rhino (Teleoceras); Copemys (cricetid), mustelids(Dinogale, Mionictis, Plionictis, Sthenictis); Eomys (an eomyid), Petauristodon (sciurid), Pseudaelurus (true felid) in He 2Ursavus (ursid); Aletomeryx (aletomerycine artiodactyl), Amphictis (procyonid), Amphicyon (amphicyonid), Antesorex (soricid), Brachypotherium (teleoceratine rhino), Floridaceras (aceratherine rhino), Caterogale, Desmatolagus and Oreolagus (rabbits), Edaphocyon(procyonid), Euroxenomys (casterine beaver), Phoberocyon (hemicyonine), Plesiosorex (plesiosoricid), and mustelids (Leptarctus, Miomustela, Potamotherium) in He 1
Barbouromeryx (cranioceratine dromomeryid), Cynelos(amphicyonine amphicyonid), Paracosoryx(merycodontine antilocaprid), Prablastomeryx in Ar 4
Cephalogale, Menoceras (a rhino), Moropus, Ysengrinia(amphicyonine amphicyonid), Zodiolestes (a paleomustelid) in Ar 3
Menoceras
Entoptychus
Parvericius, Caninae
Meniscomys
Palaeocastor, Erinaceidae, Talpinae, Kalobatippus, Dinohyus
Diceratherium, Protoceras
Mictrotus meadensis, Microtus paroperarius
Mictomys kansasensis/mel, Ondatra annectens, Meglonyx weatleyi
Smilodon gracilis, Allophaiomys pliocaenicus
Miracinonyx inexpectatusPlatygonus vetusStegomastodon
Hypolagus, Ophiomys, Mictomys vetus
Megalonyx leptostomus, Platygonus bicalcaratus, Ondatra idahoensis
ProdipodomysNanippus peninsulatus, Borophagus diversidens,
Glossotherium chapadmalense
Procasteroides
Paenemarmota,Dipoides rexroadensis, Ogmodontomys poaphagus,
Pliopotamys, Pliolemmus
Borophagus hilli, Platygonus pearcei
Megantereon
Ogmodontomys sawrockensis
Nimravinae
Meniscomys
Poebrotherium
Hyracodontidae
Merycoidodon
Pantolestidae, Ischyromys, Hypertragulus calcaratus, Bothriodon, Mesohippus
Sue
vian
Arv
erni
an
MP21
MP22
MP23
MP24
MP25
MP26
MP27
MP28
MP29
MP30MN1
MN2
MN3
MN4
MN5
MN6
MN7-8
MN9
MN10
MN11
MN12
MN13
MN14
MN15
MN16
MN17
un-n
amed
Issiodoromys bransatensis
Issiodoromys pseudanoema
Issiodoromys limognensis
Issiodoromys quercyi
Plesiosorex, Issiodoromys pauffiensis
Blainvillimys blainvillei
Issiodoromys minor, Soricidae
Blainvillimys helmeri, Viverridae
Blainvillimys gregarius, Issiodoromys medius
TheridomyidaeIssiodoromys pseudanoema
Issiodoromys limognensis
Issiodoromys quercyi, Dichobunidae
Issiodoromys pauffiensis, Anoplotheriidae
Plagiolophus, Nyctitheriidae, Blainvillimys blainvillei
Blainvillimys heimersheimensis
Pseudosciuridae, Issiodoromys medius, Blainvillimys helmeri
Blainvillimys gregarius, Entelodon, Plagiolophus ministri, Primates
Bothriodon
Hsa
ndgo
lian
Tabe
nbul
ukia
n
Ting
uirir
ican
Des
eada
nC
olhu
ehua
pian
San
tacr
ucia
n
Friasian
Col
lonc
uran
Lave
ntan
May
oan
Cha
sico
anH
uayq
ueria
nM
onte
herm
osan
Chapad- malalan
Uqu
ian
Ense-nadan
Luja
nian
Gelasian
Calabrian
Ionian
Tarantian
SantomianEmilianSicilian
Tyrrhenian
Zem
orria
nS
auce
sian
Relizian
Luis
ian
Moh
nian
Del
mon
tian
Repettian
Venturian
Whe
eler
ian
Hallian
Ald
inga
nJa
njuk
ian
Long
ford
ian
Batesfordian
Balcombian
Bai
rnsd
alia
nM
itche
llian
Cheltenhamian
Kalimnan
Yata
lan
Werrikooian
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Planktonic ForaminifersZonal Markers Other Foraminifers Additional Foraminifers Zones Other Nannofossils
Calcareous NannofossilsZonal MarkersZonesOther Larger Benthic
Foraminifers Zones Zonal Markers
Larger Benthic ForaminifersZones
North Atlantic North Sea Zonal Markers Zones Zonal MarkersOther Dinocysts
Dinoflagellate Cysts Zonal Markers Other Radiolarians
Radiolarians DiatomsZonal Markers Other DiatomsZones
OstracodesBoreal Ostracodes Tethyan Ostracodes
Charophytes Mammals Regional StagesZonal Markers North American Mammals European Mammals Australia
Italian PleistoceneStages CaliforniaZones NALMA ELMA
AgeStage
N e o g e n e - L a t e O l i g o c e n e (0-33 Ma time-slice)
Based, in part, on: CENOZOIC-MESOZOIC BIOCHRONOSTRATIGRAPHY: JAN HARDENBOL, JACQUES THIERRY, MARTIN B. FARLEY, THIERRY JACQUIN, PIERRE-CHARLES DE GRACIANSKY, AND PETER R. VAIL,1998.Mesozoic and Cenozoic Sequence Chronostratigraphic Framework of European Basins in: De Graciansky, P.- C., Hardenbol, J., Jacquin, Th., Vail, P. R., and Farley, M. B., eds.; Mesozoic and Cenozoic Sequence Stratigraphy of European Basins, SEPM Special Publication 60.
Updated by James G. Ogg (Purdue University) and Gabi Ogg to: GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE 2004 (Gradstein, F.M., Ogg, J.G., Smith, A.G., et al.; Cambridge Univ. Press)
28.4
23.03
5.33
1.81
20.43
7.25
2.59
3.60
0.126
0.79
11.61
13.64
15.97
0.64 0.44
0.86
1.54
1.65
2.16
2.502.80
3.27
4.01
4.62
5.77
7.26
9.22
11.80
12.72
13.53
14.24
16.97
17.54
18.12
19.17
20.43
21.44
23.03
24.84
27.50
28.45
29.45
32.19
5 2 0 0 (0/00 PDB) (0/00 PDB)
ICS
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Version I, February 2006
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