Abstract Fla vonoids are maj or con sti tue nts offlower col our. Pla nts acc umulate spec ific flav o- noids and thus ever y species of ten ex hib it s a limited flower colour range. Three cytochromes P450 play critical roles in the flavonoid biosyn- thetic pathway. Flavonoid 3¢-hydroxylase (F3¢H, CYP75B) and flavonoid 3¢,5¢-hydroxylase (F3¢5¢H, CYP75A) catalyze the hydroxylation ofthe B-ri ng of flavonoids and are necess ary to biosynthesize cyanidin-(red to magenta) and del- phi nidin- (vi ole t to blue) base d ant hoc yanins , resp ective ly. Pel arg oni din- bas ed anthoc yanins (orange to red) are synthesized in their absence. Some species such as roses, carnations and chry- santhemums do not have violet/blue flower colour due to deficiency of F3¢5¢H. Successful expression of hetero logous F3¢ 5¢Hgenes in roses and car- nation s results in delph inidin producti on, causi ng a novel blue/violet flower colour. Down-regula- tion ofF3¢Hand F3¢ 5¢Hgenes has yielded orange petunia and pink torenia colour that accumulate pelarg onidi n-base d anthocyanins. Flavo ne syn- thase II (CYP93 B) cata lyzes the synt hesi s of flavones that contribute to the bluing of flower colour, and modulation ofFNSIIgene expression in petunia and tobacco changes their flower col- our. Ext ens ive engine eri ng of the ant hoc yanin pat hwa y is the refo re now possib le, and can be expected to enhance the range of flower colours. Keywords Anthocyanin Æ Cytochrome P450 Æ Flavonoid Æ Flavone Æ Flower colour Æ Cyanidin Æ Delphinidin Æ Dihydroflavonol 4-reductase Æ Flavonoid 3¢-hydroxylase Æ Flavonoid 3¢,5¢-hydroxylase Æ Flavone synthase II Æ Flavonol hydroxylase Æ Monooxygenase Æ Pelargonidin Abbreviations DFR dih ydr oflavonol 4-r edu cta se DHK di hy drokaempferol DHQ di hy dr oquercetin DHM dih ydr omyriceti n F3H fla vanone 3-hydroxyl as e F3¢H flavonoid 3¢-hydroxylase F3¢5¢H fla vonoid 3¢,5¢-hydroxylase FL S fl a vo n ol sy nt ha se F NS fl a vo ne sy nt h as e Flavonoids and anthocyanins Flower colour is due to flavonoids, carotenoids, betalains and some other pigments (Tanaka and Y. Tanaka (&) Institute for Advanced Core Technology, Suntory Ltd., 1-1-1, Wakayamadai, Shimamoto-cho, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618-8503, Japan e-mail: [email protected]Phytochem Rev (2006) 5:283–291 DOI 10.1007/s11101-006-9003-7 123 Flower colour and cytochromes P450 Yoshikazu Tanaka Recei ved: 21 Decembe r 2005 / Accep ted: 25 April 2006 / Publi shed onlin e: 31 Octob er 2006 Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2006
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8/6/2019 R- 2006 Phytoche Flower Colour and Cytochromes p450
Brugliera 2006). Cytochromes P450 play impor-tant roles in flavonoid biosynthesis that has been
well characterized (Fig. 1). Anthocyanins, a col-
oured class of flavonoids, produce orange, red,violet and blue. Anthocyanins are synthesized
from their aglycons, anthocyanidins (pelargoni-
din, cyanidin and delphinidin) after modificationwith glycosyl (Fig. 1), acyl and methyl moietiesin a species-specific manner. Such modifications
results in structural diversity of anthocyanins
that generally explain flower colour diversity.Anthocyanins are usually localized in the vacu-
oles of epidermal cells. Anthocyanins tend to beblue when the number of the hydroxyl groups on
the B-ring increases, the number of attachedaromatic acyl groups increases, the vacuolar pH
is elevated, and/or copigments (typically flavones
and flavonols) are present. Metal ions sometimescontribute to bluing (Harborne and Williams
2000).
The flavonoid/anthocyanin biosynthetic path-way involved in flower colour is well established,and the mainstream of the pathway is well con-
served among higher plants. The pathway hasbeen reviewed many times (Forkmann and Heller
1999; Tanaka et al. 2005a; Tanaka and Brugliera
2006), and the focus in this review is on issuesrelated to cytochrome P450.
Fig. 1 The flavonoid biosynthetic pathway leading to theproduction of the first coloured anthocyanins, anthocyani-din (cyanidin, pelargonidin and delphinidin) 3-glucosides.Anthocyanidin 3-glucosides are further modified withglycosyl, acyl or methyl groups in a species-specific manner(Tanaka et al. 2005a, Tanaka and Brugliera 2006). Meth-ylation of cyanidin glucoside yields peonidin (3¢-O-methylcyanidin) glucoside and that of delphinidin glucoside yieldspetunidin (3¢-O-methyl delphinidin) and malvidin (3¢,5¢-O-
species gene pool, and modulating cytochromeP450 gene expression will create more colourful
flowers.
Acknowledgements The author is grateful for the col-laboration received from Suntory Ltd. (Japan) and Flori-gene Ltd. (Australia) and for research grants provided by
Bio-oriented Technology Research Advancement Institute(Japan). Dr Chandler (Florigene Ltd.) and Dr Yamamura(Iwate Biotechnology Research Center) are acknowledgedfor improving the manuscript, especially the rose section,and providing a preprint, respectively. Due to space con-straints, only a limited number of publications have beencited.
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